Geography in the Medieval Muslim World: Seeking a Basis for Comparison of the Development of the Natural Sciences in Different Cultures
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1 a REVIEW of MUSLIM MARITIME TRADITION Omar Bin Yaakob
A REVIEW OF MUSLIM MARITIME TRADITION Omar Bin Yaakob*, Mohamad Pauzi Abdul Ghani, Faizul Amri Adnan Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor * Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract The ocean covers more than 75% of the earth surface. This vast expanse of water promises a wealth of opportunities as well as challenges. This paper describes a historical perspective of development of maritime ventures in the Islamic World from the time of the Prophet (pbuh) until the present day. The expansion of the Muslim caliphate entailed among others rapid growth in communication and transport system as well as the need for a well-organised naval fleet. The peak of Muslim naval power was during the rule of the Ottoman Empire when their warships held sway over the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and parts of the Indian Ocean. A survey of the present status of maritime military, commercial, education and R&D capacity in Muslim countries is presented and proposals put forward for improving collaboration in this field. Keywords: Muslim maritime, maritime technology, economic impact, commercial ventures 1.0 Introduction The ocean, which covers more than 75% of the earth surface, supplies various needs of the human being. Besides the ubiquitous seafood, the ocean provides sources of various kinds of minerals and ornaments. It is a means of commerce, providing more than 95% of the transportation needs of international trade. For the coastal states, it is a means of defense while for the aggressive nations; the sea is an avenue for imperial expansions. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the ocean strategic and economic importance was enhanced particularly after the discovery of oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico. -
PİRİ REİS and HIS PRECIOUS WORKS (World Maps and the Book of Navigation) Ibrahim YILMAZ TURKEY [email protected]
5/29/2012 PİRİ REİS and HIS PRECIOUS WORKS (World Maps and The Book of Navigation) Ibrahim YILMAZ TURKEY [email protected] 1 TS02K-Surveying History LIFE Piri Reis was a famous Turkish cartographer, shipmaster, navigator and an researcher who was born in Gallipoli in 1465 and educated there. He started working as a sailor at an early age under his uncle Kemal Reis’ tutelage, a famous commander of the Ottoman navy, in the 16th century. 2 TS02K-Surveying History 1 5/29/2012 After the death of Kemal Reis in 1510, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli and dedicated much of his time on his world map and his book, Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation). In 1517, Piri Reis participated in the Ottoman’s campaign to Egypt as one of the Ottoman navy admirals and presented his world map dated 1513 to Sultan Selim the Conqueror. In his last mission, Piri Reis commanded an expedition against the Portuguese at Hormuz that failed in its goal of taking the citadel and executed in 1554 on the grounds of a debatable decision he had made as a commander to avoid direct confrontation with Portuguese navy. 3 TS02K-Surveying History WORKS First World Map of Piri Reis (1513) Second World Map of Piri Reis (1528) Kitab-ı Bahriye (1521-1526) 4 TS02K-Surveying History 2 5/29/2012 1513 – FIRST WORLD MAP of PİRİ REİS NORTH EUROPE AMERICA AFRICA SOUTH ATLANTIC AMERICA OCEAN Library of Topkapı Palace Museum 5 TS02K-Surveying History 61 cm 9 Colours gazelle skin 5 Compass roses 2 Scale bars 20 Unknown 8 Muslims 1 Christopher Columbus 86 cm 1 Arabic scale bar 4Portugal 34 REFERENCE MAPS compass rose 41 cm 6 TS02K-Surveying History 3 5/29/2012 7 TS02K-Surveying History 8 TS02K-Surveying History 4 5/29/2012 This country is inhabited. -
The Making of Prayer Circles (PC) and Prayer Direction Circles (PDC) Map
Ahmad S. Massasati, Ph.D. Department of Geography Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences United Arab Emirates University Email: [email protected] The Making of Prayer Circles (PC) and Prayer Direction Circles (PDC) Map Abstract Geographic Information Systems GIS has proven to be an essential tool of Automated Cartography. The problems of finding the direction to the City of Makkah is extremely important to Muslims around the globe to perform the five time daily prayer. The challenge to solve such a problem is a classical example of map projection on flat surface where distortion may give the wrong impression on directions. A prayer direction circles and a prayer circle system have been introduced using GIS to solve the problem. Using spherical triangulation solution with the city of Makkah at the center of the prayer circles, a prayer map was designed to solve the problem. Knowing that map making is an art as well as a science, Islamic calligraphy and designs were added for better enhancement of the map. Introduction Map making was always recognized as a science and an art. The science of map making deals with location and attributes, and is expected to provide accurate information. With Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, it is becoming 1 possible to make maps with a higher accuracy and speed. GIS also provides the mapmakers with a powerful tool to introduce maps to a wider range of audience in various scales and formats. The pictorial nature of cartographic language makes it the most understood form of communication for all of mankind. -
Ramiz Daniz the Scientist Passed Ahead of Centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi
Ramiz Daniz Ramiz Daniz The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi Baku -2013 Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor 1 Ramiz Daniz Eybali Mehraliyev Preface – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Ramiz Mammadov Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Doctor of physics and mathematics, Academician Eyyub Guliyev Reviewers – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rehim Husseinov, Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rafig Aliyev, Professor Ajdar Agayev, senior lecturer Vidadi Bashirov Literary editor – the philologist Ganira Amirjanova Computer design – Sevinj Computer operator – Sinay Translator - Hokume Hebibova Ramiz Daniz “The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi”. “MM-S”, 2013, 297 p İSBN 978-9952-8230-3-5 Writing about the remarkable Azerbaijani scientist Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a great scientific heritage, is very responsible and honorable. Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a very significant place in the world encyclopedia together with well-known phenomenal scientists, is one of the most honorary personalities of our nation. It may be named precious stone of the Academy of Sciences in the East. Nasiraddin Tusi has masterpieces about mathematics, geometry, astronomy, geography and ethics and he is an inventor of a lot of unique inventions and discoveries. According to the scientist, America had been discovered hundreds of years ago. Unfortunately, most peoples don’t know this fact. I want to inform readers about Tusi’s achievements by means of this work. D 4702060103 © R.Daniz 2013 M 087-2013 2 Ramiz Daniz I’m grateful to leaders of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic for their material and moral supports for publication of the work The book has been published in accordance with the order of the “Partner” Science Development Support Social Union with the grant of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Courageous step towards the great purpose 3 Ramiz Daniz I’m editing new work of the young writer. -
00 Jenerik 39.Indd
SAYI 39 • 2012 OSMANLI ARAŞTIRMALARI THE JOURNAL OF OTTOMAN STUDIES Other Places: Ottomans traveling, seeing, writing, drawing the world A special double issue [39-40] of the Journal of Ottoman Studies / Osmanlı Araştırmaları Essays in honor of omas D. Goodrich Part I Misafir Editörler / Guest Editors Gottfried Hagen & Baki Tezcan Searchin’ his eyes, lookin’ for traces: Piri Reis’ World Map of & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bağdat and Proust)* Karen Pinto** Gözlerine Bakmak, İzler Aramak: Piri Reis’in 1513 Tarihli Dünya Haritası ve Onun İslâm İkonografisi ile İlişkileri (Bağdat 334 ve Proust Üzerinden Bir Okuma) Özet Osmanlı korsanı (sonradan amirali) Muhiddin Piri, yani Piri Reis’in 1513 tarihli dünya haritasından geriye kalan ve Atlantik Okyanusu ile Yeni Dünya’yı betimleyen kı- sım, haritacılık tarihinin en ünlü ve tartışmalı haritalarından biri sayılır. 1929’da Topka- pı Sarayı’nda bulunmasından beri, bu erken modern Osmanlı haritası, kaynak ve kökeni hakkında şaşırtıcı soruların ortaya atılmasına sebep olmuştur. Bazı araştırmacılar, kadim deniz kralları ya da uzaydan gelen yabancıların haritanın asli yaratıcıları olduğunu söylerken, diğerleri Kolomb’un kendi haritası ve erken Rönesans haritacılarına bağladılar boşa çıkan ümitlerini. Cevap verilmeden kalan bir soru da, İslâm haritacılığının Piri Reis’in çalışma- larını nasıl etkilediği. Bu makale, klasik İslâm haritacılık geleneği ile Piri Reis’in haritası arasındaki bugüne kadar fark edilmemiş ikonografik ilişkileri gözler önüne seriyor. Anahtar kelimeler: Piri Reis, Piri Reis’in 1513 tarihli dünya haritası, Osmanlı hari- tacılığı, İslâm dünyasında haritacılık, ‘Acâ’ibü’l-mahlukat geleneği, İslâm dünyasında elyazması süslemeciliği. When a man is asleep, he has in a circle round him the chain of the hours, the sequence of the years, the order of the heavenly host. -
The Balkhi School of Geographers
5 · The BalkhI School of Geographers GERALD R. TIBBETTS WORKS OF THE BALKHI SCHOOL 934), a scholar whose background, though not his geo graphical work, was well known in the Arab literary The earliest set of maps to survive from the corpus of milieu.6 Since he was the earliest of these authors and Islamic cartography are those that accompany the text the other authors admit they are indebted to him, this ~urat Kitab al-ar4(Picture of the earth) of Abu al-Qasim group has been referred to by European scholars as the Mubammad ibn Hawqal in the manuscript dated 479/ BalkhI school of geographers.7 1086, found in the Topkapl Sarayi Miizesi Kiitiiphanesi in Istanbul.1 Similar sets of maps occur in other manu scripts in Istanbul and in several well-known manuscripts in European libraries. The next in age is that from the 1. No. 6527 in Fehmi Edhem Karatay, Topkapt Sarayt Muzesi Kutu Forschungsbibliothek in Gotha, dated 569/1173.2 This phanesi: Arap~a Yazmalar Katalogu, 3 vols. (Istanbul: Topkapi Sarayl Miizesi, 1962-66), 3:581. Its shelf number, quoted by J. H. Kramers et manuscript, known as MS. Ar. 1521, contains a text of aI., is A. 3346. Other Topkapl Sarayl Miizesi manuscripts with maps Kitab al-masalik wa-al-mamalik (Book of routes and are A. 3012 (6523), A. 3347 (6528), A. 3348 (6525), and A. 2830 (6524); provinces) of Abu Isbaq IbrahIm ibn Mu1}ammad al-FarisI see 3:580-81. al-l~takhrI, and because it was published in facsimile by 2. -
M a Late-11Th-Century Copy of Ibn Comes to Us from the Middle East and Central and Inner Asia
ARAMCOWORLD.COMARAMC O W O RLD.C O M MAPS 2020 1441–1442 GREGORIAN HIJRI shows how the Nile emerges from the mythical Mountains of the Moon (now Ethiopia), flows through multiple cataracts and heads north, crosses the equator to pass through the lands of Nubia, Aswan and Beja toward Fustat (medieval Cairo) and finishes in the Nile Delta near Dumyat (Damietta), where it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. Cartographers replicated this depiction of the Nile in various ways in every cartographic manuscript thereafter for centuries. As copies proliferated throughout the medieval Islamic Middle East, this helped establish what became, in effect, the world’s first geographical atlas series. Introduction and calendar captions by KAREN C. PINTO The maps pictured for the months of May and August are by different authors from that “Islamic atlas series” spawned by al-Khwarizmi. May shows the exceptional, three-folio map The richest–surviving heritage of premodern maps of the world of the Mediterranean Sea from a late-11th-century copy of Ibn comes to us from the Middle East and Central and Inner Asia. Hawqal’s Kitab surat al-‘ard. It is the earliest-known copy of the most-mimetic map of the Mediterranean. On it one can see the outlines of the Iberian Peninsula, the Calabrian Peninsula, the Al-Khwarizmi’s rom the Babylonian clay tablet of 600 bce to Katip as the Bahr al-Muhit (Encircling Ocean), which was the most Peloponnese, Constantinople, the map of the Nile Çelebi’s map of Japan drawn in 1732, geographers and basic marker of world maps up through medieval periods. -
Perancangan Bromo Observatorium 9
Perancangan Bromo Observatorium BAB 2 TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Kajian Objek Rancangan Observatorium merupakan objek rancangan yang disini difungsikan sebagai sebuah wadah untuk melakukan penelitian,pengembangan, dan juga dapat mewadahi pendidikan Astronomi di Indonesia dan dunia. Oleh karena itu dalam bab ini akan dijelaskan sekilas mengenai observatorium. 2.1.1 Definisi Objek Rancangan Bromo Observatorium adalah judul dari suatu objek arsitektural yang diangkat pada tugas akhir ini, berikut akan dibahas pengertian secara terminologi (istilah) dari objek tersebut. 2.1.1.1 Observatorium Observatorium adalah sebuah lokasi dengan perlengkapan yang diletakkan secara permanen agar dapat melihat langit dan peristiwa yang berhubungan dengan angkasa. Menurut sejarah, observatorium bisa sesederhana sextant (untuk mengukur jarak di antara bintang) sampai sekompleks Stonehenge (untuk mengukur musim lewat posisi matahari terbit dan terbenam). Observatorium modern biasanya berisi satu atau lebih teleskop yang terpasang secara permanen yang berada dalam gedung dengan kubah yang berputar atau yang dapat dilepaskan. Dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir, banyak observatorium luar angkasa sudah diluncurkan, memperkenalkan penggunaan baru istilah ini (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Observatorium). Observatorium adalah tempat atau bangunan yang dilengkapi dan digunakan untuk membuat pengamatan dari meteorologi, atau fenomena alam lainnya, 9 Perancangan Bromo Observatorium astronomi, khususnya tempat yang dilengkapi dengan teleskop yang kuat untuk mengamati para planet -
The Ancient Geography of India
िव�ा �सारक मंडळ, ठाणे Title : Ancient Geography of India : I : The Buddhist Period Author : Cunningham, Alexander Publisher : London : Trubner and Co. Publication Year : 1871 Pages : 628 गणपुस्त �व�ा �सारत मंडळाच्ा “�ंथाल्” �तल्पा्गर् िनिमर्त गणपुस्क िन�म्ी वषर : 2014 गणपुस्क �मांक : 051 CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Cornell University Library DS 409.C97 The ancient geqgraphv.of India 3 1924 023 029 485 f mm Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023029485 THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY ov INDIA. A ".'i.inMngVwLn-j inl^ : — THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY INDIA. THE BUDDHIST PERIOD, INCLUDING THE CAMPAIGNS OP ALEXANDER, AND THE TRAVELS OF HWEN-THSANG. ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, Ui.JOB-GBirBBALj BOYAL ENGINEEBS (BENGAL BETIBBD). " Venun et terrena demoDstratio intelligatar, Alezandri Magni vestigiiB insistamns." PHnii Hist. Nat. vi. 17. WITS TSIRTBBN MAPS. LONDON TEUBNER AND CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW. 1871. [All Sights reserved.'] {% A\^^ TATLOB AND CO., PEIKTEES, LITTLE QUEEN STKEET, LINCOLN'S INN EIELDS. MAJOR-Q-ENEEAL SIR H. C. RAWLINSON, K.G.B. ETC. ETC., WHO HAS HIMSELF DONE SO MUCH ^ TO THROW LIGHT ON THE ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY OP ASIA, THIS ATTEMPT TO ELUCIDATE A PARTIODLAR PORTION OF THE SUBJKcr IS DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE. The Geography of India may be conveniently divided into a few distinct sections, each broadly named after the prevailing religious and political character of the period which it embraces, as the Brahnanical, the Buddhist^ and the Muhammadan. -
The Ottoman Age of Exploration
the ottoman age of exploration the Ottomanof explorationAge Giancarlo Casale 1 2010 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Casale, Giancarlo. Th e Ottoman age of exploration / Giancarlo Casale. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537782-8 1. Turkey—History—16th century. 2. Indian Ocean Region—Discovery and exploration—Turkish. 3. Turkey—Commerce—History—16th century. 4. Navigation—Turkey—History—16th century. I. Title. DR507.C37 2010 910.9182'409031—dc22 2009019822 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper for my several -
RELATIONS BETWEEN OTTOMAN CORSAIRS and the IMPERIAL NAVY in the 16Th CENTURY
RELATIONS BETWEEN OTTOMAN CORSAIRS AND THE IMPERIAL NAVY IN THE 16th CENTURY MEHMET KURU Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University June 2009 RELATIONS BETWEEN OTTOMAN CORSAIRS AND THE IMPERIAL NAVY IN THE 16TH CENTURY APPROVED BY: Yrd. Doç Dr. Yusuf Hakan Erdem ………….……………. (Thesis Supervisor) Doç. Dr. Halil Berktay .............……............... Prof. Dr. Tosun Terzioğlu ……............................. DATE OF APPROVAL: 10.08.2009 i © Mehmet Kuru, 2009 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT RELATIONS BETWEEN OTTOMAN CORSAIRS AND THE IMPERIAL NAVY IN THE 16th CENTURY Mehmet Kuru History, M.A. Thesis, Spring 2009 Thesis Supervisor: Y. Hakan Erdem This thesis endeavors to present an analysis of the nature of the relations between ottoman corsairs and the imperial navy in the 16th century. Recruitment of corsairs as naval officers by Ottoman central authority to make up for the insufficient numbers of skilled seamen was presented as a fact in various works. However, there is no study to explain construction period of this relationship and to define the system. This thesis aims to construct a model to explicate this relationship. As of the mid-fifteenth century, Ottoman seapower started to strengthen and Empire conquered several crucial harbors and islands in Black sea and Mediterranean until the end of this century. Ottoman Imperial navy gained a strong infrastructure thanks to these conquests. Apart from Imperial navy, Ottoman corsairs' attacks that were based on these harbors increased and they strengthened gradually. In 1495, an old corsair, Kemal Reis was taken into Ottoman service, thus he became a pioneer for the recruitment of corsairs to Imperial Navy. -
Cartographic Bibliography 1
Cartographic Bibliography *Abeydeera, A., “The Portuguese Quest for Taprobane”, 4 pp. *Adams, Percy G., Travelers and Travel Liars, 1660-1800, Dover Publications, N.Y., 1980 reprint of 1962 edition, 292pp. *“A detailed reassessment of the Carte Pisane” *Aggeev, F., “Origin of Portulans and Accurate Ancient Maps”, State University of Land Use Planning, 2016, 56 pp. *AlaíI, Cyrus, “The world map of Qazwini”, IMCoS Journal, 52, 1993, pp. 19-23. *The Agile Rabbit Book of Historical and Curious Maps, Pepin Press, 127pp. *Akalin, Sukru Haluk, One Thousand Years Ago, One Thousand Years Later: Mahmud Kasgari and Diwan Lugat at-Turk, Turkish Language Association Publications, Ankara, 2010, 160pp. *AlaíI, Cyrus, “Oriental medieval maps of the Persian Gulf”, The Map Collector, 60, 1992, pp. 2-8 Almagia, Roberto, Monumenta Cartographica Vaticana, Vatican City, 1944-55, 4 vols. *Allen, John L., "Lands of Myth, Waters of Wonder: The Place of the Imagination in the History of Geographical Exploration". *Allen, Phillip, The Atlas of Atlases, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers, N.Y., 1992, 160pp. *Al-Masudi, MapHist Disciussion Group, 6pp. *Andrews, M.C., "The Study and Classification of Medieval MappaMundi", Archeaologia, vol. LXXV, pp. 61-76,1925-26. *“A Newly Found World Map of Macrobius”, Imago Mundi, Vol. 9 (1952), pp. 93-94. *Appleton, Helen, “The Northern World of the Anglo-Saxon Mappamundi”, 32pp. *“Arabic Cartography, the world centered on Bagdad”, 4 pp. *Ayusawa, Shintaro, "The Types of World Maps Made in Japan's Age of National Isolation", Imago Mundi, Vol. X, pp. 123-128. *Barber, Peter, The Map Book, Levenger Press, Walker & Co., NY, 2005, 360pp.