DOCSLIB.ORG

An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut by Natalie Symchych A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto c Copyright 2016 by Natalie Symchych Abstract An Ecogeographic Study of Body Proportion Development in the Sadlermiut Inuit of Southampton Island, Nunavut Natalie Symchych Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Anthropology University of Toronto 2016 This thesis explores growth status and body proportion development in past North Amer- ican Arctic populations. Living in one of the most extreme environments on the planet, Arctic foragers provide an opportunity to explore how human morphological variation is shaped by growth and climate. The study focuses on the Sadlermiut Inuit, who lived on Southampton Island in Hudson Bay, Nunavut. This main sample is comprised of 111 juveniles and 160 adults (62 F, 52 M, 46 und). Comparative samples are derived from Northwest Hudson Bay, Point Hope (Alaska), and Greenland, and are comprised of 106 juveniles and 151 adults (76 F, 75 M). Growth status in four long bones is assessed by comparing the samples' tempo of growth to normative values from a modern North American sample. Body proportion development is assessed by calculating brachial index, crural index, and limb length relative to skeletal trunk height. Plots of index values versus dental age are assessed visually, and compared to results from the literature. Sadlermiut individuals who died as juveniles show a predominant pattern of growth faltering as compared to the North American tempo of growth. Most Sadlermiut juveniles who died in infancy either began life lagging in proportional growth, or fell behind quickly after birth. Most Sadlermiut juveniles who died later in childhood/adolescence had con- tinued to falter in growth, indicating either insufficient, or a lack of, catch-up growth. ii This contrasts with Point Hope, which showed a broad range of growth outcomes: indi- viduals with growth in line with the North American tempo, as well as individuals with lagging and accelerated growth. The analysis of body proportion development demonstrates that Sadlermiut infants exhibit a wide range of index values, and adult-type body proportions appear by early- to mid-childhood. Adult proportionality is achieved by most older Sadlermiut juveniles, despite a lag in linear growth. This demonstrates that linear growth is more environ- mentally labile, while body shape is more conserved. Moreover, the timing of body proportion development is consistent across samples from this study and the literature, suggesting a consistent pattern of growth with regard to body proportionality, regardless of latitude/climate and ultimate adult proportionality. iii Acknowledgements I owe thanks to many people for their support and assistance over the course of my doctoral degree. First and foremost is my supervisor, Susan Pfeiffer. She has been continually supportive of me and this project, and I am deeply grateful for her guidance these past five years. I am grateful to the members of my examination committee for their excellent input and suggestions, which helped me to improve this thesis. I benefited greatly from the guidance and perspective offered by Tracey Galloway, Tracy Prowse, Michael Schillaci, and Daniel Sellen. I thank the curators and curatorial staff who gave me the opportunity to study the skeletal remains under their care: Janet Young and Jerry Cybulski of the Canadian Museum of History; Gisselle Garcia of the American Museum of Natural History; and Niels Lynnerup of the University of Copenhagen. I am grateful to the Inuit Heritage Trust and the Greenland National Museum and Archives for granting permission to study the Canadian and Greenlandic skeletal collections. My research travel was supported by funding from the University of Toronto Department of Anthropology, and the School of Graduate Studies. My degree has been supported by scholarships from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Ontario Graduate Scholarship program, and the University of Toronto. A big thank you to Janet Young, for her continued mentorship and support. Thank you for hiring me ten years ago, and for encouraging me to explore my interests. And thank you to Megan Gardiner of the CMH for all her help from afar. I wish to thank my family and friends for their love and support. To my parents, who have been outstandingly supportive, and generous with their proof-reading skills. And finally, thank you to my partner Brent Pym | for the abundant love and encouragement, for the tech support, and for the (as always) excellent food. iv Contents 1 Introduction1 1.1 Hypotheses..................................3 2 Background5 2.1 Body form and ecogeographic expectations.................5 2.1.1 Non-human ecogeographic patterning................6 2.1.2 Classical approaches to ecogeographic patterning in humans...7 Adult body proportions in living populations............7 Adult body proportions in past populations............9 Juvenile body proportions in modern (Arctic) populations.... 15 Juvenile body proportions in past populations........... 17 2.1.3 Emerging perspectives on human ecogeographic patterning.... 20 Tissue economy............................ 20 Childhood growth trade-offs..................... 21 Allometry............................... 23 Population structure and history.................. 25 2.1.4 Methodological considerations.................... 28 2.2 Linear growth................................. 29 2.2.1 General pattern and normal variability of linear growth...... 29 Longitudinal and cross-sectional growth studies.......... 32 v 2.2.2 Effects of growth on body proportion development......... 33 2.2.3 Growth studies in past populations................. 36 Humphrey methodology and the Denver Growth Study...... 37 2.2.4 Considerations for the study of growth in the Arctic........ 39 2.3 Main sample: the Sadlermiut Inuit..................... 43 2.3.1 Sadlermiut introduction and ethnographic contact......... 43 2.3.2 Sadlermiut within Arctic population history............ 44 2.3.3 Sadlermiut as a single population.................. 46 2.4 Arctic contextual information........................ 47 2.4.1 Ethnographic information...................... 47 2.4.2 Inuit diet and the health `paradox'................. 51 2.4.3 Infant mortality data in recent historical Inuit populations.... 53 3 Materials and Methods 55 3.1 Materials................................... 55 3.1.1 Sadlermiut............................... 55 3.1.2 Point Hope.............................. 57 3.1.3 Kamarvik and Silumiut (Northwest Hudson Bay)......... 59 3.1.4 Greenland Thule and Inuit...................... 60 3.2 Sample selection................................ 60 3.3 Sex determination and age estimation.................... 61 3.3.1 Dental age intra-observer error.................... 62 3.3.2 Regression-based age estimation................... 62 3.4 Osteometric variables............................. 64 3.5 Investigation of linear growth........................ 67 3.6 Investigation of body proportion development............... 68 vi 4 Results 71 4.1 Sample composition.............................. 71 4.2 Investigation of linear growth........................ 75 4.2.1 Sadlermiut linear growth....................... 82 Summary............................... 88 4.2.2 Point Hope linear growth....................... 88 4.2.3 NW Hudson Bay and Greenland linear growth........... 91 4.2.4 Summary of growth analysis..................... 92 4.3 Investigation of body proportion development............... 95 4.3.1 Adult body proportions....................... 95 4.3.2 Sadlermiut body proportions..................... 106 4.3.3 Point Hope body proportions.................... 111 4.3.4 NW Hudson Bay and Greenland body proportions......... 115 4.3.5 Body proportion development summary and comparison..... 116 5 Discussion and Conclusions 120 5.1 Hypotheses.................................. 120 5.2 Linear growth................................. 121 5.3 Body proportion development........................ 125 5.4 Broader Implications............................. 126 5.5 Notes on limitations and unexplored data.................. 129 5.6 Conclusions.................................. 131 Bibliography 160 Appendix A Greenland Sample Information 161 Appendix B Dental Age Estimation 164 B.1 Dental age estimation examples....................... 164 vii B.2 Intra-observer error.............................. 164 B.3 Dental age regression............................. 165 Appendix C Additional Plots | Sample Distributions 171 Appendix D Additional Plots | Investigation of Growth 174 Appendix E Additional Plots | Investigation of Body Proportion Devel- opment 178 Appendix F Dataset 186 viii List of Tables 2.1 Historical Inuit infant mortality rates (IMR)................ 54 3.1 Osteometric variables............................. 65 3.2 Adult long bone end points (mm)...................... 67 3.3 Denver regression equations......................... 68 3.4 Body proportion indices........................... 69 3.5 Summary of comparative studies...................... 70 4.1 Number of juveniles per sample....................... 72 4.2 Number of adults per sample, by sex.................... 74 4.3 Adult brachial and crural index values................... 95 4.4 Comparative northern hemisphere body proportion samples, with latitude, brachial
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dukes County Intelligencer
    Journal of History of Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton & the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay Lagoon Heights Remembrances The Big One: Hurricane of ’38 Membership Dues Student ..........................................$25 Individual .....................................$55 (Does not include spouse) Family............................................$75 Sustaining ...................................$125 Patron ..........................................$250 Benefactor...................................$500 President’s Circle ......................$1000 Memberships are tax deductible. For more information on membership levels and benefits, please visit www.mvmuseum.org To Our Readers his issue of the Dukes County Intelligencer is remarkable in its diver- Tsity. Our lead story comes from frequent contributor Chris Baer, who writes a swashbuckling narrative of two of the Vineyard’s most adventur- ous, daring — and quirky — characters, George Cleveland and George Fred Tilton, whose arctic legacies continue to this day. Our second story came about when Florence Obermann Cross suggested to a gathering of old friends that they write down their childhood memories of shared summers on the Lagoon. The result is a collective recollection of cottages without electricity or water; good neighbors; artistic and intellectual inspiration; sailing, swimming and long-gone open views. This is a slice of Oak Bluffs history beyond the more well-known Cottage City and Campground stories. Finally, the Museum’s chief curator, Bonnie Stacy, has reminded us that 75 years ago the ’38 hurricane, the mother of them all, was unannounced and deadly, even here on Martha’s Vineyard. — Susan Wilson, editor THE DUKES COUNTY INTELLIGENCER VOL. 55, NO. 1 © 2013 WINTER 2013 Left Behind: George Cleveland, George Fred Tilton and the Last Whaler to Hudson Bay by Chris Baer ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Precontact Inuit Gender Complexity and Its
    EXAMINING PRECONTACT INUIT GENDER COMPLEXITY AND ITS DISCURSIVE POTENTIAL FOR LGBTQ2S+ AND DECOLONIZATION MOVEMENTS by Meghan Walley B.A. McGill University, 2014 A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Archaeology Memorial University of Newfoundland May 2018 St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador 0 ABSTRACT Anthropological literature and oral testimony assert that Inuit gender did not traditionally fit within a binary framework. Men’s and women’s social roles were not wholly determined by their bodies, there were mediatory roles between masculine and feminine identities, and role-swapping was—and continues to be—widespread. However, archaeologists have largely neglected Inuit gender diversity as an area of research. This thesis has two primary objectives: 1) to explore the potential impacts of presenting queer narratives of the Inuit past through a series of interviews that were conducted with Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Queer/Questioning and Two-Spirit (LGBTQ2S+) Inuit and 2) to consider ways in which archaeological materials articulate with and convey a multiplicity of gender expressions specific to pre-contact Inuit identity. This work encourages archaeologists to look beyond categories that have been constructed and naturalized within white settler spheres, and to replace them with ontologically appropriate histories that incorporate a range of Inuit voices. I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, qujannamiik/nakummek to all of the Inuit who participated in interviews, spoke to me about my work, and provided me with vital feedback. My research would be nothing without your input. I also wish to thank Safe Alliance for helping me identify interview participants, particularly Denise Cole, one of its founding members, who has provided me with invaluable insights, and who does remarkable work that will continue to motivate and inform my own.
    [Show full text]
  • Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis Lupus) from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
    Billing Code 4333-15 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 [Docket No. FWS–HQ–ES–2018–0097; FF09E22000 FXES1113090FEDR 212] RIN 1018–BD60 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Removing the Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) from the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTIONS: Final rule and notice of petition finding. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service or USFWS), have evaluated the classification status of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) entities currently listed in the lower 48 United States and Mexico under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). Based on our evaluation, we are removing the gray wolf entities in the lower 48 United States and Mexico, except for the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi), that are currently on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. We are taking this action because the best available scientific and 1 commercial data available establish that the gray wolf entities in the lower 48 United States do not meet the definitions of a threatened species or an endangered species under the Act. The effect of this rulemaking action is that C. lupus is not classified as a threatened or endangered species under the Act. This rule does not have any effect on the separate listing of the Mexican wolf subspecies (Canis lupus baileyi) as endangered under the Act. In addition, we announce a 90-day finding on a petition to maintain protections for the gray wolf in the lower 48 United States as endangered or threatened distinct population segments.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Activity-Induced Pathology in a Canadian Inuit Population, By
    REVIEWS 221 PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY-INDUCED PATHOLOGYIN A CANA- Osteoarthritic changes to the diarthroidialjoints (i.e., those struc- DIAN INUIT POPULATION. By CHARLES F. MERBS. Ottawa: tured to permit substantial movement) were scored“type” by (lipping National Museum of Man MercurySeries, Archaeological Surveyof and/or porosity and/or eburnation) and degree (scored + , + + , or CanadaPaper No. 119,1983. 199p., 80figs., 15 tables. Softbound. + + +) forthe temporomandibular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, (selected) Distributed gratisby Scientific Records Sectionof the Archaeologi- hand, vertebral column (articularfacets), rib (costovertebraljoints on cal Survey of Canada. vertebral bodies), hip, knee,ankle, and (selected)footjoints. Tabulated data are clearly presented according to sex and side groupings, and This monograph is a substantially revised, enhanced, and updated illustrations (both reproduced plates and schematic charts and draw- version of the author’s 1969 doctoral dissertation. Merbs’s study is ings) are generally well choseddesigned. My only serious complaint based upon a seriesof 91 adult Sadlermiut skeletons(41 males and 50 here is that a comprehensive of set visual and descriptive “standards” females) from Native Point, Southampton Island, N.W.T. The series for is scoring degree of severity werenot illustrated.Photographic diachronic,ranging temporally from the group’s tragic extinction reproductionsofwhatconstitutes + , + + ,and + + + scorings would (1902-03) to no more than five centuriesback in time. obviously assist coworkers
    [Show full text]
  • EXPERIENCES 2021 Table of Contents
    NUNAVUT EXPERIENCES 2021 Table of Contents Arts & Culture Alianait Arts Festival Qaggiavuut! Toonik Tyme Festival Uasau Soap Nunavut Development Corporation Nunatta Sunakkutaangit Museum Malikkaat Carvings Nunavut Aqsarniit Hotel And Conference Centre Adventure Arctic Bay Adventures Adventure Canada Arctic Kingdom Bathurst Inlet Lodge Black Feather Eagle-Eye Tours The Great Canadian Travel Group Igloo Tourism & Outfitting Hakongak Outfitting Inukpak Outfitting North Winds Expeditions Parks Canada Arctic Wilderness Guiding and Outfitting Tikippugut Kool Runnings Quark Expeditions Nunavut Brewing Company Kivalliq Wildlife Adventures Inc. Illu B&B Eyos Expeditions Baffin Safari About Nunavut Airlines Canadian North Calm Air Travel Agents Far Horizons Anderson Vacations Top of the World Travel p uit O erat In ed Iᓇᓄᕗᑦ *denotes an n u q u ju Inuit operated nn tau ut Aula company About Nunavut Nunavut “Our Land” 2021 marks the 22nd anniversary of Nunavut becoming Canada’s newest territory. The word “Nunavut” means “Our Land” in Inuktut, the language of the Inuit, who represent 85 per cent of Nunavut’s resident’s. The creation of Nunavut as Canada’s third territory had its origins in a desire by Inuit got more say in their future. The first formal presentation of the idea – The Nunavut Proposal – was made to Ottawa in 1976. More than two decades later, in February 1999, Nunavut’s first 19 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) were elected to a five year term. Shortly after, those MLAs chose one of their own, lawyer Paul Okalik, to be the first Premier. The resulting government is a public one; all may vote - Inuit and non-Inuit, but the outcomes reflect Inuit values.
    [Show full text]
  • The Visser Chronicles
    1 Animorphs Chronicles 3 Visser K.A. Applegate *Converted to EBook by asmodeus *edited by Dace k 2 Prologue “Honey?” No answer. My husband was watching a game on television. He was preoccupied. “Honey?” I repeated, adding more urgency to my tone of voice. He looked over. Smiled sheepishly. “What’s up?” “Marco’s fever is down. I think he’s basically over this thing. He’s asleep. Anyway, I was thinking of getting some fresh air.” He muted the television. “Good idea. It’s tough when they’re sick, huh? Kids. He’s okay, though, huh?” “It’s just a virus.” “Yeah, well, take some time, you’ve been carrying the load. And if you’re going to the store- “ “Actually, I think I’ll go down to the marina.” He laughed and shook his head. “Ever since you bought that boat… I think Marco has some competition as the favorite child in this household.” He frowned. “You’re not taking it out, are you? Looks kind of gloomy out.” I made a smile. “Just want to make sure it’s well secured, check the ropes and all.” He was back with the game. He winced at some error made by his preferred team. “Uh-huh. Okay.” I stepped back, turned, and walked down the hall. The door to Marco’s room was ajar. I paused to look inside. I almost couldn’t do otherwise because the other voice in my head, the beaten-down, repressed human voice, was alive and screaming and screaming at me, begging me, pleading <No! No! No!> Marco was still asleep.
    [Show full text]
  • Reality of Gravity-Like Fields? Part I: Recent
    © Mehtapress 2014 Journal of Print - ISSN : 2319–9814 Online - ISSN : 2319–9822 Space Exploration WWW.MEHTAPRESS.COM Full Paper Reality of gravity-like fields? Part I: Recent Walter Dröscher experiments that challenge current physics Institut für Grenzgebiete der Wisse- nschaft, 6010 Innsbruck, (AUSTRIA) Abstract PACS : 03.; 11.; 77.; 04.80 Cc In this paper a set of recent experiments/observations is presented that seem to indicate the existence of novel physics outside general relativity as well as the standard Received : June 10, 2014 model of particle physics and the standard model of cosmology. The approach chosen Accepted : July 25, 2014 in the present paper is unique, since the existence of new physics is based on various Published : August 08, 2014 experiments reported from widely different areas, and not a priori on the introduction of novel physical concepts. If confirmed, new concepts might be required and drastic extensions to current physics would become necessary, for instance, in form of novel *Corresponding author’s Name & gravity-like fields. Such fields could provide the basis for propellantless propulsion that Add. is, gravitational field propulsion might become a possibility. A total of eleven experiments both from cosmological observations and high particle physics has been Walter Dröscher identified that seem to require an extension of general relativity and also might Institut für Grenzgebiete der Wisse- contradict key predictions of the so called advanced physical theories like string nschaft, 6010 Innsbruck, theory, supersmmetry, or quantum gravity. The paper also discusses in how far the (AUSTRIA) existence of additional extreme gravitomagnetic and gravity-like fields outside general relativity together with novel types of matter is supported by experimental facts based on the results of three recent experiments that might have measured these extreme gravitomagnetic fields (see the in depth analysis of these experiments in the accompanying paper by J.
    [Show full text]
  • Dorset Site Variation on the Southeast Coast of Baffin Island
    ARCTIC VOL. 33, NO. 3 (SEPTEMBER 1980). P. 505-516 Dorset Site Variation onthe Southeast Coast of Baffin Island MOREAU S. MAXWELL’ ABSTRACT. The wide variation in Dorset residence structures may indicate seasonal site differences greater than a simple summer/ winter dichotomy. This is further suggested by a comparison of selected stone tool frequencies from Dorset sites near Lake Harbour, N.W.T. Here manufacturing activities appear to differ from springto summer to winter. The evidence also suggests that in this region Late Dorset winter settlements were located on the fast sea ice. RÉSUMÉ. La grande variation de structure dans les residences d’age Dorset, peut indiquer les différences de site saisonier plus importantes que celles du passage de l’hiverà l’été. Cela est de loin suggbré par une comparaison dans la frequénce d’outils en pierre sélectionés, provenant de sites d’age Dorset aux alentours de Lake Harbour - N.W.T. Là, les activites artisanales apparaissent changer du printemps à l’été puisàl’hiver. Dans cette region, il parait evident que les colonies hivernales d’age Dorset terminal se placaient sur la glace de mer immobilisée. Traduit par Alain de Vendegies, Aquitaine Company of Canada Ltd. INTRODUCTION Through the past 52 years of Dorset studies less attention has been paid to settlement systems than to inter-site comparisons of artifact complexes. This is partly due to the general nature of Dorset artifacts. They differ distinctively from those of other Arctic cultural periods and within specific categories theyto tend be stylistically similarover a broadarea. Artifact styles appear to conform nearly simultaneously at specific points in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Heritage Resources Report
    NTI IIBA for Phase I Draft: Conservation Cultural Heritage Areas Resources Report Cultural Heritage Area: Akpait and and Interpretative Qaqulluit National Wildlife Materials Study Areas Prepared for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 1 May 2011 This report is part of a set of studies and a database produced for Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. as part of the project: NTI IIBA for Conservation Areas, Cultural Resources Inventory and Interpretative Materials Study Inquiries concerning this project and the report should be addressed to: David Kunuk Director of Implementation Nunavut Tunngavik Inc. 3rd Floor, Igluvut Bldg. P.O. Box 638 Iqaluit, Nunavut X0A 0H0 E: [email protected] T: (867) 975‐4900 Project Manager, Consulting Team: Julie Harris Contentworks Inc. 137 Second Avenue, Suite 1 Ottawa, ON K1S 2H4 Tel: (613) 730‐4059 Email: [email protected] Report Authors: Philip Goldring, Consultant: Historian and Heritage/Place Names Specialist Julie Harris, Contentworks Inc.: Heritage Specialist and Historian Nicole Brandon, Consultant: Archaeologist Note on Place Names: The current official names of places are used here except in direct quotations from historical documents. Throughout the document “Qikiqtarjuaq” refers to the settlement established in the 1950s and previously known as Broughton Island. Except when used in a direct quotation, the term “Broughton Island” in the report refers to the geographic feature (the island) on which the community of Qikiqtarjuaq is located. Names of places that do not have official names will appear as they are found in
    [Show full text]
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research
    Science on the Edge arctic and antarctic discoveries he polar regions provide unique natural laboratories for the study of Tcomplex scientific questions, ranging from human origins in the New World to the expansion of the universe. People have studied the polar regions for centuries. The extreme cold and stark beauty of the Arctic and Antarctic capture the imaginations of explorers, naturalists, and armchair travelers. In the latter half of the twentieth century, NSF-funded scientists discovered that the Arctic and the Antarctic have much to teach us about our Earth and its atmosphere, oceans, and climate. For example, cores drilled from the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica tell a story of global climate changes throughout history. During NSF’s lifetime, the extreme environments of the Arctic and Antarctic have become learning environments. During the First Polar Year (1882–83), scien- tists and explorers journeyed to the icy margins of the Earth to collect data on weather patterns, the Earth’s magnetic force, and other polar phe- nomena that affected navigation and shipping in A Surprising Abundance of Life the era of expanding commerce and industrial Both the Arctic and Antarctic seem beyond life: development. In all, the First Polar Year inspired icy, treeless, hostile places. Yet these polar regions fifteen expeditions (twelve to the Arctic and three host a surprising abundance of life, ranging from to the Antarctic) by eleven nations. Along the way, the microbial to the awe-inspiring, from bacteria researchers established twelve research stations. to bowhead whales. By the Second Polar Year (1932–33), new fields The United States has supported research Important differences mark North and South.
    [Show full text]
  • An Archaeological View of the Thule / Inuit Occupation of Labrador
    AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE THULE / INUIT OCCUPATION OF LABRADOR Lisa K. Rankin Memorial University May 2009 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE THULE/INUIT OCCUPATION OF LABRADOR Lisa K. Rankin Memorial University May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................1 II. BACKGROUND .........................................................................................................................3 1. The Thule of the Canadian Arctic ......................................................................................3 2. A History of Thule/Inuit Archaeology in Labrador............................................................6 III. UPDATING LABRADOR THULE/INUIT RESEARCH ...................................................15 1. The Date and Origin of the Thule Movement into Labrador ...........................................17 2. The Chronology and Nature of the Southward Expansion...............................................20 3. Dorset-Thule Contact .......................................................................................................28 4. The Adoption of Communal Houses................................................................................31 5. The Internal Dynamics of Change in Inuit Society..........................................................34 IV. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................37 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................................39
    [Show full text]
  • Our Arrival: a Novel
    Our Arrival: A Novel Allison Parrish November 2015 c 2015 Allison Parrish All rights reserved. This work is licensed with Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International. You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Preface This novel is a procedurally generated diary of an expedition through fan- tastical places that do not exist. The novel's primary source text is a database of over 5700 sentences drawn from the Project Gutenberg corpus. Each sentence was selected based on se- mantic and syntactic criteria, namely: the sentence must not have any nouns that refer to human beings; the sentence must have as its subject some kind of natural object or phenomena; the sentence must not have a pronoun as its subject; and the sentence must be in the past tense. The resulting list of sentences are all (more or less) assertions about the natural world. (The sen- tences are sourced from a subset of Project Gutenberg books, namely those whose subject entries include the strings Western, Science fiction, Geology, Natural, Exploration, Discovery or Physical.) I created a number of different procedures to produce the sentences that comprise the text of the novel. The most common of these works like this: two sentences are selected at random from the sentence database (described above), and parsed into their grammatical constituents.
    [Show full text]