Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project: Munai Protected Landing Site in Jaffna District

Initial Environmental Examination

July 2018

Sri Lanka: Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project: Munai Protected Landing Site in Jaffna District

Prepared by Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs for the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Initial Environmental Examination Report- Final Draft Report

July 2018 (Updated 23.07.2018)

Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project Development of Protected Landing site at Munai in Jaffna District

Prepared by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development and Rural Economic Affairs, Sri Lankan Government for the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (AS OF 10 May 2018)

Currency Unit Sri Lanka Rupee 1 US$ = 157.6 LKR 0.0067US$ = 1 LKR

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank BPPE Business Promoters and Partners Engineering Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management CCCRMD Department CD Chart Datum CEA Central Environment Authority CEB Ceylon Electricity Board DFAR Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DO dissolved oxygen DoA Department of Archaeology DS District Secretariat DWC Department of Wildlife Conservation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FD Forest Department GN Grama Niladhari GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GSMB Geological Survey and Mines Bureau IEE Initial Environmental Examination IMT Incident Management Team MEPA Marine Environment Protection Authority MFARD Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development MHWS Mean High-Water Spring Tides MoA Minister of Agriculture MoL Ministry of Lands NPC Northern Provincial Council NWSDB National Water Supply and Drainage Board PAA Project Approving Authority PAI Project Area of Influence PS Pradeshiya Sabha RDA Road Development Authority SMA Special Management Areas SPS Safeguard Policy Statement TDS Total Suspended Solids ii

GLOSSARY

Adaptation The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects (IPCC, 2014).

Anchorage A location/development that includes Marine Structures or Dredging (fishery) to provide shelter for Fiber Reinforced Plastic Boats with Outboard Engines OFRP boats and Traditional Crafts (TCs) with or without OBEs (i.e. Mechanized or Non-Mechanized)

Aquatic Living aquatic organisms and includes any seaweed, phytoplankton Resources or other aquatic flora and non-living substances found in an aquatic medium (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016).

Biological Variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter diversity alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems. (UN, 1992b).

Climate Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period for averaging these variables is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The relevant quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. {WGI, II, III}, (IPCC, 2014).

Climate Change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by change using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcing such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. Note that the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in its Article 1, defines climate change as: „a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods‟. The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate change attributable to human activities altering the atmospheric composition and climate variability attributable to natural causes. See also Detection and Attribution. {WGI, II, III}, (IPCC, 2014).

Coastal The right of the public, to approach, enter or use an approach to access enter into, or to go along a coastal margin in a physical and visual sense and also includes access along the shoreline, usually a strip of plan parallel to the waters edge or path or trail which connects the nearest public roadway with a shoreline destination along a reasonable direct route or access to the shoreline from a public road to the Mean High Water Level (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011).

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Coastal zone The area lying within a limit of three hundred metres landwards of the Mean High Water line and a limit of two kilometres seawards of the Mean Low Water Line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons, or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of two kilometres measured perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance points thereof and shall include the waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea, and shall also include the area lying within a further extended limit of one hundred metres inland from the zero Mean Sea Level along the periphery;" (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011).

Critical habitat A subset of both natural and modified habitat that deserves particular attention. Critical habitat includes areas with high biodiversity value, including habitat required for the survival of critically endangered or endangered species; areas having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species; sites that are critical for the survival of migratory species; areas supporting globally significant concentrations or numbers of individuals of congregatory species; areas with unique assemblages of species or that are associated with key evolutionary processes or provide key ecosystem services; and areas having biodiversity of significant social, economic, or cultural importance to local communities (ADB, 2009).

Fish Any water dwelling aquatic or marine animal, alive or not, and includes their eggs, spawn, spat and juvenile stages, and any of their parts, and includes all organisms belonging to sedentary species (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016).

Fishery A location/development that includes only Shore Facilities to landing site provide shelter for OFRP Boats and Traditional Crafts (TCs) with or without OBEs (i.e. Mechanized or Non-Mechanized) (UoM, 2016a).

Impacts Effects on natural and human systems. In this report, the term impacts is used primarily to refer to the effects on natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate changes or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences and outcomes. The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea-level rise, are a subset of impacts called physical impacts (IPCC, 2014).

Physical Defined as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups cultural of structures, and natural features and lanSCapes that have resources archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. Physical cultural resources may be located in urban or rural settings and may be above or below ground or under water. Their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, national, or international level (ADB, 2009).

Precautionary Noting also that where there is a threat of significant reduction or principle loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat (UN, 1992b).

Project Area/s Is defined for this report as the physical area (marine, coastal and land) of the project that is directly impacted by the projects scope of works. It includes associated areas that are directly impacted such as quarry sites.

Project Area Is defined for this report as the physical area (marine, coastal and of Influence land) that surrounds the Project Area that maybe impacted by the projects scope of works. This as defined under Sri Lankan regulations (Sir Lankan Coast Conservation and Coastal Zone Management Act, 2011, ADB 2015 & 2016a) is limited to an area extending up to 500 periphery from the boundary of the harbor, and 02 km on either sides on coastal belt and one km toward sea from the boundary of the project site.

Resilience The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation{WGII, III}. (IPCC, 2014).

Risk The potential for consequences where something of value is at stake and where the outcome is uncertain, recognizing the diversity of values. Risk is often represented as probability or likelihood of occurrence of hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events or trends occur. (IPCC, 2014).

Vulnerability The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt (IPCC, 2014). The Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL, 2015) specific “Vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change”.

NOTES

This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the association does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Table of Content

A. Introduction and General Information ...... 1 A.1 Background ...... 1 A.2 Name of the Project and Developer ...... 2 A.3 Nature of the Project ...... 2 A.4 Aim and Scope of the Report, Objectives and Justification ...... 2 A.4.1 Aim and Scope of the Report ...... 2 A.4.2 Objectives and Justification of the Proposed Project ...... 3 A.5 Investment and Funding Sources ...... 3 A.6 Location of the Project ...... 3 A.7 Designs of the Project Site with the Extent of the Project Area ...... 3 A.8 Ownership of the Project Site ...... 4 A.9 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements related to the Project ...... 5 A.9.1 Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1987 ...... 6 A.9.2 National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 and Amended Act, No. 53 of 2000 . 6 A.9.3 Coastal Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011...... 9 A.9.4 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA) as amended to 2016 ...... 11 A.9.5 Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 ...... 12 A.9.6 Felling of Trees (control) Act No. 9 of 1951 ...... 13 A.9.7 Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No. 35 of 2008...... 13 A.9.8 Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 ...... 14 A.9.9 The Ma-del (beach seine) Regulations of 1984 ...... 14 A.9.10 Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992 ...... 15 A.9.11 Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2008 ...... 15 A.9.12 Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 ...... 15 A.9.13 Soil Conservation (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 1996 ...... 15 A.10 Clearances/Permits required from Relevant State Agencies...... 15 A.11 Conformity to Coastal Resources Management Plan...... 16 A.12 Contingency Plan of Marine Environmental Protection Agency and Other Conservation/Development Plans ...... 17 B. Description of the Project ...... 19 B.1 Description of the Main Project Components ...... 19 B.2 Detailed Drawings of the Project ...... 20 B.3 Time Period for Development and Construction ...... 22 B.4 Water and Disposal of Waste ...... 23 B.4.1 Water ...... 23 B.4.2 Waste Water ...... 23 B.4.3 Solid Waste ...... 24

B.5 Electricity Requirement ...... 24 B.6 Natural Resources Consumption ...... 25 B.7 Labour Requirement during Construction and Operational Periods ...... 25 B.8 Methodologies to be adopted for Construction ...... 25 B.9 Sources of Construction Materials and Transportation ...... 25 B.10 Infrastructure Facilities Required/Provided ...... 28 B.11 Aesthetic and Visual Environment ...... 28 B.12 Future Expansions ...... 28 B.13 Evaluation of the Alternatives ...... 29 C. Description of the Existing Environment in the Study Area ...... 29 C.1 Physical Features ...... 30 C.1.1 Topography and Drainage/Geology/Soil ...... 30 C.1.2 Hydrology ...... 33 C.1.3 Coastal Features (Environment) ...... 37 C.2 Ecological Environment ...... 44 C.2.1 Land Based Ecological Environment ...... 44 C.2.2 Aquatic Ecological Environment ...... 47 C.3 Historical and Archeologically Significant Sites ...... 53 C.4 Present Land Use in the Area ...... 54 C.5 Social and Economic Aspects ...... 54 C.5.1 Socio-Economic Profile in the Area ...... 54 C.5.2 Nature of Households and Principal Economic Activities ...... 55 C.5.3 Existing Infrastructure Facilities ...... 55 C.6 Existing Environmental Issues and Social Conflicts ...... 58 D. Description of Anticipated Environmental Aspects ...... 60 D.1 Physical Resources ...... 60 D.1.1 Impacts to the Beach and Shoreline ...... 60 D.2 Transportation of Materials ...... 63 D.3 Handling and Stockpiling of Materials ...... 64 D.4 Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment ...... 64 D.5 Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal...... 64 D.6 Impacts on Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic) ...... 65 D.6.1 Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources ...... 65 D.6.2 Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources ...... 66 D.7 Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation ...... 67 D.8 Impacts due to Changes of Land Use ...... 69 D.9 Socio-Economic Aspects ...... 69 D.9.1 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the Project on other Development Projects in the Area...... 69

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D.9.2 Impacts on Fishing Industry, including Beach Seine Fishery related activities, and Fishing Community (during Construction and Operation) ...... 70 D.9.3 Impacts to other Beach Users in the Area...... 70 D.9.4 Impacts due to Relocation and Loss of Livelihood ...... 70 D.9.5 Impacts on Existing Fishery Activities during the Construction Stage and the Methodologies of Operating Fishery Activities in Alternative Places ...... 70 D.9.6 Details on the Employment Generation in the Local Community ...... 70 D.10 Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources ...... 71 D.11 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments ...... 71 D.11.1 Disaster/Emergency Response Measures ...... 72 E. Proposed Mitigatory Measures ...... 73 E.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Physical Resources ...... 74 E.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Transportation of Materials ...... 76 E.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Handling and Stockpiling of Materials .. 76 E.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment ...... 76 E.5 Mitigation Measures for Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal . 77 E.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic) ...... 77 E.6.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources ...... 77 E.6.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources ...... 78 E.7 Mitigation Measures for Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality ...... 78 E.8 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Changes of Land Use ...... 79 E.9 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Socio-Economic Aspects ...... 79 E.9.1 Mitigation Measures for Direct and Indirect Impacts of the Project on other Development Projects in the Area ...... 79 E.9.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Fishing Industry, including Beach Seine Fishery related activities, and Fishing Community (during Construction and Operation) ...... 79 E.9.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts to other Beach Users in the Area ...... 80 E.9.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Relocation and Loss of Livelihood..... 80 E.10 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources ...... 80 E.11 Mitigation Measures for Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments ...... 80 F. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation ...... 81 F.1 Information Disclosure ...... 81 F.2 Consultation and Participation ...... 81 G. Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 85 H. Environment Management Plan ...... 87 H.1 Institutional Arrangements to Oversee the Implementation of the Monitoring Plan ...... 106

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H.2 Institutional Arrangements ...... 106 H.2.1 Sri Lankan Government ...... 106 H.2.2 Contractor...... 107 I. Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 108

List of figures

Figure A:1: Location of the Project Site ...... 4 Figure A:2: Coastal Zone Definition (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b) ...... 10 Figure B:1:Munai Fishery Landing Site ...... 19 Figure B:2: Layout of the Breakwaters Access Channel and the Areas of Dredging ...... 20 Figure B:3: Breakwater Sections ...... 21 Figure B:4: Nearby Recreational Area used by the Local Community ...... 21 Figure B:5: Cross Section of the Revetment ...... 22 Figure B:6: Location of Quarries and Transportation Routes of Rock Material ...... 26 Figure B:7: Access Roads to the Project Site from the A2 Road ...... 27 Figure C:1: Topographic Characteristics in the vicinity of the Project Site ...... 30 Figure C:2 Map of Geology in the project area ...... 32 Figure C:3: Soil Profile at the Project Site ...... 33 Figure C:4: Rainfall Characteristics in the Study Area ...... 33 Figure C:5 Two Seasonal rivers Thondamon Aru and Valuki Aru ...... 34 Figure C:6: Locations of Water Sampling ...... 35 Figure C:7: Coastal Characteristics between the Munai Naval Harbor Facility and Munai Fishery Landing Site ...... 38 Figure C:8: Longshore Sediment Transport Rates in Point Pedro Area ...... 39 Figure C:9: Beach Profile at the Munai Fishery Landing Site ...... 39 Figure C:10: Nearshore Wave Conditions in Point Pedro ...... 41 Figure C:11: Shoreline changes in Munai...... 43 Figure C:12: Tracks of Past Cyclones/Storms across Sri Lanka ...... 44 Figure C:13: Major Habitats in the Project Site and the Project Area of Influence ...... 45 Figure C:14: Plant Species on the Sandy Beach of the Project Site ...... 46 Figure C:15: Underwater Surveys Location Sites ...... 48 Figure C:16: Reefs associated with the shallow water coastal areas within the proposed Munai anchorage site...... 49 Figure C:17: Intertidal reef systems associated with the Munai anchorage site, a) Algae coverage, b) sea cucumber and c) and d) sediment coverage...... 50 Figure C:18 Examples of hard coral coverage associated with the majority of the sub tidal reef system associated with the Munai Anchorage site. The second photo shows recent bleaching event...... 51 Figure C:19 Location of the subtidal reef area that recorded significant live hard coral coverage within the Munai anchorage project site...... 51 Figure C:20: Corals observed during the survey ...... 52 Figure C:21: Places of Historical Significance in the Area ...... 53 Figure C:22: Congested Coastal Areas along the Jaffna-Ponnalai-Point Pedro Road ...... 56 Figure D:1: Coastline Response to Offshore Breakwaters ...... 61 Figure D:2: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels during Construction Activities ...... 68 Figure D:3: Maximum Permissible Vibration Levels ...... 69 Figure F:1 Discussion with community...... 84 Figure G:1: Grievance Redress Mechanism ...... 85

List of Tables

Table A-1: Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements related to the Project ...... 5 Table A-2: Key government agencies associated with project development consent applications...... 7 Table A-3: Approvals, Permits required to implement the Proposed Project ...... 15 Table C-1: Ground Water Quality in the vicinity of the Project Site ...... 35 Table C-2: Sea Water Quality in the vicinity of the Project Site ...... 37 Table C-3: Summary of Floral Species recorded in the Study Area ...... 46 Table C-4: Trees to be affected by the Proposed Development ...... 47 Table C-5: Summary of Faunal Species recorded in the Study Area ...... 47 Table C-6 Summary of Details of the Sites Investigated ...... 49 Table C-7: Places of Historical or Archeological Significance in the Point Pedro- Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division ...... 53 Table C-8: Present Land Use Pattern in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division ...... 54 Table C-9: Gender Diversity and Age Distribution of the Population ...... 54 Table C-10: Employment Pattern in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division ...... 55 Table C-11: Income Levels of the Population in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division ...... 55 Table C-12: Details on the Fisheries Sector-2015- Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division ...... 58 Table D-1: Typical Potential Waste Streams identified in Fisheries Anchorage Sites ...... 66 Table D-2: Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment ...... 68 Table F-1: Meetings with government authorities ...... 82 Table F-2: Concerns and Responses - Fishery Harbors Consultations ...... 82 Table F-3: Stakeholder consultation ...... 83 Table F-4: Community Consultation at Site level by the Social specialist ...... 83 Table F-5: Community Consultation at Site level by the Environmental Specialist ...... 83 Table F-6: Responses to the community consultation ...... 84 Table G-1: Persons and Agencies that can be contacted by the Affected Persons for Assistance with a Grievance ...... 86 Table H-1: Proposed Environmental Management Plan ...... 88

List of Annexures

Annex 1 Terms of references Annex 2 The topographic/bathymetric map in the vicinity of the project Annex 3 The Geotechnical Investigation Report Annex 4 ground water sample test reports . Annex 5 Sea water sampling test reports Annex 6 Bathymetric map . Annex 7 Terrestrial Report Annex 8 Detail site investigations (Aquatic) Annex 9 The details on the fish catch in the area Annex 10 Layout Plan Annex 11 Minutes of the consultation meeting Annex 12 Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages Annex 13 List of IEE preparers

Executive Summary

1. This report presents the details of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) carried out for the Proposed Development of Protected Landing Facilities at Munai in Jaffna District. The IEE has been carried out in accordance with the Terms of Reference provided by the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department.

2. The proposed development is a part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province. Fishery activities in the Northern Province had been severely affected by the conflict that prevailed in the region for nearly 03 decades and, with many of the fisheries infrastructure facilities currently in a dilapidated state, a strong need exists for rehabilitation and development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure. In view of these circumstances, a project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province is being carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs (MFARDREA) in which several fishery landing sites have been identified for further development, based on a feasibility study conducted earlier. The Munai fishery landing site has been identified by the feasibility study as a site to be developed with off shore protection.

3. The Munai fishery landing site is in a shallow basin sheltered by a reef formation located close and parallel to the coastline in the nearshore area. The access to the sheltered basin is provided by a channel located at a gap in the reef formation. Fishing boats are mainly moored/anchored in the shallow basin. Beach landing of boats is also carried out by the fishing community. Calm water conditions exist in the sheltered basin for the mooring/anchoring of fishing boats during the non-monsoon period from February to September. However, difficulties in maneuvering and mooring of fishing boats are encountered during the north-east monsoon period, mainly due to wave overtopping over the low crested reef formation. Scattered debris of broken reef from severe climatic events in the past and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. In order to address these issues, based on consultations with the stakeholders and subsequent assessments of future needs, the following developments have been identified to meet the needs of the fishing community and develop the site as a fishery anchorage:

i. Construction of 02 offshore breakwaters along the reef formation to reduce wave overtopping and disturbances in the sheltered basin to provide safe mooring conditions throughout the year. The breakwaters and revetment are to be of rubble mound structures. ii. Dredging of access channel and shallow areas within sheltered basin to provide improved and safe conditions of access and mooring

4. The main natural resource requirement for the proposed development would be rocks of different sizes as required by breakwater design considerations. No large scale quarries are located in Jaffna district to obtain the rocks for and the quarries in Mullaithivu and Anuradhapura districts, with the potential to supply the rocks required have been identified by the material survey carried out as part of the project. The rocks obtained from the identified quarries are to be transported by trucks of adequate capacity, along the road network of the area.

5. Only a small workforce would be required for the proposed construction activities. A land based methodology is to be used for breakwater and revetment construction and

xii dredging. A temporary access way is to be built to the location of the breakwaters for delivery, dumping and/or placement of breakwater materials for the core and outer layers. Stockpiling of rocks transported from the quarries would be required for uninterrupted progress of construction. The possibility exists for small stockpiles to be maintained in the project site-in the beach are shallow nearshore areas of the anchorage basin. However, a larger land area may be required to maintain temporary stockpiles of rock materials. A suitable site (land), preferably in close proximity of the project site, is to be identified/used by the contractor(s) to maintain such stockpiles. The possibility exists for the use of the same stockpiling area to be used for Point Pedro Fishery Harbor development.

6. In view of the nature of construction-breakwater/revetment construction with dumping and/or placement of rocks and dredging-except dredged material, no significant quantities of solid waste or waste water will be regularly generated by the construction activities. The dredged material would be a mix of sand and reef material and no significant quantities are envisaged in view of the existing depths in the areas of dredging. The possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged material with the approval of relevant authorities.

i. Disposal along the coastline, particularly in the areas of erosion, with the approval of the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD)

ii. Providing/selling dredged reef material as a construction and/or filling material, with the approval of relevant authorities

7. Predominantly flat topographic conditions exist in the vicinity of the project site and the study area. No rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area. No drainage paths from surrounding areas pass through the project site. The coastal bathymetry in the project site and the study area is mainly characterized by shallow nearshore areas sheltered by the reef (with depths mainly less than 1.0 m) and the seaward edge of the reef rising above the mean sea level at many locations with heights reaching in excess of 1 m at several locations. Deeper areas exist beyond the reef formation.

8. Sediment transport modeling, field investigations and review of available information indicate a net longshore sediment transport pattern westwards along the coastline in the vicinity of the project site and the study area. In view of the shelter provided by the reef against wave, a possibility exists for significantly low levels of sediment transport in the nearshore area between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation.

9. The main habitat types identified in the project site are beaches consisting of sand stone corals and sandy beaches. The natural habitats in the project site are highly disturbed due to human interaction. No fauna and flora typical for rocky shores and sandy beaches are recorded in the project site and the natural flora consists of very a few species. A very low floristic diversity exists in the study area. The reefs found are not true (typical) fringing coral reefs but mostly limestone reefs. Rock boulder reefs are found in submerged deeper areas. A course sand bottom extends from the edge of the reefs and towards offshore areas, the bottom mainly consists mostly fine sand and mud. The reefs are rather low in structural complexity and diversity compared to the sub-tidal reefs elsewhere in the country. The biodiversity in most of the reefs is low as such reefs are subject to periodic smothering by regular accreting/eroding coastline that prevents continuous colonization by corals. However, some rich coral growth can be observed towards the reef edge.

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10. The coastal communities around the project site are heavily dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. The population in the study area is entirely Tamil with Hinduism and Christianity being the dominant religions. No sites of historical or archeological significance are located in the immediate vicinity of the project site.

11. The potential environmental impacts arising from activities of the proposed development were identified as 'Positive', 'No' „Low‟, „Moderate‟ and „High‟ were made, mainly based on criteria such as magnitude, spatial extent, duration, reversibility etc. In view of the nature and scale of the development activities and the characteristics and/or features in the environment in the study area, many of the impacts can be rated as Low‟, or „Moderate‟ during both construction and operational stages. The „Moderate‟ impacts mainly include those associated with material transport over long distances, stockpiling of materials, noise, vibration and dust emission levels and disturbances to current fisheries activities at the project site during the construction stage. Such a level of impact is also associated with solid waste disposal in the operational stage.

12. The impact mitigation measures for the anticipated environmental impacts identified are for proper planning/design aspects, proper construction practices and proper operational practices. Proper planning/design aspects include compliance with regulations, incorporation of services/facilities/systems into the proposed developments, and ensuring the layouts meet the requirements of the end users. Proper construction/operational practices include proper methods obtaining natural resources (such as obtaining rocks from licensed quarries), proper solid waste and waste water disposal practices, measures to minimize disturbances to the surrounding environment by high noise, vibration and dust levels and providing benefits to local communities.

13. The IEE study has also given emphasis to the establishment of an institutional mechanism to ensure the reliability of monitoring programs giving due recognition to any local community/public concerns. The impact mitigation measures proposed are incorporated to in the proposed Environmental Management Plan.

14. On the basis of the analysis of these elements and on the assumption that the recommendations for the mitigation of identified impacts are adopted and adequately implemented, the IEE has concluded that there are no major environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of proposed protected fishery landing site development project in Munai in the Jaffna district on the northern coast.

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Introduction and General Information

A.1 Background

15. The Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development project is aligned with the following impacts: (i) investments in the fisheries sector promoted; and (ii) employment and livelihood opportunities in the Northern Province promoted 1 The project will have the following outcome: Fisheries production in the Northern Province sustainably increased. There are three outputs under this project.

16. Output 1: Marine fisheries infrastructure developed. Two harbors in Point Pedro, Jaffna District and Pesalai, Mannar District; one anchorage in Jaffna District in Mandativu, and 23 landing sites (8 in Jaffna2, 6 in Mannar3, 6 in Mullaitivu4, and 3 in Kilinochchi5) will be constructed. 17. Output 2: Aquaculture developed. Detailed designs, construction and operational start-up of artificial breeding production facilities, to provide the necessary seed stock for three target species. A sea cucumber hatchery with a production capacity of one million juveniles per year will be established in Mullaitivu; a mud crab hatchery with a production capacity of one million crablets per year will be established in Mannar; a sea weed tissue culture laboratory capable of producing 30,000-50,000kg of propagules will be established in Jaffna. The first coastal aquaculture training center in the country will also be established in Mannar district. 18. Output 3: Entrepreneurial skills, market links and credit access for local communities; and capacities of government staff strengthened. Of the 264 grama niladhari divisions (GND) that comprise the project area, following a ranking based on a vulnerability criterion developed, 141 GND’s were identified for targeted support. Communities in these GNDs will be supported through: (i) provision of small-scale infrastructure and replanting of mangroves to support livelihoods; (ii) identification of potential livelihood opportunities based on market requirements and provision of training to develop relevant skills; (iii) improving and facilitating access to credit through greater awareness on available credit facilities and supporting preparation of documentation including business plans to access credit; (iv) supporting the establishment of three model enterprises in partnership with the private sector capable of generating employment opportunities for the community; and (v) provision of psycho-social trauma support for communities impacted due to the prolonged conflict

19. Seven environment assessments are being undertaken for output 1. 1 each of the harbor sites, 1 for the anchorage site and three individual IEEs for the landing sites that have off shore protection (Munai, Athikoviladi and Thalaithurai), and one IEE for all other landing sites. Another IEE is being undertaken for investments under output 2. An environment assessment review framework has been prepared for investments under output 3.

20. This IEE is for the Development of a protected landing site at Munai in Jaffna District

1 Government of Sri Lanka. 2017. Vision 2025: A Country Enriched. Colombo. 2 Sampoladi, Chullipuram West, Aralithurai, Thuriyor, Punkuduthivu, Munai, Thalathurai, and Athikoviladi 3 Thalimannar, Sirithoppu, Minarappadu, Wankalai, Arippu, Kodachchikuda 4 Iranapalai, Kallappadu North, Kallappadu South, Theethakarai, Silawathai, and Kokilai 5 Pallikuda, Valaipadu, and Nachchikuda

A.2 Name of the Project and Developer

21. Name of the Project : Development of a protected landing site at Munai in Jaffna District 22. Name of the Developer : Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Rural Economic Affairs (DFAR), 3rd Floor, New Secretariat, Maligawatta, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka.

A.3 Nature of the Project

23. The project involves the development of off shores structures to protect the Munai fishery landing site in Jaffna district. The proposed development activities include the construction of 02 offshore breakwaters and dredging of the access channel and the shallow areas of the anchorage basin. The details of the proposed development are presented in Section B of the report.

A.4 Aim and Scope of the Report, Objectives and Justification

A.4.1 Aim and Scope of the Report

24. The primary aim of the IEE report is to provide environmental information to decision makers with respect to the environmental acceptability and sustainability of the proposed project. In meeting this primary aim, the IEE is defined as having the following objectives:

 To describe the proposed project and the key activities associated with the construction and operational phases

 To identify existing and future sensitive receivers, resources, activities and land uses that may be adversely or beneficially affected by the project

 To identify, predict and evaluate the potential impacts of the project on sensitive receivers, resources, activities and land uses

 To propose appropriate mitigation measures to reduce or minimize any adverse impacts that have been identified, taking into account any associated constraints or consequential environmental or social implications of such measures

 To identify, predict and evaluate the acceptability of the residual impacts of the project after the implementation of selected mitigation measures and to evaluate any cumulative environmental impacts to which the project may contribute

 To identify, develop and specify methods, measures and standards to be included in the detailed design, construction and operational phases of the project in order to reduce environmental impacts to acceptable levels

 To specify appropriate environmental monitoring and audit requirements for the implementation of the project activities

A.4.2 Objectives and Justification of the Proposed Project

25. The proposed project is a part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province.

26. Prior to the conflict that prevailed in the region, Northern Provincewas one of the most productive fishing regions in the country. Its contribution to the national fish production of 40 % had declined since mid-1980s due to the disruptions caused to fisheries activities by the conflict. Fisheries activities have resumed/expanded in the Northern Province since the end of the conflict in 2009.However as many of the facilities in a dilapidated state, a strong need exists for rehabilitation and development of appropriate fisheries infrastructure. In view of these circumstances, a project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the northern province is being carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Recourses Development (MFARD) in which a number of fishery landing sites have been identified for further development, based on a feasibility study conducted earlier.

27. The Munai fishery landing site has been identified by the feasibility study as a site to be developed. The proposed developments include the construction of 02 offshore breakwaters to provide enhanced protection to the landing site and dredging the shallow areas and the access channel to facilitate its activities.

A.5 Investment and Funding Sources

28. The investment required for the proposed development of Munai fishery anchorage is estimated as Rs.102 million.

29. The funding for the proposed development is to be provided by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) as a loan facility to the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL).

A.6 Location of the Project

i. Grama Niladhari Division: Point Pedro East-J/403 ii. Pradeshiya Sabha: Point Pedro Urban Council iii. Divisional Secretariat: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North iv. District Secretariat: Jaffna

A.7 Designs of the Project Site with the Extent of the Project Area

30. The details on designs of the project site and the extent of the project area are presented in Section B.

(i) Location Map of the Project Site

31. The location of the project site in the Jaffna peninsula is shown in Figure A:1. The details on physical, ecological and socio-economic environments in the study area (including access to the site, distance to declared areas (if any), religious places, minor rock outcrops at the coastal edge, surrounding developments and infrastructure) are presented in Section C.

Munai Fishery Landing Site

(Source of Images: https://earth.google.com) Figure A:1: Location of the Project Site

A.8 Ownership of the Project Site

32. The land comes under the purview of the CCCRMD. The ownership of the project site is to be obtained by the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DFAR (under the MFARDREA) from the relevant state authorities. The nearshore area in which the 02 offshore breakwaters, access channel and the anchorage basin sheltered by the breakwaters, together with the land area in which the shore facilities of the anchorage are located can be considered as the area of the project site (or the area of the Munai fishery anchorage)

A.9 Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements related to the Project

33. In view of the nature and the location of the proposed project, its activities need to comply with the relevant conditions specified in various Laws, Acts, Regulations, Standards etc,the details of which are given in Table A-1.

Table A-1: Applicable Laws, Regulations, Standards and Requirements related to the Project (CCCRMD=Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department, CEA=Central Environment Authority, DoA=Department of Archaeology, DWC=Department of Wildlife Conservation, GSMB=Geological Survey and Mines Bureau, MEPA=Marine Environment Protection Authority, MFARD=Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development, MoL=Ministry of Lands, NPC=Northern Provincial Council, PS=Pradeshiya Sabha, FD=Forest Department, MoA=Minister of Agriculture, DS=District Secretariat)

Law, Act, Regulation, Standard Relevant Project Relevance etc State Agency Fish and fisheries within territorial Constitution of Sri Lanka (1978) MFARD, NPC waters are under concurrent control Development permits outside the The National Environmental coastal zone. Pollution prevention CEA (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000 and control from land based sources Development permits in the coastal The Coast Conservation zone. Coastal resources inventory CCCRMD (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011 and management plan Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Fisheries policy, monitoring, and MFARD Act amended (2016) management The Fauna and Flora Protection Biodiversity conservation areas and DWC (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009 protected species Forest Ordinance, No. 17 of 1907 Conservation and management of FD (as amended) forests, felling of trees The Marine Pollution Prevention Pollution prevention and control from MEPA Act, No, 35 of 2008 marine sources Local authority responsibility for Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of health and sanitation and public PS 1987 thoroughfares The Ma-del (beach seine) Manages and licenses beach seine MFARD, DS Regulations of 1984 fishing in coastal areas Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of Licenses the extraction of quarry GSMB 1992 material

Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. Antiquities conservation DoA 24 of 1998 Acquisition of lands for public Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of purposes includes compensation ML, DS 1950 – payments Soil Conservation (Amendment) Conservation of soil resources and MA Act, No. 24 of 1996 mitigation of soil erosion and usage

34. The protection, management and responsibility of the nation‟s environment is documented in the Constitution (GoSL 1978-10). Chapter VI (Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties), Sections 27 (14) and 28 (f) declare that: “The State shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community” and “it is the duty of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and conserve its riches”. A.9.1 Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1987 35. The Constitution of Sri Lanka (Government of Sri Lanka, 1987) specifies that fish and fisheries are not on the provincial council list (under the Provincial Council mandate), rather fish and fisheries resources within territorial waters are on the concurrent list (central government and province). Fish and fisheries beyond territorial waters are on the reserve list (central government). A.9.2 National Environmental Act No 47 of 1980 and Amended Act, No. 53 of 2000 36. The National (NEA), (Government of Sri Lanka, 1980) provides the administrative arrangements “for the protection, management and enhancement of the environment, for the regulation, maintenance and control of the quality of the environment, for the prevention, abatement and control of pollution”.

37. The NEA is implemented by the Central Environmental Authority (CEA), which functions under the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE) and includes District Environmental Agencies of which both are responsible for administering the provisions of the Act. The scope of this law virtually covers all aspects necessary to safeguard the environment and natural resources in the country.

38. The Act entrusts the CEA with responsibilities regarding use of lands and the management and conservation of natural resources outside of the coastal zone, however under the instruction of the Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) the CEA or other Project Approving Agencies (PAA) can be delegated to process development permits within or partly in the zone. Moreover, the CEA manages the standards of wastewater discharges into coastal water bodies and fresh water bodies and monitoring for environmental degradation. Part IV B, of the Act provides the provisions for the maintenance of environmental quality and to control the environmental pollution by setting relevant standards.

39. The NEA includes two main regulatory provisions through which the environmental impacts of development projects are assessed, mitigated and managed: This includes:

i. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure for major development projects - regulations published in Government Gazette Extraordinary No 772/22 of 23rd June 1993 and in subsequent amendments;

ii. The Environmental Protection License (EPL) procedure for the control of pollution - regulations published in Government Gazette Extraordinary No 1533/16 of 25 January 2008.

 The provisions for EIA is contained in Part IV C of the NEA, which requires the submission of an IEE or EIA report in respect of certain “prescribed projects”. These are specified in Gazette Extraordinary No 772/22 of 23rd June 1993.  The proposed project scope of works (derived from the PPTA) has been evaluated by the CCCRMD resulting in a determination that an Initial Environmental Examination is required. ADB has categorized the project as B, and as such one common ToR was issued and this report has been prepared for the proposed project which ensures both processes are met.

 The Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE) is tasked with policy formulation on the environment and natural resources in Sri Lanka and as such will be the lead agency, through a number of the ministry‟s divisions. The Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management (CCCRM) division will be responsible for issuing the project Development Consent. (Table 2.2 provides a summary of key Ministries and their divisions associated with the approval decisions for the PPPDP.

Table A-2: Key government agencies associated with project development consent applications.

Agency Roles Associated with the Proposed projects

MFARDREA Is the project EA and through its PIMU will implement the project. Ceylon Fishery Harbors Corporation (CFHC): CFHC is the government agency responsible for managing fishery harbors in Sri Lanka. It is the proponent for the fishery harbors, anchorage and landing site investments under output 1 of NPSFDP. There is, currently, no permanent CFHC representation in any of the Districts of Northern Province. Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (DFAR): DFAR has overall responsibility for implementation of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA) with a particular focus on ensuring compliance with international and regional treaty obligations. At the district level, district offices of DFAR are headed by Assistant Director of Fisheries. Jaffna District has a permanent DFAR representation. National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA): NARA is “the principal national institute charged with the responsibility of carrying out and coordinating research, development and management activities on the subject of aquatic resources in Sri Lanka”. NARA includes a number of research divisions relevant to NPSFDP such as “Marine Biological Resources Division”; “Socio-economic & marketing research division”; “fishing technology division”; “environmental studies division”; “institute of post-harvest technology”; “national institute of oceanography and marine science”; “national hydrographic office”, “monitoring and evaluation division” and a number of regional research centres. NARA has no offices in Northern Province.

MMDE Is responsible for the management of the environment and natural resources. The ministry includes the divisions of: Biodiversity; Environmental Pollution Control and Chemical Management, Climate Change; Natural Resource Management; Sustainable Development and Sustainable Environment. The Ministries Implementing Agencies include;  Central Environment Authority (CEA): The CEA is responsible for administering the provisions of the National Environmental (Amendment) Act, No. 53 of 2000 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2000). The CEA is mandated to manage the Environmental Protection Licensing (EPL) system nationally; the Initial Environmental Examination/Environment Impact Assessment (IEE/EIA) process outside the coastal zone using Project Approving Agencies (PAA) where appropriate; the environmental recommendations system regarding non-prescribed activities; and the scheduled waste management licensing system. CEA is also responsible for ensuring compliance with air quality, and noise, regulations. Representation of CEA at the Northern Province and Northern Province District level includes offices in all Districts.

 Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (CCCRMD): The department is mandated under the Coast Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011) to conserve the “coastal zone”, as defined in the Act (see glossary) including the survey of resources within the coastal zone, the production of a coastal zone and coastal resources management plan, and the issuing of “permits” for developments within the coastal zone. Unlike the CEA the CCCRMD does not have access to Project Approving Agencies (PAA) to support the development permit process within the coastal zone although it can assign responsibilities. CCCRMD can also declare “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas” and develop and implement plans for these areas including “Coastal Access Plan(s)” and “Special Area Management Plans (SAMP)”. CCCRMD is divided into three divisions. (i) Coastal Research and Design Division responsible for monitoring and research; (ii) Coastal Works Division responsible for shoreline management projects and maintenance of the existing coast protective structures; (iii) Planning Division responsible for the development permit system and for the formulation and implementation of Special Area Management Plans (SAMP). CCCRMD has a unit in Jaffna District Secretariat. There are CCCRMD officers in Kilinochchi and Mannar Districts that are attached to the District Secretariats.

 Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA): MEPA is mandated under the Marine Pollution Prevention Act (Government of Sri Lanka, 2008) to effectively and efficiently administer and implement the provisions of the Act and the regulations made there under. It is responsible for addressing marine sourced pollution and not pollution from land based sources which is the responsibility of the CEA. MEPA is responsible for: the Sri Lanka National Oil Spill Contingency Plan; waste reception services and bunkering permits. Representation of MEPA at the Northern Province and Northern Province District level is one regional office in Jaffna.

 Central Engineering Consultancy Bureau (CECB): The CECB operates as a self- financed government corporation and provides engineering consultancy, construction and related services. Areas of specialization include, buildings, roads, bridges, railway bridges, hydropower, irrigation, coastal, ports and water Supply. CECB has a laboratory for testing engineering materials and a geological investigations unit. CECB has one regional office in Kilinochchi.

MSDW The Ministry of Sustainable Development and Wildlife (MSDW) Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is mandated under the under the Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Act, No. 22 of 2009 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2009) to identify, gazette and manage national reserves and sanctuaries, and also to ensure that fauna and flora are identified for listing in the schedules of the Act and are protected accordingly.

DWC Marine Unit includes marine operation centers at a number of national parks and reserves in Northern Province including Vankalai Sanctuary, Adam‟s Bridge national park, Chandikulam National Park, and Kokilai Sanctuary. The Management and Technical Authority for CITES in Sri Lanka, and the national focal points for the CMS/Bonn Convention and the RAMSAR Convention is DWC. DWC protected areas and species are administered in local areas (branches) that match, but not exactly, the districts. There is a regional Assistant Directors office in Kilinochchi administering three of the Northern Province Districts (Jaffna, Mullaitivu and Kilinochchi) and an Assistant Directors office at Maddu (Vavuyina District) dealing with Vavuniya and Mannars District in Northern Province.

MDM The Ministry of Disaster Management (MDM) and the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) within the Ministry, is mandated under the Disaster Management Act No. 13 of 2005 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2005). The DMC works closely with the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) on climate change related disaster management issues. The DMC produced a national hazards profile report (Government of Sri Lanka, 2012a) including hazard profiles for sea-level rise, storm surge, coastal erosion, drought etc. There is a disaster management unit in each District Secretariat under the MDM/DMC.

DoA The Department of Archaeology (DoA) is responsible for all archaeological matters in Sri Lanka. It is not under any Ministry and is a non-ministerial government department

A.9.3 Coastal Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 49 of 2011. 40. The Coast Conservation (Amendment) (CCA) Act, No. 49 of 2011 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2011) provides the administrative arrangements for conserving the “coastal zone”. Key provisions under the Act are the survey of resources within the coastal zone, the production of a coastal zone and coastal resources management plans, and the mechanisms for issuing “permits” for developments within the coastal zone. Coastal resource as defined under the act includes all living and non-living resources found within the Coastal Zone. (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b). It should be noted that the definition of “management” under the Act “means the managing of renewable and non-renewable coastal resources, either separately or in an integrated fashion but excluding fisheries and aquatic resources which fall within the provisions of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act, No. 2 of 1996.” (as amended).

41. The Act also allows for the declaration of “Affected areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)” and for the development and implementation of “Coastal Access Plan(s)” and “Special Area Management Plans (SAMP)”. The Act also includes restrictions on the extraction of coastal resources including coral (31.A (1)), and sand (31, E (1). 42. Section 14 of the CCA identifies that “no person shall engage in any development activity other than a prescribed development activity within the Coastal Zone except under the authority of a permit issued in that behalf by the Director, Coast Conservation.” The Coastal Zone is defined as “the area lying within a limit of 300 m landward of the Mean High Water Line (MHWL) and a limit of 2 km seaward of the Mean Low Water Line (MLWL); and

9 in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons or any other body of water connected to the sea either permanently or periodically, the landward boundary shall extend to a limit of 2 km measured perpendicular to the straight base line drawn between the natural entrance points identified by the Mean Low Water line thereof and shall include waters of such rivers, streams and lagoons or any other body of water so connected to the sea.” These areas are shown diagrammatically in Figure 2.1.

Figure A:2: Coastal Zone Definition (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016b)

43. The proposed development scope of works associated with the PPPDP fall within the coastal zone and as such the project will require a development permit to be issued by the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Department (CCCRMD) according to criteria prescribed by the Minister. In addition, CEA is responsible for issuing Environmental Protection licenses for prescribed activities that may cause pollution within the coastal zone and all land-based activities associated with the project. Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) is responsible for the prevention and control of marine pollution.

44. The project is a prescribed development under the NEA as indicated above, but development guidelines issued by the Coast Conservation Department (CCD) state that “all public works within the coastal zone are subject to CCD permit procedure. Hence Public Institutions must consult CCD prior to commencing the development activities.” The guidelines indicate that there are two types of permits, “Minor Permits” are required for small dwelling houses, small scale commercial structures, and removal of sand and sand bars; and “major permits” are required for 19 larger-scale specified undertakings. These include ten activities that will or may be part of the PPPDP project: i) Dwelling houses and related structures of total floor area 1000 sq. feet (93 Sq. m) or more; ii) Harbour structures and navigational channels; iii) Public and religious structures; iv) Shoreline protection works; v) Sewage treatment facilities and ocean outfalls; vi) Disposal of solid wastes; vii) Dredging, filling landscaping and grading; viii) Removal of sand, sea shells or vegetation; ix) Breaching of sand bars; and x) Reclamation.

45. The guidelines provide specific development requirements for fisheries related buildings and infrastructures. This includes specifically set back area (buffer zone) of 200 m for all fisheries structures. However, set back (buffer zone) exceptions can be granted by the Director for nationally important projects and fisheries related building and infrastructure, both of which are significant factors for the PPPDP.

46. In addition, the development guidelines include seven specific activities that are prohibited within the coastal zone. One of which is required within the PPPDP scope of works, i) the removal of corals other than for research purposes. The construction of the port will include the reclamation of coral reef including corals and as such a detailed assessment of the impacts of the project activities on the corals and their ecosystem is included in this IEE and results presented. This issue will be presented and discussed with the CCD when the application for a Major Permit is submitted. A.9.4 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (FARA) as amended to 2016 47. The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act (Government of Sri Lanka, 2016) provides for the management, regulation, conservation and development of fisheries and aquatic resources in Sri Lanka and to give effect to Sri Lanka‟s obligations under certain international and regional fisheries agreements. The Act includes definitions of “Aquaculture”, “Aquatic Resources” and “Fish” (see Glossary).

48. The Ministry responsible for implementing the provisions of the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act is Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development (MFARD). The Act makes a number of administrative provisions including, many of which are relevant to proposed investments in the NPSFDP:

i. Licensing: the “licensing of fishing operations” including the refusal of licenses, the granting of licenses with conditions and the renewal on grounds of sustainability; ii. “Protection of fish and other aquatic resources”: including the designation of “Fisheries Management Areas” (FMA) and associated fisheries management “coordinating committees” responsible for the development of a “fisheries development and management plan”; formation and operation of “fisheries committees”; designation of “closed or open season for fishing”; iii. “Conservation”: including the designation of “fisheries reserves”; iv. “Aquaculture”: including the leasing of state lands and licensing of aquaculture operations. v. Other administrative provisions cover the “settlement of disputes”, “offences and penalties” and “general” matters including regulations (section 61) and use of terms (section 66). vi. Regulations: Directions regarding regulations are wide ranging covering matters such as: (a) the taking and landing of fish and other aquatic resources and the control and management of landing areas (61.1); (b) the collection of statistics and the provision of information by persons who are engaged in fishing, marketing or processing of fish and aquaculture enterprises (61.s) including – the protection of fish breeding ecosystems (61.sc); the prevention of the disposal of industrial and domestic waste in Sri Lanka waters, and the prevention of the filling of Sri Lanka Waters, in a manner detrimental to fish and aquatic resources in such waters (61.sd); the establishment of the National Fisheries Federation and Fisheries

Organizations at District and village levels (61.si); (c) implementing conservation and management measures adopted including those under UNCLOS (Section 61 (t)(i)); IOTC (Section 61 (t)(ii): the fish stocks agreement (Section 61 (t)(iii)); and the United Nations Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing IUU (Section 61 (t)(iv). A.9.5 Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 49. The Fauna and Flora Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, No. 22 of 2009 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2009) enables the creation and management of national reserves and sanctuaries and also provides schedules of fauna and flora that are protected. A National Reserve can be made only on state land while a sanctuary can be declared on state and/or private land. The ordinance provides the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka and prevention of the commercial exploitation of such fauna and flora. Amendments have been made to include the control and management of national reserves, the protection of elephants and buffaloes in areas outside national reserves and sanctuaries, the capture and keeping protected animals, offences and penalties, prohibition of the import or export of protected animals, and protection of plants.

50. The Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) is the agency responsible for implementing the provisions under the Act which includes the responsible for all fauna and flora within national parks, reserves, sanctuaries and for all protected species throughout Sri Lanka that are listed in the schedules to the Act.

51. A number of national parks, reserves and sanctuaries exist in the Northern Province.

 The Vankalai Sanctuary (Vankellei), which was declared 2008 and has a total area of 4839 hectares (ha) and is a RAMSAR wetland site. The sanctuary is located in the Mannar District and as such is outside of the PPPDP site.

 Adam‟s Bridge National Park was declared in 2015 and has a total area of 18,990 ha. The sanctuary is located in the Mannar District and as such is outside of the PPPDP site.

 Chundikulam National Park was declared in 2015 and has a total area of 19,565.33 ha. The sanctuary is located in the District of Kilinochchi and as such is outside of the PPPDP site.

 Kokilai Sanctuary was declared in 1951 and has a total area of 1,995 ha. The sanctuary is located in the District Mullaitivu and as such is outside of the PPPDP site.

 Vedithalathivu Nature Reserve was declared in 2016 and has a total area of 29,180 ha. The sanctuary is located in the District of Mannar and as such is outside of the project site.

52. Section 75 of the 1970‟s Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (Chapter 469) specifies that “The Provisions of the Fisheries Ordinance shall cease to be in operation in any National Reserve or Sanctuary as from the date on which such National Reserve of Sanctuary is duly constituted under section 2; but subject as aforesaid, the provisions of the Ordinance shall continue to be in operation in any area outside a National Reserve or a Sanctuary”.

53. The Fauna and Flora Act also stipulates that “no person or organization, whether private or State shall within a distance of one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve declared by Order made under section 2, carry out any development activity of any description whatsoever without obtaining the prior written approval of the Director General”.

54. Sir Lankan protected fauna and flora in the schedules of the Act, of particular relevance to the PPPDP, include: (i) Marine Mammals: including and number of Whales and Dolphins (Ballaenopteridae, Physeteridae, Delphinidae) and the Dugong (Dugong dugon). (ii) Reptiles: Two species of Crocodiles Crocodylus palustris - Marsh or Mugger and C. porosus - estuarine and 5 marine turtles Caretta caretta - Loggerhead, Chelonia mydas - Green, Eretmochelys imbricata - Hawksbill, Lepidochelys olivacea - Olive ridley and Dermochelys coriacea - Leatherback. (iii) Birds: Large number, 240 are breeding residents with 46 endemic. (iv) Fish: Several species of fish including certain reef fish (sharks are not mentioned). (v) Invertebrates: All species of Lepidoptera; A number of coelenterates including certain corals; certain annelids (fan worms); certain molluscs including giant clams (Tridacna sp.), chambered nautilus (Nautilus sp.) and the paper nautilus (Agronauta sp.); certain echinoderms including the slate pencil urchin and the royal sea cucumber (Pseudicolochirus sp.) (vi) Plants: Various plants including plants associated with mangrove environments such as Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans), and the common mangrove trees (Lumnitzera littorea, Ceriops decandra and Sonneratia aptelata), 28 species in total.

55. In addition, the Forest Ordinance, one of the oldest ordinances in the country, first enacted in 1887 under which the Forest Department. This act has been amended several times in the past. The Forest Reserves gazetted under the provisions of the ordinance and all proposed reserves that are not gazetted under these provisions but selected for conservation based on biological and hydrological importance should be taken into account in implementation of this project. A.9.6 Felling of Trees (control) Act No. 9 of 1951 56. The Felling of Trees (Control) Act published by the Minister of Agriculture, Land, Irrigation and Power in the Gazette No. 18856 of October 13, 1962 under the Felling of Trees (Control) Act No. 9 of 1951 (Chapter 452) controls the prohibition, regulation or control of feeling trees. Trees to be removed (felled) require a valid permit issued by an authorized officer. A.9.7 Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No. 35 of 2008. 57. The Marine Pollution Prevention Act, No, 35 of 2008 (Government of Sri Lanka, 2008) provides the mechanism to establish the Marine Environmental Protection Authority (MEPA) and the Marine Environmental Council (MEC), with the function (among other things) of: the “prevention, reduction, control and management of pollution arising out of ship based activity and shore based maritime related activity, in the territorial waters or any other maritime zone, its fore-shore and the coastal zone of Sri Lanka”; and taking “measures to manage, safeguard and preserve the territorial waters of Sri Lanka or any other maritime zone, its fore-shore and the coastal zone from any pollution caused by any oil, harmful substance or any other pollution.” 58. Preventative measures against pollution, maritime casualties, prevention of pollution in respect of criminal and civil liability, and prevention of pollution when engaged in exploration of natural resources including petroleum or any related activity are inclusive including monetary offence penalties for all convictions (Part VII – Prevention of Pollution – Criminal Liability).

59. Paragraph 28 of the Act establishes that the owner or operator of a ship, offshore installation or pipeline may apply to MEPA for a permit to dump oil, any harmful substance or other pollutant into the coastal zone; and the preceding paragraph (29) indicates that MEPA takes into account the type of pollutant and the disposal location, and grants the permit where it is satisfied that there will be no harm to any living species or effect on water quality and no disruption of any marine activity. The application procedure is established by the Marine Environmental Protection (Issuance of Permits for Dumping at Sea) Regulations No 01/2013, published in Gazette Extraordinary No 1816/3719 of 28 June 2013. Similarly, Schedule I of the Regulations provides quality standards that have to be met by any discharge from land based industries including fishing and port activities. A.9.8 Pradeshiya Sabha Act No. 15 of 1987 60. The Pradeshiya Sabha Act provides the legal mechanism to provide each Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) area the local authority within such area and be charged with the regulation, control and administration of all matters relating to public health, public utility services and public thoroughfares and generally with the protection and promotion of the comfort, convenience and welfare of the people and all amenities within such area. The construction of roads, causeways, bridges, buildings, waste water and sewage systems come under the purview of the PS and as such need its approval to be developed. A.9.9 The Ma-del (beach seine) Regulations of 1984 61. Ma-del (beach seine) fishing regulations of 1984 and subsequent amendments are applicable to the beach seine fishery in the entire island. The key features of these regulations are the designation and protection of special areas where beach seining can be carried out and the limitation of entry into beach seine fisheries. These features are in line with the principles of community-based fisheries management and incorporate the traditional management practices of this fishery in the past.

62. All beach seine fishing operations are to be carried out exclusively from designated beach seine warayas (bays or harbors) identified in the regulations by name and an assigned number and only by beach seine owners who are registered and issued with permits for such operations at those warayas which are reserved for their use. Many warayas have more than one padu (the reserved portion of the beach for a registered beach seine owner). The length of a padu, reserved by law for the beach seine owner‟s exclusive use, ranges from 500 m to 1 km. A common feature of most of these regulations is the prominence given to the concept of community-based management in the ordinances, which in many cases approved and legalized the rules made by the inhabitants of the concerned areas where the rules would apply to their fishing grounds. Key features of the beach seine regulation include:

 Where there are two or more registered owners or groups for a padu, a system rotation of turns, agreed upon by all owners, shall be observed.

 Within a beach seine waraya, the use of mechanized craft for the operation of a beach seine is prohibited.

 While a beach seine is in operation, no mechanized boats are to navigate within the waters of a beach seine waraya.

 Boats other than those used exclusively for the operation of beach seines are prohibited to be anchored in the beach seine waraya or to be beached on the foreshore adjoining the beach seine waraya.

 Within the beach seine waraya, the use of any fishing gear or fishing boat other than those prescribed by these regulations are prohibited.

A.9.10 Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992

 The Mines and Mineral Act No 33 of 1992 requires that all mining and exploitation for minerals in Sri Lanka is licensed by the Geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). This applies to earth and quarry materials excavated for use in construction. For the PPPDP site all quarry material used, the site will required to possess an Industrial Mining License category a permit.

A.9.11 Antiquities (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 2008

 The Antiquities (Amendment) Act No 24 of 1998, and the implementing regulations published in Gazette Extraordinary No 1152/14 of 4 October 2000 require that an Archaeological Impact Assessment is conducted in relation to every proposed development project with a land area of over 0.25 ha. The purpose of the assessment is to examine whether there are antiquities in the land, to determine the impact of the proposed development and to provide alternative measures if necessary. A.9.12 Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 63. Land Acquisition Act No. 9 of 1950 falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Lands (MoL) in partnership with other relevant ministries and District and Divisional Secretaries to manage land acquisition for public purposes and is guided by the provisions and procedures outlined in the Act. The Act includes a national involuntary resettlement policy and a mechanism for payment for compensation which includes crop damages. The Local Authority Regulations of 2008 provides further guidelines for the local management and arrangements for the acquisition of land. A.9.13 Soil Conservation (Amendment) Act No. 24 of 1996 64. Soil Conservation (Amendment) Act, No. 24 of 1996 falls under the responsibility of the Department of Agriculture (DoA) and provides the mechanism to; (i) Enhancement and substance of productive capacity of the Soil; (ii) to restore degraded land for the prevention and mitigation of soil erosion; and (iii) for the Conservation of soil resources and protection of land against damage by floods, salinity, alkalinity water logging. The Act provides the authority to declare land as conservation areas and provides soil conservation guidelines associated with plantation crops in conservation areas.

A.10 Clearances/Permits required from Relevant State Agencies

65. As the project site is located in the 'Coastal Zone', the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (CCCRMD) would be the Project Approving Authority (PAA) and this IEE report is submitted as a requirement for obtaining permission (Development Permit).

66. In addition, in order to comply with the relevant conditions specified in various Laws, Acts, Regulations, Standards etc. given in Table A-1, it would be necessary to obtain the clearances/approvals/permits/consents from relevant stage agencies, the details of which are given in Table A-3. Table A-3: Approvals, Permits required to implement the Proposed Project Clearance/Approval/Permit Current Status In the process of being obtained. To Preliminary Planning Clearance from the 1 be obtained prior to construction Urban Development Authority (UDA) stage 2 Clearance from the Marine Environmental In the process of being obtained. To

Clearance/Approval/Permit Current Status Protection Agency (MEPA) be obtained prior to construction stage In the process of being obtained. To Consent from the National Water Supply and 3 be obtained prior to construction Drainage Board (NWSDB) for water supply stage In the process of being obtained. To Consent from the Ceylon Electricity Board 4 be obtained prior to construction (CEB) for electricity supply stage In the process of being obtained. To Consent from the Local Authority for solid 5 be obtained prior to construction waste collection and disposal stage

Development Permit from the Coast To be obtained after the acceptance 6 Conservation and Coastal Resources of the IEE Report Management Department (CCCRMD)

Environmental Protection Licence from the To be obtained prior to the 7 Central Environmental Authority (CEA) commencement of operations

A.11 Conformity to Coastal Resources Management Plan

67. The principal instrument of coastal resources management policy is the (CCCRMD) which is legally mandated to produce at regular intervals. The latest draft version of the plan was issued in 2016. The details below are extracts from the plan:

 Key instruments for the delivery of the plan are: a requirement for a permit for development activities; permit conditions including coastal setback and other zoning conditions; and the development and delivery of management plans including for “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas”, and “Special Management Areas (SMA)”.

 The plan provides updated coastal setbacks for Sri Lanka including for Northern Province. No “Affected Areas”, “Beach Parks”, “Coastal Access Plans”, “Conservation Areas” and “Special Management Areas (SMA)” are currently specified for Northern Province. The setback distances specified in the updated coastal setbacks are not applicable in respect of Protected Areas where any protected area falls within coastal segment; it will be considered a “no build zone”.

 Protected Areas include RAMSAR Wetland sites, Buffer Zones, Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Conservation Forests, National Heritage Wilderness Areas, Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors, Refuges and Marine Reserves.

 It is indicated that a 300m setback shall be applied to Fisheries Management Areas, Fisheries Reserves or any other designated area or site declared by the Government of Sri Lanka. A total of 200 m setback shall be applied to all coastal archaeological sites designated by the Department of Archaeology.

 The Plan does not propose any “Affected Areas”. Two existing “Beach Parks” are listed but no new ones are proposed. Neither of the existing “Beach parks” is in Northern Province. No new “Conservation Areas” are proposed. No coastal access plans are specified.

 The following areas are proposed to be declared as Special Management Areas in Northern Province:

 Mullaitivu District: Nanthikadal Lagoon and Nai Aru Estuary;  Jaffna District: Manalkadu Dunes; Jaffna Estuary (town area); Thondaimanaru Lagoon; Kankesanthurai and Keeramalai coastal area; Mandativu, Delft; Nainativu Islands; Karainagar (including Casuarina beach) coastal area; Navali Coastal Area.  Mannar District: Gulf of Mannar; Thalaimannar coastal area; Sillavathurai; Arippu and Aruvi Aru coastal area; Bay of Kondachchi.

A.12 Contingency Plan of Marine Environmental Protection Agency and Other Conservation/Development Plans

68. “The Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 35 of 2008” has designated the Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) as the “Agency responsible for marine pollution prevention related activity”. Formulation and implementation of National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is one of its more important functions. The National Oil Spill Contingency Plan (NOSCOP) which has been prepared by the MEPA provides a guide and control on and how to deal with an oil spill contingency.The details below are extracts from the Act:

69. The purpose of Sri Lanka‟s National Oil Spill Contingency Plan is to protect Sri Lankan coast to minimize the effects of oil spills including risks and their possible effects on environment, public health economic activities. The main priority is to protect the most sensitive areas and life and property and process affected. NOSCOP is intended to delineate responsibilities for the operational response to marine emergencies, which could result in actual, potential or suspected spillage of oil into the marine environment. The marine environment includes the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the coastal area.NOSCOP will establish a mechanism for mutual understanding with legal and institutional foundation among the support agencies, state authorities, private and public sector organizations including oil/fishing/supply/ and port industry to co-operate under the control of MEPA and guidance of Disaster Management Council to co-ordinate and integrate their resources to respond effectively. For the above purpose the following specific objectives are defined in the NOSCOP:

 responsibilities of each Organization  extent of co-operation for the implementation of the Plan between the Organizations at the operational level  type of assistance to be provided by each Organization and the condition under which it will be provided  division of responsibilities between the Organizations  established principles of command and liaison and definition of corresponding structures  procedure for claiming compensation  administrative modalities related to co-operative actions in case of emergency The responsibilities of the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources are:

 Introduce a lower level Response Team concept at various fisheries harbours to assist oil spill

 response team to provide emergency information at sea.  Seek protection to environmentally sensitive coastal areas by mobilizing coastal community to respond to such activities  To assist and advise on impacts of spill on the marine environment and marine resources  To provide cost of damage for fishermen and fishing gears and prepare claims for damages and forward to MEPA and DMC through divisional secretaries  To provide fishing crafts, and shore clean-up facilities including associated operational staff  To provide workshop facilities for repairing response equipment  To provide communication facilities and engage in supporting monitoring of oil spill movement related activities at sea.  To co-ordinate provision of relief measures to the affected fisher families  Nomination of Incident Management Team (IMT) member to help Incident

70. It is proposed that these responsibilities be carried out by the Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources as required.

B. Description of the Project

B.1 Description of the Main Project Components

71. The Munai fishery landing site is located in a shallow basin sheltered by a reef formation as shown in Figure B:1. A mixed sandy/rocky beach exists at the site. Fishing boats are mainly moored/anchored in the shallow basin. Beach landing of boats is also carried out by the fishing community. An Auction Hall, Resting Place and Toilets are available at the site as Shore Facilities.

Figure B:1:Munai Fishery Landing Site

72. The field investigations revealed that calm water conditions exist in the access channel and the sheltered basin for the mooring/anchoring of fishing boats during the non-monsoon period from March to September. However, difficulties in maneuvering and mooring of fishing boats are encountered during the North-East monsoon period from October to February, mainly due to wave overtopping over the low crested reef formation. The reef has been damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the cyclone 'Nisha' in 2008 and the scattering of broken reef and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. The sandy/rocky beach is also subjected to local changes and erosion. In order to address these issues, based on consultations with the stakeholders and subsequent assessments of future needs, the following developments have been identified to meet the needs of the fishing community and develop the site as a protected landing site:

i. Construction of 02 offshore breakwaters along the reef formation to reduce wave overtopping and disturbances in the sheltered basin to provide safe mooring conditions throughout the year

ii. Dredging of access channel and shallow areas within sheltered basin to provide improved and safe conditions of access and mooring

73. In addition, construction of a revetment for a recreational area along the nearby coastline used by the local community is also to be carried out.

74. The details on the proposed developments are presented in Section B.1.

B.2 Detailed Drawings of the Project

75. The layout of the breakwaters, access channel and the area of dredging are shown in (b) 76. Figure B:2. The breakwater layout and the bathymetric details (including sea bed contours) are shown in (b) 77. Figure B:2.

(a) (Source of Image: https://earth.google.com)

(b) Figure B:2: Layout of the Breakwaters Access Channel and the Areas of Dredging 78. As indicated in (b) 79. Figure B:2, the 02 breakwaters are of length 110 m and 140 m and the access channel between the breakwaters is at least 25 m in width. The breakwaters are to be of rubble mount structures and the cross sections are shown in Figure B:3. The purpose of breakwaters is to reduce wave overtopping and disturbances in the sheltered basin to provide safe mooring conditions throughout the year. The nearshore wave climate, bathymetric details and the extent of the basin area to be protected are the main factors considered in the design of the breakwaters.

Figure B:3: Breakwater Sections

80. A revetment, as a coast protection measure for the recreational area is also to be constructed. The ground is used for the Kabaddi play. This is maintained by the Fishers society in the area. The recreational area is shown in Figure B:4 and the proposed cross section of the revetment is shown in Figure B:5.

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) Figure B:4: Nearby Recreational Area used by the Local Community

Figure B:5: Cross Section of the Revetment

81. The access channel is to be dredged to a depth in the range of 1.2-1.5 m and the shallow areas within the sheltered anchorage basin are to be dredged to remove the high spots that could endanger the boat movement behind the breakwaters. However, no major dredging is not envisaged in this stretch. The areas of dredging (and, high spot removals) are shown in (b) 82. Figure B:2.

83. The dredged material would be a mix of sand and reef material and the quantity of dredging is estimated as 3000 m3. The possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged material with the approval of relevant authorities.

 Filling of the nearby coastal recreational area used by the local community  Disposal along the coastline, particularly in the areas of erosion, with the approval of the CCCRMD  Providing/selling dredged reef material as a construction and/or filling material, with the approval of relevant authorities

84. The project site is directly accessible from the Point Pedro East Coast Road and no new access road construction to the project site would be required. However, temporary access ways to the locations of breakwater constructions and (some) areas of dredging, from the existing road or the beach area need to be constructed. These are to be constructed by the contractor as required by dumping, compacting and leveling of rocks of different sizes.

B.3 Time Period for Development and Construction

85. The feasibility study has been completed and the detailed design is currently in progress. The construction period is estimated as 08 months.

B.4 Water and Disposal of Waste

B.4.1 Water

86. No significant quantities of water would be required for the proposed developments. i. Construction Period

87. The water requirement during the construction period would be that for the workforce and construction activities.

88. Considering the workforce of 15, with 05 residential workers and 10 day time workers and water consumption rates of 120 liters/person/day and 60 liters/person/day respectively for such workers, the water requirement for the workforce can be estimated as (05x0.120+10x0.060 m3/day) 1.2 m3/day.

89. In view of the nature of construction-breakwater/revetment construction with dumping and/or placement of rocks and dredging-water will not be regularly required for construction activities. However, considering miscellaneous water needs related to construction activities, a water requirement of 2 m3 can be assumed as a conservative estimate.

90. The water requirement is to be provided by the contractor and water obtained from the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) or other authorized sources and portable storage tanks are to be used. ii. Operational Period

91. No water will be required for the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments. The water requirement would be that required by the fishery community and/or activities based in the landing facility as at present. B.4.2 Waste Water

92. No significant quantities of waste water would be generated by the proposed developments. i. Construction Period

93. Considering a waste water generation rate of 90 % of the water requirement, the quantity of waste water generated by the workforce can be estimated as approximately01 m3/day. A block of toilets is currently available in the fishery landing site and a possibility

exists for the workforce to use such a facility. However, if necessary, temporary toilet and washing facilities with septic tanks and soakage pits are to be provided to the workforce by the contractor at the site or another appropriate location, as required. Any waste water generated from construction related activities is also being directed to the soakage pits. ii. Operational Period

94. No waste water will be generated by the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments. The waste water generated would be that by the fishery community and/or activities based in the anchorage.

B.4.3 Solid Waste

95. No significant quantities of solid waste would be generated by the proposed developments. i. Construction Period

96. Considering the workforce of 15 and a solid waste generation rate of 0.85 kg/person/day, which commonly used in solid waste computations in Sri Lanka, the quantity of solid waste generated by the workforce can be estimated as 13 kg/day, which includes both bio degradable as well as non-biodegradable waste. The possibility exists for the use of the existing solid waste disposal method of the fishery landing site by the construction workforce. If not, the solid waste generated by the workforce is to be temporarily stored at appropriate locations in the work site and regularly disposed by the contractor through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Point Pedro Urban Council).

97. In view of the nature of construction-breakwater/revetment construction with dumping and/or placement of rocks and dredging-no significant quantities of solid waste (except dredged material) will be regularly generated by the construction activities. The details on dredging are presented in Section B.9 of the report. ii. Operational Period

98. No solid waste will be generated by the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments. The solid waste generated would be that by the fishery community and/or activities based at the anchorage and mainly include that generated by the fishing community and any fish processing/preparation activities..

B.5 Electricity Requirement i. Construction Period

99. Electricity supply from the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is available in the area. In view of the nature of constructions and the types of machinery to be used, no significant quantity of electricity would be required for construction purposes. If necessary, a temporary electricity connection is to be obtained by the contractor for the activities in the project site. ii. Operational Period

100. No electricity will be required by the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments. The electricity requirement would be that for the fishery community and/or activities based in the landing site for ongoing operations There is no additional requirement).

B.6 Natural Resources Consumption

101. In view of the nature of construction-breakwater/revetment construction, the main natural resource requirement would be rocks of different sizes as required by design considerations. In addition, water is the other natural resource required for the proposed development.

B.7 Labour Requirement during Construction and Operational Periods

102. Considering the type, scale and the methodology of construction it is estimated that a workforce of up to 15 would be required during the construction period.

103. No regular operational/maintenance staff would be associated with the proposed developments (breakwaters/revetment and dredged areas). However, periodic inspection and rehabilitation activities would be required. The regular operational activities (fisheries activities) are usually carried out under the guidance of the local fisheries societies based at the Anchorage.

B.8 Methodologies to be adopted for Construction

104. A land based methodology is to be used for breakwater and revetment construction and dredging. An access way is to be built to the location of the breakwaters for delivery, dumping and/or placement of breakwater materials for the core and outer layers. The access way is to be constructed by dumping and/or placing of suitable rock materials and these should be removed after the construction of breakwaters.

B.9 Sources of Construction Materials and Transportation

i. Sources of Construction Materials

105. No large scale quarries are located in Jaffna district to obtain the rocks for the proposed breakwater/revetment construction. Metal quarries in Mullaithivu and Anuradhapura districts, with the potential to supply the rocks required, have been identified by the material survey carried out as part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province. The quarries identified are:

 P.G.K.D.Sirisena Quarry, located at Kurula Patha Gala, Nochciyagama in Anuradhapura District (Approximately 225 km from Point Pedro)

 Maga Neguma Quarry, operated by the Road Development Authority (RDA), located at Kekirawa Road, Ganewalpola in Anuradhapura District (Approximately 225 km from Point Pedro)

 Business Promoters and Partners Engineering (BPPE) Quarry, located at 14th Mile Post, KATE Quarry, Oddusuddan in Mullaithivu District (Approximately 135 km from Point Pedro)

106. The locations of the quarries are shown in Figure B:6.

ii. Method of Transportation

107. The rocks obtained from the identified quarries are to be transported by trucks of adequate capacity, along the road network of the area, along the roads shown in Figure B:6.

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) Figure B:6: Location of Quarries and Transportation Routes of Rock Material

108. As indicated in Figure B:6, the main route of transport would be the Kandy- Jaffna A2 Road. The details on the roads leading to A2 Road are as below:

 P.G.K.D.Sirisena Quarry: Quarry Site-Nochchiyagama-Anuradapura-Rambewa-A2 Road  Maga Neguma Quarry: Quarry Site- Ganewalpola Junction - Habarana/Madankadawala Road -A2 Road

 Business Promoters and Partners Engineering (BPPE) Quarry: Quarry Site- Oddusuddan/Mankulam Way- A2 Road

109. From the A2 Road, the project site can be reached along 03 different routes as indicated in Figure B:7. These routes (options) include:

 Option 1: A2 Road - Soran Pattu/Thalayadi Road (B402) - Point Petro/Maruthnkerni Road - Point Petro East Coast Road - Project Site

 Option 2: A2 Road - Puloly/Kodikamam/Kachchai Road - Jaffna Point Pedro Road - Point Petro East Coast Road - Project Site

 Option 3: A2 Road - Puloly/Chavakachchari Road - Jaffna Point Pedro Road - Point Petro East Coast Road - Project Site

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) Figure B:7: Access Roads to the Project Site from the A2 Road

110. The transportation routes pass several urban areas and a possibility exists for traffic congestion/disruption due to transportation activities associated with the proposed developments.

111. The selection of the quarries and transport routes to the site is to be carried out by the contractor(s) appointed for the proposed development. A traffic/transport impact assessment is to be carried out by the contractor(s) prior to the commencement of the transport activities and the impact mitigation measures identified are to be implemented/adhered to, during transport activities.

iii. Details of Stockpiling

112. Stockpiling of rocks transported from the quarries would be required for uninterrupted progress of construction. The possibility exists for small stockpiles to be maintained in the project site-in the beach are shallow near shore areas of the anchorage basin. However, a larger land area may be required to maintain temporary stockpiles of rock materials. A suitable site (land), preferably in close proximity of the project site, is to be identified/used by the contractor(s) to maintain such stockpiles. The approval of the relevant authorities is to be obtained by the contractor(s) for the site and the activities associated with stockpiling.

iv. Disposal of Dredged Materials

113. As presented in Section 5.2, the possibilities given below are to be explored and adopted for the disposal of dredged material with the approval of relevant authorities.

 Filling of the nearby coastal recreational area used by the local community

 Disposal along the coastline, particularly in the areas of erosion, with the approval of the CCCRMD  Providing/selling dredged reef material as a construction and/or filling material, with the approval of relevant authorities

B.10 Infrastructure Facilities Required/Provided

i. Access Roads

114. As presented in Section 5.2, the project site is directly accessible from the Point Pedro East Coast Road and no new access road construction to the project site would be required. However, temporary access ways to the locations of breakwater constructions and (some) areas of dredging, from the existing road or the beach area need to be constructed. These are to be constructed by the contractor as required by dumping, compacting and leveling of rocks of different sizes.

ii. Communication

115. Communication facilities, in the form of mobile telecommunication services, are available in the area.

iii. Infrastructure Facilities/Benefits provided to the Community

116. The proposed developments-breakwaters, dredged access channel and anchorage basin (limited to removal of high spots)-can be identified as the main infrastructure facilities to be provided for the benefit of the fisheries community.

117. In addition, the revetment to be constructed as a coast protection measure for the recreational area can also be considered as an infrastructure facility for the benefit of the local community.

118. In view of the nature of proposed constructions (breakwaters and revetments) no regular operational/maintenance staff would be required. However, periodic inspection and rehabilitation activities need to be carried out. In the dredged areas, periodic maintenance dredging may be required. Any maintenance and rehabilitation activities are to be carried out by agencies with required facilities (machinery) and expertise under the guidance/supervision of the DFAR.

B.11 Aesthetic and Visual Environment

119. An attractive coastal environment, with a clear view of the sea, exists at the project site and its vicinity. Although 02 offshore breakwaters to be constructed, the crest level is limited to 2.5m above mean sea level and the view of the sea is not totally obstructed from the nearby coastal areas with an elevation in excess of 2 m, as indicated in (b) 120. Figure B:2.No significant impact on the aesthetic and visual environment in the area is thus envisaged due to the proposed development.

B.12 Future Expansions

121. The proposed developments identified were based on consultations with the stakeholders and also to meet subsequent assessments of future needs of the fishing community. Any restrictions imposed by existing laws, regulations etc were also considered in identifying the proposed developments. No future developments are thus

proposed by the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province, currently carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Recourses Development (MFARD) under which the proposed developments at the Munai fishery landing site are to be carried out.

B.13 Evaluation of the Alternatives

122. As presented in Section A.4.2, the proposed development project at the Munai fishery landing site is part of the project on developing sustainable fisheries infrastructure in the Northern Province, carried by the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Recourses Development (MFARD). The alternatives considered were thus confined to the level of fishery infrastructure development in the form of either as a fishery harbor, anchorage or a landing site. The level of development at each site was identified by a feasibility study conducted earlier. Technical, socio-economic and environmental aspects have been considered in identifying the level of fishery infrastructure development.

123. The Munai fishery landing site has been identified by the feasibility study as a site to be developed as a protected landing site due to:

1. The difficulties faced by the fisher community during NE monsoon (Oct- Feb/Mar) due to wave overtopping at the reef structure, endangering the fishing boats 2. Navigational hazards due to submerged debris (in the form of broken reef pieces resulted from the frequent storm events) within the anchorage area 3. Improve the efficiency of the fishing operations by resolving the above two impediments

C. Description of the Existing Environment in the Study Area

124. The project site (fisheries anchorage area), the area extending 500 m from the boundaries of the project site and the coastal belt on either of the project site side, extending 02 km along the coastline and 01 km towards the sea from the coastline are specified in the TOR as the study area to be considered for the description of the existing environment in the study area.

C.1 Physical Features

C.1.1 Topography and Drainage/Geology/Soil i. Topography

125. Being located in the coastal belt of the country in Jaffna peninsula, predominantly flat topographic conditions exist in the vicinity of the project site and the study area. The elevations in the range of 2.5-3.0 m exist along the Point Pedro East Coast Road in the vicinity of the project site. The main topographical characteristics in the vicinity of the project site are shown in Figure C:1. The topographic/bathymetric map in the vicinity of the project site is attached in ANNEX 02

126. The topography of the Jaffna peninsula is low and relatively flat, with a maximum height of 11 m recorded in the western central area near Tellipallai.

Edge of the Reef Formation

Edge of the Reef Formation Shallow Nearshore Area

Shallow Nearshore Area

Gently Sloping Beach Area

Point Pedro East Coast Road-Elevation 2.5-3 m

Predominantly Flat Terrain

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) Figure C:1: Topographic Characteristics in the vicinity of the Project Site ii. Drainage

127. No rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area. No drainage paths from surrounding areas pass through the project site. iii. Geology/Soil

(a) Geological Aspects

128. The geology of Jaffna peninsula is comprised of 05 types of significantly distinguished features: Lagoonal deposits, Estuarine deposits, Unconsolidated brownish grey coastal sands, Red beds and Dune sands.

129. Miocene limestone and red beds cover the top middle part of the peninsula whilst dune sand/beach sand is restricted to eastern coastal region and as a thin layer in the northern coastal part from Karainagar to Point Pedro. The dominant underlying bedrock throughout the Jaffna peninsula is a high-grade Precambrian crystalline metamorphic rock although in some areas it is underlain by sedimentary layers of upper Jurassic age.

130. Jaffna limestone is of Miocene age coral reef formation and is poorly bedded and generally flat, except in some areas where it shows a slight dip to the west. It is massive in places but some layers are richly fossiliferous, forming a honeycombed structure and the ready solubility of the limestone produces a number of underground solution caverns, which contain the main groundwater reserves on the island. The upper surface of the limestone slopes gently to the south-east from the relatively high areas in the north-west where it forms the land surface in the general vicinity of Chunnakam. To the east of the Uppu Aru Lagoon, the limestone is generally obscured by younger formations.

131. The surface cover of unconsolidated deposits is the youngest of the geological layers and produces the sandy soil that is present over much of the peninsula. The sediments north east of the Vadamarachchi lagoon form deeper beds, which can reach 8-17 m in places.

132. The coastal areas of the Jaffna peninsula and the part of the Vanni mainland (Mannar, Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu districts), overburden mantle is covered with 05 different types of soils classified according to agricultural suitability, namely-Regosols on recent beach and dune sands, Soils on recent marine calcareous sediments, Solodized Solonetz and Solonchaks, Calcic Red Yellow Latosols and Red Yellow Latosols.

133. In general, the soils are a mixture of marine deposits and sediments formed by the influence of wind and waves on the limestone. The soils associated with the north coast of Jaffna peninsula including Point Pedro consist of Regosol and support horticulture, mainly coconut and sandy soils sustain palm trees such as coconut and palmyra and in some areas paddy rice is grown during the wet season under rain-fed conditions. There are pockets of loam earth (mixture of sand, clay, silt and humus) suitable for some crops scattered throughout the peninsula. The islands in the vicinity of Jaffna peninsulamainly consist with soils on recent marine calcareous sediments and Solodized Solonetz and Solonchaks, which also occur in South-West part of the Peninsula.

Figure C:2 Map of Geology in the project area

(b) Soil Profile

134. Bore hole investigations have been carried out at the project site to assess the ground conditions for possible developments and the Geotechnical Investigation Report is attached in ANNEX 03. The borehole locations and soil profile at the site, extracted from the Geotechnical Investigation Report are shown in Figure C.3.The investigations reveal the presence of sand and limestone layers at the site. The sand layers consist of a layer of very loose as the top layer and very dense sand underneath it, over the limestone layer.

Figure C:3: Soil Profile at the Project Site

C.1.2 Hydrology i. Rainfall

135. The average annual rainfall in the study area ranges between 1,000 and 1250 mm with peak rainfall occurring during the months October to January associated with the north east monsoon producing about 75% of the total annual rainfall in this area, as indicated in Figure C:4. Rainfall throughout the rest of the year is scattered with the driest months extend from June to September.

(Source: Department of Metrology 2006-2015) Figure C:4: Rainfall Characteristics in the Study Area ii. Surface and Ground Water

(a) Surface Water

136. As presented in Section C.1.1-ii, no rivers, streams or marshy areas are located in the study area.

137. The topographic and climatic conditions Jaffna peninsula inhibits permanent rivers. However, 02 seasonal rivers (Thondaman Aru, west of Point Pedro; and Valuki Aru, west of Jaffna City) both around 10 km in length and several small streams carry water during the region's distinctive wet season. Both seasonal rivers are located beyond the study area specified for proposed development in Munai and no impact on them is envisaged. Rather, the majority of surface water within the peninsula consists of coastal lagoons that containing seawater or brackish water. The lagoons are major sinks for this runoff, but because of the proximity of the sea and the porosity of the subsurface strata,

the water they retain remains strongly brackish.

Figure C:5 Two Seasonal rivers Thondamon Aru and Valuki Aru

138. The topography also precludes any development of large-scale reservoirs as there are no suitable landforms to accommodate large dams and no significant depressions in which large quantities of river or rainwater could be held. Some natural depressions have been enhanced with earth bunds and removal of soil to increase the depth, and these and other low-lying areas form a series of over 600 “tanks” or “ponds” in which individual small quantities of rainwater are retained during and after the rainy season for the use in agriculture.

(b) Ground Water

139. The absence of perennial surface water reserves means that groundwater is the main source for domestic supply on the Jaffna peninsula and, is also used in agriculture in the long dry season. Both karstic and sand aquifers are present on the peninsula, but the limestone deposits are larger, with a far greater storage capacity and are therefore the main groundwater source. Altogether, 04 main aquifers with varying hydrogeological characteristics are located below the four mainland masses within the peninsula. This includes the Chunnakam aquifer located to the north of Jaffna City including the area surrounding Point Pedro, Kayts on the eponymous island, Thaemaradchi between Jaffna Lagoon and Vadamarachchi Lagoon and Vadamarachchi aquifer alongside the north eastern coast (Panabokke & Perera, 2005).

140. The freshwater lenses are thicker towards the center of each aquifer and thinner in coastal areas where the deeper water is brackish, so potable supply is more reliable inland. All of the aquifers are replenished during the rains in November and December and are then gradually diminished by abstraction and natural subsurface flow throughout the rest of the year. Annual recharge for Jaffna has been calculated at between 10-20 x 107 m3, of which approximately half is used for domestic supply and agriculture and the other half drains into the sea during the monsoon Balendran et al., 1968).

141. Measurements of sea water and ground water quality levels in the vicinity of the project site have been carried out and the locations of sampling are shown in Figure C:6. Sea water sampling point is located beyond the edge of the reef at the project site and the ground water sample was taken from a well at the location indicated. The test reports are attached in ANNEX. 04The water quality levels, extracted from the reports are given in and Table C-2.

Project Site

Figure C:6: Locations of Water Sampling

Table C-1: Ground Water Quality in the vicinity of the Project Site

Table C-2: Sea Water Quality in the vicinity of the Project Site

C.1.3 Coastal Features (Environment)

142. The coastal area along the northern side of the Jaffna peninsula, in which the project site is located, is characterized by rocky/sandy beaches and a reef formation is located close and parallel to the coastline as shown in Figure C:1. The presence of reef formation has also resulted in a number of naturally sheltered shallow basins in the area, suitable for mooring of fishing craft. Many of the fishery landing sites, including the site in Munai, in the area are located in such formed basins. i. Coastal Bathymetry and Sediment Transportation

(a) Coastal Bathymetry

143. Bathymetric surveys have been carried out by the Sri Lanka Navy in January 2018 and the bathymetric map in the vicinity of the project site is attached in ANNEX 02. As indicated in the bathymetric map, the coastal bathymetry in the project site and the study area is mainly characterized by shallow nearshore areas sheltered by the reef (with depths mainly less than 1.0 m) and the seaward edge of the reef rising above the mean sea level at many locations with heights reaching in excess of 1 m at several locations. Deeper areas exist beyond the reef formation.

(b) Sediment Transportation

144. Sediment transport modeling, field investigations and review of available information indicate a net longshore sediment transport pattern westwards along the coastline in the vicinity of the project site and the study area. As indicated in Figure C:1, the nearshore area is characterized by a reef formation that runs roughly parallel and at a distance in the order of 50 m-150 m from the coastline. The crest level at the edge of the reef formation extends above the mean sea level at many locations in the vicinity of the project site with it located just below the mean sea level at other locations. The nearshore areas behind the edge of the crest of the reef are shallow-with depths less than 1 m at many locations. The coastline and the sea bed in the area are mainly rocky/sandy. (Mainly sandy and/or mainly rocky areas can be found at a few locations.) In view of the shelter provided by the reef against wave propagation behind it towards the coastline and the absence of large quantities of sand, a possibility exists for significantly low levels of sediment transport in the nearshore area between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation. Similar characteristics can be observed at many locations along the coastline extending westwards from Munai.

145. The above characteristics can be also observed in the coastal stretch between the project site location and the edge of the peninsula at which the Munai Naval Harbor Facility is located (Figure C:7). It is a small facility, constructed in the shallow areas behind the edge of the reef formation. No significant sand trapping on its eastern side or sand bypassing over it from the sandy eastern coastline westwards towards the northern coastline is evident at this location. The coastal stretch in between Munai and Point Pedro and beyond is characterized by small sandy/rocky beaches and small scale sediment trapping at natural barriers similar to groynes, offshore breakwaters.

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) Figure C:7: Coastal Characteristics between the Munai Naval Harbor Facility and Munai Fishery Landing Site

146. Longshore sediment transport modeling has been carried out as part of the study for the development of a fishery harbor in Point Pedro, located approximately 1 km to the west of the project site, and the fishery anchorage developments in the area and the sediment transport rates, extracted from the report are shown in Figure C:8. As

indicated in the figure, net longshore sediment transport rates up to nearly 2,000 m3/year occur seaward of the reef (from the reef down to about 3 m water depth) while up to nearly 200 m3/year, occur between the reef and shoreline in the area. In the vicinity of the project site in Munai, the corresponding rates are 1933.3 m3/year and 4 m3/year respectively. The significantly lower levels of sediment transport in the nearshore area between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation are thus evident in the area.

(Source: Report on Sediment transport and morphodynamic modelling NORTHERNFISHERY HARBOURS PROJECT: Detailed Design Stage) Figure C:8: Longshore Sediment Transport Rates in Point Pedro Area ii. Coastal Features including Beach Profile

147. A gently sloping beach of width in the range of 5-20 m exists in the project site, as shown in Figure C:9. Mostly, similar beach characteristics, with only minor variations, exist in the beaches in the study area.

Figure C:9: Beach Profile at the Munai Fishery Landing Site iii. Beach and Nearshore Sea Bed Characteristics

148. Mainly sand/rocky beaches exist in the project site and the study area. The sandy stretches of beached are intercepted by rocky (reef) formations at many locations. Similar conditions exist in the nearshore areas between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation located close and parallel to the coastline. Mainly sandy and/or muddy sea bed conditions exist in the nearshore areas beyond the edge of the reef formation. The

details on sea bed characteristics in the area are presented in Section C.2.2 on Aquatic Ecological Environment. iv. Relevant Oceanographic Information including Nearshore Wave Height and Direction, Nearshore Current Velocities, Tidal and Current Characteristics

149. The northern coastline of the Jaffna peninsula, on which the project site is located, is mainly exposed to the north-east monsoonal waves and sheltered from the south-west monsoonal waves. It is also mainly sheltered from the southern swell, although a possibility exists for any swell refracted at the north-eastern edge of the peninsula (in the vicinity of Munai) to reach nearshore area closer to the eastern edge of the northern coastline of the peninsula. On site wave measurements indicate that there is a very negligible presence of swell waves in the area. 150. No wave measurements are available for the region due to the 30 year conflict. Therefore, wave conditions established for the design of the fishery harbor in Point Pedro can be considered as those representative for the project site. The wave conditions in Point Pedro are shown in Figure C:10 (a) & (b). 151. Figure C:10(a), wave conditions are expressed as a 'Wave Rose' typically used in coastal engineering studies/designs. The distribution of wave height (by different colors) and direction are indicated in the 'Wave Rose'. In addition, wave measurements have been carried out as part of the study on Point Pedro Fishery Harbor development and the 'location of measurements and the 'Wave Rose' for the north-east monsoon period of November 2017-January 2018 in The dominance of the north-east monsoonal waves in the area is clearly evident from the 'Wave Roses' shown in Figure C.10

(a) (Source: Wave Climate Study for Point Pedro, EML 2018

(b) Wave Measurements for Point Pedro Fishery Harbor Development (Source: Report on Sediment transport and morphodynamic modelling NORTHERN FISHERY HARBOURS PROJECT: Detailed Design Stage) Figure C:10: Nearshore Wave Conditions in Point Pedro

152. In view of the shelter provided by the reef formation, no strong currents exist in the nearshore area between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation in the vicinity of the project site and in the study area. However, strong current could occur at the access channels through the reef formations, which is common at many of the fishery landing sites in the area.

153. The basic tidal parameter for the Northern Province, including Point Pedro is a semi-diurnal regime (a twice daily) with diurnal inequalities with a maximum tidal variation of 0.6 m (meso-tidal). Point Pedro on the open northern coastline experiences a spring tidal range of 0.6 m, from Mean Low Water Spring Tides (MLWS) of 0.1 m to a Mean High-Water Spring Tides (MHWS) of 0.7 m and a neap tidal range of 0.3 m all levels relative to Chart Datum (CD)as indicated in the Hydrographic Chart for the area (Chart 1584-Trincomalee to Point calemere) published by the Hydrographic Office, UK v. Coastal Erosion Possibilities and Coastal Erosion Records of the last 10 Years 154. The reef formation in the nearshore has been damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the cyclone 'Nisha' in 2008.The scattering of broken reef and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. The sandy/rocky beach is also subjected to local changes and erosion. Although it is not possible to carry out a detailed study on coastal erosion due to the absence of relevant measurements, any patterns of coastal erosion and/or accretion can be identified by a comparative assessment of coastline positions indicated in satellite images and the changes in shoreline positions during the period 2002-2013 are shown in Figure C:11. The comparison of shoreline positions indicates changes (erosion/accretion) in the order of up to 10 m during the 11 year period. vi. Prior Action taken to cope with any Severe Coastal Erosion

155. In view of the absence of any severe coastal erosion at the project site and the study area, no action to cope with erosion had been necessitated.

41 vii. Coastal Structures and Coast Protection Systems

156. The breakwaters of the Munai Naval Harbor Facility (shown in Figure C:7), which are relatively small gabion structures, are the coastal structures in the study area. The existing jetty in Point Pedro, located approximately 1 km to the west of the project site is the other coastal structure in the area.

157. No coast protection systems have been implemented in the study area. However, the nearshore reef formation can be considered as a natural coast protection in the study area. viii. Coastal Water Quality

158. Measurements of coastal water quality levels in the vicinity of the project site have been carried out and the test reports are attached in ANNEX 05. The water quality levels, extracted from the reports are given in Table C-2.

January 2002

September 2009

July 2011

April 2013 (Note: Point Pedro East Coast is indicated by the Blue Line and the coastline position in January 2002 is indicated by the Red Line for reference/comparison purposes) (Source of Images: https://earth.google.com) Figure C:11: Shoreline changes in Munai ix. Details of Coastal Hazard Events in the Past-Tsunamis, Cyclones, Storm Surges in the Region

159. The project site and the surrounding areas were affected by the Tsunami in 2004, with inundation and damage to some of the facilities in the vicinity. The Tsunami Hazard. No other major natural disasters have affected the project site or the surrounding areas in the recent past. Although not frequent, the project site, being located next to the coast, is potentially exposed to cyclones/storm surges. The tracks of past cyclones/storms across the country are shown in Figure C:12. As indicated in Figure C:12, several cyclones/storms have passed over the Jaffna peninsula.

160. The cyclone Nisha hit northern Sri Lanka, incuding the study area in Munai, on November 25-29, 2008, causing heavy rains and flooding that reportedly killed 15 people and displaced between 60,000 to 70,000 people in Vanni (Mannar,Mullaithivu and Kilinochchi districts) area and 20,000 people in Jaffna district. Jaffna recorded the highest rainfall since 1918, of 520.1 mm of rain within a week, with one day recording a rainfall of 389.8 mm, being the highest in 09 decades. Cyclone wind speeds of 85 km/h were reported.

161. No flooding has been reported in the project site and the surrounding areas.

(Source of Map: Hazard Profiles of Sri Lanka, Disaster Management Centre, 2012) Figure C:12: Tracks of Past Cyclones/Storms across Sri Lanka

C.2 Ecological Environment

C.2.1 Land Based Ecological Environment i. Methodology of Ecological Assessment

162. An investigation was conducted on 10.05.2018 to identify major habitats/vegetation and fauna in and around the project site and adjoining 100 m of Project Area of Influence (PAI). The rapid line transect method was used to assess the existing terrestrial floristic and faunal diversity. A rapid ecological survey was carried out during the day time to assess the biological environment, prepare a species inventory, identify existing environmental problems/issues, identify possible ecological impacts and propose mitigation measures. In addition, reliable evidence obtained from villagers and officers of government agencies was also used to understand the species occurrence. The available information from previous investigations, published literature was also verified by site visits/surveys. The distribution pattern of vegetation along the coastal area,

trees and girth size of dominant plant species and the locations of such trees within the project area were recorded. Photographsof key biological features were also taken with the locations recorded using Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates.

(Source of Image: https://earth.google.com) (A - Sand Stone Corals and Sandy Beach, B - Homesteads) Figure C:13: Major Habitats in the Project Site and the Project Area of Influence ii. Habitats in the Project Site

163. The project site extends from the Point Pedro East Coast Road towards the sea.The main habitat types identified in the project site are beaches consisting of sand stone corals and sandy beaches. The natural habitats in the project site are highly disturbed due to human interaction. No fauna and flora typical for rocky shores and sandy beaches are recorded in the project site and the natural flora consists of very a few species. The species Cocos nucifera, Borassus flabellifer, Ipomoea pes-caprae (Muhudu Bin Thamburu) Thespesia populnea, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantea, Cyperus stoloniferus, Cynodon dactylon, Catharanthus roseus, Morinda coreia and Launaea sarmentosaare the floral species observed in the habitats in the project site. In additionthe nearly threatened species Trianthema decandraand the invasive species Antigonon leptopus were also observed. The plant species observed on the sandy beach in the project site are shown in Figure C:14.

Coconut Trees Replanted Coconut and Suriya Trees Figure C:14: Plant Species on the Sandy Beach of the Project Site iii. Habitats in the Project Area of Influence

164. Sand stone beaches and homesteads are the habitat types observed in the Project Area of Influence. Homesteads are closely located and limitedspace is available for home gardens. The species Cocos nucifera (Pol), Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Thespesia populnea (Suriya), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Plumeria obtuse, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Antigonon leptopus, Carica papaya, Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Moringa oleifer, Musa x paradisiaca, Bogainvillea sp., Jasminum sambac, Punica granatum, Morinda coreia and Murraya koenigiiare the dominant species in home gardens. iv. Vegetation in the Study Area

165. A very low floristic diversity exists in the study area. Altogether 23 plant species, including a nationally near threatened (NT) species and an invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey in the study area, as indicated in Table C-3. The majority of the plant species recorded are trees (12), followed by herbaceous species (06), shrubs (03) and climbers or creepers (02). Further, approximately35 % of the recorded flora species are natives and about 65% are exotic to the country. The details on plant species recorded during the field ecological survey in the study area are given in ANNEX 6

Table C-3: Summary of Floral Species recorded in the Study Area (CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT - Near Threatened) No of Conservation Status Endemi Type of Flora Specie Native Exotic c s CR EN VU NT Tree 12 0 0 0 0 0 02 10 Shrub 03 0 0 0 0 0 01 02 Herb 06 0 0 0 01 0 04 02 Climbers or 02 0 0 0 0 0 01 01 Creepers Total 23 0 0 0 01 0 08 15

 The species Trianthema decandra, a nearly threatened species in IUCN national conservation status, was observed at GPS location of 9.828278 N and 80.244444 E. These plants are loosely mat forming and are found interwoven. Several previous studies have confirmed the significant existence of these species in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi and Batticaloa Districts (Asela et al, 2014; Joseph, 2003, Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2017; IUCN, 2012; IUCN, 2011; CEB, 2016; GOSL, 2017). These plants can be removed during construction and be replanted in the areas marked for green belt establishment under the guidance of a horticulturist. The invasive species Antigonon leptopus was observed at GPS location of 9.828333 N and 80.245222 E.

The details on the trees to be affected by the proposed development are given in Table C-4.

Table C-4: Trees to be affected by the Proposed Development Type of Tree Number Girth Size (cm) Cocos nucifera 37 90 – 125 Borassus flabellifer (Tal) 04 70-100 Thespesia populnea 07 70-175 v. Fauna in the Study Area

166. Altogether 07 faunal species, including 01 mammal, 02 birds and 04 butterfly species, were recorded during the field ecological survey in the study area, as indicated in Table C-5. No turtles were recorded during the field ecological study and the discussions with local coastal communities also revealed that turtles are not observed in the area. The details on animal species recorded during the field ecological survey in the study area are given in ANNEX 07

Table C-5: Summary of Faunal Species recorded in the Study Area (CR –Critically Endangered, EN –Endangered, VU –Vulnerable, NT –Near Threatened) No of Total No of Conservation Status Taxonomic Number Exotic/ Endemic Group of Feral Species CR EN VU NT Species Species Birds 02 0 0 0 0 0 0 Butterflies 04 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonflies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mammals 01 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reptiles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Land Snails 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 07 0 0 0 0 0 0

C.2.2 Aquatic Ecological Environment

167. A comprehensive rapid assessment of the intertidal and subtidal marine ecosystem, specific habitats and resource adjacent to the Munai Fisheries Anchorage site was undertaken during April 2018 by the project consultants. The assessment was undertaken using free diving and (snorkeling and SCUBA diving by the assessment team.

168. This assessment is documented in a separate report titled: Marine Environmental Assessment for Anchorage sites Munai, Northern Province (Annex 8 )The information detailed by this assessment identifies key potential marine environmental impacts associated with the construction and operational phases of the project, which are discussed within this report and articulated in the project‟s EMP.

169. The assessment makes recommendations for identifying and managing environmental impacts based on Sri Lankan legislation and the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 (SPS) requirements and international best practices. The assessment provides information on critical and/or sensitive habitats, threatened species (international or local level) existing environment and possible impacts and risks to threatened marine invertebrate and vertebrate species including site specific information.

170. In total, 16 (12 intertidal and 4 sub tidal) reef transects (30 m x 2 m) were undertaken directly adjacent to the proposed scope of works and to the east and west (control site) of the existing anchorage site were assess separately to identify the key marine benthic habitats and associated benthic resources - flora and fauna (Figure C.13). Information was collected in situ for all sites and included photograph and video recordings. Fishers at two landing sites were interviewed to acquire information pertaining to resources captured in the area with both benthic and pelagic mobile resources were discussed.

Figure C:15: Underwater Surveys Location Sites 171. The intertidal transects (snorkeling and/or walking) included the reef benthic habitats from the exposed foreshore beach to the reef edge in all locations and were undertaken during low water thus allowing ease of access to all sites. The sub tidal transects (SCUBA diving) included the reef benthic habitats from the reef slope directly offshore and water access was undertaken from a boat. Table C.6 provides a summary of the key findings of all assessment sites.

172. Information documented from the rapid assessments included the identification of major benthic habitats, flora and fauna biodiversity, hard and soft coral percentage coverage, morphological form, dominant species, macro algae and invertebrate species. In addition basic water quality parameters, including temperature,

salinity, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and total suspended solids (TDS) were recorded using a multi-parameter reader.

173. Coralline limestone and sandstone reefs were found running parallel to the shore, protecting the shore from waves and providing habitats for intertidal biota including soft and hard corals. Sandstone, limestone and rocky reefs are one of the common features of the northern coast of Sri Lanka. The project site has a sandy beach foreshore area that is low lying and narrow (barley exceeds 20 m in width) (Figure 14). Table C-6 Summary of Details of the Sites Investigated

Parameter MN1S MN1M MN2S MN2M MN3S MN3M MNRS MNRM

Depth (m) 0.5 -1 1- 2 0.5 -1.5 1- 3 0.5–1.5 1-2.5 0.5-1 0.5-2.0 Mostly Mostly Mostly Mostly Sand and Sand and Sand and Sand and Substrate boulders boulders boulders boulders boulders boulders boulders boulders and sand and sand and sand and sand Visibility Moderate Moderate Moderate Good Poor Poor Poor Poor Salinity 39.7 37.9 37.9 37.8 37.9 39.9.0 39.7 39.8 (ppt) (Note: Site names with „S” represent shallow, “M” represent mid (reef edge) 174. The intertidal reef flat width varies (averages 150 m), terminated at the reef edge (2-4 m depth) and descended down the short reef slope at an angle of 450 to terminate at the benthic substrate at around 6-8 m depth at which point the substrate is dominated by sand is devoid of a hard substrate, structures (coral rocks, rubble) and associated benthic invertebrates.

175. The sandy bottom is covered with fine sand and mud on surface layers and visibility is very poor due to fine particles. The sandy bottom is devoid of any sessile benthic flora and fauna communities. Mobile invertebrates (e.g. sea cucumbers, sea urchins, crabs) were located in very low numbers throughout this area whilst fin fish schools and individuals were recorded.

176. The reef edge possesses small however obvious spur and groove formations indicating the presence of strong wave action and larger reef derived boulders are located towards the deeper sections of the outer reef.

 Figure C:16: Reefs associated with the shallow water coastal areas within the proposed Munai anchorage site. 177. The reef systems throughout this area of the northern coastline and within the Project Area (PA) are open to the open sea via natural reef channels, which have in most cases been widened and deepened for boat access. The main channel associated with the Munai anchorage site has been altered.

178. All reefs assessed have been impacted by anthropogenic sources related to fishing activities and access to the shore and include physical/structural impacts; (i) coastal and shoreline reclamation projects (the rock revetment wall running along the beach shoreline), (ii) the deepening and widening of the reef channel and intertidal shallow water systems to allow boat entry and access to the shore line; (iii) subsistence and artisanal fishing activities; and (iv) natural impacts associated with drainage discharge and associated sediments and pollution during major weather events (e.g. rainfall, cyclones).

179. The intertidal reef flat throughout the Project Area (PA) and adjacent Project Influenced Area (PIA) reef systems assessed are exposed during tidal fluctuations and as such recorded very low live hard and soft coral coverage. Furthermore, the reef flats possess a high level of fine sediment across the system and deeper areas, which are not exposed during low water and /or further towards the reef edge, are mostly covered with a number of common macro algae (Halimeda sp., Padina sp., Turbinaria sp. and Caulerpa sp.).

180. The inter-tidal reef with exposed crests and rock pools runs along the stretch studied, except across the access channels excavated for navigation purpose. The reefs are rather low in structural complexity and diversity compared to the sub-tidal reefs elsewhere in the country. The biodiversity of most of the reefs assessed is low as such reefs are subject to periodic smothering by regular accreting/eroding coastline that prevents continuous colonization by corals. Smothered reef are covered by algal communities, which has made the recovery of such reefs very difficult. Several sea cucumbers (Holothuria atra) were located scattered throughout the intertidal reef flat.

 Figure C:17: Intertidal reef systems associated with the Munai anchorage site, a) Algae coverage, b) sea cucumber and c) and d) sediment coverage. 181. The rocky shores associated with the coastal foreshore beaches in the study area are typical and support diverse colonies of Tubeworms, Shore Crabs, Reef Crabs, Hermit Crabs and shore and reef associated fishes.

182. The subtidal reef flat throughout the Project Area (PA) and adjacent Project Influenced Area (PIA) reef systems assessed recorded very low live hard and soft coral coverage and associated benthic flora and fauna assemblages. Less than 3 percent live

hard coral coverage was recorded throughout this area and included recent examples of bleaching (Figure C.18).

Figure C:18 Examples of hard coral coverage associated with the majority of the sub tidal reef system associated with the Munai Anchorage site. The second photo shows recent bleaching event.

183. One exception to the above was recorded in one small area (approximately 500 m2) located on the eastern side within the main natural reef channel that is used by the fishing fleet to access the Munai anchorage site and beaches (Figure C.19).

184. This area showed an average hard coral percent live coverage of 45% and a reasonable diversity in coral species (e.g. Porities sp., Acropora sp., Favia sp. Platygyra sp.) and morphological forms (massive, semi massive, boulders, plants and branching). The distinct area is associated with the subtidal reef edge and slope and is exposed to significant movement of water (tidal and sea swells) and is located in water between 2 - 4 meters. Small scale bleaching of a number of branching and semi massive corals were recorded. Few soft coral colonies were recorded. Figure C.19 provided several examples of hard corals located at this site.

Figure C:19 Location of the subtidal reef area that recorded significant live hard coral coverage within the Munai anchorage project site.

Figure C:20 Corals observed during the survey

185. The intertidal reef system has a lower structural complexity and benthic flora and fauna diversity than the subtidal reef systems associated with the PA and IFA. This is reflected in the sessile invertebrate species abundance and coverage. 186. The inshore subtidal reef areas support commercially important finfish species such as Jacks (Carangidae), Snappers (Lutjanidae), Groupers (Serranidae) and Sardines (Clupeidae) and the rocky reef area support a lobster (Panulirus sp.) population. A range of gastropods were recorded along with healthy populations of the low commercial value sea cucumber Holothuria atra. There were no sea grass beds, marine turtles, dugong or cetaceans located during the assessment nor was there any anecdotal information provided to the assessment team that these resources reside or utilize the reef areas associated with the Munai site. There are no mangroves associated with the anchorage site nor neighboring coastal habitats.

187. The local communities associated with the project site are heavily dependent on the local fish resources for food security, livelihood and income generation. The removal of intertidal and sub tidal reef resources associated with the Munai site will have little if any negative impact on the local fishers, rather the increased access to port-based fishing infrastructure that will result from the project will provide valuable support and assistance to the fishers.

iii. Fishing Practices in the Area

188. The coastal communities around the project site are heavily dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. The fishing activities in the area is mainly small-scale fishing operations. Small and large pelagic species, demersal fishes and prawns are targeted by fishers using multiple types of fishing gear. Proper infrastructure facilities for boat anchorage, fish and fishing gear handing are not available at the landing sites in the area.

The vessels used are traditional crafts such as Theppam, light crafts such as boats with outboard engines. Major fishing gear used are gill nets, drift nets, crab nets and bottom set nets, etc. Some brush pile operations targeting schooling fish, squids and cuttlefish were also observed. The details on the fish catch in the area are given in ANNEX 09

C.3 Historical and Archeologically Significant Sites

189. No sites of historical or archeological significance are located in the immediate vicinity of the project site. However, a number of sites/locations of such significance are located in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division. These include the “Thirumudi Madam” and the Light House in Point Pedro, shown in Figure C:13. The “Thirumudi Madam” (the resting place or „Ambalama‟ in Thirumudi) is located near the Pasupatheeswarar Kovil in Point Pedro and it is designated as a place of archaeological significance by the Gazette Notification No.1739 dated 2011.12.30. The Light House in Point Pedro, built in 1916 and with a height of 32 m, is another place of historical significance in the area. The northern most point of Sri Lanka, located 3.6 km to the west of project site can be considered as a place of public interest. The details of the places of historical or archeological significance in the Point Pedro- Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division are given in Table C-7.

Thirumudi Madam Light House in Point Pedro Figure C:21: Places of Historical Significance in the Area

Table C-7: Places of Historical or Archeological Significance in the Point Pedro- Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division (Source: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat) Grama Niladhari (GN) Type of Monument Location Division Thondamanaru South 1 Temple Sannathi (J/383) Thondamanaru Near the J/Veerakathipillai 2 Hole well North(J/384) M.V 3 Kerudavil South (J/385) Cave Mandapakkadu 4 Polikandy West (J/393) Spring Oorani 5 Point Pedro (J/401) Therumoodimadam Thikkamunai 6 Vallipuram (J/416) Temple Vallipuram 7 Point Pedro East (J/403) Light House Munai Source: Resource Profile: Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015

C.4 Present Land Use in the Area

190. The Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division, in which the project site is located, spreads over an area of 54.2 km2. The details on land use pattern in the DS Division, which can be considered as representative of that in the study area, are given in Table C-8.

Table C-8: Present Land Use Pattern in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division Area Category of Land Use (Hectares) 1 Paddy 190 2 Arable Crops 850 3 Fruits Crops 02 4 Coconut 90 5 Palmyrah 125 6 Economic trees 111 7 Salt Marshes 2,332 Buildings, Roads and Others Homestead 8 1,320 Lands 9 Area under Inland Water 400 Total 5,420

(Source: Resource Profile: Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015)

C.5 Social and Economic Aspects

C.5.1 Socio-Economic Profile in the Area

191. The population in the study area is entirely Tamil with Hinduism and Christianity being the dominant religions. As per Resource Profile of the Point Pedro- Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division for the year 2015, the population in the DS division is 45,989 in 14,091 families. The details on gender diversity and age distribution of the population are given in Table C-9.

Table C-9: Gender Diversity and Age Distribution of the Population Gender Age Group Total Male Female 0-4 Years 788 831 1,619 05-19 Years 2,404 2,486 4,890 20-39 Years 4,317 4,657 8,974 40-59 Years 8,672 9,285 17,957 60-74 Years 5,342 5,712 11,054 75 Years and Over 670 825 1,495 Total 22,193 23,796 45,989 (Source: Resource Profile: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015)

192. The population in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division, in which the project site is located, is 2,533 representing 5.5 % of the population of the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division.

193. Altogether 32 schools are located in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division including 05 Grade 1AB, 04 Grade 1C, 11 Grade II, and 11 Grade III Schools, with the majority being mixed schools. In addition 69 pre-schools are also located in the Division. J/St.Thomas R.C.G.S, with 241 students and 19 teachers, is the schools closest to the project site. In addition, 04 pre-schools (St.Thomas pre-school, Annai Velangani pre-school, St.Mary‟s pre-school, and St.Antony‟s pre-school) are located in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division.Higher levels of student performance are recorded in the area with a significant number of students entering state universities each year. However, comparatively low educational levels were observed among the fishing community in the study area.

C.5.2 Nature of Households and Principal Economic Activities

194. The details on principal economic activities, in the form of employment sectors, in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division are given in Table C-10. The majority of the community in coastal areas is employed in the fisheries sector.

Table C-10: Employment Pattern in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division Sector of Employment Number % 1 Government 1,492 20.8 2 Private 190 2.7 3 Agriculture 1,838 25.7 4 Fisheries 1,322 18.5 5 Overseas 596 8.3 6 Labor 1,630 22.8 7 Self Employed 97 1.4 8 Total 7,165 100 (Source: Resource Profile: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015)

195. The details on income levels of the population in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division are shown in Table C-11. Except among the owners of larger fishing boats-One Day Boats and Multi Day Boats-no higher levels of income are reported among the fishery community.

Table C-11: Income Levels of the Population in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division Monthly Below 3,000/= to 5,001/= to 10,001/= to Above Income (Rs) 3,000/= 5,000/= 10,000/= 25,000/= 25,000/= No of 168 80 423 154 48 Persons (Source: Resource Profile: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015)

C.5.3 Existing Infrastructure Facilities i. Roads

196. The project site is accessible from the Point Pedro East Coast Road which is connected to Jaffna-Ponnalai-Point Pedro Road which, in turn, is connected to Colombo- Point Pedro Main Road. The Jaffna-Ponnalai-Point Pedro Road is approximately 8 m in

width which narrows down to approximately 4 m in coastal areas. It passes through congested coastal areas with houses and other buildings/infrastructure located along the roadside, as shown in Figure C:22.

Figure C:22: Congested Coastal Areas along the Jaffna-Ponnalai-Point Pedro Road ii. Electricity Supply

197. The electricity supply from the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) is available in the area and the majority of the households has obtained the supply from the CEB with only 39 households without electricity supply in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division. In the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division, 502 households are in need of electricity supply. An electricity distribution line is available along the Jaffna-Ponnalai-Point Pedro Road-from the Pillaiyar Kovil Road up to Manal Road in the Point Pedro East-J/403 Grama Niladhari (GN) Division. iii. Water Supply

198. Pipe borne water supply along roadsides is available up to the points where the electricity service is available.According to the local community, water quality is not up to the standards for consumption.

199. Ground water is also a main source of water in the Vadamaradchy North area for drinking and other purposes. However, the water quality varies, with fresh water, moderately saline water and saline water in the sources of ground water.

200. No rivers are located in the area. The storm water flows into sea in several places. No proper drains available in the area. iv. Other Facilities

201. The outlets (shops) of Point Pedro and Puloly Multipurpose Cooperative Societies are located in the vicinity of the projects. Outlets of these societies are also located in many villages in the area. Branch offices of 04 banks-People's Bank, Bank of Ceylon, National Savings Bank and Hatton National Bank-are located in Point Pedro and Valvettithurai.

202. Point Pedro is the nearest urban area in which the main markets-for fish and vegetables-are located. A new super market also operates in the town of Point Pedro. Altogether 16 fish markets, including the one in Munai, operate in the Point Pedro-

Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division. Many of the public service institutions are located within a distance of 2.5 km from the project site.

203. The welfare/recreational institutes in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division include:

 St Mary's Community Centre  St Anthony's Community Centre  St Thomas's Community Centre  St Thomas's Sports Club  Thampuravalai Sports Club  St Anthony's Sports Club

204. The religious institutes in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division include:

 Thampuravalai Sithi Vinsayakar Temple  Palavathai Vairavar Temple  St Thomaiyar Church in Point Pedro  St Lurthumatha Church in Thumpalai  St Mariyan Church in Thumpalai  St Anthoniyar Church in Point Pedro  St Arokya Annai Church in Chinna Thodam  Inpent Jesus Church on Light House Lane  Thiruiruthaya Andavar Church in Munai  St Velankani Annai Church in Point Pedro

iv. Existing Fishing Activities in the Area

205. The coastline of the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division extends over 19 km and fisheries is the main economic activity of the population in the coastal areas. Altogether, 01 jetty and 14 anchoring points (fishery landing sites) are located along the coastline. Adequate facilities are not available in many of the fisheries landing sites.

206. Both coastal and offshore fishing are carried out and many varieties of fish are caught by the fishing community. A high demand exists for the fish catch, mainly from other (southern) areas of the country. A seasonal variation exists in the fish production, with higher level of production (approximately 13 % increase) during the non-monsoonal period of the area, mainly due to favorable weather condition for boat launching and fishing. Difficulties in launching boats are encountered during the north-east monsoonal period due to unfavorable weather conditions, resulting in a reduction in fish production during the period. The types of fisheries activities in the area include:

 Large pelagic offshore fishery  Reef associated fishery  Fishery for ornamental species  Squid fishery  Small-meshed gillnet fishery

207. The details on the fisheries sector, for the year 2015, in the Point Pedro- Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division are given in Table C-12.

Table C-12: Details on the Fisheries Sector-2015- Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division 1 No. of Fisheries Families 3,192 2 Population engaged in Fisheries Sector 14,313 3 No. of Boats with Inboard Engines 55 4 No. of Boats with Outoard Engines 830 5 Non-Mechanized Boats 952 6 No. of FisheriesVillages 13 7 No. of Fisheries Societies 13 8 No. of Members in Fisheries Societies 4,923 9 Pensioners in the Fisheries Sector 1,050 10 Production of Fresh Fish 4,920 Metric Tons 11 Production of Dried Fish 365 Metric Tons (Source: Resource Profile: Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat, 2015)

208. Fisheries is the main economic activity in Munai. Beach landing in Munai is carried our along the coastline extending over 01 km. The Munai Fisheries Corporative Society operates with a membership in the order of 750-800.

209. Many difficulties/constraints are encountered by the fisheries community in the area, which include:

 Difficulties in launching fishing boats during the north-east monsoon period ( up to 04 months) due to unfavourable sea conditions, mainly in shallow areas  Inadequate areas of shelter for safe mooring and/or beach landing during the north- east monsoon and high costs for mooring and/or beaching landing of boats in sheltered areas elsewhere  Accidents and damages to the boats caused due to the absence of access channels of adequate size through the shallow reef areas  Inadequate fish market facilities  Pollution due to the absence of proper waste disposal measures  Absence of adequate facilities to operate larger fishing boats-One Day Boats and Multi Day Boats  Absence of adequate facilities for fish processing and preparation of dried fish v. Existing Beach Access

210. The beach runs parallel to the road and therefore is directly accessible from many locations along the Point Pedro East Coast Road along the coast.

C.6 Existing Environmental Issues and Social Conflicts

211. The absence of adequate facilities for waste disposal, mainly at fisheries landing sites, can be identified as an existing environmental issue.

212. As presented in Paragraph 25, calm water conditions exist in the access channel and the sheltered basin of the landing site for the mooring/anchoring of fishing boats during the non-monsoon period from February to September. However, difficulties in maneuvering and mooring of fishing boats are encountered during the North-East monsoon period from October to January, mainly due to wave overtopping over the low

58 crested reef formation. The reef has been damaged by the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 and the cyclone 'Nisha' in 2008 and the scattering of broken reef and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. These difficulties encountered by the fishing community and the resulting impacts on livelihood activities and income levels can be identified as an existing social issue.

D. Description of Anticipated Environmental Aspects

213. The potential environmental impacts arising from activities of the proposed development were identified on the results of the studies. Relative qualitative classification of these impacts as 'Positive', 'No' „Low‟, „Moderate‟ and „High‟ were made, mainly based on criteria such as magnitude, spatial extent, duration, reversibility etc. In addition, referencing environmental criteria such as standards and threshold values, where applicable, were also considered in the classification.

D.1 Physical Resources

D.1.1 Impacts to the Beach and Shoreline

214. The temporary access ways constructed to access the locations of breakwaters are likely to disturb the longshore sediment transport through the project site. Considering the direction of longshore sediment transport along the coastline in Munai, the possibility exists for the accretion of the coastline on the eastern side and erosion on the western side of the access ways constructed. However, as presented in Section C.1.3-i-(b), no significant level of long shore sediment transport takes place in the area between the coastline and the reef formation, across which the proposed access ways are to be constructed. Also, the construction period is limited to 08 months, mostly during the non-monsoonal period in which significantly lower of sediment transport rates are envisaged. The access ways are to be removed after the construction period. No significant coastal accretion and/or erosion along the coastline on either side of the project site is thus envisaged during the construction period.

215. The proposed breakwaters are similar in nature to the offshore breakwaters used for coast protection purposes. Due to the sheltering effect provided by the breakwaters, the possibility exists for coastline accretion in the lee side of the structures, which may even lead to tombolo formations, as indicated in Figure D:1. Under such conditions, the possibility also exists for the accretion and erosion of coastline on either side of the breakwaters as indicated in Figure D:1, based on the direction of longshore sediment transport. The coastal accretion and /or erosion is accompanied by corresponding changes of coastal bathymetry, with depth reductions and increases in the areas of accretion and erosion respectively. Considering the direction of longshore sediment transport along the coastline in Munai, the possibility exists for the accretion of the coastline on the eastern side and erosion on the western side of the proposed development.

Figure D:1: Coastline Response to Offshore Breakwaters

216. However, as presented in Section C.1.3-i-(b), in view of the sheltering effect already provided by the reef against wave propagation behind it towards the coastline and the absence of large quantities of sand, a possibility exists for significantly low levels of sediment transport in the nearshore area between the coastline and the edge of the reef formation within which the proposed breakwaters to be constructed. Similar characteristics can be observed at many locations along the coastline extending westwards from Munai. These characteristics can be also observed in the coastal stretch between the project site location and the edge of the peninsula at which the Munai Naval Harbor Facility is located (Figure C:7). No significant sand trapping on its eastern side or sand bypassing over it from the sandy eastern coastline westwards towards the northern coastline is evident at this location. The coastal stretch in between Munai and Point Pedro and beyond is characterized by small sandy/rocky beaches and small scale sediment trapping at natural barriers similar to groynes, offshore breakwaters. Also, longshore sediment transport modeling carried out has also revealed that only a small fraction of longshore sediment transport takes place in the area between the coastline and the reef formation within which the proposed breakwaters to be constructed. In addition, proposed developments in Sakkodai and Athikoviladdy, located along the coastline on the eastern side of the proposed development in Munai, are likely to cause similar effects in the localities with the possibility of sediment trapping on the eastern side of the developments. The proposed development of the fishery harbor in Point Pedro, located approximately 1 km to the west of the project site is also likely to cause a similar effect in its vicinity.

217. Also, the proposed developments are to be carried to enhance the partial protection/sheltering from the waves already provided by the natural reef for the activities of the Munai fishery landing site, as opposed to providing protection/sheltering at a previously unprotected site-which is likely to cause significant changes in the nearshore wave climate with associated coastline changes.

218. In view of the above considerations, the impacts due to

iii. Coastal/accretion and bathymetric changes (on either side of the breakwaters) in the area iv. Changes in hydrodynamic pattern such as current and wave patterns, wave height and direction, nearshore current velocity, direction and tides v. Changes in the sediment transport patterns in both periods (short term and long term) can be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

219. The proposed developments are mainly carried out in the nearshore area, as opposed to overland areas. Only the beach area of the project site and an overland site selected by the contractor are to be used for stockpiling of rocks/construction materials. The possibility exists to maintain any existing drainage paths (or divert where necessary) in the overland areas used for project activities. No overland operational activities, except for those currently carried out at the Munai fishery landing site, would be associated with the proposed development. Changes in drainage patterns, if any, would not be significant and, if any, would be highly localized.

The impact due to changes in drainage patterns can thus be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

Impacts of sewage or waste water, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters

220. As presented in Section B.5-ii and Section B.5-iii, no significant quantities of waste water, sewage or solid waste are to be generated and, with the existing/proposed disposal methods implemented, no direct disposal of waste into the environment is to be carried out. Oil spills could occur mainly due to the operation of machinery and at the storage facilities in the construction site. However, in view of the type/nature and scale of construction-with only a few plants/machinery, no significant levels of waste oil spills are envisaged during the construction stage.  221. Although the possibility exists for increased level of waste oil spills during the operational stage due to the activities of an increased number of fishing boats expected to be based at the anchorage facility developed, in view of the improved operational conditions in the anchorage (i.e. a calm anchorage basin, with enhanced shelter provided by the breakwaters constructed), a lower risk level of accidental spills of oil can be expected.

222. The impacts of sewage or waste water, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters can thus be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

Impacts on water quality

223. An increase in turbidity of water would occur in the vicinity of proposed project activities-breakwater constructions and dredging-mainly in the basin area of the landing site and nearby areas to the breakwaters, during the construction stage. However, as presented in Section D.1.1-vii, no significant water pollution is envisaged due to the disposal of waste water, sewage, solid waste and waste oil during both construction and operational stages. Also, due to the dredging of the access channel, water circulation is likely to increase, causing a dilution of any pollution levels in the basin. No large scale fishing activities are also carried out in the immediate vicinity of the proposed constructions.

224. In view of these considerations, the impacts on water quality can be rated as 'Low' during both construction and operational stages of the project.

225. Impacts due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area and sea level rise

226. The impacts due to coastal hazards are highly dependent on the propagation characteristics of tsunamis and storm surges (associated with cyclones) over nearshore and overland areas. Reef formations, sand dunes and coastal vegetation can be considered as natural measures of protection against adverse impacts due to coastal hazards, while offshore breakwaters and sea walls can be considered as artificial measures of impact mitigation. Although the proposed breakwaters are similar in nature to coast protection and/or coastal hazard mitigation structures, such structures have been designed with a limited crest height and length, as shown in Figure B:3, only to provide enhanced shelter to a limited/highly localized area (of the proposed fishery anchorage) and are not expected to provide significant protection from coastal hazard events in the area. Also, the existing reef formation in the area provides partial protection to the coastal areas and the proposed developments are expected to provide only enhanced protection to a highly localized area and no such protection is to be provided to the areas on either side of the developments. 'No' significant change in the current impact levels due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area, in general, is thus envisaged due to the proposed development. Due to similar considerations, 'No' significant change in the current impact levels due to sea level rise is also envisaged.

D.2 Transportation of Materials

227. The details on sources of construction materials and transportation are presented in Section B.10-ii.

228. The rocks required for the proposed development are to be obtained from quarries operated under authorized conditions. The required approvals should be obtained by the quarry operators and the quarry operations are to be carried out under specified conditions.

229. A significant quantity of rocks need to be transported for which frequent use of heavy vehicles (6, 9 or 12 Ton Trucks) would be required. The transportation route(s), with different options, are mainly developed roads, paved and of adequate width, maintained by the Road Development Authority (RDA) and/or the Road Development Department (RDD) of the Northern Provincial, capable of bearing the loaded trucks used for transportation activities of the proposed development. However, some of the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the study area are unpaved and/or less developed and difficulties could be encountered in using such roads for project related transportation activities.

230. As presented in Section B.10-ii, the transportation routes pass several urban areas and a possibility exists for traffic congestion/disruption due to transportation activities associated with the proposed developments. However, except for certain periods of the day-mainly the morning and evening rush hours-in the urban/built-up areas, no high levels of traffic along the transportation routes are encountered.

231. Although the possible transportation routes consist of existing roads of adequate capability to accommodate the transportation activities associated with the project, the possibility exists for impacts due to increased level of vibrations on the buildings located along the roadside due to the frequent movement of heavy vehicles.

The Point PedroEast Coast Road and the Ponnalai-Jaffna Road pass through highly residential areas.

232. As presented in Section B.10-ii, the selection of the quarries and transport routes to the site is to be carried out by the contractor(s) appointed for the proposed development. A traffic/transport impact assessment is to be carried out by the contractor(s) prior to the commencement of the transport activities and the impact mitigation measures identified are to be implemented/adhered to, during transport activities.

233. In view of the above considerations, the overall impact to transportation of materials can be rated as 'Moderate' during the construction stage.

D.3 Handling and Stockpiling of Materials

234. The details on handling and stockpiling of materials are presented in Section B.10-iii.

235. The handling of materials would involve unloading, sorting, stockpiling and loading activities of rocks required for construction and high levels of noise, vibration and dust emissions are envisaged due to such activities. Also, the activities at the sites of stockpiling could lead to changes in natural drainage patterns through the site. The impacts would depend on the level of disturbances created as well as the type and proximity of sensitive receivers in the area.

236. As presented in Section B.10-iii, the possibility exists for small stockpiles to be maintained in the project site-in the beach are shallow nearshore areas of the anchorage basin. However, a larger land area may be required to maintain temporary stockpiles of rock materials. A suitable site (land), preferably in close proximity of the project site, is to be identified/used by the contractor(s) to maintain such stockpiles. The possibility exists for the use of the same stockpiling area to be used for Point Pedro Fishery Harbor development as the Munai and Point Pedro harbor construction are to be included as one contract. The approval of the relevant authorities is to be obtained by the contractor(s) for the site and the activities associated with stockpiling.

237. The project site is located in a built-up area but only small stockpiles are to be maintained at the site. The possibility exists for selection a site away from close proximity of sensitive receivers for larger stockpiles. The overall impact associated with handling and stockpiling of materials can thus be rated as 'Moderate' during the construction stage. (However, the level of impact is to be assessed after the selection of the site for larger stockpiling and appropriate impact mitigation need to be implemented).

D.4 Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment

238. The details are presented in Section D.1-vii.

D.5 Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal

239. In view of the small quantity of solid waste generated and the disposal methods to be adopted, as presented in Section B.5.3, the impacts associated with solid waste can be rated as 'Low' during the construction stage.

240. As presented in Section B.5.3, no solid waste will be generated by the operation/maintenance of the proposed developments and the solid waste generated would be that by the fishery community and/or activities based at the anchorage and mainly include that generated by the fishing community and any fish processing/preparation activities. Unpleasant odour, spreading of waste by scavengers could result from improper solid waste practices and considering the scale of activities at the anchorage (not very large scale) and the presence of built-up areas in the vicinity, the impacts associated with solid waste can be rated as 'Moderate' during the operational stage.

241. The solid waste management activities are to be the responsibility of the fisheries society based at the anchorage and appropriate facilities at the anchorage need to be developed. The required facilities include latrine facilities, fish waste collection facilities and disposal measures.

D.6 Impacts on Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic)

D.6.1 Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources

242. The details on land based ecological resources are presented in Section C.2.1.

243. The project location in Munai is not a biologically diverse place. Also the habitats in the project site are highly disturbed due to human interaction. A very low floristic diversity exists in the study area. No fauna and flora typical for rocky shores and sandy beaches are recorded in the project site and the natural flora consists of very a few species. However, the nearly threatened species Trianthema decandra was observed in the study area. i. Construction Stage

244. Although the proposed developments are mainly off-shore, part of the land area of the fishery landing site may be required for various constructed related activities/facilities such as site offices, for vehicles, storages space etc. The proposed development related activities may require the removal of some of the vegetation, including the nearly threatened species Trianthema decandrain the project site. It will also disturb the other vegetation in the project site. The details on vegetation likely to be affected by construction activities are given in Table C-4. The construction activities are mainly confined to the project site and no removal of vegetation in the project area of influence is envisaged. However, the noise and dust generated by construction activities would disturb the fauna and flora in the study area.

245. In view of the very low faunal and floral diversity in the study area, no significant impact on the land based ecological resources is envisaged due to construction activities. Although the nearly threatened species Trianthema decandrais is likely to be affected, as its location is known and recorded, a possibility exists for preserving it by providing protective barriers. Also, the plants can be removed and replanted in areas not affected by construction activities, under the guidance of a horticulturist. As presented in Section C.2.1, several previous studies have confirmed the presence of this species in other areas of the country.

246. In view of these considerations, the impact on land based ecological resources can be rated as 'Low' during the construction stage of the proposed development.

ii. Operational Stage

247. The fisheries sites (harbors, anchorage and landing sites) are considered as an interface between the harvesting of fish and its distribution and consumption and can be focal points of pollution of the surrounding terrestrial habitats which can affect the flora and fauna of the project area and the influencing area during operational period. Within a fisheries landing site, there are many activities that can take place related to waste generation, as indicated in Table D-1. Disposal of waste generated during operational stage, in the landing site or in the influencing area can affect the terrestrial environment and biodiversity. There will be no significant change in impact on terrestrial environment due to project activities as the main developments are in the nearshore area with, except for minor localized disturbances, no changes in the terrestrial environment.

Table D-1: Typical Potential Waste Streams identified in Fisheries Anchorage Sites Source Area Type of Waste Generated Sewage Public toilets and showers/washing area Waste water from bathing & washing areas Polythene Plastic bottles Public areas Damaged nets Cans Engine storage Oil and grease Net mending shed Torn nets and rope Fish waste Auction hall Blood water Trash fish Hose down water Fuel dispensing facility Oil spills, accidental oil spills

248. Considering the scale operations (between that in a fishery harbor and s landing site and the quantities of waste generated, existing waste disposal facilities (toilets) and the low level of faunal diversity in the study area, the level of impact on land based ecological resources can be rated as 'Moderate' during the operational stage of the proposed development.

D.6.2 Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources

249. The proposed project activities will have a direct negative impact on the sessile benthic marine resources located within the intertidal and sub tidal impact areas (the intertidal and subtidal reef flat – including the small area of good live hard coral percent coverage, however due to the general paucity of sessile flora and fauna in this area, impacts to these resources are deemed insignificant. The removal of sediment and base rock from the sub tidal offshore substrate (dredged) will also have no direct impacts

on the resources associated with the habitat (no benthic resource located) and with the appropriate sediment management mitigation methods used (as outlined in the EMP) impacts derived from suspended sediments will be minor, localized and deemed insignificant.

250. The intertidal and sub tidal marine environments associated with the Munai site do not possess any critical marine habitats, threatened or endangered marine life and as such will not impact the coastal or marine biodiversity nor will it affect the areas ecological functions nor the financial or cultural importance of the area. There are no marine or coastal designated protected areas nor does the area possess any sites of cultural, customary or heritage significance.

251. The proposed breakwaters once completed will provide a suitable marine habitat for both benthic and mobile invertebrate and vertebrate flora and fauna to recolonizes, thus increasing the available habitat for these organisms. Due to the extensive nature of the ports infrastructures developments, it is envisaged that the available benthic habitat created will provide additional marine benthic habitat than the area lost due to the project reclamation and construction phases. Thus, providing a positive net gain of potential marine habitat to the anchorage site.

252. Hard coral colonies lost due to the projects construction are not recommended to be physically removed and replanted as the colonies are common species to the area and are not in good health (e.g. bleached) and as such the loss of these colonies will not impact the status of these species populations.

253. The impacts derived from the marine scope of works are expected to be minor, localized to the immediate footprint of the works, and easily managed through standard engineering good practice mitigation measures. There are no threats to the area‟s marine and coastal biodiversity associated with the project. As such the potential impacts of the works on the marine environment are considered to be minor temporary and overall insignificant.

D.7 Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality Generation

254. Both fixed and mobile noise, vibration and dust/gaseous pollutant emission (exhaust) sources are involved with construction and related activities. The vehicles/vehicular movement, material unloading, machinery used in construction and related activities considered to be major sources. In addition, dust emission sources include exposed surfaces, uncovered material transportation activities and stockpiles. The noise, vibration and dust/air quality levels resulting from these sources depend on type of activity, number of simultaneous activities, type of vehicles/plant and machinery operated etc. The dust emission levels also depend on climatic conditions (wind, humidity). The resulting impacts will depend on the type, level and duration of noise, vibration and dust/gaseous pollutant emission, time of generation (daytime or night) as well as the type, proximity and sensitivity of the receivers. The typical noise levels associated with vehicles/plant/machinery commonly associated with construction activities are given in Table D-2. The maximum permissible noise levels at the boundaries of the land, in which the source of noise is located in Laeq, T, for construction activities, as specified by the CEA in the relevant Gazette Notification, are shown in Figure D:2. A comparison of these levels with the anticipated construction noise levels indicates that the noise levels during construction phase could exceed the permissible levels in the vicinity of the project site, although decay in noise levels occurs with the distance from the source of noise.

Table D-2: Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment (Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)) Typical Sound Typical Sound Typical Sound Pressure Pressure Level Pressure Level Construction Equipment Level At 50 At 500 Feet At 1,500 Feet Feet (DBA) (DBA) (DBA) Dozer (250-700 hp) 88 68 58 Front End Loader (6-15 cu. yards.) 88 68 58 Trucks (200-400 hp) 86 66 56 Portable Generators (50-200 kW) 84 64 54 Tractor (3/4 to 2 cu. yards.) 80 60 50

(Source: The National Environment Act, No. 47 of 1980) Figure D:2: Maximum Permissible Noise Levels during Construction Activities

255. Construction activities could cause ground vibrations to varying degrees, depending on the equipment and methods used. The ground vibrations spread through ground and diminish with the distance. Buildings founded on soil in the vicinity of a construction site could respond to such vibrations, to varying extents ranging from no perceptible effects at the lowest level, low rumbling sounds and feelable vibrations at moderate levels and slight damage, mainly in the form of cracking at the highest level. Ground vibrations from construction activities very rarely reach the levels that can damage structures. However, such vibrations could cause damages to fragile historic buildings. The maximum permissible vibration levels, as specified by the CEA in the relevant Gazette Notification, are shown in Figure D:3 .A possibility exists for these values are to be exceeded by vibrations caused by construction machinery and activities (such as dumpling of rocks) and vehicular movement. However, the construction activities are to be carried out in the beach and nearshore areas, as opposed to the immediate vicinity of built-up areas, and decay in vibration levels occurs with the distance from the source of vibration. Also, high vibration generation activities, such as piling, are not associated with proposed constructions. However, the dredging activities would involve the removal of reef material from the access channel and the anchorage basin area (only the high spots) for which blasting or mechanical breaking of such materials would be required. Such activities are likely to cause higher levels of vibrations. However, in view of the existing sea bed levels and the depths to be achieved, no large scale dredging would be required.

256. Suspended particulate matter from dust emissions, gaseous pollutants in the form of Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) etc are among the exhausts from machinery involved in construction and related activities mainly dump tracks and excavators. One or two long harm excavator, will be used in the construction site. No significant emission is expected. Dust emission could expect only at the stockpiling area.

257. The main sensitive receivers are the work force, community in the vicinity of the project site and the stockpiling area.

258. Even though it is difficult to estimate the probable noise, vibration and dust levels to be generated by the construction activities, based on the levels of noise to be

generated by construction activities and distance between noise/vibration/dust sources and the sensitive receivers, the overall impacts could be rated as 'Moderate' and during the construction period.

(Source: Amended Interim ABOP and Vibration Standards, Pollution Control Division, Central Environmental Authority) Figure D:3: Maximum Permissible Vibration Levels

D.8 Impacts due to Changes of Land Use

259. As the project site is a functioning fishery landing site, the proposed development of fisheries related infrastructure-breakwaters and anchorage basin with enhanced shelter-will not cause a change of land use pattern in the site and its vicinity. The improved infrastructure facilities will lead to a higher level of productivity in the site and a Positive impact on land use is thus envisaged.

D.9 Socio-Economic Aspects

D.9.1 Direct and Indirect Impacts of the Project on other Development Projects in the Area

260. Except for rocks required for breakwater construction, no large quantities of other resources are needed for the proposed development. The quarries identified as sources of rocks have adequate capacity to provide the needs of other developments. The proposed development activities will be mainly confined to the project site and the stockpiling area and no other lands to be used by other development activities would be required. Except for the inconvenience caused by the material transportation activities, no other significant impact on other developments in the area is envisaged. The direct and indirect impacts of the project on other development projects in the area can thus be rated as 'Low' due to the proposed development.

D.9.2 Impacts on Fishing Industry, including Beach Seine Fishery related activities, and Fishing Community (during Construction and Operation)

261. The fisheries activities at the existing Munai fishery landing site would be disturbed during the construction stage with difficulties in beach landing and anchoring of boats and navigation through the access channel. However, a possibility exists for scheduling and arranging the construction activities to reduce the disruption of regular fishery activities of the landing site, in consultation with the fishery community based at the landing site. Alternative locations for beach landing and anchoring of boats are also available in nearby areas. No beach seine activities are carried out in the vicinity of the proposed development. Also, no large scale fishing activities are carried out in the immediate vicinity of proposed constructions. The disturbances caused are mainly confined to the Munai fishery landing site and its immediate vicinity and fisheries activities based in other landing sites would not be significantly disturbed.

262. The impacts on fishing industry, including beach seine fishery related activities and fishing community can thus be rated as 'Moderate' during the construction stage. As the proposed development provides improved facilities for fisheries activities, 'Positive' impact is envisaged during the operational stage.

D.9.3 Impacts to other Beach Users in the Area

263. Except for the fisheries community, no significant numbers of other users (e,g. for recreational purposes) are present in the vicinity of the Munai fishery landing site. Also the proposed activities are confined to the project site and its immediate vicinity and thus 'No' significant impact on other beach users (if any) are envisaged due to the proposed development.

D.9.4 Impacts due to Relocation and Loss of Livelihood

264. No relocation of communities would be required for the proposed development. Although the fisheries activities based on the project site are temporarily disturbed, no permanent losses of livelihood are envisaged. An enhancement of livelihood activities is envisaged due to the improved facilities provided for the fishing community and 'No' adverse impacts associated with relocation and loss of livelihood is thus envisaged due to the proposed development.

D.9.5 Impacts on Existing Fishery Activities during the Construction Stage and the Methodologies of Operating Fishery Activities in Alternative Places

265. The impacts on existing fishery activities during the construction stage are presented in Section 9.2.

266. A possibility exists for the use of neighboring areas for fisheries activities disturbed by the construction activities. It is proposed that the alternative locations be identified under the guidance of fisheries officials (Fisheries Inspector for the area), with the consent of the fisheries communities in the neighboring areas.

D.9.6 Details on the Employment Generation in the Local Community

267. The proposed constructions are to be carried out by the appointed contractor(s) and, as indicated in Section B.5.1, no large workforce would be required for

the proposed constructions. Only a few direct employment opportunities would thus be available for the local communities during the construction stage. Similarly, no significant opportunities of direct employment would also be generated during the operational stage. However, the main economic benefits to the local community would be in the form of improved facilities for fisheries activities by which higher productive levels of related livelihood activities are envisaged.

D.10 Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources

268. As presented in Section C.3, a number of sites/locations of archeological or cultural significance are located in the Point Pedro-Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretariat (DS) Division, in which the project site is located, and a possibility exists for disturbances to such resources located along the transport routes of construction materials for the proposed development. However, no sites of such significance are located in the immediate vicinity of the project site. No direct disturbances to the archeological or cultural resources are thus envisaged due to the construction and operational activities at the anchorage. In view of these considerations, the level of impact on archeological and cultural resources can be rated as „Low‟ due to the proposed development.

D.11 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments

269. Theclimate change projections for Sri Lanka (CCS, 2016) indicate that there are 03 major types of atmospheric changes:

i. Gradual increase in ambient air temperature ii. Changes in distribution pattern of rainfall iii. Increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events. iv.

270. In addition, sea level rise within the Asian region that includes Sri Lanka has been observed at 1-3mm/year and is expected to continue to rise throughout the 21st century (15-20 cm by 2050). Ocean acidification is also expected to increase in the future, with negative impacts on coral reef ecosystems.

271. Out of these changes, sea level rise and increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events are likely to have a direct impact on the proposed developments. The impacts would be mainly related to the effectiveness and the stability of the proposed developments. Increased levels of wave overtopping of the breakwaters constructed are envisaged due to these changes, leading to a reduced effectiveness in providing sheltered conditions in the anchorage basin required for fisheries activities. Also a possibility exists for higher levels of sediment movement into the anchorage and siltation leading to reduced depths in the basin which may require dredging to facilitate fisheries activities. In addition, higher levels of exposure of the breakwaters to adverse sea conditions at more frequent intervals are likely to affect the structural stability, leading to damages which may require rehabilitation and/or strengthening of such structures. As the breakwaters are constructed on the reef formation, any negative impact on the reef system due to ocean acidification might cause an adverse impact on the structural stability of the breakwaters. Since it is specified to check the rock armor for its soundness, the impacts due to acidification on the structure stability is minimal.

D.11.1 Disaster/Emergency Response Measures

272. The project site and the surrounding areas were affected by the tsunami in 2004. , which caused several deaths and damages to the houses in the vicinity of the project site. As presented in Section B.1, the reef in the area has also been damaged by the cyclone 'Nisha' in 2008 and the scattering of broken reef and silting in the basin area have also caused difficulties in access and mooring of boats. No other major natural disasters have affected the project site or the surrounding areas in the recent past. Although not frequent, the project site, being located next to the coast, is potentially exposed to cyclones/storm surges. No flooding has been reported in the project site and the surrounding areas.

273. In accordance with the National Policy on Disaster Management, it has been identified that the environmental assessments need to cover relevant issues on disaster risk management and mitigation pertaining to the project. Apart from environmental impacts, disaster risk reduction and minimizing the impacts of disasters is a fundamental feature of the design process. Any such incident can seriously affect smooth operation, cause loss of life and damage to ecosystems and critical infrastructure. Therefore the designs need to include comprehensive state of the art methods to identify, assess and minimize the impacts arising from such events.

274. The potential disasters relevant to the site during construction and operation phases include:

 Cyclones  Tsunamis  Fires  (Transport and stockpiling of construction material (Construction Phase))

275. The potential impacts arising from these hazards can be mitigated by planning and design and the adoption of best practices.

276. The region, in which the project site is located, is potentially exposed to both cyclones and tsunamis although the frequency of occurrence of a mega tsunami such as the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004 is very low. A two pronged approach is recommended for the mitigation of impacts of these hazards. In the case of structural design, due attention needs to be focused on design measures to minimize the impacts against cyclones and tsunamis. Given the frequency of occurrence of extreme hazard events, which is not very high, it is not economical to adopt disaster proof design. However, sufficient structural engineering measures have been incorporated by allowing a 0.69m storm surge level, and rear (lee) side armor is kept as same as the sea side armor, in developing hazard resilient infrastructure, thereby minimizing potential impacts.

277. In the case of both cyclones and tsunamis, the Disaster Management Centre (DMC) and the Meteorological Department provide warnings well in advance of the events. For tsunamis arising from earthquakes in the Sunda Arc, the warning time exceeds 90 minutes which provides sufficient time for evacuation to a safe location. Cyclone warnings can also be issued well in advance. Hence, impacts on human life and fishing gear would be minimal, with the attentive following of the advance warnings issued by the DMC..

278. Accidents arising from transport and stockpiling of construction material can be best mitigated by good practices which include:

 The speed of the delivery vehicles to be limited and the materials transported in a properly secured manner, with adequate protection, to prevent the materials falling down  The load must be properly covered to minimize emission of dust due to vibration of the vehicle

279. In order to prevent any accidents at the site, a high priority needs to be given to implement proper health and safety practices. Only those who are directly involved with ongoing work are to be permitted within the operational area which should be clearly marked and barricaded to prevent unauthorized entry. The workers need to be provided with safety equipment.

Occupational health and safety.

280. The work place involves in movement of heavy vehicles such as excavators and dump tracks and handling of construction materials mainly the rocks for the breakwaters and such activities are high risk activity need precautions and adopt occupation and safety measures.

281. Apart from these, the workers may also subject to the direct exhaust emission from vehicles, dust and falling due to slipping from the reefs etc,

282. Need to follow occupational and safety measures during the construction period.

Safety of community

283. The proposed activities will be taken place in an existing landing site where fishers‟ movements are very high. As the work place involved in heavy vehicle movement and the possibility to have accident is very high.

284. Various social impacts including: Social disruption; Possibility of conflict or antagonism between business/residents and workers; Spread of communicable diseases including STIs & HIV/AIDS; Children are potentially exposed to exploitation; Impacts on general health and safety of community could also be expected from the migrant workers.

E. Proposed Mitigatory Measures

285. The potential environmental impacts associated with the construction and operations of the proposed development were identified in Section D of the report. The mitigation and best practice measures that should be developed in order to avoid or minimize any such adverse impacts are presented in this section.

286. Three (03) important areas need to be considered with respect to mitigation measures and their applications, namely,

i. To review and report specific features in identifying potential environmental issues at the planning and preliminary design stages and their incorporation at the relevant stages and, if necessary, to make further recommendations to amend the design. This process is identified as Mitigation by Planning and Design.

ii. To identify mitigation and best practice measures that should be developed in order to avoid or minimize any such adverse impacts during construction and operational stages. In doing so, attention has to be focused on the mechanism required to ensure the implementation of the mitigation measures. This forms part of the proposed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which is presented in Section E.

iii. To recognize that some impacts arising from hazard conditions may be of severe magnitude and effective over a short period of time leading to disaster situations and hence to review these under Risk Management and Disaster Mitigation. Potential impacts of tsunamis, storm surges etc, leading to loss of life and infrastructure are typical examples of this type of situations.

287. The proposed mitigation measures are mainly based on the level of impacts identified in Section D of the report and practicality of implementation of such measures.

E.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Physical Resources

288. The mitigation measures proposed for impacts to the beach and shoreline that include

i. Erosion of adjacent beaches and lands due to change of current wave height regimes attributed to proposed structures ii. Erosion effects on either sides of the coastal stretch during construction period as well as in the long run iii. Coastal/accretion and bathymetric changes (on either side of the breakwaters) in the area iv. Changes in hydrodynamic pattern such as current and wave patterns, wave height and direction, near shore current velocity, direction and tides v. Changes in the sediment transport patterns in both periods (short term and long term)are as below:  Regular monitoring (site/field observations) and measurement of coastline positions/coastal profiles on either side of the project site in the study area specified in the TOR or in the area specified by the CCCRMD  Removal of sand from the areas of coastal accretion (if any) and disposal in the areas of coastal erosion (if any), under the guidance of and/or as specified by the CCCRMD

289. It is proposed that the measurements of coastline positions/coastal profiles be carried out immediately prior to construction activities, monthly during the construction period, at least twice, immediately prior to and after the north-east monsoon, over a period at least 01 year or as specified by CCCRMD during the operational stage vi. Mitigation measures for changes in drainage patterns

 Carrying out material stockpiling and other construction activities in the project site and the land identified for stockpiling causing minimal disturbance to any natural drainage paths  Diverting any natural drainage paths disturbed by stockpiling and other construction activities

 Provision of a drainage system, with silt traps if necessary, to maintain relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites vii. Mitigation measures for impacts of sewage or waste water, solid disposal, waste oil spills, surface runoff on coastal environment and coastal waters

 Provision of toilet and washing facilities with septic tanks and soakage pits to the workforce and the fishery community based at the anchorage

 Providing guidance/information on proper oil handling practices to the workforce and the fishery community

 Take precaution to avoid spillage or leakage of diesel, oils and lubes from construction vehicles by ensuring the lids of the fuel tanks are properly closed, the fuel tanks are properly fixed, no leakages in the tanks and no excess lubricants are used.

 Conduct maintenance of these vehicles only at designated areas and surfaces in the construction yard and not inside the water. It is ensured that maintenance area should be concreted with suitable materials like polythene, and have enough containers to collect the spillages. Any spillages on the maintenance floor should be cleaned immediately by using proper absorbents such as sow dust, cotton waste etc,. The used absorbents are defined as schedule waste under the National Environmental Act, and such waste should be properly stored in steel or plastic barrels and disposed through the licensed hazardous waste disposal facilities like Insee Cement, (Former Holcim Cement Ltd.) Puttalam.

 No vehicle serving is allowed within the project area. All vehicle should be serviced at licensed (provided with Environmental protection License (EPL) service stations

 Limiting/avoiding oil handling activities in the nearshore/beach and ecologically sensitive areas (if any) in the project site

 Preparation and implementation of a contingency plan to manage the impacts due to any accidental spillages

290. Mitigation measures for impacts on water quality

 Implementation of the mitigation measures presented in Section E.1-vii (above)and, in order to mitigate the impacts due to dredging activities,  Provision of silt screens to restrict suspended sediments spreading into ecologically sensitive areas ( areas of rich growth of corals indicated in Error! Reference ource not found.)

291. Mitigation measures for impacts due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc in the area and sea level rise

292. As presented in Section D.1-ix, no significant change in the current impact levels due to coastal hazard events-tsunamis, cyclones, storm surges etc and sea level rise in the area, in general, is envisaged due to the proposed development. No specific impact mitigation measures would thus be required.

E.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Transportation of Materials

 Obtaining materials from authorized dealers  Carrying out a traffic/transport impact assessment by the contractor(s) prior to the commencement of the transport activities and implementing the impact mitigation measures identified during transport activities, which may include:  Limiting the loads carried by on transport vehicles to ensure the load limits specified for the transport routes are not exceeded  scheduling material transport activities to avoid daily peak traffic hours and the days of high traffic levels  Maintaining the operating standards of the transport vehicles to ensure that the resulting noise and vibration levels are within specified standards  Providing covers to dust emitting materials transported  providing warning/safety signs/lights on possible traffic congestions near the entrance to the project site and the stockpiling area  providing entrance facilities of adequate capacity to the project site directly from the access road(s) to minimize heavy vehicles waiting on public roads prior to entry to the project site and the stockpiling area  providing adequate turning and parking space in the project site and the stockpiling areafor transport vehicles  providing trained traffic control personnel at the entrance, with the assistance of the Police, if necessary, to minimize disruption to traffic in the public roads  Carrying out a pre-crack survey prior to commencement of the transport activities to make compensations, if required,for the damages of buildings due to project activities.

E.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Handling and Stockpiling of Materials

 Obtaining approval of the relevant authorities for the site to be used for stockpiling  Implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.1-vi for changes in drainage patterns  Implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.7 to reduce the impacts related to noise, vibration, dust and air quality generation

E.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Impacts of Sewage, Waste Oil Spills, Surface Run-off, Waste Water Disposal on the Environment

 Provision of toilet and washing facilities with septic tanks and soakage pits to the workforce and the fishery community based at the anchorage

 Storage of solid waste generated (by the workforce and construction waste during construction stage and by the fishery community and activities during the operational stage)at appropriate locations in the site and regular disposal(by the contractor during the construction stage and by the fishery community/society based at the anchorage during the operation stage) through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Point Pedro Urban Council)  Providing guidance/information on proper oil handling practices to the workforce and the fishery community  Take precaution to avoid spillage or leakage of diesel, oils and lubes from construction vehicles by ensuring the lids of the fuel tanks are properly closed, the fuel tanks are properly fixed, no leakages in the tanks and no excess lubricants are used.  Conduct maintenance of these vehicles only at designated areas and surfaces in the construction yard and not inside the water. It is ensured that maintenance area should be concreted with suitable materials like polythene, and have enough containers to collect the spillages. Any spillages on the maintenance floor should be cleaned immediately by using proper absorbents such as sow dust, cotton waste etc. The used absorbents are defined as schedule waste under the National Environmental Act, and such waste should be properly stored in steel or plastic barrels and disposed through the licensed hazardous waste disposal facilities like Insee Cement, Puttalam.  No vehicle serving is allowed within the project area. All vehicle should be serviced at licensed (provided with Environmental protection License (EPL) service stations  Limiting/avoiding oil handling activities in the nearshore/beach and ecologically sensitive areas (if any) in the project site  Preparation and implementation of a contingency plan to manage the impacts due to any accidental spillages

E.5 Mitigation Measures for Anticipated Problems related to Solid Waste Disposal

293. Storage of solid waste generated (by the workforce and construction waste during construction stage and by the fishery community and activities during the operational stage) at appropriate locations in the site and regular disposal (by the contractor during the construction stage and by the fishery community/society based at the anchorage during the operation stage) through the services offered by the local authority of the area (Point Pedro Urban Council). The required facilities include latrine facilities, fish waste collection facilities and disposal measures.

E.6 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Ecological Resources (Land Based and Aquatic)

E.6.1 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Land Based Ecological Resources

 Minimizing the clearing of vegetation only to the areas required for construction and operational activities  Adopting proper solid waste management measures with no dumping in open areas by implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.5.

 Adopting proper waste water management measures with no direct discharge of waste water to the environment by implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.4.  Protecting the nearly threatened species Trianthema decandra in the project site and vicinity by providing protective barriers-if necessary-and making the workforce aware of the importance of conservation/protection  Replanting any plants of the nearly threatened species Trianthema decandra removed due to project activities in areas not affected by construction activities, under the guidance of a horticulturist  Carrying out project activities in a controlled manner to minimize the disturbances such as noise, vibrations, dust emissions, lighting to the fauna and flora in the area by implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section E.7.

E.6.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Aquatic Ecological Resources

1. Mitigation Measures: 294. Recommended mitigation measures during the construction phase of the project should include; (i) the deployment of silt curtains around all breakwater development sites to manage and reduce the dispersion of the benthic substrate (silt) disturbed during construction, and (ii) due diligence of operating machinery used during the works to prevent petrochemical spillage and contamination of the waters associated with the port. Due to the nature of potential minor impacts, no specific marine monitoring program is required other than close supervision of the works to ensure that the above recommended mitigation measures are implemented and effective throughout the marine construction works.

E.7 Mitigation Measures for Impacts related to Noise, Vibration, Dust and Air Quality

295. The potential impacts relating to noise, vibration and dust from construction related activities are minimized by adopting best practices.

296. For noise and vibration, mitigation measures include:

 Operating well maintained machinery at the site and regular servicing of such plants/machinery during the construction period  Shutting down and/or throttling down of machines and plant that may be in intermittent use, between work periods  Providing temporary noise barriers on site to control noise from particularly noisy operations  Limiting the project activities and vehicular movement during certain periods of the day and in the night  If required, carrying out a pre-crack survey of the buildings in the surrounding area of the project site and the stockpiling area with photographic evidence of existing conditions immediately prior to the commencement of constructions, use of low

vibration causing machinery/techniques for construction and stockpiling purposes, regular monitoring of vibration levels and providing compensation to the parties affected by vibration related damages due to project activities  Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction activities during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area.

297. For dust emissions and air quality, mitigation measures include:

 Spraying the areas of high dust emissions with water so as to maintain a sufficiently wet surface  Enforcing vehicle speed limits to minimize dust generation and the safety of workers and road users  Providing covers in vehicles carrying dust emitting materials to minimize dust emissions

E.8 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Changes of Land Use

298. As presented in Section D.8, the proposed development will not cause a change of land use pattern in the site and its vicinity. The improved infrastructure facilities will lead to a higher level of productivity in the site and a 'Positive' impact on land use is thus envisaged. No mitigation measures would thus be required.

E.9 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Socio-Economic Aspects

E.9.1 Mitigation Measures for Direct and Indirect Impacts of the Project on other Development Projects in the Area

 Confining the construction and related activities within the project site and the material stockpiling area  Not to use other spaces, resources allocated for other development activities in the vicinity  Adopting the impact mitigation measures presented in Section E.2 and Section E.7.

E.9.2 Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Fishing Industry, including Beach Seine Fishery related activities, and Fishing Community (during Construction and Operation)

299. It is proposed that the impacts on fishing industry and/or fishing community be mitigated by carrying out the proposed constructions in consultation with the fisheries community/society based and the existing landing site to reduce the disturbances to regular fishery activities. The specific mitigation measures would include:

 Scheduling the construction activities to be conducted in phases if necessary to minimize the disturbances to regular fishery activities  informing the fishing community in advance, the construction activities that are likely to cause disturbances to regular fishery activities  demarcation of the areas directly used for construction and related areas and providing warning signs/notices to reduce the risk of accidents  minimal usage of beach/nearshore area for stockpiling of rocks and dredged material to minimize the disturbances to regular fishery activities

 locating the temporary access ways (e.g: along the western and eastern edges of the sheltered basin) to minimize the disturbances to in and out movement and anchoring of boats  providing temporary beach landing and anchoring facilities in alternative locations of the affected fishery community, with the assistance of fisheries officials

E.9.3 Mitigation Measures for Impacts to other Beach Users in the Area

 informing the local community in advance, the construction activities that are likely to cause disturbances to regular activities in the vicinity  demarcation of the areas directly used for construction and related areas and providing warning signs/notices to reduce the risk of accidents

E.9.4 Mitigation Measures for Impacts due to Relocation and Loss of Livelihood

300. As presented in Section D.9.4, no relocation of communities would be required for the proposed development and also, no permanent losses of livelihood are envisaged due to the proposed development. No specific impact mitigation measures would thus be required.

E.10Mitigation Measures for Impacts on Archeological and Cultural Resources

301. Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction related activities (e.g. material transport) during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area (on the routes of material transport)

E.11Mitigation Measures for Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Proposed Investments

 Incorporation of climate change resilient measures in the structural design of breakwaters, by considering potential sea level rise and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events (e.g. tsunamis, storm surges)  Regular monitoring of the facilities provided-breakwaters and dredged areas of the anchorage-and carrying out required maintenance activities. It is proposed such monitoring (inspection of the breakwaters and dredged areas) and any repairs be carried out prior to the onset on the north-east monsoon, immediately after north-east monsoon and after a severe climatic event such as a cyclone.  Inspection of the facilities provided-breakwaters and dredged areas of the anchorage-after severe climatic events and carrying out rehabilitation, strengthening and/or modifications as required.

F. Information Disclosure, Consultation and Participation F.1 Information Disclosure 302. The IEE Report documenting the impact mitigation measures and consultation process will be submitted to MFARDREA and ADB and will also be made available for public review. It is proposed that the copies of the IEE Report be kept at the site office, office of the Grama Niladhari of the area and the Divisional Secretariat of the area for public review. The preliminary communication consultations with stakeholders and the local communities have revealed the support for the project. Additional consultations are required to be held with project stakeholders and communities in respect to implementation the project and to incorporate community feedback as well as continued community awareness associated with the project implementation of activities and help to resolve complaints and grievances. 303. Further consultation and disclosure will be carried out during implementation through:  The Communications Plan of the Project  Disclosure of a summary of the project documents, including the preparation and dissemination of a brochure in English, Tamil and Sinhalese, as required, explaining the project, works required and anticipated timing of the works  Setting up a formal grievance redress committee with a representation from the affected people. The contractor will be responsible for managing the grievance redress program during the construction period.

304. The information regarding the project and the proposed environmental management measures will be posted at suitable locations at the project site.

305. As the project is assisted by the ADB, Disclosure will conform to the Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and Public Communications Policy of the ADB: Disclosure and Exchange of Information which requires that environmental assessment reports for ADB projects be accessible to interested parties and the general public. The project‟s IEE, as part of ADB project documents will be uploaded onto the ADB website while the IEE will be made available to the public upon request.

306. The IEE Report will also be made available to the public from MFARDREA upon request.

F.2 Consultation and Participation

307. Continuous consultations with relevant stakeholder were conducted during the PPTA and the detailed design stages. Consultations will continue during implementation as well. The details are as follows:

PPTA 308. Consultation activities conducted during the PPTA are: meetings with relevant government authorities for specific issues, concerns, and information collection; public meetings with a wide range of participants for the proposed project. Public meetings were conducted for Anchorages sites.

Meetings with government authorities

Table F.1: provides a summary of the main meetings and consultations with relevant government authorities.

Table F-1: Meetings with government authorities

Government Authority Consultation date Northern Provincial Council Chief Secretary‟s Secretariat, Jaffna 01 August 2016 District Secretariat, Jaffna District 01 August 2016 District Secretariat, Kilinochchi District 02 August 2016 CCD and MMDE, Colombo 02 August 2016 Climate Change Secretariat, Colombo 02 August 2016 Central Environmental Authority, Colombo 02 August 2016 Disaster Management Centre, Colombo 02 August 2016 District Secretariat, Mullaitivu District 03 August 2016 District Secretariat, Mannar District 04 August 2016 Ceylon Fisheries Harbor Corporation, Colombo 08 August 2016 CCD, Jaffna 31 October 2016 Divisional Secretariat and District Secretariat, Mannar 30 November 2016 NARA, Colombo 14 December 2016 DWC, Colombo 14 December 2016 Climate Change Secretariat, Colombo 14 December 2016 MFARD, Colombo 16 December 2016 Source: PPTA Consultants

Community Consultations

309. A public consultations at Munai site was held, on 28.12.2016 jointly by the Environmental Specialist and Resettlement Specialist with Fishermen Societies and fishers.

310. Prior to the meetings, the PPTA consultants distributed a leaflet, in Tamil, containing brief description of the proposed investment. At the beginning of each consultative meeting, an overall brief of the project was provided to the participants. The PPTA consultants described technical aspects of the proposed investment and highlighted social, environmental, and resettlement aspects.

311. Impacts, both negative and positive, that are common with any infrastructure development project, were discussed with the stakeholders. People interacted with interest to learn about the project and shared their views and potential concerns. Discussions were conducted in Tamil language and translations from English to Tamil language were made whenever necessary. After the meetings, the participants were invited to a site visit.

312. Key concerns raised or suggestions made, and proposed solutions are presented in the Table F.3 below.

Table F-2: Concerns and Responses - Fishery Harbors Consultations

Key concerns or suggestions Response Concerns were raised over the usage and CFHC will act as the regulatory body in place sharing of the sitewith fishers from other to control the activities of the fishers and parts of the island that could lead in conflicts avoid conflicts. It was emphasized that with local people. fishery harbors are national assets and the license holder has rights to use services of any fishery harbors of the Island. The fishers at landing sites request for Navigation difficult due to lack of depth could dredging be considered for dredging. Otherwise it is not needed. Source: PPTA Consultants

Detail Design period 313. The meetings were conducted using different tools. At the initial stage of the designing period, most of the meetings were conducted using the draft layout plan to explain the location of each activity in the proposed site. The facilities to be provided to the sites was also confirmed with the fishing community. One consultation meeting was held with the Chief Minister Northern Province where detailed power point presentation was done with the major anticipating impacts and the proposed mitigation measures.

314. All the meetings were either conducted in Tamil language or provided with the translation.

Table F-3: Stakeholder consultation

No. Subject Venue Date Design Team Meeting with GA District Secretariat 12-12-2017 Mannar ADB-DS Level meeting Divisional Secretariat, Mannar 5-3-2018 Chief Minister and key stockholders Chief Ministers office- Northern 7.03.2018 Province ADB Fact Finding Mission Government Agent Office- 21-5-2018 Mullaithivu ADB Fact Finding Mission Government Agent Office- 21-5-2018 Kilinochchi ADB Fact Finding Mission Landing sites in Mannar 22-5-2018 ADB Fact Finding Mission Landing sites in Kilinochchi 22-5-2018 ADB Fact Finding Mission Government Agent Office-Jaffna 23-5-2018 ADB Fact Finding Mission Chief Secretariat- Northern Province 23-5-2018

315. In addition to the above, the consultants had several field visits and one to one discussion with the community in the area. Community Consultation at Site level by the Social specialist. The meeting of the minutes are attached.

Table F-4: Community Consultation at Site level by the Social specialist

Consultation Date Sub Project 30-3-17 Munai 06-07-18 Munai

316. The Environmental Specialist visited the site and had the consultation with the community on the environmental issues pertaining to the project. Table F-5: Community Consultation at Site level by the Environmental Specialist

Consultation date Project site 28/04/2018, Munnai 11/12/17 Munai

317. Key concerns raised or suggestions made, and proposed solutions are presented in the Table F. 7 below.

Table F-6: Responses to the community consultation

Key concerns or suggestions Response Livelihood disturbance during the construction Beach access will not be blocked during the construction, fishermen continue fishing and other activities as usual. Therefore no livelihood disturbances. Requested to have a revetment to the existing This was incorporated in the project. Kabaddi ground as the existing revetment is a temporary structure. During the monsoon season revetment gets waste out.

Figure F:1 Discussion with community.

G. Grievance Redress Mechanism

318. During the course of the project, it is possible that people may have concerns with the environmental management, including the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). Issues may occur during construction and operational stages. Any concerns will need to be addressed quickly and transparently, and without retribution to the Affected Person/s (AP).

319. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) therefore is to be established to resolve disputes and grievances relating to environmental concerns and complaints associated with the proposed development. It is based on a multi-tiered approach as outlined in Figure G:1, with each tier possessing a time bound schedule with the responsible persons identified to address the grievance and consult appropriate persons at each stage as required. The objective of the GRM is to support genuine claimants (AP) to resolve their problems through mutual understanding and consensus building process with relevant parties. This is in addition to the available legal institutions for resolving issues. The APs using the project GRM can choose to use legal systems at any point in the project GRM process.

Figure G:1: Grievance Redress Mechanism

320. The first step is to attempt to sort out the problem directly at the local and/or project site level Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) by the AP directly contacting the project site managers and/or the site representative of the contractor, if the AP believes the issue has not been addressed properly. The project staff at the site is to explain to AP the steps taken to assist and solve the grievances within 07 days. If unresolved, the AP can approach the Local or Divisional level GRC. It will reply within 02 weeks. If the complaint is within the mandate of the GRC, it will examine it and submit the findings to the appropriate forum for necessary action. If the AP is not satisfied with the findings and action of the second tier GRC, he/she can then appeals to the National level GRC for resolution. If the AP is still not satisfied and believes that harm has resulted due to non- compliance with ADB policy, and all good-faith efforts have been made to solve the problem by working with the Project team, a complaint may be submitted to ADB‟s Office of the Special Project Facilitator or Office of Compliance Review in accordance with ADB‟s Accountability Mechanism. The last resort left for the AP is the Sri Lankan Court of Law, if it is still felt that none of the above procedures has delivered justice. The decision of the court would be final, since at this level, the problem has been adjudicated by a competent, knowledgeable legal body. The Table G-1provides a list of individuals and agencies that can be involved in the different levels of the GRM.

Table G-1: Persons and Agencies that can be contacted by the Affected Persons for Assistance with a Grievance Grievance Level Persons- Agency Site Manager Project/Site Tier 1 Site Representative of the Project Contractor Level Site Representative of the Project Consultant  Divisional Secretary (Chairperson)  Representative of the PIU (Secretary) Divisional Level  Grama Niladhari Tier 2 GRC  Assistant Director Fisheries/NAQDA representatives  Representative of affected person/affected entity member (non -voting member) Secretary, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resource Development Project Director National level Tier 3 Representative of the National Fisheries Federation GRC Representative from the Affected Party/Affected Entity Any other representative as deemed necessary based on the issue/concern

H. Environment Management Plan

321. The impact mitigation measures proposed in Section E are incorporated to form the proposed Environmental Management Plan given in Table H-1. It provides details of the means by which the project proponent (and the contractor(s) during the construction stage) implement the recommended mitigation measures and achieve the environmental performance standards as recommended by the environmental legislation of the country.

Table H-1: Proposed Environmental Management Plan (PP: Project Proponent, CON: Contractor(s), EO: Environmental Officer) (i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

Immediately prior  Regular monitoring and to construction measurement of coastline activities, monthly positions/coastal profiles on (i) during the either side of the project site Field Inspections construction period, in the study area specified in and/or at least twice, the TOR or in the area Changes in Measurements 1. Impacts on the Construction immediately prior to Contractor specified by the CCCRMD coastline and Beach and and and after the north-  Removal of sand from the nearshore (ii) Shoreline Operation east monsoon, PIU/PMU areas of coastal accretion (if areas Project site and over a period at any) and disposal in the coastline on either least 01 year or as areas of coastal erosion (if side of it, in the specified by any), under the guidance of study area CCCRMD during and/or as specified by the the operational CCCRMD stage

 Carrying out material stockpiling and other construction activities in the project site and the land Locations of (i) Immediately prior identified for stockpiling drainage paths Field Inspections to construction 2.Impacts on causing minimal disturbance and material activities, weekly Contractor changes in to any natural drainage paths stockpiles in (ii) during the Construction drainage  Diverting any natural the project site, Project site construction period PIU/PMU patterns drainage paths disturbed by material material and as required stockpiling and other stockpiling site stockpiling site during rainy construction activities and the vicinity and the vicinity periods  Provision of a drainage system, with silt traps if necessary, to maintain

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

relatively uninterrupted rain water flow through the sites

 Provision of toilet and Toilet and 3. Impacts of washing facilities with septic washing sewage or tanks and soakage pits to facilities waste water, the workforce and the fishery provided solid disposal, community based at the waste oil spills, anchorage Solid waste surface runoff  Storage of solid waste storage on coastal generated (by the workforce provided and environment and construction waste disposal (i) Prior to and coastal during construction stage methods Field Inspections construction waters and by the fishery adopted activities, as community and activities Discussions with required(e.g. when during the operational stage) Awareness of workforce and complaints are Construction Contractor at appropriate locations in workforce and fishing community received) during and the site and regular disposal fishery construction stage Operation PIU/PMU (by the contractor during the community on (ii) and annually construction stage and by oil handling Project site and/or as required the fishery practices during operational community/society based at Site offices of stage 4. Impacts on the anchorage during the Oil handling contractor water quality operation stage) through the practices services offered by the local adopted authority of the area (Point Pedro Urban Council) Silt screens  Providing provided during guidance/information on dredging proper oil handling practices activities to the workforce and the

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

fishery community Records of  Limiting/avoiding oil contingency handling activities in the plan and awareness of it nearshore/beach and of the ecologically sensitive areas workforce (if any) in the project site  Conduct maintenance of these vehicles only at designated areas and surfaces in the construction yard and not inside the water. It is ensured that maintenance area should be concreted with suitable materials like polythene, and have enough containers to collect the spillages. Any spillages on the maintenance floor should be cleaned immediately by using proper absorbents such as sow dust, cotton waste etc,. The used absorbents are defined as schedule waste under the National Environmental Act, and such waste should be properly stored in steel or plastic barrels and disposed

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

through the licensed hazardous waste disposal facilities like Insee Cement, Puttalam.  No vehicle serving is allowed within the project area. All vehicle should be serviced at licensed (provided with Environmental protection License (EPL) service stations  Limiting/avoiding oil handling activities in the nearshore/beach and ecologically sensitive areas (if any) in the project site  Preparation and implementation of a contingency plan to manage the impacts due to any accidental spillages  Provision of silt screens to restrict suspended sediments spreading into ecologically sensitive areas

Obtaining materials from Licenses of (i) At the (i) 5.Impacts due to • authorized dealers quarry commencement of PP, CON Transportation Construction Carrying out a operators Field observations transportation of Materials • traffic/transport impact activities (ii)

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

assessment by the Traffic/transport Field EO contractor(s) prior to the impact measurements Monthly and/or as commencement of the assessment (noise, vibration required during transport activities and report and dust emission transportation implementing the impact levels), if required period mitigation measures Type of identified during transport vehicles used Discussions with activities, which may include: for affected parties • Limiting the loads carried by transportation on transport vehicles to and loads ensure the load limits carried (ii) specified for the transport Transport route- routes are not exceeded Times of mainly • Scheduling material transport transport urban/built-up activities to avoid daily peak through urban and sensitive traffic hours and the days of and built up areas such as high traffic levels areas sites of • Maintaining the operating cultural, standards of the transport Noise and dust religious and vehicles to ensure that the emissions from archeological resulting noise and vibration transport significance levels are within specified vehicles standards In the vicinity of • Providing covers to dust Safety and entrances to emitting materials transported warning signs project site and • providing warning/safety provided near stockpiling area signs/lights on possible traffic the entrances congestions near the to project site Affected entrance to the project site and material infrastructure and the stockpiling area stockpiling area facilities along • providing entrance facilities of the transport adequate capacity to the No of transport route

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

project site directly from the vehicles waiting access road(s) to minimize on public roads heavy vehicles waiting on prior to the public roads prior to entry to entry to the the project site and the project site and stockpiling area material • providing adequate turning stockpiling area and parking space in the project site and the stockpiling area for transport Pre-crack vehicles survey report (if • providing trained traffic carried out) control personnel at the entrance, with the assistance Compensations of the Police, if necessary, to paid to the minimise disruption to traffic affected parties in the public roads • Carrying out a pre-crack survey prior to commencement of the transport activities to make compensations, if required, for the damages of buildings due to project activities.

6. Impacts due to • Obtaining approval of the Approvals (i) At the Contractor handling and relevant authorities for the obtained for the Methods commencement of Construction stockpiling of site to be used for stockpiling operations of specified stockpiling PIU/PMU material • Implementing the mitigation the stockpiling inSection 2 of activities EO

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

measures presented in area Table H.1 Section 2 of Table H.1 Methods Monthly and/or as changes in drainage patterns Parameters specified in required during • Implementing the mitigation specified in Section 9 of construction period measures presented Section 2 of Section 9 of Table H.1 to Table H.1 (ii) reduce the impacts related to noise, vibration, dust and air Parameters Stockpiling site quality generation specified in and its vicinity Section 9 of Table H.1

 Storage of solid waste Solid waste storage generated (by the workforce At the faculties and construction waste commencement of provided and during construction stage construction practices and by the fishery activities adopted in the community and activities site (i) during the operational stage) Monthly and/or as Site inspections at appropriate locations in required during the site and regular disposal Toilet and 7. Impacts due to Construction construction period Contractor (by the contractor during the washing (ii) Solid Waste and construction stage and by facilities Project site, Disposal Operation At the PIU/PMU provided for the material the fishery commencement of workforce and stockpiling area community/society based at operational stage the fishery and the vicinity the anchorage during the community operation stage) through the Monthly and/or as

services offered by the local required during Solid waste authority of the area (Point operational stage disposal Pedro Urban Council) practices adopted at the

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

site

 Minimizing the clearing of Extent of vegetation only to the areas cleared areas required for construction and in the site operational activities  Adopting proper solid waste Protective management measures with measures no dumping in open areas provided to by implementing the conserve the mitigation measures nearly presented in Section 7 of threatened Table H.1. species At the  Adopting proper waste water Trianthema commencement of management measures with decandra in the (i) construction 8. Impact on no direct discharge of waste project site Site inspections activities Contractor Land Based water to the environment by Construction Ecological implementing the mitigation Extent of (ii) Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU Resources measures presented in replanting of Project site and required during Section 3 of Table H.1. the nearly the vicinity threatened construction period  Protecting the nearly threatened species species Trianthema decandra in the Trianthema project site and vicinity by decandra in the providing protective barriers- vicinity if necessary-and making the workforce aware of the Parameters importance of specified in conservation/protection Section 3 of  Replanting any plants of the Table H.1. nearly threatened species Trianthema decandra Parameters

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

removed due to project specified activities in areas not inSection 7 of affected by construction Table H.1. activities, under the guidance of a horticulturist Parameters  Carrying out project specified in activities in a controlled Section 9 of manner to minimize the Table H.1. disturbances such as noise, vibrations, dust emissions, lighting to the fauna and flora in the area by implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section 9 of Table H.1.

 Consider supporting a Areas of (i) program that would dredging Site inspections support the health of the Types of Water corals and biodiversity in At the machinery quality/turbidity general found in the area commencement of used for level nearest to the project as construction 8. Impact on dredging measurements a offset plan. activities Contractor Aquatic Construction Ecological  It is suggested to select Turbidity levels (ii) Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU Resources either available second in the Project site and required during channel left to the anchorage the vicinity construction period prosed channel as fist basin and

option and if it is not areas of live Area of live coral feasible selecting the left coral bank of the proposed Sites of disposal channel as second Silt curtains of dredged

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

option. and/or material in the  Additional studies may sediment traps sea (if carried need to determine the provided out) least sensitive area to be Locations of used for access channel temporary and to determine actual stockpiles of loss of corals. dredged  Rather than constructing material the breakwater, consider strengthening of the Presence of seaward slope with the use ecologically of larger armor cement sensitive blocks designed to be eco- habitats in the friendly. This would protect sites of disposal of the anchorage site, reefs as dredged well as support material in the recolonizing corals in long sea (if carried run. out)  Consider relocation of directly impacted healthy Parameters corals. This can be initiated specified in with a university as a pilot Section 3 and project and continue if it is Section 7 of Table H.1 feasible. To cover the channel to minimize sediment coming in from dredging in other areas.

 Also, use a silt curtain to

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

cover present access channel during the dredging and construction in other areas to secure corals.  Not to carry out any dredging in the area of live corals on the right bank of the proposed access channel, with dredging along its left bank to provide the required access facilities  Usage of appropriate dredging machinery and/or techniques to minimize the levels of turbidity resulting from dredging activities  Regular monitoring of dredging activities and provision of silt curtains and/or sediment traps to prevent the silt/sediment plume reaching the areas of live coral  Locating the temporary disposal sites of dredged materials on the beach area and taking measures (e.g. providing covering) to prevent silt/sediment run-off into the anchorage basin area and the areas of live

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

coral  Not to dispose any dredged materials in ecologically sensitive areas in the sea and obtaining the permission of the Marine Environmental Protection Agency (MEPA) for any disposals to be carried out in the sea  Implementing the mitigation measures presented in Section 3 and Section 7of Table H.1to minimize coastal water pollution

For noise and vibration, mitigation measures include: (i) Site inspections Field  Operating well maintained Excessive measurements of At the plants at the site and regular noise, vibration noise, vibration commencement of servicing of such plants and dust levels and air quality construction 9. Impacts during the construction reported levels activities Contractor related to period Construction Noise, Dust  Shutting down and/or Noise, Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU and Air Quality throttling down of machines vibration and (ii) required during and plant that may be in air quality level Project site, construction period intermittent use, between measurements, material work periods if required stockpiling site  Providing temporary noise and the vicinity barriers on site to control noise from particularly noisy

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

operations  Limiting the project activities and vehicular movement during certain periods of the day and in the night  If required, carrying out a pre-crack survey of the buildings in the surrounding area of the project site and the stockpiling area with photographic evidence of existing conditions immediately prior to the commencement of constructions, use of low vibration causing machinery/techniques for construction and stockpiling purposes, regular monitoring of vibration levels and providing compensation to the parties affected by vibration related damages due to project activities  Restricting noise/dust/vibration generating construction activities during religious/cultural activities/festivals in the area.

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(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

For dust emissions and air quality, mitigation measures include:

(i) Locations of Inspection of the  Confining the construction project and locations of and related activities within related project and the project site and the activities related activities material stockpiling area At the 10. Impacts on  Not to use other spaces, Sources of commencement of Other Consultations Contractor resources allocated for other resources used the project Development Construction with the suppliers development activities in the for the project Projects in the of resources for PIU/PMU vicinity As required during Area the project Parameters construction period  Adopting the impact specified in mitigation measures (ii) Section 5 and presented in Section 5 and Locations of Section 9 of Section 9 of Table H.1. project activities Table H.1. and sources of

101

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

resources for the project

• Scheduling the construction Schedule of activities to minimize the construction disturbances to regular activities fishery activities • Informing the fishing Information community in advance, the provided to the construction activities that fishery are likely to cause community on disturbances to regular construction fishery activities activities 11. Impacts on Demarcation of the areas At the • (i) Fishing directly used for construction Awareness of commencement of Site inspections Industry, and related areas and the fishery construction

including providing warning community on activities Contractor (ii) Beach Seine signs/notices to reduce the Construction schedule of Project site and Fishery related risk of accidents construction Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU nearby coastal activities, and Minimal usage of required during • areas Fishing beach/nearshore area for Extent of construction period

Community stockpiling of rocks and beach/nearshor dredged material to minimize e area for the disturbances to regular stockpiling of fishery activities rocks and • Locating the temporary dredged access ways to minimize the material disturbances to in and out movement and anchoring of Locations of boats temporary • Providing temporary beach access ways landing and anchoring

102

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

facilities in alternative Locations of locations of the affected temporary fishery community, with the beach landing assistance of fisheries and anchoring officials facilities in alternative locations of the affected fishery community

Information provided to the • Informing the local local community in advance, the community on construction activities that construction At the (i) are likely to cause activities commencement of Site inspections disturbances to regular construction 12. Impacts to activities in the vicinity Awareness of activities Contractor other Beach (ii) Construction the local Users in the Project site and Demarcation of the areas community on Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU Area • nearby coastal directly used for construction schedule of required during areas and related areas and construction construction period

providing warning signs/notices to reduce the Demarcation risk of accidents details of the areas of project activities

103

(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

At the (i) commencement of 13. Impacts No of Site inspections construction related to Providing employment employment • activities Contractor Employment opportunities to the local opportunities Construction (ii) Generation in community, whenever provided to Project site and Monthly and/or as PIU/PMU the Local possible local office required during Community community construction period

(i) Restricting • Site/field visits At the noise/dust/vibration and observations commencement of generating construction 14. Impacts on Disturbances to construction related activities (e.g. Contractor Archeological cultural/religiou (ii) activities material transport) during Construction and Cultural s activities in In the vicinity of religious/cultural PIU/PMU Resources the area the sites of As required during activities/festivals in the area cultural/religious construction period (on the routes of material significance and transport) the project site

• Incorporation of climate Climate change change resilient measures in resilient As required during the structural design of measures construction period 11. Impacts of breakwaters, by considering Design incorporated in (i) Contractor

Climate potential sea level rise and the structural Site inspections After severe Change on increased frequency and Construction design of PIU/PMU climatic events Proposed intensity of extreme events breakwaters (ii) (ii)

Investments (e.g. tsunamis, storm Operation Project site EO Annually during surges) Levels of operational stage • Regular monitoring of the maintenance facilities provided- required

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(i) (i) Monitoring Implementation Environmental Proposed Mitigation Phase of Monitoring Monitoring Method (ii) Impact Measures the Project Parameters Frequency (ii) Monitoring Location Agency

breakwaters and dredged areas of the anchorage-and Damages to carrying out required breakwaters maintenance activities and siltation of  Inspection of the facilities anchorage provided-breakwaters and basin after dredged areas of the severe climatic anchorage-after severe events climatic events and carrying out rehabilitation, Long term strengthening and/or performance modifications as required levels of the facilities provided- breakwaters and dredged anchorage basin

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H.1 Institutional Arrangements to Oversee the Implementation of the Monitoring Plan H.2 Institutional Arrangements

H.2.1 Sri Lankan Government

322. The MFARDREA will be the projects Executive Agency (EA) and has the overall responsibility for all project related activities including inter-ministry coordination. MFARD will exercise its functions through its Project Management Unit (PMU), which will undertake the day to day management of the project. The PMU will be supported by a PIU based in Jaffna to support this output as well as other outputs under the project. The PIU includes a safeguards Manager who is supported by three environmental officers to supervise the entire project of which the harbor construction is one. The PMU will be assisted by consultancy team that provides support for the construction supervision management and administration for harbors, anchorages and landing package, which includes a full time Environmental Specialist (ES) to supervise and monitor all day to day construction works. The ES will monitor the implementation of the environmental management plan and support the PMU in the preparation and submit semi-annual environmental monitoring reports to ADB and government.

323. MFARDREA with assistance from the PMU/PIU will be responsible to acquire the necessary governmental Development Consent (DC) clearances required under the Coast Conservation and Coastal Resources Management Act, through the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MMDE) prior to awarding of contract.

324. The projects EMP will be included in the bidding documents and form part of the contract documents. All bid documents will include a requirement to incorporate necessary resources into the contractor‟s bid to implement mitigation measures specified in the EMP. Where unanticipated environmental impacts become apparent during project implementation, the IEE including EMP will be updated by the environment specialists. Any updates to the IEE or EMP will be submitted to ADB for review.

325. The EA, through the PMU and PIU, with the support of the environmental specialists and environmental safeguards officers attached to the PMU, will be responsible to:

i) Provide oversight on environmental management aspects of the project and ensure that the EMP is implemented by the contractors: ii) Facilitate and ensure contractors comply with all government rules and regulations and obtain any relevant approvals required for works; iii) Supervise and guide contractors on implementation of the EMP; iv) Review, monitor and evaluate the effectiveness with which the EMP is implemented, and recommend necessary corrective actions to be taken as necessary; v) Submit semi-annual monitoring reports to ADB and government approval authorities; vi) Ensure timely disclosure of the IEE in locations and forms accessible to the public; vii) Take corrective actions when necessary when unforeseen negative environmental impacts occur; viii) Conduct ongoing consultation with the community during implementation of the project; and ix) Establish a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and ensure it is operated satisfactorily.

326. PMU and PIU will be responsible for ensuring that the contractor does not start construction activities until all requisite approvals have been received from MMDE and other government agencies.

327. Quarterly Progress Reports will be issued by the Supervising Consultants (SC) to the government and ADB. These will report on all aspects of the project, including those documented in the Contractor‟s monthly reports and environmental monitoring reports prepared by the SC and Contractor. In addition, the ADB will review progress of implementation of the EMP during regular review missions and review periodic monitoring reports and officially disclose the IEE and monitoring reports on ADB‟s website.

328. After the completion of construction, MFARDREA will be responsible for operations and ongoing maintenance of all assets.

H.2.2 Contractor

329. The civil works Contractor will be responsible for interpreting the EMP in preparing a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP), after contract award. Where changes or additional engineering information is available, these shall be taken into account in the CEMP. The SC (as the Supervising Engineer) will approve the CEMP, upon advice from the EO within the PMU and ADB, before any physical works are undertaken.

330. The Contractor will be required to assign an Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) whose responsibilities for the contractor will include:

 Coordinating with PMU and PIU, the EO and/or SC for updating the CEMP when required;  Ensuring that the contractor engages a suitable organization to undertake STI/HIV/AIDS briefings and awareness raising amongst the Contractor‟s employees.  Ensuring that the Contractor complies with the clauses in the contract and bidding documents in respect of the environment and OH&S issues;  Coordinating with MFARDREA and/or PMU in respect of continued community consultation;  Participating in monitoring and coordinating with PMU and PIU and the SC to ensure that environmental management activities are reported as required;  Ensuring that the Contractor does not commence construction activities until all requisite approvals have been received from MMDE and other government agencies; and  Maintaining a log of all grievances received and action taken to address these issues.

331. Coordinating and communicating with the Contractor‟s Community Liaison Officer (CLO), as required, to facilitate consultation with the affected communities, various stakeholders (public, private and government), and ensuring smooth implementation of the individual subproject.

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332. As identified in the EMP the Contractor and MFARDREA and/or the PMU and PIU, may be responsible for the execution of various aspects of the project‟s environmental monitoring during the construction phase of project.

I. Conclusions and Recommendations

333. The IEE Report presents a detailed assessment of the potential environment impacts associated with the proposed fishery anchorage development project in Munai in the Jaffna district on the northern coast. The IEE has been carried out in accordance to the TOR provided by the CCCRMD. The details related to mitigation measures proposed for the identified adverse impacts are also presented in the report.

334. Giving due consideration to all issues pertaining to impacts, the mitigation measures include the important areas of:

i. Reviewing and reporting of specific features in identifying potential environmental issues at the planning/design stage and their incorporation at the relevant stages of design development and, if necessary, submitting further recommendations to amend the design

ii. Identifying mitigation and best practices that should be developed in order to avoid or minimize any such adverse impacts during construction and operation stages

iii. Being aware of the relevance of potential disaster situations and recognizing that such impacts may be of severe magnitude and effective over a short period of time with minimum warning. Such scenarios may lead to disaster situations and therefore to review them under risk management and disaster mitigation.

335. The potential impacts associated with both construction and operational phases have been assessed, mitigation measures presented in accordance with the strategic approach described above. Where necessary, mitigation measures and the requirements for developing monitoring plans have been recommended.

336. The project will be implemented in the vicinity of a sensitive aquatic environment and efforts have been taken to preserve the environmental qualities of the study area in which the development will take place. The study has given attention to the environmental aspects of the study area and ensured that the project will not contribute significantly to environmental degradation. The study has proposed an Environmental Management Plan for sustaining multiple uses of the study area.

337. The following key elements have been considered in the IEE study:

 The existing environment of the study area  The potential impacts, including their level of magnitude and significance  The ability to eliminate and/or minimize negative impacts effectively through „Mitigation by Planning and Design‟  To recognize potential hazards and to investigate impacts of potential disasters and to develop mitigation measures and be fully aware of the likely response to be adopted for such extreme events  The development of an effective Monitoring Program and its implementation 108

338. On the basis of the analysis of these elements and on the assumption that the recommendations for the mitigation of identified impacts are adopted and adequately implemented, the IEE has concluded that there are no major environmental impacts associated with the construction and operation of proposed fishery landing site development project in Munai in the Jaffna district on the northern coas

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Annex 01- TOR

Annex 02- Topo Map

Annex 03-

Geotechnical Report REPORT ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR SHORE INFRASTRUCTURE OF NOTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PACKAGE 01- MUNAI

Client

MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

GEO ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS (PVT) LTD Geotechnical Investigation, Geological Surveys, Ground Improvement & Laboratory Testing [

No.929/18, Kahandawala Road, Thalangama North, Malabe Sri Lanka. HOTLINE: 0113 093377 Tel: +94 11 2 077844 (Accounts Dept.) +94 11 2 077900 (Eng. Dept.) +94 11 2 077908 (Lab) +94 71 2 843843 (Mobile) Fax: +94 11 2 077845 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

12th January 2018 CONTENT

Page No

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK 1 1.2 BOREHOLE LOCATIONS 2 1.3 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 2

Vertical profile across borehole 3

2.0 BOREHOLE STRATIGRAPHY 4 - 6 3.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 7 - 10 3.1 Project and Site Investigation Details 7 3.2 Borehole Investigations 7 3.3 Sub-surface Condition 7 3.4 Recommendations for geotechnical design parameters 8 3.5 Recommendations for foundations 8 - 9 3.6 Recommendations for Quary Wall 9 - 10

Location Plan 11 Borehole logs 12 - 14

Test Results for soil 15 - 27 Summary of Uniaxial compressive strength Test 15 Summary of the Soil Tests 16 Uniaxial Compressive Strength Test 17 Sieve Analysis 18 - 23 Atterberg Limits 24 - 25 Free Swell Index 26 Chemical test for water 27 Report

Prepared By:-

NIshantha Hikkaduwa B.Sc. P.G. (Dip.) Eng. Geo. MGS (SL) Managing Director / Engineering Geologist Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd

Recommended By:

Prof. B. L. Tennakoon B.Sc. (Eng), Ceylon, Ph.D. (Cantab) C.Eng.,F.I.E.(SL). Consultant Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd

Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

REPORT ON GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR SHORE INFRASTRUCTURE OF NOTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT PACKAGE 01- MUNAI

CLIENT: MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION

 Request was received from Mr. Channa Fernando, Team Leader - Northern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project, to submit a quotation to carry out the borehole investigation for the Shore Infrastructure of Northern Province Sustainable fisheries development Project - Package 01.

 The quotation was submitted for 37 boreholes in sixteen locations on 23rdNovember

2017 and the quotation was accepted on 26th December 2017

 Personnel and equipment with five drilling machine was mobilized to the site on

27thDecember 2017 and investigation was started on 28thDecember 2017.

 Field investigation works of three boreholes at Munaiwere completed on 29thDecember

2017.

 This report includes three boreholes for Fishery harbor at Munai.

1.1 SCOPE OF WORK

 Three numbers of boreholes were recommended to be drilled and the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate sub-surface conditions for the foundations of the buildings and quay walls in Fishery harbor at Munai.

 The investigations were carried out under the direct supervision of authorized representative of the Client.

 BH - 01 was drilled up to 7.50 m depth, BH - 02 was drilled up to 3.30 m depth and

BH- 03 was drilled up to 3.50 m depth.

 Sieve with Hydrometer Analysis, Atterberg limits, Uniaxial compressive strength or point load test and Free swell index test were carried out for available selected samples.

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

1.2 BOREHOLE LOCATIONS

Elevation Serial No. Borehole No. Easting Northing (m) MSL

01 BH -01 442128.000 812830.000 +1.798

02 BH -02 442170.000 812837.000 +2.577

03 BH -03 442208.000 812839.000 +2.797

1.3 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

 For the drilling of boreholes, hydraulically operated drilling machine was utilized. “NW” casings (76 mm Ø) were introduced for the advancement of the boreholes in overburden formation.

 The medium of drilling was water, used through “B” rods with high pressure pump to remove the cutting particles from the boreholes. The thickness and heights of each stratum penetration samples were recovered while the drilling was in progress.

 Standard Penetration Tests were conducted at regular intervals of 1.00 m intervals in overburden formation. The SPT tests were carried out by driving 50 mm diameter Standard split tube sampler into the soil to a depth of 45 cm using 63.5 Kg. hammer falling freely through 760 mm drop. The number of blows „N‟ required to penetrate the standard sampler through 30 cm. is called the Standard Penetration Test value that was recorded.

Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd., No. 929/18, Kahandawala Road, Thalangama North, Malabe. Hotline: 011 3093377, 011 2077900, Fax: 0112077845

GEO - TECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR SHORE INFRASTRUCTURE OF NOTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT - PACKAGE - 01 (MUNAI - JAFFNA DISTRICT)

BH 02 BH 03 4.000 BH 01 Depth Elevation Depth Elevation 2.577 m MSL 2.797 m MSL Depth Elevation 0.00 m 0.00 m 3.000 0.00 m 1.798 m MSL

N=14 2.000 0.10 m N=9 0.50 m

N=39 HB>50 1.000 N=0 0.80 m HB>50 HB>50 0.000 N=1

-0.723 m MSL 2.70 m 3.30 m -0.902 m MSL 3.50 m -0.703 m MSL -1.000 N=33

-2.000 HB>50

4.50 m -2.702 m MSL -3.000

-4.000

-5.000

7.50 m -5.702 m MSL -6.000

-7.000

-8.000

-9.000

-10.000

Depth (m)

Scale Vertical : 1 cm : 1,000m MSL Horizontal : Not to scale

Figure No. 1.0 Vertical Profile across three Boreholes - Munai

Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

2.0 BOREHOLE STRATIGRAPHY

Soil types encountered for different depths of the boreholes are as follows as per BS

5930-1999, British Standards for Site Investigations:

 In BH-01, Yellowish brown fine to medium sand was from the surface to 0.80 m depth; yellowish brown to gray very loose medium to fine sand was from 0.80 m to 2.70 m depth and whitish gray to brown dense fine to medium sand with limestone particles was from 2.70 m up to rock level which was at 4.50m depth. The borehole was terminated at 7.50 m depth after drilling 7.50 m through rock.

Fig. 2.1 - Location of BH - 01 Fig. 2.2- Core box Photo of BH-01

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

 In BH-02, White loose fine to medium sand was from the surface to 1.50 m depth and white dense fine to medium sand with coral particles were from 1.50m up to rock level which was at 3.30 m depth. The borehole was terminated at 3.30m depth.

Fig. 2.3 - Location of BH -02 F ig 2.4- Core Box Photo of BH-02

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

 In BH-03, Light brown fine to medium sand was from the surface to 1.00 m depth; Limestone boulders were from 1.00m to 1.10 m depth and whitish gray to brown very dense fine to medium sand with limestone particles was from 1.10 m up to rock level which was at 3.50 m depth. The borehole was terminated at 3.50 m depth.

Fig. 2.5 - Location of BH -03 Fig.2.6- Core box photo of BH -03

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

3.0 RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Project & Site Investigation details

The project is to construct a series of (1-2)-storey structures and quay wall for the Fishery

Harbour at Munai in the Jaffna District.

The construction area for both the buildings and the quay wall is a relatively flat land facing the sea.

3.2 Borehole Investigation

Three Nos. boreholes had been done at this site at locations marked BH-01, BH-02 and BH-03 in the Location Plan. All boreholes were advanced up to hard Limestone rock and BH-01 was drilled 3.00m through the hard rock.

The details of depths of drilling are indicated below. The depth to ground water level (GWL) is

also shown in the table. Elev. in this table refers to the elevation at top of borehole.

Location BH-01 BH-02 BH-03 Elev. (m MSL) +1.798 +2.577 +2.797 Depth to GWL (m) 0.80 0.10 0.50 Depth to Limestone rock (m) 4.50 3.30 3.50 Depth of borehole (m) 7.50 3.30 3.50

3.3 Sub-surface conditions

From a study of the borehole log, it is concluded that the overburden at location of BH-01 can be modeled by successive layers as indicated below.

Layer Layer description SPT Position (m) No. No. 1a 0.0-2.7 Very loose sand 0-1 1b 2.7-4.5 Very dense sand 30-50 2 4.5-7.5 Limestone

Ground water level (GWL) was at a depth of 0.8 m.

Similar layering, with some differences in Layer No. 1a are observed at BH-02 and BH-03.

Ground water level (GWL) was at a depth of 0.1 m and 0.5 m.

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

3.4 Recommendations for geotechnical design parameters

Based on the visual observation of the soil samples collected, the measured SPT values, and experience with similar sub-surface conditions, the recommendations for the geotechnical design parameters for the founding layer at BH-01 are given in the table below.

Elastic Layer Average Shear strength Ultimate bearing Layer description 2 Modulus No. SPT parameters Capacity (kN/m ) 2 E (kN/m ) 1a Very loose sand 1 c' =0 kPa, φ' <23 90 2500

1b Very dense sand > 50 c' =0 kPa, φ' = 43 2000 > 25000

3.5 Recommendations for foundations

3.5.1 Factors to be considered

The significant factors affecting the selection of the foundation type are:

o The overburden up to the depths investigated consisted of very loose to very dense sand deposits; o The Ground water level (GWL) was at depths of 0.1m to 0.8m at the three borehole locations;

o The loads being transferred are from a series of (1-2)-storied structures and quay wall;

o The site is overlooking the sea in which the High Water Level is at about 0.10m below site elevation.

3.5.2 Recommendations for foundation type and design

It is recommended that the foundations of buildings consist of strip footings, or individual pad footings connected at ground level by beams, or combined footings. The footings should be placed at a depth of 0.6m below Existing Ground Level (EGL) and designed for an allowable bearing capacity of 100 kN/m2, after carrying out site development as described below.

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

Method of site development

It is recommended that the method of site development consist of increase in the site elevation. It is recommended that the site level be raised by about 0.15m above the Existing Ground Level (EGL) to its Finish Ground Level (FGL).

It is recommended that excavation is carried out under the foundations. The length and width of the excavation should be 20% more than the foundation dimensions. The excavation should be adequately shored, and the excavation done to a depth of 0.5m below EGL. In the ground improvement proposed, no ground water lowering is required.

Instead, it is recommended that rubble packing (6”-9”) be done in 300 mm thick layers. Each layer should be pushed into the sub-surface beneath with the excavator bucket until further penetration into the overburden is not possible. Each layer should then be overlaid by 50 mm of ABC material and compacted with the excavator bucket. This process should be completed in layers until foundation elevation is reached.

After the foundations have been constructed, the site elevation can be raised to its FGL.

3.6 Recommendations for Quay Wall

3.6.1 Factors to be considered

The significant factors affecting the selection of the foundation type are:

o No particular borehole can be identified as representing the quay wall. Under these circumstances, the geotechnical design parameters in the overburden can be assumed to be the same as identified in Section 3.4; o The loads being transferred are from the quay wall for which no details were available to the undersigned.

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Soil Investigation Report For Fisheries Development Project - Munai

3.6.2 Recommendations for foundation type and design

Since no details of the quay wall structure were available, the recommendations given in this section are limited to those of the geotechnical design parameters of the sub- surface layers. These were given previously in Section 3.4.

……………………..…………

Prof. B. L. TennekoonB.Sc. (Eng), Ceylon, Ph.D. (Cantab) C.Eng.,F.I.E.(SL).

Consultant

Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd

……………………..…………

Mr. Nishantha Hikkaduwa (B.Sc. P.G. Dip. Eng. Geo. MGS(SL)

Managing Dierector/Engineering Geologist

Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt.) Ltd

Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd., No. 929/18, Kahandawala Road, Thalangama North, Malabe. Hotline: 011 3093377, 011 2077900, Fax: 0112077845

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd : Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries PROJECT Development Project - Package - 01 CLIENT : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development BORE HOLE NO : BH 01 DEPTH OF DRILLING : 7.50 m GROUND ELEVATION : 1.798 m MSL LOCATION : Munai - Jaffna District DRILLING MACHINE : YWE Boring Machine DRILLING TYPE : Rotary Hydraulic COORDINATES : 812830.000 N; 442128.000 E DATE : 28/12/2017 - 29/12/2017

N STANDARD PENETRATION TEST GS ES IO OL LO

T (MSL) MPL MB VA DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL IC N

m PENETRATION TEST VALUES SA SY OL ELE L L L DEPTH (m) VALUES OI OI 0 10 20 30 40 50 S S DEPTH 1.798 0.00 SYMB Yellowish brown fine to medium SAND. SP 0.00

Little of clay. 1 -0.998 0.80 D/S 1.0 0 0 Yellowish brown to gray very loose medium SP 0 -1.00 to fine SAND.

Some of clay. 1 D/S 2.0 1 1 0 -2.00

-0.902 2.70 6 D/S 3.0 25 33 -3.00 Whitish gray to brown dense fine to SP 8 medium SAND with limestone particlas.

20 D/S ROCK LEVEL 4.0 HB >50 -4.00

-2.702 4.50

% %

Limestone R 5.0 RQD -5.00

(m) FI - 14 47 31 th

ep 6.0 D -6.00

7.0 -7.00

-5.702 7.50

8.0 -8.00

9.0 -9.00

10.0 -10.00 KEY : D/S - Disturbed Sample REMARKS : U/D - Undisturbed Sample OH-Organic Clay Borehole terminated at the depth of 7.50 m according to the Client's WR - Weathered Rock Pt- Peat & Organic Clay advice. R - Rock CH-Inorganic Stiff Clay RB - River Bed Level SP- Poorly graded Sand DRILLED BY: Darshana Mahesh HB - Hammer Rebounding SC - Clayey Sand LOGGED BY: Damith Nuwan V - Ground Water Level - 0.80 m CL-Inorganic Clay with Silt CHECKED BY: Eng.Geologist D ilum Wanigasekara BOREHOLE LOG 1 of 1

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd : Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries PROJECT Development Project - Package - 01 CLIENT : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development BORE HOLE NO : BH 02 DEPTH OF DRILLING : 3.30 m GROUND ELEVATION : 2.577 m MSL LOCATION : Munai - Jaffna District DRILLING MACHINE : YWE Boring Machine DRILLING TYPE : Rotary Hydraulic COORDINATES : 812837.000 N; 442170.000 E DATE : 28/12/2017 - 28/12/2017

N STANDARD PENETRATION TEST GS ES IO OL LO

T (MSL) MPL MB VA DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL IC N

m PENETRATION TEST VALUES SY SA OL ELE L L L L DEPTH (m) VALUES

OI OI 0 10 20 30 40 50 S S DEPTH

2.577 0.00 SYMB

0.00

White loose fine to medium SAND. SP 3 D/S Little of clay with animal shells. 1.0 3 9 6 -1.00 1.077 1.50 15 D/S White dense fine to medium SAND with SP 2.0 18 39 coral particlas. 21 -2.00

D/S ROCK LEVEL 3.0 HB >50 -3.00 -0.723 3.30

4.0 Note : Borehole was terminated at 3.30 m -4.00 depth assuming the rock level and without rock coring

5.0 -5.00

(m) th ep 6.0 D -6.00

7.0 -7.00

8.0 -8.00

9.0 -9.00

10.0 -10.00 KEY : D/S - Disturbed Sample REMARKS : U/D - Undisturbed Sample OH-Organic Clay Borehole terminated at the depth of 3.30 m according to the Client's WR - Weathered Rock Pt- Peat & Organic Clay advice. R - Rock CH-Inorganic Stiff Clay RB - River Bed Level SP- Poorly graded Sand DRILLED BY: Prasanna Silva HB - Hammer Rebounding SC - Clayey Sand LOGGED BY: Kushan Chathuranga V - Ground Water Level - 0.10 m CL-Inorganic Clay with Silt CHECKED BY: Eng.Geologist D ilum Wanigasekara BOREHOLE LOG 1 of 1

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) Geo Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd : Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries PROJECT Development Project - Package - 01 CLIENT : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development BORE HOLE NO : BH 03 DEPTH OF DRILLING : 3.50 m GROUND ELEVATION : 2.797 m MSL LOCATION : Munai - Jaffna District DRILLING MACHINE : YWE Boring Machine DRILLING TYPE : Rotary Hydraulic COORDINATES : 812839.000 N; 442208.000 E DATE : 28/12/2017 - 28/12/2017

N STANDARD PENETRATION TEST GS ES IO OL LO

T (MSL) MPL MB VA DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL IC N

m PENETRATION TEST VALUES SA SY OL ELE L L L DEPTH (m) VALUES OI OI 0 10 20 30 40 50 S S DEPTH 2.797 0.00 SYMB 0.00

Light brown fine to medium SAND. SP 41 1.797 1.00 D/S Little of clay. 1.0 8 14 B 1.697 1.10 Limestone Boulders 6 -1.00

Whitish gray to brown very dense fine to medium SAND with limestone particles. SP 29 D/S 2.0 HB >50 -2.00

ROCK LEVEL 8 D/S 3.0 HB >50 -3.00

-0.703 3.50

4.0 -4.00

5.0 -5.00

(m) th ep 6.0 D -6.00

7.0 -7.00

8.0 -8.00

9.0 -9.00

10.0 -10.00 KEY : D/S - Disturbed Sample REMARKS : U/D - Undisturbed Sample OH-Organic Clay Borehole terminated at the depth of 3.50 m according to the Client's WR - Weathered Rock Pt- Peat & Organic Clay advice. R - Rock CH-Inorganic Stiff Clay RB - River Bed Level SP- Poorly graded Sand DRILLED BY: Darshana Mahesh HB - Hammer Rebounding SC - Clayey Sand LOGGED BY: Damith Nuwan V - Ground Water Level - 0.50 m CL-Inorganic Clay with Silt CHECKED BY: Eng.Geologist D ilum Wanigasekara BOREHOLE LOG 1 of 1 Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in Civil Engineering material Laboratory testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2 077845

Unconfined Compressive Strength of rock core samples ASTM D 2938-79

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project - Package - Project: 01 Client: Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Tested By Mahinda Bandara Date 9-Jan-18

Average Uniaxial Test sample Test sample Diameter (D) (mm) Sampling Test sample Maximum Actual Load compressive BH No. Location length (L) depth (m) Diameter Load (kN) (kN) strength (mm) D1 D2 D3 (D) (mm) (N/mm2)

Munai - Jaffna BH 01 5.70 112.20 53.70 53.70 53.70 53.70 41.96 41.87 18.48 District

Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer

Checked & Certified

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in Civil Engineering material Laboratory testing

No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe.

Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077845 Summary of the soil tests

Sample Sieve Analysis (%) Limits (%) Free Swell Location Borehole No. Depth Plasticity Gravel Sand Silt & Clay Liquid Limit Plastic Limit Index ( % ) ( m) Index

1.00 13.0 57.8 29.2 N/A N/A N/A 0 Munai - Jaffna BH 01 District 3.00 31.5 26.0 42.5 N/A N/A N/A 0

Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer

Checked & Certified By

Soil Investigation Report Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD. Experts in Civil Engineering material Laboratory testing

No.929/18, Kahandawala Road, Thalangama North, Malabe

Tel: 01 1 2 077908 Fax: 011 2 077845

Unconfined Compressive Strength of rock core samples ASTM D 2938-79

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Project: Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Client: Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Tested By Mahinda Bandara Date 9-Jan-18

Sample Description Bore hole No: BH 01 Location: Munai - Jaffna District Rock description Limestone

Measurements Sampling depth Test sample Sample Maximum Load Test Sample Diameter (D) (mm) (m) length (L) (mm) weight (g) (kN)

5.70 53.70 53.70 53.70 112.20 622.00 41.96

Calculation

Average Test sample 2 Uniaxial Compressive Strength Area (mm ) Actual Load (kN) 2 Diameter (D) (mm) (N/mm )

53.70 2266 41.87 18.48

Moisture Content Bulk Density (Mg/m3) Dry density (Mg/m3) (%) 0.24 2.45 2.44

Compressive Machine Calibration Equation 2 3 F = A+Bx+Cx +Dx X = Machine reading F = True Load A -1.71E+00 B 9.98E-01 C -5.08E-06 D 4.71E-09

Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Checked & Certified

BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Particle size distribution (sieving) Bore hole No BH 01 Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Project : Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Location Munai - Jaffna District

Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Sample No. 1

Soil Classification Depth 1.00 m Silty Sand (SM) (USCS): Date 08-Jan-18

Test method BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2/9.3/9.4

Initial dry mass m1 201.92 g

Mass retained g Percentage Cumulative BS test sieve actual corrected retained Percentage

100(m/m1) Passing 12.5 mm 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 9.5 mm 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 6.3 mm 7.47 7.47 3.70 96 4.75 mm 5.87 5.87 2.91 93 2.36 mm 12.83 12.83 6.35 87 1.18 mm 10.05 10.05 4.98 82 0.600 mm 7.58 7.58 3.75 78 0.425 mm 2.53 2.53 1.25 77 0.300 mm 8.24 8.24 4.08 73 0.150 mm . 27.30 27.30 13.52 59 0.075 mm 61.01 61.01 30.21 29

Passing 0.075 mF or mE 58.93 58.93 29.18 29 Total (check with m6) 201.81 Loss 0.11

Operator Checked Approved

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai Soil Investigation Report Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077845

BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Particle size distribution (Hydrometer sedimentation) Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Bore hole No BH 01 Project : Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Location Munai - Jaffna District Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Sample No. 1

Depth 1.00 m Soil Classification Silty Sand (SM) (USCS): Date 08-Jan-18 Test method : BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2/9.3/9.4/9.5 Method of preparation

CALIBRATION AND SAMPLE DATA 1/2 Hydrometer no. 125414 D=k((hH r /( ρ s-1))/t)) mm Meniscus correction Cm 0.5 K={100ρs/m(ρs-1)}Rd % Reading in dispersant R'o 1 Calibration equation Hr= 18.06-0.246R'h Dry mass of soil m 72.36 g Particle density 3 measured/assumed rs 2.65 Mg/m Viscosity of water at 24.50 C h 0.9230 Percent finer than .063mm 29.18 %

TEST DATA ' ' Time Elapsed Temp. h Actual Rh =Rh-Cm Hr D Rh -Ro'=Rd K

time Reading mm mm % t min T°C Poise Rh Rh' Rd 9.10am 0.5 23.2 0.9516 12.0 12.5 15.0 0.0697 11.5 25.5 1 23.2 0.9516 10.0 10.5 15.5 0.0501 9.5 21.1 2 23.2 0.9516 8.5 9.0 15.8 0.0358 8.0 17.8 4 23.2 0.9516 7.0 7.5 16.2 0.0256 6.5 14.4 8 23.2 0.9516 6.0 6.5 16.5 0.0183 5.5 12.2 15 23.2 0.9516 4.5 5.0 16.8 0.0135 4.0 8.9 30 23.2 0.9516 4.0 4.5 17.0 0.0096 3.5 7.8 60 23.2 0.9516 3.5 4.0 17.1 0.0068 3.0 6.7 120 23.2 0.9516 3.0 3.5 17.2 0.0048 2.5 5.5 240 23.2 0.9516 2.5 3.0 17.3 0.0034 2.0 4.4 480 23.2 0.9516 2.0 2.5 17.4 0.0024 1.5 3.3 1440 23.1 0.9538 2.0 2.5 17.4 0.0014 1.5 3.3

Operator Checked Approved

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District)

GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD

Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077847 BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Particle size distribution chart `

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project : Bore hole No BH 01 Project - Package - 01

Client Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Location Munai - Jaffna District Depth 1.00 m

Soil Classification (USCS): Silty Sand (SM) Sample No. 1 Date 08-Jan-18

Test method BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2 / 9.3 / 9.4 / 9.5 / 9.6 / 9.7

100

20 e passing ag t 10

cen r

Pe 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Particle size, mm

FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE COBBLES BOULDERS CLAY SILT SAND GRAVEL

Results Silt & Clay ( % ) 29.2 Sand ( % ) 57.8 Gravel ( % ) 13.0

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Operator Checked Approved

Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Sample No. 2

Soil Classification Depth 3.00 m Silty Sand with Gravel (SM) (USCS): Date 08-Jan-18

Test method BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2/9.3/9.4

Initial dry mass m1 200.72 g

Mass retained g Percentage Cumulative BS test sieve actual corrected retained Percentage

100(m/m1) Passing 12.5 mm 0.00 0.00 0.00 100 9.5 mm 12.78 12.78 6.37 94 6.3 mm 20.95 20.95 10.44 83 4.75 mm 9.94 9.94 4.95 78 2.36 mm 19.65 19.65 9.79 68 1.18 mm 8.72 8.72 4.34 64 0.600 mm 11.51 11.51 5.73 58 0.425 mm 3.46 3.46 1.72 57 0.300 mm 7.52 7.52 3.75 53 0.150 mm . 9.61 9.61 4.79 48 0.075 mm 11.27 11.27 5.61 43

Passing 0.075 mF or mE 85.22 85.22 42.46 42 Total (check with m6) 200.63 Loss 0.09

Operator Checked Approved

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Depth 3.00 m Soil Classification Silty Sand with Gravel (SM) (USCS): Date 08-Jan-18 Test method : BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2/9.3/9.4/9.5 Method of preparation

CALIBRATION AND SAMPLE DATA 1/2 Hydrometer no. 125414 D=k((hH r /( ρ s-1))/t)) mm Meniscus correction Cm 0.5 K={100ρs/m(ρs-1)}Rd % Reading in dispersant R'o 1 Calibration equation Hr= 18.06-0.246R'h Dry mass of soil m 58.62 g Particle density 3 measured/assumed rs 2.65 Mg/m Viscosity of water at 24.50 C h 0.9230 Percent finer than .063mm 42.46 %

TEST DATA ' ' Time Elapsed Temp. h Actual Rh =Rh-Cm Hr D Rh -Ro'=Rd K

time Reading mm mm % t min T°C Poise Rh Rh' Rd 9.10am 0.5 23.2 0.9516 15.5 16.0 14.1 0.0677 15.0 41.1 1 23.2 0.9516 14.0 14.5 14.5 0.0485 13.5 37.0 2 23.2 0.9516 12.5 12.5 15.0 0.0348 11.5 31.5 4 23.2 0.9516 11.0 10.5 15.5 0.0250 9.5 26.0 8 23.2 0.9516 9.5 9.0 15.8 0.0179 8.0 21.9 15 23.2 0.9516 8.0 7.5 16.2 0.0132 6.5 17.8 30 23.2 0.9516 7.0 6.0 16.6 0.0095 5.0 13.7 60 23.2 0.9516 6.0 5.5 16.7 0.0067 4.5 12.3 120 23.2 0.9516 5.5 4.5 17.0 0.0048 3.5 9.6 240 23.2 0.9516 4.0 3.5 17.2 0.0034 2.5 6.8 480 23.2 0.9516 3.5 3.0 17.3 0.0024 2.0 5.5 1440 23.1 0.9538 3.0 2.5 17.4 0.0014 1.5 4.1

Operator Checked Approved

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District)

GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD

Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077847 BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Particle size distribution chart `

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project : Bore hole No BH 01 Project - Package - 01

Client Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Location Munai - Jaffna District Depth 3.00 m

Soil Classification (USCS): Silty Sand with Gravel (SM) Sample No. 2 Date 08-Jan-18

Test method BS 1377 : Part2 :1990 :9.2 / 9.3 / 9.4 / 9.5 / 9.6 / 9.7

100

20 e passing ag t 10

cen r

Pe 0 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Particle size, mm

FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE FINE MEDIUM COARSE COBBLES BOULDERS CLAY SILT SAND GRAVEL

Results Silt & Clay ( % ) 42.5 Sand ( % ) 26.0 Gravel ( % ) 31.5

Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Operator Checked Approved

Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Soil Investigation Report Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077845 BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Liquid limit (cone penetrometer) and plastic limit Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Borehole No. BH 01 Project : Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Location Munai - Jaffna District

Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Sample No. 1

Soil Depth 1.00m Classification Silty Sand (SM) (USCS): Date 9-Jan-18

Test method BS1377 : Part 2 : 1990 :4.3/4.4

PLASTIC LIMIT Test no. 1 2 Average Container no. Mass of wet soil + container g Mass of dry soil + container g Mass of container g Mass of moisture g Mass of dry soil g Moisture content %

LIQUID LIMIT Test no. 1 2 3 4 Initial dial gauge reading 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Final dial gauge reading Average penetration mm Container no. Mass of wet soil + container g Mass of dry soil + container g Mass of container g Mass of moisture g Mass of dry soil g Moisture content %

Sample preparation 24

oven dried at 110 oC 22

Proportion retained

e, mm 20 on 425 mm sieve 23 %

of 18 N/A ion Liquid limit %

at r Plastic limit N/A %

et 16 Plasticity index N/A % Pen 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Moisture content, %

Operator Checked Approved Operator By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Soil Investigation Report (Munai - Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077845 BS 1377 : Part 2: 1990 Liquid limit (cone penetrometer) and plastic limit Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Borehole No. BH 01 Project : Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 Location Munai - Jaffna District

Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Sample No. 2

Soil Depth 3.00m Classification Silty Sand with Gravel (SM) (USCS): Date 9-Jan-18

Test method BS1377 : Part 2 : 1990 :4.3/4.4

PLASTIC LIMIT Test no. 1 2 Average Container no. Mass of wet soil + container g Mass of dry soil + container g Mass of container g Mass of moisture g Mass of dry soil g Moisture content %

Sample preparation 24

oven dried at 110 oC 22

Proportion retained

e, mm 20 on 425 mm sieve 43 %

of 18 N/A ion Liquid limit %

at r Plastic limit N/A %

et 16 Plasticity index N/A % Pen 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Moisture content, %

Soil Investigation Report Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District)

GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD

Experts in civil Engineering Material testing No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2 077908 Fax: 011 2077845

Free Swell Index

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Development Project : Project - Package - 01

Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development

Date : 2018.01.08 - 2018.01.10

Test method IS: 2720(Part 40)-1985

BH No BH 01

Location Munai - Jaffna District

Depth 1.00 m

Sample No 1

The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder Vd (ml) 10 containing distilled water (After 24 h)

The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder V (ml) 10 containing kerosene (After 24 h) k

Free swell index (%) 0

BH No BH 01

Location Munai - Jaffna District

Depth 3.00 m

Sample No 2

The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder Vd (ml) 10 containing distilled water (After 24 h)

The volume of soil specimen read from the graduated cylinder V (ml) 10 containing kerosene (After 24 h) k

Free swell index (%) 0

Chemical Analyzing Nothern Province Fisheries Development Project - Package - 01 (Munai - Jaffna District) GEC MATERIAL LABORATORY (PVT) LTD Experts in civil Engineering Material testing

No.929/18, Kahandawala Road,Thalangama North ,Malabe. Tel: 011 2077908 Fax: 011 2077845

BS 1377 : Part 3: 1990 Chemical Analyzing

Geo - Technical Investigations for shore Infrastructure of Nothern Province Sustainable Fisheries Project : Development Project - Package - 01 Client : Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development Date : 2018.01.09

Specimen - Water

Chloride Content Sulphate Content as BH NO Location 2- PH Value (ppm) SO4 (ppm)

BH 01 Munai - Jaffna District 19480.491 5037.905 8.9 at 28.2 0C

Operator Checked Approved

Tested By: A.L.K.Alahakoon/Material Technician

Checked By: Nishantha Jayawardana /Senior Material Engineer

Approved By: U.M.C.Thathkalana (B.Sc Eng in Earth Resources Engineering)/Material Engineer

Annex 04- Water

Quality Report

(Ground Water)

TEST REPORT

(7418)100-0199G(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 1 of 4

Applicant: EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd. Address: No. 6/10, Rajamahavihara Road, Rajamahavihara Lane, Pitakotte, Sri Lanka. Attn: Mr. Chaminda Jayasundara

Samples Collected: 250ml x 2 No.s & 125ml x 2 No.s Water in plastic containers and 5L x 1 No. of Water in a plastic can respectively Sampling Details: Grab sampling was carried out by Mr. Janith Gunarathna, Environmental Chemist of Bureau Veritas, at 1.55 p.m. on 07th April, 2018

Collection Point: Drinking Water (Well Water) Sample No: 14 Mr. Thewarasa Meri, Beach Road, Munnai, Point Pedro GPS: Latitude 9.827, Longitude 80.250 Date of Sample Received: Apr 07, 2018 Date of Testing Started: Apr 07, 2018 Date of Testing Completed: Apr 24, 2018 Date of Report Issued: Apr 25, 2018 Photo of the Sampling Point

This report is governed by, and incorporates by reference, the Conditions of Testing as posted at the date of Bureau Veritas Consumer Products Services issuance of this report at http://www.cps.bureauveritas.com and is intended for your exclusive use. Any copying or replication of this report to or for any other person or entity, or use of our name or trademark, is Lanka (Pvt) Ltd. permitted only with our prior written permission. This report sets forth our findings solely with respect to the test samples identified herein. The results set forth in this report are not indicative or representative of the quality or characteristics of the lot from which a test sample was taken or any similar or identical product No. 570, Galle Road, Katubedda, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka unless specifically and expressly noted. Our report includes all of the tests requested by you and the results Tel: (9411) 2350111-115 (dedicated lines), Fax: (9411) 112622198 & 199 thereof based upon the information that you provided to us. You have 60 days from date of issuance of this Email: [email protected] report to notify us of any material error or omission caused by our negligence; provided, however, that such notice shall be in writing and shall specifically address the issue you wish to raise. A failure to raise such issue within the prescribed time shall constitute you unqualified acceptance of the completeness of this report, the tests conducted and the correctness of there port contents. The content of this PDF file is in accordance with the original issued reports for reference only. This Test Report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the company.

TEST REPORT

(7418)100-0199G(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 2 of 4

TEST RESULTS

No. Parameters Results LOQ Unit Test Method 1 Colour <5 - Hazen APHA 2120 B 2 Odour Unobjectionable - - Sensory evaluation 3 Taste 04 - FTN APHA 2160B 4 Turbidity 1.9 - NTU APHA 2130 B - FD-MTHD-007:2013 5 pH at 30ºC* 7.8 - Reference to APHA 4500H+

6 Free Ammonia (as NH3) ND 0.05 mg/l SLS 614 Appendix A: 2013 7 Calcium (as Ca) 80 - mg/l APHA 3500 Ca B 8 Chloride (as Cl-) 1977 - mg/l APHA 4500-Cl- B 9 Chemical Oxygen Demand 06 - mg/l FD-MTHD-002:2013 (COD)* Reference to APHA 5220D 10 Copper (as Cu) ND 0.001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with ICP-MS 11 Fluoride (as F) 1.2 - mg/l APHA 4500 –F- C:2012 12 Iron (as Fe) 0.004 - mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with ICP-MS CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 13 Manganese (as Mn) ND 0.001 mg/l ICP-MS - 14 Nitrate (as NO3 ) 0.4 - mg/l APHA 4500 -NO3– E - 15 Nitrite (as NO2 ) ND 0.05 mg/l APHA 4500 -NO2– B 16 Oil & Grease * ND 0.2 mg/l FD-MTHD-032:2013 Reference to APHA 5520B 2- 2- 17 Sulphate (as SO4 ) 487 10 mg/l APHA 22nd Edition 4500-SO 4 E 18 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 572 - mg/l APHA 2320 B 19 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 702 - mg/l APHA 2340-C 3- 20 Total Phosphates (as PO4 ) 0.2 0.05 mg/l APHA 4500-PC 21 Zinc (as Zn) 0.005 - mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with ICP-MS 22 Electrical Conductivity 5800 - µ S/cm APHA 2510B 23 Total Solid 3930 - mg/l APHA 2540 B 24 Arsenic (as As) ND 0.001 mg/l 25 Cadmium (as Cd) ND 0.0001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD with 26 Chromium (as Cr) ND 0.001 mg/l ICP-MS 27 Lead (as Pb) ND 0.001 mg/l 28 Selenium (as Se) ND 0.001 mg/l 29 Escherichia coli* 3.5x102 - MPN / 100ml SLS 1461:Part 1/Section 3:2013 30 Total Coliform* 2.5x102 - MPN / 100ml SLS 1461:Part 1/Section 3:2013

The content of this PDF file is in accordance with the original issued reports for reference only. This Test Report cannot be reproduced, except in full, without prior written permission of the company. TEST REPORT

(7418)100-0199G(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 3 of 4

Remark - *ISO 17025 :2005 ACCREDITED TEST BY SRI LANKA ACCREDITATION BOARD FOR CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT (SLAB)

NOTE: APHA: American Public Health Association, SLS: Sri Lanka Standard, ND: Not Detected, LOQ: Limit of Quantification, mg/l: milligrams per liter, NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Units, MPN / 100ml- Most Probable Number per hundred milliliter, FTN: flavor threshold number, ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy . ºC : Celcius, µ S/cm : microsiemens per centimeter

Contact information for this report (Technical and General Inquiries and Feedback) GENERAL INQUIRIES:

MAHIJITH PERERA TEL: +94 112 350 158 E-MAIL: [email protected] TECHNICAL INQUIRIES: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA TEL: + 94 769 603 814 E-MAIL: [email protected]

FEED BACK: DHANUKA PERERA –EXECUTIVE QHSE TEL: +94 768 229 479 E-MAIL: [email protected] REVIEWED BY: SHYAMIKA WICKRAMASINGHE

BUREAU VERITAS CONSUMER PRODUCTS SERVICES LANKA (PVT) LTD. AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY

APPROVED BY: RUWINI AMARASINGHE APPROVED BY: IND RAJITH HATHURUSINGHA MICROBIOLOGIST MANAGER- FOOD LABORATORY

(7418)100-0199G(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 4 of 4

END OF THE REPORT.

Annex 05- Water

Quality Report (Sea

Water)

TEST REPORT

(7418)100-0207D(SL) Apr 25, 2018 Report No: Page 1 of 4

Applicant: EML Consultants (Pvt) Ltd Address: No. 6/10, Rajamahavihara Road, Rajamahavihara Lane, Pita Kotte, Sri Lanka. Attn: Mr. Chaminda Jayasundra

Sample Description: 1l x 02 No.s of Water in glass bottles, 250ml x 02 No.s & 125ml x 1 No. of Water in plastic bottles.

Sampling Details: Grab sampling was carried out by Mr. Janith Gunarathna, Environmental Chemist of Bureau Veritas, at 4.05 p.m. on 06th April, 2018

Collection Point: Sea Water Sample No: 08 Munnai, Surface Water GPS : Latitude : 9..830’ Longitude : 80.245’ Date of Sample Received: Apr 10, 2018 Date of Testing Started: Apr 10, 2018 Date of Testing Completed: Apr 24, 2018 Date of Report Issued: Apr 25, 2018 Photo of the Sampling Point

TEST REPORT

Report No: (7418)100-0207D(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 2 of 4

No. Parameters Results LOQ Unit Test Method Yellow range (436 ND 0.1 m-1 Colour nm) (Spectral Red range -1 1 ND 0.1 ADMI 3 WL method absorption (525 nm) m coefficient) Blue range -1 ND 0.1 m (620 nm) FD-MTHD-007:2013 2 pH Value at 26 ºC 7.8 - - + Reference to APHA 4500H 3 Temperature 31.6 - oC Thermometer 4 Total Kjedahl Nitrogen (as N) 11 - mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500-Norg B 5 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (as N) <0.1 - mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500-NH3 B&E 6 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 05 - mg/l FD-MTHD-002:2013 Reference to APHA 5220D Biological Oxygen Demand FD-MTHD-001:2013 7 11 - mg/l (BOD5) @ 20ºC Reference to APHA 5210D 8 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ND - mg/l FD-MTHD-009 :2013 Reference to APHA 2540D 9 Sulphide (as S) ND 0.1 mg/l APHA 20th Edition - 4500 S2- D 10 Fluoride (as F) 1.8 0.1 mg/l APHA 4500 –F- C:2012 11 Total Residual Chlorine ND 0.02 mg/l APHA 4500-Cl G FD-MTHD-032:2013 12 Oil & Grease ND 2.0 mg/l Reference to APHA 5520B 13 Dissolved Phosphates (as P) ND 0.05 mg/l APHA 4500-PC 14 Arsenic (as As) ND 0.001 mg/l

15 Copper (as Cu) 200 - mg/l 16 Iron (as Fe) 0.05 - mg/l 17 Nickel (as Ni) ND 0.001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00581-MTHD 18 Cadmium (as Cd) ND 0.0001 mg/l (In house method) 19 Total Chromium (as Cr) ND 0.001 mg/l with ICP-MS 20 Lead (as Pb) ND 0.001 mg/l 21 Mercury (as Hg) ND 0.00005 mg/l 22 Zinc (as Zn) 125 - mg/l 23 Selenium (as Se) ND 0.001 mg/l 24 Cyanide (as CN) ND 0.1 mg/l APHA (4500-CN C; EPA 335.4) Hexavalent Chromium 25 6+ ND 0.001 mg/l CPSD-AN-00582-MTHD (as Cr ) 26 Phenolic Compounds ND 0.1 mg/l APHA, AWWA and WEF, 21st (as C6H5OH) Edition 2005 27 Faecal Coliform 1.6x103 - MPN/ APHA 22nd Edition 9221E 100ml

NOTE: APHA: American Public Health Association ND: Not Detected, LOQ: Limit of Quantification, µ m: micrometer, oC : Celsius, m-1 : per meter mg/l: milligrams per liter, MPN / 100ml- Most Probable Number per hundred milliliters ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectroscopy APHA <1.8 MPN/100ml=Not Detected/100ml

Report No: (7418)100-0207D(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 3 of 4

Contact information for this report (Technical and General Inquiries and Feedback)

GENERAL INQUIRIES: SHYAMICA WICKRAMASINGHE TEL: +94 112 350 158 E-MAIL: [email protected]

TECHNICAL INQUIRIES: INDRAJITH HATHURUSINGHA TEL: + 94 769 603 814 E-MAIL: [email protected] FEED BACK: DHANUKA PERERA –EXECUTIVE TEL: +94 112 350 111 E-MAIL: E-MAIL: QHSE [email protected] REVIEWED BY: MAHIJITH PERERA

BUREAU VERITAS CONSUMER PRODUCTS SERVICES LANKA (PVT) LTD. AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY

APPROVED BY: RUWINI AMARASINGHE APPROVED BY: IND RAJITH HATHURUSINGHA MICROBIOLOGIST MANAGER- FOOD LABORATORY

TEST REPORT

Report No: (7418)100-0207D(SL) Apr 25, 2018

Page 4 of 4

END OF THE REPORT.

Annex 06-

Bathymatric Map

Approachchannel25m wideanddredgedto 1.2mMSLdepth

Annex 07-

Terrestrial Ecology

Report

TERRESTRIAL, ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ANCHORAGE SITE IN MUNAI, JAFFNA

Acronyms

ADB – Asian Development Bank

IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature

NPSFDP - Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project

NBSAP- National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan

PAI- Project area of influence.

i | P a g e

List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project 8 Area and Project Area of Influence

Table 2. Details of Floral Species Recorded in both Project Area and Project Area 9 of Influence

Table 3. The notable trees that are to be interfere with the construction 10

Table 4. Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both 10 Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Table 5. Details of Faunal Species Recorded in in both Project Area and Project 11 Area of Influence

Table 6. Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can 14 affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas

ii | P a g e

List of Figures

Fig. 1. A map indicating the locations of proposed Fishery harbors, Anchorages 3 and Landing sites in the Northern Province

Fig. 2. Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and 4 project area of influence.

Fig. 3. Sandy beach with Coconut tree 5

Fig. 4. Replanted Coconut and Suriya trees in sandy beach 6

Fig. 5. St. Thomas church in the PAI with Cocos nucifera (Pol), Azadirachta indica 7 (Kohomba), and Casuarina equisetifolia

Fig. 6. Proposed infrastructure facility to be developed in Munai anchorage site 13

iii | P a g e

Table of Contents

1.0. Executive Summary...... 1

2. 0. Introduction ...... 2

2.1. Methodology ...... 3

3.0. Detailed findings for project area and project area of influence ...... 4

3.1. Project area and the major habitat types observed ...... 4

3.2. Project area of influence and the major habitat types observed ...... 5

3.4. Fauna ...... 9

4.0. Impacts due to project activities during construction and operational stage ...... 11

4.1. Construction period...... 11

4.2. Operational period ...... 12

5.0. Mitigation measures ...... 14

6.0. Summary ...... 15

7.0. Bibliography ...... 16

8.0. Appendices...... 18

Annex 1. The list of government officers and personnel were interviewed during the study. 18

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1.0 . Executive Summary

Development of an anchorage site at Delft Island is one of the activities identified by the Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) to revive the fisheries sector. The Project includes dredging of an area in the seaward margin of a sandy stone coral beach with very limited faunal and floral diversity for deepening of the anchorage area and to facilitate boat movements and anchorage. In addition, an auction hall, net mending hall and community hall, public toilets and showers, water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area and dug well for washing are to be develop.

Sand stone beach and homesteads are the main existing terrestrial habitat types observed in and around the proposed project area and the project area of influence.Since the project area of influence is dominated by homesteads the vegetation recorded are mainly confined to home gardens. In addition, several vegetations were found in the beach and adjacent areas.

A total number of 23 floral species were recorded including a nationally near threatened species (NT); Trianthema decandra (Mahasarana) and an invasive species; Antigonon leptopus. Most of the species recorded are trees (13) followed by herbaceous species (6) and shrubs (3) and climbers or creepers (2). Further, nearly 34.8 % of the recorded floral species are natives and 65.2 % of the species are exotic to the country. A total number of 07 faunal species including a mammal, 2 species of birds and 4 species of butterflies.

Establishment of Green belts and green areas where possible and planting of suitable tree species within the project area will contribute towards improving the terrestrial biodiversity. Cocos nucifera (Coconut), Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra) and Thespesia populnea (Suriya) are the tree species most acceptable to the community for replanting/green belt development. Other species for the green belt can be selected from native species recorded from project and project area of influence with the consultation of a specialist in horticulture. Adhering to green building concepts during planning and construction and addressing the pollution issues from main waste streams during the harbor operation are recommended to reduce adverse impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.

Designing and implementing a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to minimize and control adverse impacts, including monitoring of terrestrial biodiversity together with air quality and noise levels will contribute towards improving terrestrial biodiversity of the area. Awareness programs for all stakeholders on environmental protection, biodiversity and nature conservation is also suggested. These strategies will promote sustainable development goals and the targets of the current National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP) of Sri Lanka while improving the terrestrial habitats.

1 | P a g e

2. 0. Introduction The Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) has identified Munai anchorage site in Jaffna Fisheries District (Fig.1),to be upgraded. Munai is a coastal fishing village. Biogeographically, the proposed project area lies in the Low Country Dry Zone. Floristically it lies in the Coastal and Marine Belt Floristic Zone. The soil and water resource of the area are both related to the lime stone geology of the land. The soils are formed on the marine deposits and sediments under the influence of sea waves and winds on lime stones. Alkaline saline soil and Regasol are the dominant soil types in the area. However, the proposed project area is highly man modified. The project site borders the Jaffna Ponnalai Point Pedro road. The available land area is only 114 perches. The present investigation concentrates on the terrestrial environment and associated biodiversity of the project area (PA) and the influencing area. Climate, and soil types contribute significantly to the terrestrial ecology.

Climate

The anchorage site is located in the dry zone of Sri Lanka and the area receives average mean annual rainfall ranging from 696 mm to 1125 mm. The north east monsoon rain (October to January) accounts for more than 90% of the annual rainfall. The temperature ranges from 26˚C to 33˚C. Relative Humidity varies from 70% during the day to 90% at night.

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Fig. 1. A map indicating the locations of proposed Fishery harbors, Anchorages and Landing sites including Munai in the Northern Province.

2.1. Methodology An investigation was conducted to identify major habitats/vegetation and fauna in and around the proposed project area and adjoining 100 m PAI. A rapid line transect method was used to assess the existing terrestrial floristic and faunal diversity. The rapid ecological survey was carried out during the day time to assess the biological environment, prepare a species inventory, identify existing environmental problems/issues, identify possible ecological impacts, and propose mitigation measures In some case reliable evidence from villages and government officers of Departments of Fisheries, Environment and Wild life and Coast conservation also has been used to understand the species occurrence. Available information through previous investigations, published literature was verified through site visits. Distribution pattern of vegetation along the coastal area; List of trees with girth size of dominant plant species and the locations of those were marked in a Google map within the project area. Digital photos were taken for key biological features and global positioning system (GPS) coordinates were recorded for important locations.

The list of government officers and personnel who were interviewed during the study is annexed (Annex 1).

Fig. 2. Google map indicating the major habitats observed in the project area and project area of influence (A - sand stone corals and sandy beach, B - Homesteads).

3 | P a g e

3.0. Detailed findings for project area and project area of influence

3.1. Project area and the major habitat types observed The project area is located bordering the Point Pedro East Coast road towards the seaside. Proposed improvements include, dredging of an area in the near sea up to 0.5m to 1.5m depth. The entrance channel which is 25m in width to be degreed to a depth of 1.5 to 2.0m. Proposed break water is 250 m in length and the distance between shore line and break water varies between 70 to 100 m.

The main habitat types identified in PA are beaches consisting of sand stone corals and sandy beaches. The total extent of land available for the development is 114 perches. Natural habitats are highly disturbed due to human interaction. There is no fauna and flora typical for rocky shores and sandy beaches are found. Natural flora consists of very few species. A map showing different habitat types in PA and PAI are given in Fig.2.

Sand stone corals and sandy beaches

This habitat comprising mainly of species like, Cocos nucifera, Borassus flabellifer, Ipomoea pes- caprae (Muhudu Bin Thamburu) Thespesia populnea, Azadirachta indica, Calotropis gigantea, Cyperus stoloniferus, Cynodon dactylon, Catharanthus roseus, Morinda coreia and Launaea sarmentosa. Further, a nearly threatened species; Trianthema decandra, and an invasive species; Antigonon leptopus were also observed.

Fig. 3. Sandy beach with Coconut tree

4 | P a g e

Fig. 4. Replanted Coconut and Suriya trees in sandy beach

3.2. Project area of influence and the major habitat types observed Sand stone beach and homesteads are the habitat types observed in the PAI. Homesteads are closely located. Spaces available for home gardens are limited.

Homesteads

Homesteads are dominated with species such as Cocos nucifera (Pol), Borassus flabellifer (Tal), Thespesia populnea (Suriya), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), Plumeria obtuse, Hibiscus rosa- sinensis, Antigonon leptopus, Carica papaya, Casuarina equisetifolia, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Moringa oleifer, Musa x paradisiaca, Bogainvillea sp., Jasminum sambac, Punica granatum, Morinda coreia and Murraya koenigii.

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Fig. 5. St. Thomas church in the PAI with Cocos nucifera (Pol), Azadirachta indica (Kohomba), and Casuarina equisetifolia.

3.3 Vegetation.

Floristic diversity of the proposed project area is very low. Total numbers of 23 plant species including a nationally near threatened (NT) plant species and an invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey within the study area (Table 1). Majority of the plant species recorded are trees (12) followed by herbaceous species (6), shrubs (3) and climbers or creepers (2) (Table 1). Further, about 34.8 % of the recorded flora species are natives and about 65.2% of the recoded flora species are exotic to the country. Plant species recorded during the field study are listed in Table 2 with necessary information.

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Table 1. Summary of the Floral Species Recorded during the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Type of Flora No of Conservation Status Endemic Native Exotic

Species CR EN VU NT

Tree 12 0 0 0 0 0 2 10

Shrub 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 2

Herb 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 2

Climbers or Creepers 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Total 23 0 0 0 1 0 8 15

% 34.8% 65.2%

CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, NT - Near Threatened

The species Trianthema decandra, a nearly threatened species in IUCN national conservation status, was observed at 9.828278 N and 80.244444 E. These plants are loosely mat forming and are found interwoven. Several previous studies confirmed the significant existence of these species in Jaffna, Mannar, Vavuniya, Kilinochhi and Batticaloa Districts (Asela et al, 2014; Joseph, 2003, Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2017; IUCN, 2012; IUCN, 2011; CEB, 2016; GOSL, 2017). This plant can be removed during construction and be replanted in the areas marked for green belt establishment under the guidance of a horticulturist. The invasive species; Antigonon leptopus, has been observed at 9.828333 N and 80.245222 E.

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Table 2. Details of Floral Species Recorded indicating in project area and project area of influence, Taxonomic Status and National Conservation Status. Family Flora Local name Habitat Ts PA PAI NCS GCS

Aizoaceae Trianthema decandra Maha Sarana H N + + NT Apocynaceae Catharanthus roseus Minimal H I + +

Apocynaceae Calotropis gigantea Wara S N + + LC

Apocynaceae Plumeria obtuse Araliya T I + Arecaceae Borassus flabellifer Tal T I + +

Arecaceae Cocos nucifera Pol T I + + Asteraceae H N + LC Launaea sarmentosa Caricaceae Carica papaya Gas Labu T I +

Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Kasa T I + Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-caprae Bin Thamburu C N + + LC

Cyperaceae Cyperus stoloniferus H N + + LC LC Malvaceae S I + Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Thespesia populnea Suriya T N + + LC

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Kohomba T N + + Moringaceae Moringa oleifer Murunga Tree T I +

Musaceae Musa x paradisiaca Kesel H I + Nyctaginaceae Bogainvillea sp. Boganvila S I +

Oleaceae Jasminum sambac Jasmine T I + + Poaceae Cynodon dactylon Ruha H N + LC Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus C I +

Punicaceae Punica granatum Delum T I + Rubiaceae Morinda coreia Ahu T N + + LC

Rutaceae Murraya koenigii Karapinch T N + LC HA – Habit, T – Tree, S – Shrub, H – Herbaceous, C – Climber or Creeper, TS – Taxonomic Status, N – Native, I – Introduced or Exotic, NCS – National Conservation Status, NT – Near Threatened, PA – Proposed Project Area, PAI –Project Area of Influence,

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Type of Tree Number Girth Size (cm) Cocos nucifera 37 90 - 125 Borassus flabellifer (Tal) 4 70-100 Thespesia populnea 7 70-175

3.4. Fauna A total number of 7 faunal species including a mammal, 2 species of birds and 4 species of butterflies. No migratory bird species were recorded during the field ecological study. This was confirmed by the field interviews with fishermen and the community. No turtles were recorded during the field ecological study and the discussions with local coastal communities also revealed that turtles are not observed in the area. Please note that the land area available is only 114 perches.

Table 4. Summary of the Faunal Species Recorded During the Study in both Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Total No of Conservation Status No of Taxonomic Number Endemic Exotic/Feral Group Of Species CR EN VU NT Species Species Birds 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Butterflies 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dragonflies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mammals 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reptiles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Land Snails 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 CR – Critically Endangered, EN – Endangered, VU – Vulnerable, NT – Near Threatened The details of faunal species recorded in the proposed project area are given in Table 6.

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Table 5. Details of Faunal Species Recorded in the Proposed Project Area and Project Area of Influence

Family Fauna Local name TS NCS GCS BUTTERFLIES Lycaenidae Chilades lajus Lime Blue Indigenous LC Nymphalidae Acraea violae Tawny costor Indigenous LC Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus Plain tiger Indigenous LC Nymphalidae Euploea core Common crow Indigenous LC BIRDS Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow Indigenous LC LC Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Indigenous LC MAMMALS Sciuridae Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Indigenous LC

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4.0. Impacts due to project activities during construction and operational stage

4.1. Construction period. Proposed improvements to the Munai fish anchorage site include, dredging of an area in the near sea up to 0.5m to 1.5m depth and removal of the dredged material. Widening of the existing entrance channel to 25 m and disposal of dredged material. The entire entrance canal to be degreed to a depth of 1.5 to 2.0m to facilitate boat movements. Breakwater of 250 m in total length will be constructed. The distance between shore line and break water varies between 70 to 100 m and this area will be dredged to deepen the basin.

Other developments are to be carried out in a very narrow strip of the beach area. Although detailed designs are not available the facilities proposed to develop are auction hall (15x 6m) to replace the existing building, net mending hall and community hall (25x8m in size, two story), public toilets and showers (6x5m), Administrative building to house CFHC officers and FI (15x8 m) and solid waste collection facility. Dust and noise pollution is expected during the construction phase.

The beach area does not include any significant vegetation or fauna. The sand stone coral substrate does not have any established fauna and flora. The major plant species in the PA includes Cocos nucifera, Borassus flabellifer, Ipomoea pes-caprae (Muhudu Bin Thamburu) Thespesia populnea and Azadirachta indica and the notable trees to be interfere with the design and construction phase are given in table 3. The species Trianthema decandra is recorded within the project area and in PAI. Since the GPS location is given, there is a possibility of preserving some of this plant during the detail design stage of the planning infrastructure development. There are restrictions enforced on cutting and transport of Kohomba (Azadirachta indica) trees. Necessary approvals and permits are needed to remove and transport this species.

The land area available for the development is 114 perches. The project site is not situated within or adjacent to any buffer zones, buffer zones of protected areas, or special areas for protecting biodiversity. There will be a very minimal impact on flora and Fauna due to the proposed construction. Since this area is not a terrestrial habitat with diverse flora or fauna, adverse impacts on the ecological environment including biodiversity is very minimal.

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Fig. 6. Proposed infrastructure facility to be developed in Munai anchorage site.

4.2. Operational period The anchorage sites are considered as an interface between the harvesting of fish and its distribution and consumption. Fishery anchorages can be focal points of pollution of the surrounding terrestrial habitats and can affect the flora and fauna of the project area and the influencing area during operational period.

Within the fish anchorage site there are many activities that can take place related to waste generation as indicated in Table 6. These wastes can cause several adverse impacts on the terrestrial coastal environment and biodiversity in and around anchorages, related to waste generation. Disposal of waste that is generated during operation, in the anchorage site or in the influencing area can affect the terrestrial environment and biodiversity. Heavy load of solid waste has been observed even at present in the PA.

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Table 6. Typical potential waste streams identified in anchorage sites that can affect the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity in surrounding areas

Anchorage Source Area Type of Waste Generated

Area

Public toilets and showers Sewage

Waste water from bathing & washing areas

Public areas Polythene

Plastic bottles

Damaged nets

Cans

Oil and grease

Engine storage

Net mending shed Torn nets and rope

Auction hall Fish waste

Blood water

Trash fish

Hose down water

Fuel dispensing facility Oil spills, accidental oil spills.

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5.0. Mitigation measures

Solid waste pollution is an increasing threat to the terrestrial habitat and biodiversity. It is recommended that solid waste management programme is established for the anchorage site. The programme should focus on minimizing waste generation, effective collection (separated into reusable, on degradable, and biodegradable) and utilization of fish waste to produce fish silage and other products (fish meal, fish oil). Even at present the anchorage site is heavily polluted with solid wastes.

Dredging material has to be disposed carefully not to affect the environment. Control dust and noise pollution during construction phase.

Although the available spaces are limited, developing Green areas and green belts wherever possible, should be encouraged in and around the anchorage site to minimize air pollution within the harbor. The proposed greenbelt development and establishment of green areas in PA will function primarily as a landscape feature. In addition, it acts as a pollution sink/noise barrier, reduces soil erosion and makes the ecosystem more diversified and functionally more stable and healthy. Thespesia populnea (Suriya) is widely accepted as a shading plant in the area. Integrate existing vegetation as landscape feature in designing infrastructure as much as possible. Awareness programs for all stakeholders on environmental protection, biodiversity and nature conservation is also suggested.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) should be developed. This plan should include monitoring of solid waste disposal and biodiversity changes in the terrestrial environment. This will help to control and minimize adverse impacts on terrestrial environment.

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6.0. Summary

Upgrading of the facility in the anchorage site in Munai in Delft island is one of the activities identified by the Northern Provincial Sustainable Fisheries Development Project (NPSFDP) to revive the fisheries sector.

The Project includes dredging of an area in the seaward margin of a sandy stone coral beach with very limited faunal and floral diversity for deepening of the anchorage area and to facilitate boat movements and anchorage. In addition, an auction hall, net mending hall and community hall, public toilets and showers, water tank and pumps, engine storage and fuel dispensing area and dug well for washing are to be developed.

Floristic diversity of the proposed project area is very low. Total numbers of 23 plant species including one nationally near threatened (NT) plant species and one invasive species were recorded during the field ecological survey within the study area. The adverse impacts on terrestrial biodiversity will be very minimal in anchorage area development. Other developments are to be carried out in an area with some floral diversity.

Cocos nucifera, Borassus flabellifer (Palmyra), and Thespesia populnea (Suriya) trees located in the PA can be considered to integrate as landscape feature in planning of infrastructure. Green Buffer Zones should be established. Open spaces within the harbor should be converted to green areas in the form of lawns and shading areas to enhance the terrestrial biodiversity.

Incorporating monitoring of terrestrial biodiversity in designing and implementing the environmental Management Plan (EMP) will help to control and minimize the adverse impacts on terrestrial biodiversity of the anchorage site and will contribute towards the sustainable development goals and the targets of the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan of Sri Lanka.

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7.0. Bibliography

• ADB (2009): Safeguard Policy Statement, 92pp (https://www.adb.org/documents/safeguard-olicystatement?ref=site/safeguards/main) • ADB (2011): Conflict-Affected Region Emergency Project Sri Lanka - Conflict Affected Region Emergency (CARE) Project Initial Environmental Examination Report (IEER) for the Rehabilitation of Damaged Urban Council Roads in Northern Province, Sri Lanka. • ADB (2012): Environment Safeguards: A Good Practice Sourcebook (Draft Working Document), 76pp (https://www.adb.org/documents/environment-safeguards-good- practice-sourcebook) • Asela, M. D. C., Peiris, T. N., Kasige, A., & Weerakoon, D. K. (2014). Butterfly Diversity in the Jaffna Peninsula and the Surrounding Islets, Journal of the Department of Wildlife Conservation, 2014-2: 65–76. (http://journals.dwc.gov.lk/index.php/wildlanka/article/view/27/14) • Ashton M.S., Gunatilleke, S., de Zoysa, N., Dassanayake, M.D., Gunatilleke, N. and Wijesundera, S. (1997): A field guide to the common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka. WHT Publications (http://www.wht.lk/ebooks/singlegallery/15475786) • Ashton, P.S. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S. (1987): New Light on the Plant Geography of Ceylon. I. Historical Plant Geography. J Biogeog, 14 (3), 249-285 (http://sirismm.si.edu/ctfs/Ashton_Gunatilleke_1987_JoBiogeog.pdf). • BOBLME. (2011). Biodiversity and Socio-economic Information of Selected Areas of Sri Lankan Side of the Gulf of Mannar. BOBLME-2011-Socioec-03 • CEB. (2015). EIA for Trincomalee Thermal Power Project (2x250 MW) Trincomalee, Sri Lanka • CEB. (2016). IEE for Proposed 220 kV Transmission line from Polpitiya to Hambantota Draft Initial Environmental Examination, Sri Lanka • CEB. (2017). Terrestrial Ecology Survey Report, EIA Wind Power Generation Project, Sri Lanka • Central Environmental Agency & Disaster Management Centre of Sri Lanka Supported by UNDP & UNEP, 2014. Integrated Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka • Ceylon Electricity Board, (2016). Initial Environmental Examination report on Proposed 220kV Transmission Line Project from Nadukuda to Mannar (http://www.ceb.lk/index.php?aam_media=10220). • Dassanayake, M.D. (and others), Editors (1980-2005): A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Volumes 1-15. (Revisions of the original series by Trimen and Hooker, first published in 1893-1900) • de Silva, A. (2006): Marine Turtles of Sri Lanka: A Historical Account. In: Marine Turtles of the Indian Subcontinent (Eds: Shanker K and Choudhury BC), Universities Press, India, 324-353 • Dela, J.D. S. (2009): Fourth Country Report from Sri Lanka to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. Government of Sri Lanka (https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/lk/lk-nr-04-en.pdf)

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• Department of Wildlife Conservation, (2017). Wilpattu Protected Area Complex, Strategic Management Framework 2017-2021 (https://info.undp.org/docs/pdc/Documents/LKA/Wilpattu%20Stragegic%20Manageme nt%20Framework%2018%2001%202017.pdf). • Ekanayake, L. (2016). Environmental status and issues of Puttalam Lagoon – A case study in six coastal villages. Sri Lanka Turtle Conservation Project. • GOSL. (2017). Sri Lanka: Jaffna And Kilinochchi Water Supply Project, Additional Financing - Seawater Desalination Plant and Potable Water Conveyance System, (July). (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-documents/37378/37378-014-eia- en.pdf) • Government of Sri Lanka: National Environmental Act No 47 (1980) and amendments; and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations (1993). • Gunatilleke, I.A.U.N. and Gunatilleke, C.V.S (1990): Distribution of Floristic Richness and its Conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology, 4 (1) 21-32 (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1990.tb00262.x/abstract) • Hewavisenthi, S. (1990): Exploitation of Marine Turtles in Sri Lanka: Historic Background and the Present Status. Marine Turtle Newsletter, 48, 14-19 (http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn48/mtn48p14.shtml) • IUCN (2011). An Appraisal of Mangrove Management in Micro-tidal Estuaries and Lagoons in Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka Country Office, Colombo. viii + 116pp (https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2011-112.pdf). • IUCN (2012). An Environmental and Fisheries Profile of the Puttalam Lagoon System. Regional Fisheries Livelihoods Programme for South and Southeast Asia (GCP/RAS/237/SPA) Field Project Document 2011/LKA/CM/06. xvii+237 pp (http://www.fao.org/3/a-ar443e.pdf). • IUCN (2016): The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland (http://www.iucnredlist.org/) • JICA. (2015). Environmental Checklist for Power Transmission and Distribution Lines / Roads 400 kV Sampoor – New Habarana T / L Project. • Joseph, L. (2003). National report of Sri Lanka on the Formulation of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Plan for the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (http://www.boblme.org/documentRepository/Nat_Sri_Lanka.pdf). • Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources Management. (2015). Environmental Assessment for Rehabilitation of Padaviya Dam. Dam Safety and Water Resources Planning Project. (DSWRPPAF/CS/QCBS/0305A) • MOE (2012): The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka; Conservation Status of the Fauna and Flora. Ministry of Environment, Colombo, 476 pp (http://www.cea.lk/web/images/pdf/redlist2012.pdf) • Ratnayeke, S., & Manen, F. T. V. (2006). Assessing sloth bears as surrogates for carnivore conservation in Sri Lanka, 206–217. • Senaratne, L. K. (2001): A Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka. National Science Foundation Sri Lanka

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8.0. Appendices

Annex 1. The list of government officers and personnel were interviewed during the study

Name Position Contact Details Mr. Suthakaran Assistant Director for +94779072967 Fisheries, Jaffna District Mr. Susanthan High Sea Unit Operating +94772370272 Officer Mr. W. Aruldhas President, Munai Co- +94777295603 operative Fisheries Society Mr. J. Christy Member, Munai Co- +94772850167 operative Fisheries Society

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4. Anticipated major impacts due to development of anchorage site Construction of harbours and anchorage sites in northern Sri Lanka are increasingly required to meet the growing economic and societal demands in the coastal zone of Sri Lanka. Nearshore environment of northern Sri Lanka harbour sensitive receptors such as seagrass beds, mangroves and mostly dominated by coral reef patches. Coral reefs are a biologically as well as economically valuable resource. Healthy Coral Reefs provide an array of services to human communities, including food, protecting shorelines, supporting the livelihoods of local fishing communities. With fast economic growth and needs of the coastal communities in Sri Lanka, coastal construction and dredging is unavoidable and inevitably cause deleterious impact to sensitive receptors.

4.1Nature of impacts to sensitive receptors and assessment criteria Impacts can be divided into: 1. Project impacts: These are associated with the developer’s decision on the location and layout of a project (e.g., direct loss of coral habitat within the project footprint). The mitigation of project impacts is firmly rooted in the planning and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

2. Process impacts: These are associated with the physical construction, including dredging, breakwater construction and land reclamation, e.g., turbidity and sedimentation impacts. The mitigation of process impacts is associated with effective management of the construction process (e.g., the choice of equipment and operating policies).

Summary of the anticipated impacts are given in table 4.1

Table 4.1: summery of the types of impacts to sensitive receptors

Category Phase Type of impact Nature and degree of Responses of the coral impact Construction  Removal and burial of  Short-term to  Temporary/permanent corals permanent loss of reefs  Water quality changes  Short to medium term  Reef may adapt by  Re-suspension of changing sp sediments composition  Reduced growth

Post-  Hydrodynamic changes  Mostly long-term and  Reef may adapt by Project impacts construction due to modified permanent changing sp bathymetry composition  Recovery is slow to no  Reduced growth  New substrates due to  Impacts are low in  Reduced photosynthesis construction (hard magnitude since of symbiotic algae substrate by breakwaters) interventions are small scale and highly  Colonization in new localized habitats

 Long-term to permanent

Operational  Increased discharges  Often incidental  Adaptation (wastewater, oil)  Risk depend on the  Reef may adapt by  Damages due to scale of development changing sp propellers and vessels and degree of mgt composition  Increased risk of oil  Often localized  Reduced growth discharge and spills  Reduced photosynthesis  Recurrent effects from of symbiotic algae maintenance (dredging) Construction  Increased turbidity,  May be temporary in  Partial or permenant reduced light availability nature but may have mortality and smothering permanent  Enhanced sedimentation consequences.  Reef may adapt by  Physical damages and  Risk depend on the changing sp abrasion scale of development composition  Water quality changes and degree of mgt

Process impacts  Reduced feeding efficacy   Recovery may occur of corals and reduced after work is completed larval recruitments

Dredging operations contribute to the loss of coral reef habitats as well as other sensitive receptors, either directly due to the removal or burial of reefs, or indirectly as a consequence of lethal (causing mortality and changes in species composition) or sub-lethal (temporary stress resulting in reduced growth rate, bleaching and reduced reproductive performance of the corals). Dredging activities potentially affect not only the site itself, but also surrounding areas, through a large number of impact vectors (e.g. turbid plumes, sedimentation, resuspension, release of contaminants, and bathymetric changes). The severity of impacts is directly related to the magnitude, duration and frequency of impacts. The responses of different hard coral species vary widely and seem to be partially related to the growth forms of the coral. Branching corals, which usually grow vertically, tend to be sensitive to turbidity, but tolerant to sedimentation. Plate corals, which usually grow horizontally tend to be sensitive to sedimentation but tolerate turbidity. Some coral species are able to change or adapt this growth form or actively remove sediments from their tissue, for instance, by producing mucous or by tenticular or ciliary action. Vulnerability and recovery also depend on the coral ecological conditions. There are several factors that determine the corals responses to perturbations; i.e., whether the Coral reefs already degraded or pristine; are they dominated by algae, bio-eroders or reefbuilders; what are the ambient conditions; whether the impacts are immediate or will they develop over a longer time frame; and whether they are temporary or permanent; as well as by the nature of the interventions, coral’s resilience and other compounding impacts to corals. Limestone and coral materials tend to break into extremely fine particles when dredged. This creates “clouds” of suspended sediments fine sediments can stay in suspension for a long time, spreading over a large area and often causing increased sedimentation. Because they result in significantly reduced light penetration, even in low concentrations, they can impact corals over a wide area. For this reason, it is critical to avoid or at least to minimize the dredging of coral rock. Frequent short-term exposures or chronic long-term exposure to sedimentation and turbidity will result in mortality for many coral species. If moderate levels of impacts on a coral reef persist for particularly long periods of time, the coral reef may undergo changes in diversity, with more sensitive coral species gradually being replaced by more tolerant ones. This may result in an overall reduction in the biodiversity of the coral reef. The risk and severity of impacts from dredging and construction related activities on coral reefs are directly related to both the intensity and duration of impacts causing stress. Major interventions that would have negative bearing on marine environment (fig 4-1)  Approach channels deepening up to -2m and widening up to 25 m  Dredging of anchorage area maximum up to -1.5 m,  Construction of breakwaters (02 segments) In addition, if blasting to be carried out to loosen the rock to accommodate the dredging, turbidity plume caused by dredging, leaking of sediment trail while transport of dredged material to dispose site; would have negative bearing on marine environment.

Option I to consider as entrance channel Proposed entrance channel Rich growth of corals

Option II for channel

Figure 4-1. Major interventions proposed in the Munai site Major sources of adverse impacts can be categorized as, construction and operation impacts. Construction activities include, dredging, disposal of dredged materials, spills and leakage from construction equipment, handling equipment and some temporarily disturbances to fishing operations and boat movements. Operation impacts are limited and includes boat-related factors such as vessel traffic, discharges and emissions. One of the major interventions proposed in entrance channel in Munai is to deepen the approach channel up to -2m. However, underwater surveys observed that there is rich growth of corals in the right bank of the channel. Any deepening or widening would badly impact on the healthy reefs towards the reef edge. There will be both direct and indirect impact as well as short-term long- term impacts including permanent loss of corals. Therefore, options to be considered for developing the entrance channel. Another interventions in the Munai proposed anchor site is to dredge the shallow area in between the reef and shore line up to -1.5 m. This area is mostly sandy bottom with some small to medium sized boulders and no sensitive receptors and noteworthy fauna or flora that would directly impact by dredging. However, sediment flume generate will have indirect impacts to nearby sensitive receptors mainly coral reefs. These dredging impacts are mostly localized and short-term to medium term mostly during the construction time.

Dredging will involve the excavation and relocation of sediment from the lagoon. Since the main focus of dredging is to remove the deposits submerged and environmental impacts are also mainly cause by sediments. Dredging will re-suspend sediments, but the level of re-suspension and associated impacts depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, as well as type of equipment and dredging method. The impacts of dredging may strongly influenced by the local factors like water depth, rate of flow, tidal currents, wave action, amount of sediment, etc.

Short-term impacts include the increase of the turbidity due to excavation works and sediment disposal. Medium and long-term impacts include habitat removal and impacts due to changes in flow and sediment budgets especially affecting the tidal propagation and changes to the geometry of channels. The degree of the impacts of dredging depends on the extent of the areas dredged, the frequency and duration of dredging activities, the characteristics and the sensitivity of the areas dredged and their surroundings, the dredging techniques applied as well.

Alteration of the bathymetry and hydrography, and thus destruction of local habitats and the risk of direct physical/mechanical stress to species;

• Alteration of the sediment composition (substrate characteristics) in the surrounding of the dredging site, resulting in a change of nature and diversity of benthic communities, e.g. changes in density, species abundances or biomass; • Re-suspension of sediments and increase of turbidity. The potential impacts include spreading of sediments and associated contaminants in the surroundings, remobilisation of contaminants in the water and direct impact on organisms due to reduced transparency.

Dredging changes the natural flow of a body of water. While this is sometimes the specific purpose for a dredging operation, disturbing the natural water flow may have unintended and unknown effects. Dredging and construction activities potentially affect not only the site itself, but also surrounding areas, through a large number of impact vectors (e.g. turbid plumes, sedimentation, release of contaminants, bathymetric changes). Effects may be immediate or develop over a longer timeframe and may be temporary or permanent in nature, depending on a large number of factors. Another key intervention is to build breakwaters for safe navigation of the vessels as well as stability. Apparently breakwater is going to be somewhere through the reef which would again impact on corals and need mitigation methods. In addition, there will be impacts during operation. Major operational impacts include discharge of waste from and possibility of discharging oil from the boats and oil spills, which need mitigatory plans. Also, there need to be some maintenance dredging to keeps the depth of channels and anchorage area. such dredging would create sediment spoils that have to be deposited properly. Dredging and construction would affect the mobilization of fishing boats and fishing operations. In addition, any support vessels for the project will also interfere with fishing boat operations. This needs to be considered during construction phase. The impact on mobilization of fishing boats is localized but can be frequent during construction phase and impact will be low to moderate.

5. Mitigation of anticipated impacts It was observed that the entrance channel proposed to deepen up to to -2m and widener to 25 m. However, right bank of the channel contain rich growth of healthy corals which would badly impact by interventions. Therefore, design may consider to choose the channel left of the proposed where no very healthy coral reefs. In the case, if it is not possible, then 2nd option would be to deepen and widen the left bank where live coral cover is not significant.

Option I to consider as entrance channel Proposed entrance channel Rich growth of corals

Option II for channel

Figure 4-2. Major interventions proposed and mitigation suggests

Impacts from sediments Greater proportion of the impacts due to project interventions that have negative bearing on marine ecology is stem from dredging. Ensuring that no or minimal adverse impacts are caused by dredging works requires a careful monitoring and assessment of the dredging works and stresses induced on the sensitive receptors to guide the works. It is important to use the right dredgers. For example, the hopper dredgers that suction out the deposits are considered to be a major cause for turbidity in the dredged waters. It has been recommended that those dredgers which present a chance for pollution and extensive contamination be avoided and replaced with other safer methodologies. Timing of the dredging to be carefully planned to avoid rainy season and least impact on small-scale fishing operations. Construction site runoff and drainage should be prevented or minimized in accordance with international best practices and standards. Sand/silt retaining facilities such as traps and sediment basins should be provided to limit the runoff. Exposed slope/soil surface, dredged material in particular, should be covered to reduce the potential runoff. Arrangements should always be in place to ensure that adequate surface protection measures can be safely carried out well before the arrival of a rain.. Proactive and informed management of the dredging programme as it is executed can often significantly reduce the risk of or minimize the negative impacts. Through modelling and monitoring during execution, impacts may be predicted before being realized, and the dredging programme may be optimized to achieve the environmental objectives. A combination of monitoring, both of the dredge plume and at receptor sites, and dredge plume modeling to guide the dredging works need to be conducted before the beginning of dredging operations.

Disposal of dredged material The adverse effects of disposal of dredged material or other wastes from construction activities could be offset by using them for other purposes. Other possible uses would for coastal nourishment, construction material, construction or reclamation of coastal wetlands, land reclamation/filling, etc. Disposal site for the dredge matter to be well identified and mapped and should be dump in such designated sites only. Selecting a suitable site with least sensitive habitat is an integral part of the disposal.

Impacts on coastal ecology Adverse effects on marine and coastal ecology usually result from, deterioration of water quality; current pattern changes; bottom contamination mainly from sediments, smothering from suspended particles; physical loss of vegetations and land area; and changes in natural habitats. Careful survey of the ecological characteristics of a project area is indispensable if the welfare of endangered and fragile species is to be considered and disruption of their spawning seasons and areas and migration. Any crushing and physical damages to fauna and flora cannot be mitigated and will be recovered over time.

Disposal of solid waste In order to proper manage the solid waste disposal to sea, various waste reception facilities to be developed. Which may include facilities for utilization of fish waste (for fish meal, silage etc.) or disposal, debris collection facility (mainly for plastic waste from fishing operations (Plastic bottles, bouy, damaged nets and ropes, fiberglass waste from boat building and repair etc). Impacts to fishing operations Construction or dredging timing and equipment handling to be properly planned to be least impact on small-scale fishing operations. Alternative sites to be identified and provided temporarily for fish landing and other operations.

Impact during operational phase Stringent control on boat discharges and provision of reception facilities are indispensable for proper control of emissions and effluent from the boats. Detection of spills is also important for regulating boat discharges. Since accidental spills are unavoidable, recovery facilities, oil fences, and treatment chemicals should be prepared with a view to minimizing dispersal. Harbours are requested to provide sufficient reception facilities to receive residues and oily mixtures generated from boat operations according to provisions of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).

Sound strategic planning Impacts can be minimized by planning ahead. An initial risk assessment based on available secondary data, initial field surveys, preliminary numerical modelling and an understanding of local and regional coastal processes should be conducted in conjunction with Coral Reef and impact assessment specialists. A key issue in the planning phase is an assessment of alternative locations and layouts that minimize the “direct” impact of a project’s footprint on Coral Reefs.

Use of international best practices for dredging United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and PIANC EnviCom Working Group 15 have developed guidelines for the implementation of best practice methodology in environmental assessment and environmental management for dredging and port construction activities around Coral Reefs and their associated communities.

Compensatory measures Where impacts to the Coral Reef cannot be prevented, a number of mitigation techniques are available. If mitigation cannot reduce impacts to an acceptable level, compensation measures may be required to offset the impacts. However, any compensation mechanism for corals will be very costly and need a lot of expertise, and these need to be incorporate in to project budgets.

 Relocation of corals threatened by the project

• Install hard substrates (e.g. stones and blocks) in breakwaters

• Create stepped or gently sloping breakwaters • Create uneven surfaces on structural elements and provide protrusions or terraces on vertical walls • Create flow channels between caissons to allow seawater exchange or use permeable block structures instead of caissons

Relocation of corals One means of mitigating impacts to sensitive Coral Reefs is to relocate the coral prior to commencing dredging operations in the area. This can be costly and should not be seen as a substitute for prevention or mitigation. Since there are several development site in northern region, where most of them have live corals, at least a pilot project need to be carried out to relocate corals in a suitable location.

Figure 4-2: relocation of corals prior to dredging In addition, breakwaters can be designed with steps or other structure that allow coral to grow.

http://escaribbean.com/living-shoreline

Figure 4-3: Engineering design for designing a breakwater which allow colonizing corals.

Construction method statement (CMS) Since the major impacts to the marine environment is stem from dredging and construction, a CMS to be prepared by the PP together with contractor and get the approval from the PAA

Recommendations

 Considering the ecological sensitivity of ecosystem, proper dredging methods to be applied to minimize the dredging related impacts  Dredged material should be used for beneﬁcial use such as coastal nourishment, land reclamation or wetland creation, etc.  Bathymetry survey need to be carried out before any dredging and historical changes in bathymetry.  Dumping license to be obtained from MEPA if any discharges to open sea.  Contractor should take special care in selecting dredging equipment to be environmental friendly as possible, and training and guidelines to be given for operators.

 Proper operation of dredging equipment with minimum disturbances to fine particles in the bottom which will raise the turbidity substantially.  Monitoring should be conducted in the sensitive ecosystems for turbidity and possible impacts, rather than the site of the plume or hopper.

 Silt curtain or sediment trap to be used as practical as possible to minimize sediment plume and run off to sensitive receptors (in live coral areas)

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: Containment of sediment with a silt curtain: Example (Source: http://silt-curtains.co.uk/)

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: Containment of sediment with a silt curtain: Example 2

Source: http://www.faust- corp.com/BASFRiverview.html

 The interventions to be carried out in line with initiatives such as Green Harbour Project (GHP) in the view of all the developments in the Fishery Harbours and anchorages. The environment sets the limits for sustainable development and coastal stewardship. Coastal development projects can adapt with nature and flourish environmentally, economically and culturally in harmony. There is a great tendency around the globe for promoting green harbors.

All harbors and their surrounding coasts and peoples are unique, with their own ecosystems embracing the coastline. The GHP approaches are mainly to maintain ecology and ecosystem health to best possible level while gaining the economic returns. GHP would support both the needs of the people and ecosystem so that they can be better integrated with one another. This would then lead to long-term sustainable relationship within the carrying capacity of coastal systems. After all, the goal of sustainable growth and development is to not only support the needs of the present, but also the needs of future generations of all species, not just humans.

laws and regulations related to present interventions

Currently, specific laws relating to corals include the Fauna and Flora Protection Act, the Coastal Conservation Act, the Marine Pollution Prevention Act and the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act. The provisions of the Customs Ordinance relating to export of prohibited goods also apply.

Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO) According to Section 31B of amended Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No. 49 of 1993, all invertebrates listed in schedule iv A are given protection. This schedule lists not only the reef building true corals but also all the corals found in the sea around Sri Lanka.

Coast Conservation Act The law that directly protects all corals is the Coast Conservation Act (No. 57 of 1981, amended by act No. 64 of 1988). Corals are protected under Section 31A which come in by the amendment. Under this section, it is on offense to mine, collect, possess, store or keep, transport and process corals in any form. It also covers the use of any implement to break corals, or the use of any craft, boat or vehicle to transport corals. This section has an important restriction, that these are deemed as offenses if committed within the coastal zone. This limitation is there because unlike in the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance, the Coast Conservation Act covers all coral deposits found within the coastal zone.

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No. 2 of 1996

The Act uses the phrase - "aquatic resources" which is defined in Sec. 66 as "living aquatic organisms and includes and seaweed, phytoplankton or other aquatic flora and non-living substances found in an aquatic medium". Part IV deals with the protection of fish and other aquatic resources, Part V deals with conservation while Part VIII grants powers to authorized officers to carry out the protective provisions in the preceding parts.

Sec. 27(1) No person shall a) use or attempt to use any poisonous, explosive or stupefying substance or other noxious or harmful material or substance in Sri Lanka Waters for the purpose of poisoning, killing, stunning or disabling any fish or other aquatic resources. The section further prohibits possessing such substances for the above purpose, as well as prohibiting landing, selling, buying, receiving, possessing or transporting any such aquatic resources if the person has reasonable cause to believe that they were taken using the methods outlined in Sec.27 (1).

Marine Pollution Prevention Act

The Marine Pollution Prevention Act though it does not deal specifically with corals, it deals with one of the causes for reef destruction, water pollution. The Act was enacted in 1982 to limit the discharge of effluents into the ocean.

Summary of findings, impacts and mitigation measures – Munai Anchorage site.

S.No Sampling Presence of Site specific major impacts Proposed mitigation measure Remarks site/ Live Coral/ due to project Any Transect seagrass % MN1 1. MN1S Live corals Direct loss of some live Some loss in live coral is covering ,1% corals due to proposed inevitable, however, even the of the dredging in a part of the live coral are not healthy and transect transect, construction of either, partially bleached, . Even the breakwater on top of the smothered or overgrown by live corals are existing reef algae. not healthy Mitigation of the impact therefore not practical. However, healthy corals cane be considered for relocation if found feasible.

Indirect impacts due to Adhere to the general dredging mitigation measures suggested for minimizing impacts from dredging and construction of breakwater as indicated in the impacts and mitigations section of the report.

Also, consider supporting a program that would support the health of the corals and biodiversity in general found in the area nearest to the project as a offset plan.

2 MN1M Live corals Direct loss of corals is not covering 2% expected since no of the interventions in this transect transect

Indirect impacts due to Same as (1) above on indirect dredging and construction impacts of breakwater

MN2 3 MN2S Live corals Direct loss of some live Same as (1) above for direct covering <1% corals due to proposed impacts of the dredging in a part of the transect transect, construction of breakwater on top of the existing reef as well as deepening and widening of the access channel.

Indirect impacts due to Same as (1) above for indirect dredging impacts

4 MN2M Live corals Direct loss of live corals Loss of considerable amount of covering 30‐ mostly new recruits and live coral is expected if access 40% of the well grown corals found in channel to be widened or transect the right bank, due to deepened as proposed. widening and deepening of the entrance channel and It is suggested to select either construction of breakwater available second channel left to on the existing description. the prosed channel as fist option and if it is not feasible selecting the left bank of the proposed channel as second option. Additional studies may need to determine the least sensitive area to be used for access channel and to determine actual loss of corals.

Rather than constructing the breakwater, consider strengthening of the seaward slope with the use of larger armor cement blocks designed to be eco-friendly. This would protect the anchorage site, reefs as well as support recolonizing corals in long run.

Consider relocation of directly impacted healthy corals. This can be initiated with a university as a pilot

project and continue if it is feasible. To cover the channel to minimize sediment coming in from dredging in other areas.

Also, use a silt curtain to cover present access channel during the dredging and construction in other areas to secure corals.

Indirect impacts due to Adhere to the general dredging in the channels mitigation measures suggested for minimizing impacts from dredging and construction of breakwater.

Also, consider supporting a program that would support the health of the corals and biodiversity in general found in the area nearest to the project as a offset plan.

MN3 5 MN3S Live corals Direct loss of live corals Some loss in live coral is covering <1% mostly few new recruits inevitable, however, even the of the found in the left bank, due live coral are not healthy and transect to widening and deepening either, partially bleached, of the entrance channel and smothered or overgrown by construction of breakwater algae. on top of the existing reef and also due to a part to be Mitigation of the impact dredged. therefore not practical. However, healthy looking corals can be considered for relocating

Indirect impacts due to Same as (1) above on indirect dredging in the channels impact mitigation

6 MN3M Live corals Direct loss of live corals Same as (5) above mostly few new recruits found in the left bank, due covering <2% to widening and deepening of the of the entrance channel and transect construction of breakwater on top of the existing reef.

Indirect impacts due to Same as (1) above on indirect dredging in the channels impact mitigation

MNR 7 MNR S Live corals Sites are outside the project Need to consider the general covering <1% area and no direct impacts mitigation methods of the expected recommended to mitigate transect indirect impacts suggested for Munai

8 MNR M Live cover <1 % of the transect

Annex 08- Detail

Site investigation

Detailed Descriptions of the Sites Investigated

1 MN1

The site is located close to the western edge of the project site. A sandy beach exists in the site (Figure 1.1). The transect extends towards the sea across the reef and reef lagoon in the shallow intertidal zone.

Figure 1.1: View of Site MN1-S

The substrate in all the sites in Munai were very similar. Mostly sandy with intermittent small boulders in the reef lagoon and totally fine sand beyond the reef area. Substrate in the reef areas are mostly large boulders with some coral rubbles often smothered with sediments (Figure 1.2).

Reef Lagoon Beyond the Reef Reef Area Figure 1.2: Nature of the Benthic Substrate in the 03 Major Habitats in the Study Area

1.1 MN1-S

The habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect are shown in Figure 1.3. From the shore towards the reef is a very shallow sandy lagoon with some small boulders. No noteworthy biota were found. Towards the reef, larger boulders covered with seaweeds such as Halimeda sp, Padina sp, Turbinaria sp and Caulerpa sp., were found often smothered with sediments. Maximum depth of the transect recorded was 1 m. Visibility was moderate.

Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra were found scattered among the boulders and sometimes on sandy bottom. Corals found were almost all dead and small corals were found in some areas but mostly smothered with sediments. Live coral cover was < 1% and mostly of Porites sp and Favia sp.

Figure 1.3: Habitat Charact eristics and Noteworthy Biota in site MN1-S along the Transect

1.2 MN1-M

The site is through the reef edge towards the sea. Habitat characteristics of the site and noteworthy fauna and flora recorded along the transect are shown in Figure 1.4.

Figure 1.4: Habitat Characteristics and Noteworthy Biota in Site MN1-M along the Transect

The habitat is mostly large boulders covered with seaweeds and towards the reef edge larger boulders. Small to large boulder corals dominated by Potites sp were observed. Corals were mostly covered with sea grasses and smothered with sediments. Live coral cover was around 2 %.

2 2 MN2

The site (Figure 2.1) is located at the right bank (when viewed from the shore) of the navigational channel, in the middle of the project site, currently used by the fishermen. The depth of the channel is around 1m and up to 2.5 m at the reef edge.

Figure 2.1: View of Site MN2-S

2.1 MN2-S

Substrate of the site towards the shore is mostly a sandy bottom with small to medium size boulders and coral rubbles and larger boulders towards the deep areas (Figure 2.2). Visibility was relatively good. Boulders were covered with seaweeds, Caulerpa sp and Padina sp. Some corals mostly smothered with fine sand were observed with small patches of live corals. Live coral cover was <1%.

Figure 2.2: Habitat Characteristics and Noteworthy Biota in site MN2-S along the Transect

2.2 MN2-M

The site is very unique in nature with a highly diverse ecosystem (Figure 2.3). From the middle of the reef, towards the reef edge, the ecosystem changes from near zero to approximately 40-50 % live coral cover with associated coral communities. Within the channel, there were some new coral recruits but mostly smothered with sediment.

Figure 2.3: Habitat Characteristics and Noteworthy Biota in Site MN2-S along the Transect

Corals recorded were Plate corals (Montepora sp), Branching corals (Acropora), Porites sp, Platygyra sp and Favia sp. dominated by Montepora and Acropora. Further, it was observed that the corals have grown on the right edges of the channel excavated. From the level of growth, coral would not be more than 10 years. Therefore, the coral seems grown on the edge after excavations for navigation purposes. Therefore, it seems that the corals have no enough depth in these reefs to grow. Since the old corals have grown to the surface, they are often exposed to the air.

4 3 MN3

The site is close to the left bank (when viewing from the shore) of the existing channel excavated for navigational purposes. The view of the site is shown in Figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1: View of Site MN3

The substrate is course sand and small boulders towards the coast and medium to large boulders towards the reef edge as shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2: Nature of the Substrate of the Site

3.1 MN3-S

Shallow towards the shore in the lagoon with a depth of 0.7 m and deeper towards the end of 50m transect with a depth of1.5 m. Reef is mostly dead in shallow areas with algae such as Padina sp, Halimeda sp and Caulerpa sp grown on (Figure 3.3). Corals found were dead and smothered with sediments. Sea cucumber, Holothuria atra and lobsters were observed.

Figure 3.3: Habitat Characteristics of the Site MN3-S along the Transect

3.2 MN3-M

From the reef towards the reef edge, larger boulders were observed. Small dead coral patches were also recorded. Boulders were mostly covered with seaweeds dominated

5 by Caulerpa sp and Halimeda sp (Figure 3.4).

Figure 3.4: Habitat Characteristics of the Site MN3-S along the Transect

6 4 MNR

The site is close but outside of the project site and was considered as a reference point (Figure 4.1). Extremely shallow area with wider reef lagoon.

Figure 4.4: View of the Site MNR

4.1 MNR-S

This is the reference site located to the east of the project site. Extremely shallow water with maximum depth of 1.1 m. Substrate is coarse sand towards the shore and small to medium boulders towards the deep areas, A typical intertidal site in the region with boulders covered with seaweeds such as Padina sp, Halimedasp. Dead corals and coral rubbles were found smothered with fine sediments.

Figure 4.5: Habitat Characteristics of the Site MNR-S along the Transect

4.2 MNR-M

The site is similar to MNR-S, except larger boulders were observed, often covered with seaweeds. Corals were found towards the reef edge with live tissues but they were mostly smothered with fine sediments and not healthy corals. Other than that the reef is almost dead. Some coral associated fish were found.

Figure 4.6: Habitat Characteristics of the Site MNR-M along the Transect

Noteworthy Fauna and Flora within the Project Impact Area

Scientific Name, Common Names & IUCN

Threaten Category Family Underwater Live Image (LC: Least Concern, DD: Data Deficient, NE: Not Evaluated ) Fishes

Acanthurus grammoptilus (Finelined Acanthuridae Surgeonfish/Ring-tailed Surgeonfish) LC

Chaetodon andamanensis(montage yellow Chaetodontidae butterfly fish) DD

Chaetodon decussates(Indian vagabond Chaetodontidae butterflyfish) LC

Chaetodon Auriga (Threadfin Butterfly fish) LC

Heniochus diphreutes Chaetodontidae False moorish idol LC

Chaetodon octofasciatus (Eightband Chaetodontidae Butterflyfish) LC

Chaetodon trifasciatus (Oval Butterflyfish) Chaetodontidae LC

Labroides dimidiatus Labridae Bluestreak cleaner wrasse (Wrasses) LC

Lutjanidae Lutjanus decussatus (Snappers) Checkered snapper LC

Lutjanidae Lutjanus lunulatus (Snappers) Lunartail snapper LC

Monodactylus argenteus Monodactylidae Diamond fish/ Silver moony LC

Mullidae Parupeneus macronema (Goatfishes) Stripe spot goatfish LC

Gymnothorax favagineus Muraenidae Blackspotted moray

Parapercis clathrata Pinguipedidae Latticed sandperch (Sand perches) NE

Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus semicirculatus Blue angelfish (juvenile) LC

Abudefduf vaigiensis

The Sergeant-major or Indo-Paific Pomacentridae SergentFive-banded damselfish LC

Pomacentrus similis

Similar damsel

Neopomacentrus azysron Yellowtail demoiselle

Chlorurus sordidus Scaridae Daisy parrotfish/ Bullethead parrotfish

Siganus lineatus Siganidae Goldlined Rabbitfish LC

Ostracion meleagris Ostraciidae Whitespotted boxfish

Phylum – Arthropoda

Panulirus versicolor

Painted Spiny Lobster Palinuridae LC

Phylum -Mollusca

Grapsus sp Graspidae Shore crab

Phylum-Echinodermata Class -Holothuroidea

Holothuria atra Lollyfish Holothuriidae Nari attaya (Local name) LC

Class - Asteroidea

Protoreaster linckii Oreasteridae Red-knobbed Starfish

Coral Species recorded during the Survey MN1 Family Poritidae

Porites lutea Porites sp. MN2 Family Acroporidae

Acropora formosa Acropora latistella

Acropora gemmifera Acropora verweyi

Montipora aequituberculata

Family Faviidae

Favia pallida Favia sp.

Favia sp. Favites complanata

Favites complanata Platygyra sinensis

Platygyra sp. Platygyra daedalea

Family Poritidae

Porites sp. Porites sp.

Porites sp. Porites sp. MN3 Nil MNR

Favia sp.

Seaweeds

Padinasp Turbinariaornata

Halimedasp Caulerpa racemosa

Annex 09- Details

of fish catch

Common Commercial and Shell Fishes caught by the Fishers around the Project Site

IUCN Family Species Local Name Common Name NCS Status Spotted Clupeidae Amblygaster sirm Hurulla NE NE sardinella Goldstripe Sardinella gibbosa Salaya NE NE sardinella Sardinella albella Sudaya White sardinella NE NE

Carangidae Caranx ignobilis Parawa Trevally NE NE

Selar Bollaa Bigeye scad NE NE crumenophthalmus Scomberoides Talang Kattawa LC NE commersonnianus queenfish Spangled Lethrinidae Lethrinus nebulosus Meeveti NE NE emperor Narrow-barred Scomberomorus Scombridae Thora Spanish NE NE commerson mackerel Rastrelliger Kumbalawa Indian Mackerel NE NE kanagurta Honeycomb Serranidae Epinephelus merra Pulli Kossa LC NE grouper Euthynnus affinis Atawalla Mackerel tuna NE NE

Sphyraenidae Sphyraena sp. Jeelawa Barracuda NE NE

Rhinobatidae Rhinobatos sp Maduwa guitarfish - -

Penaeidae Penaeus indicus Kiri Issa Indian prawn NE NE Penaeus Green tiger Kurutu issa NE NE semisulcatus prawn Blue swimming Portunidae Portunus pelagicus Mal kakuluwa NE NE crab

Annex 10- Layout

Plan

REFERENCE

G - Gate W - Wall T - Toilet P - Permanent Building EP - Electric Post TP - Telephone Post BS - Boundary Stone TH - Temporary Hut RW - Retaining Wall KMP - Kilometer Post

TREES

Co -Coconut Tree Su Tr - Suriya Tree Eb Tr - Erabadu Tree PROPOSED FISHERY ANCHORAGE AT MUNAI - LAYOUT PLAN SCALE 1 : 500 - Setting out Boundaries Ck Tr - King Coconut Tree

FOR APPROVALS No Revision Note: * indicates signatures on original issue of drawing or last revision of drawing Drawn Checked Approved Date ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANT CLIENT LEAD CONSULTANT DO NOT SCALE Issue Status Date © SWA reserves all rights to these drawings, designs and or any other data 17122017 Project : NORTHERN PROVINCE SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT contained herein. No part of the said drawings, designs and or other data may be reproduced, modified, transmitted or used in any form or by any Surath Wickramasinghe Associates Consulting PVT LTD MINISTRY OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC EML CONSULTANT Pvt Ltd means for any purpose without the prior written consent of SWA other than Drawn Drafting Check Approved PROPOSED FISHERY ANCHORAGE MUNAI Chartered Architects, Engineers, Town Planners & Development Consultants the sole purpose for which such drawings, designs and or other data are NUK HM Drawing Title : - - - - P.O.Box 403, NO.65 Walukarama Road, Colombo 3, Sri Lanka RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT p r o v i d e d t o l i c e n s e d u s e r s o n su ch t e r m s a s SW A m a y p r e s c r i b e . LAYOUT PLAN - - Tel: +94 112575007-9 Fax: +94 112575010 email: [email protected] Designed Design Check Scale Original Size Drawing Cord : ------ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS UC UC 1:500 SWA-NPSFDP-MUN-PD A3 DWG No: A3100 . R00

Annex 11- Community Consultation

ANNEX- 11

Annex 12 –

Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages Terms of Reference Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) for Anchorages

- The Environmental Safety Officer (ESO) will have a degree in environmental science/ management/ engineering and have 5 years experiences in environmental management associated with donor partner projects which 2 years experience associated with marine infrastructure work including coastal protection, breakwater construction and dredging activities, harbor works and building construction.

- Prior experience in working with ADB and /or World Bank funded projects is considered an advantage.

- The ESO will report to the Resident Engineer of the construction contractor

- ESO will be responsible for interpreting the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in preparing a Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP) in consultation with the construction engineers and any changes or additional engineering information available shall be taken into account in the CEMP.

- Obtaining approval for the CEMP from the SC (as the Supervising Engineer) upon advice from the Environmental Officer within the PMU and ADB, before any physical works are undertaken.

- Ensuring the proper implementation of the CEMP.

- Conduct necessary training and capacity development to all employees on all environmental health and safety requirements and monitoring for compliance..

- ESO will coordinate all environmental and safety matters with PMU and PIU, the EO and/or SC.

- Ensuring that the contractor engages a suitable organization to undertake STI/HIV/AIDS briefings and awareness raising amongst the Contractor‟s employees.

- Ensuring that the Contractor complies with the clauses in the contract and bidding documents in respect of the environment and OH&S issues;

- Coordinating with PMU and/or PIU in respect of continued community consultations

- Participating in monitoring and coordinating with PMU and PIU and the SC to ensure that environmental management activities are reported as required;

- Maintaining a log of all grievances received and action taken to address these issues. Annex 13 – List of IEE Preparers Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

Eng. P C Fernando EML Assessing impacts of Team Leader/ o Lead the study team interventions on coastal Coastal Engineer o Ensure the quality of the report processes, Identification of o Review report and improve report where areas of accretion, erosion etc. necessary and recommending/ o Coordinate with the environmental implementing suitable costal specialist for identifying and analyzing protection measures, environmental issues. Numerical Modelling, Harbour o Data collection and analysis of coastal Engineering, Hydraulic processes and relevant studies of the Engineering, Environmental project area. Hydraulics, Modelling and Fluid o Providing necessary project details and Mechanics, Coastal Zone construction methodologies Management and Coastal & o Recommend preferred equipment and Estuary Engineering, Designing, construction methods Marine Environmental o Coordinate with the other team members. Engineering, Hydrology o Identification of the environmental impacts and suggesting mitigation methods to incorporate for the designs. o Work in close consultation with the Coast Conservation Department in finalizing the alternative options for coastal impact mitigation

Mr. Stephen Lindsay MFARDREA/ Marine Ecology, Environmental International o Review of Marine and Terrestrial Ecological ADB Assessment, Environmental reports prepared by the Domestic Specialist Consultants and suggest for improvement. o Provide input for the ecological part of the report o Identify potential impacts and propose suitable mitigation measures for the ecological section of the report.

Page 1 of 8 Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned o In association with the Domestic Environmental Consultant the International Environmental Specialist perform the compilation of reports, editing and finalize the report.

A Rajaratnam EML Conducting IEE, EIA, EA, SEA Environmental o Assess potential impacts including project Assessments, Natural Resource Specialist site, borrow sites, quarry sites and disposal Management, Solid Waste sites considering the short and long term Management, Project impact on the environment. Coordination, Pollution o Control, Environmental Liaise with the coastal engineer to Safeguard, Monitoring & understand the impact of the coastal Evaluation structures on the near show region. o Assess the pollution that may occur due to increase of the facilities to the fisher community and propose preventing measures. o Coordinate with the team members. o In association with the International Environmental Specialist compile and finalize the report.

Dr R R M K P EML Marine Biology, Marine debris Marine ecologist o Conduct marine ecological survey Ranatunge survey, underwater survey, o Identify marine habitats such as coral reef, Side-Scan sonar survey, IEEs, sand stone reef/lime stone rocks, sea grass EIAs, Biodiversity survey using beds, fishing grounds, breeding grounds, underwater visual census, fishing activities and interaction with coastal Fisheries survey, terrestrial and protection structures. aquatic Fauna and flora, o Classification and mapping of all habitats Oceanography, Coral Reef

Page 2 of 8

Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned Ecology and Mgt , o Identify potential impacts due to project activities. o Propose mitigation methods for the identified negative impacts

Prof. J.M.P.K EML Aquaculture, Marine biology, , Terrestrial o Document review, Jayasinghe coastal environment Ecologist o Design and conducting the Ecological survey management, Fisheries post- on flora. harvest management, shrimp o Identify the floral species and preparation farming, , fish quality of Preparation flora check list or inventory management, development of to the project area. fishery products, post-harvest o Identify the anticipated impact on flora by losses , sanitation, the implementation of the project and suggesting the migratory measures to reduce the impacts. o Participating to the meetings and presentations and submit the ecological report to the team leader.

A. Amurtharaj EML Social Impact Assessment, Sociologist o Document review, Resettlement, Implementation o Design and conducting the sociological supervision, Institutional survey and conducting the study. Development, Sociology, Socio o Organize the consultation and community economics, Monitoring & meetings and conducting the meeting. Evaluation, Social Surveys, o Identify the anticipated sociological impacts Data Collection & Analysis, of the project and suggesting the migratory Report writing on social o Liaise with the surrounding community, aspects related to irrigation societies, community leaders and hold rehabilitation, Research, discussion with them. Livelihood Development, social o Identify the social issued that may arise aspects related to irrigation from the community due to the

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Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned rehabilitation, water implementation of the proposed project management, livelihood activities improvement. o Identify the mitigation measures to overcome these social issues.

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Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

Eng. P C Fernando EML Assessing impacts of Team Leader/ o Lead the study team interventions on coastal Coastal Engineer o Review report and improve report where

processes, Identification of necessary areas of accretion, erosion etc. o Coordinate with the environmental and recommending/ specialist for identifying and analyzing implementing suitable costal environmental issues. protection measures, o Providing necessary project details and Numerical Modelling, Harbour construction methodologies Engineering, Hydraulic o Recommend preferred equipment and Engineering, Environmental construction methods Hydraulics, Modelling and Fluid o Coordinate with the other team members. Mechanics, Coastal Zone o Data collection and analysis of coastal Management and Coastal & processes and relevant studies of the Estuary Engineering, Designing, project area. Marine Environmental o Identification of the environmental impacts Engineering, Hydrology and suggesting mitigation methods to incorporate for the designs. o Work in close consultation with the Coast Conservation Department in finalizing the alternative options for coastal impact mitigation

Mr. Stephen Lindsay MFARDREA/ Marine Ecology, Environmental International o Provide input for the marine and ecological ADB Assessment, Environmental part of the report for existing environment. Specialist o Identify potential impacts and propose suitable mitigation measures for the marine ecological section of the report.

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Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned

A Rajaratnam EML Conducting IEE, EIA, EA, SEA Environmental o Compilation of report with the input from Assessments, Natural Resource Specialist the other consultants involved in the Management, Solid Waste assessment Management, Project o Assess potential impacts including project Coordination, Pollution Control, Environmental site, borrow sites, quarry sites and disposal Safeguard, Monitoring & sites considering the short and long term Evaluation impact on the environment. o Liaise with the coastal engineer to understand the impact of the coastal structures on the near show region. o Assess the pollution that may occur due to increase of the facilities to the fisher community and propose preventing measures. o Coordinate with the team members.

o Propose mitigation methods for the identified negative impacts

Prof. J.M.P.K EML Aquaculture, Marine biology, , Terrestrial o Document review,

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Team Composition & Task Assignment

Name of Staff Firm Areas of Expertise Position Tasks Assigned Assigned Jayasinghe coastal environment Ecologist o Design and conducting the Ecological survey management, Fisheries post- on flora. harvest management, shrimp o Identify the floral species and preparation farming, , fish quality of Preparation flora check list or inventory management, development of to the project area. fishery products, post-harvest o Identify the anticipated impact on flora by losses , sanitation, the implementation of the project and suggesting the migratory measures to reduce the impacts. o Participating to the meetings and presentations and submit the ecological report to the team leader.

B. Amurtharaj EML Social Impact Assessment, Sociologist o Document review, Resettlement, Implementation o Design and conducting the sociological supervision, Institutional survey and conducting the study. Development, Sociology, Socio o Organize the consultation and community economics, Monitoring & meetings and conducting the meeting. Evaluation, Social Surveys, o Identify the anticipated sociological impacts Data Collection & Analysis, of the project and suggesting the migratory Report writing on social o Liaise with the surrounding community, aspects related to irrigation societies, community leaders and hold rehabilitation, Research, discussion with them. Livelihood Development, social o Identify the social issued that may arise aspects related to irrigation from the community due to the rehabilitation, water implementation of the proposed project management, livelihood activities improvement. o Identify the mitigation measures to overcome these social issues.

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