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Thesis Reference Thesis The phylogeny and biogeography of an insular endemic moth radiation : the genus "Galagete" (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) from the Galapagos Islands SCHMITZ, Patrick Abstract Nos investigations sur la phylogénie et la biogéographie d'une radiation endémique insulaire de microlépidoptères nous ont permis d'apporter de nombreuses réponses et d'élargir considérablement nos connaissances sur la diversité, la répartition, l'écologie, l'histoire évolutive et les phénomènes de spéciation du genre Galagete des Iles Galapagos. Nos études morphologiques nous ont amené à décrire plusieurs nouveaux taxa utilisés par la suite dans nos reconstructions phylogénétiques. La biologie pour l'une des espèces de Galagete a été dévoilée et les stades immatures décrits en détail. Nos analyses moléculaires et investigations biogéographiques ont permis d'obtenir une solide phylogénie des espèces de Galagete et des différentes populations insulaires. Elles ont fourni de précieuses informations concernant l'histoire évolutive et la chronologie de la colonisation des Galapagos par cette radiation endémique insulaire et identifier, au sein de la radiation, un cas de spéciation cryptique. Reference SCHMITZ, Patrick. The phylogeny and biogeography of an insular endemic moth radiation : the genus "Galagete" (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) from the Galapagos Islands. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2007, no. Sc. 3855 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-4793 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:479 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:479 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 UNIVERSITÉ DE GENÈVE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES Département de zoologie et biologie animale Professeur Jan Pawlowski Département d'entomologie MUSÉUM D'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DE GENÈVE Docteur Bernard Landry The Phylogeny and Biogeography of an Insular Endemic Moth Radiation: The Genus Galagete (Lepidoptera: Autostichidae) from the Galapagos Islands THÈSE présentée à la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université de Genève pour obtenir le grade de Docteur ès sciences, mention biologique par Patrick SCHMITZ de Genève (Suisse) Thèse N° 3855 GENÈVE Atelier de reproduction de la Section de physique 2007 ii “Seeing every height crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of the lava- streams still distinct, we are led to believe that within a period, geologically recent, the unbroken ocean was here spread out. Hence, both in space and time, we seem to be brought somewhat near to that great fact — that mystery of mysteries — the first appearance of new beings on this earth.” Charles Darwin (The Voyage of the Beagle, 1845) iii iv TABLE OF CONTENTS REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................................... viii RÉSUMÉ ............................................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xix GENERAL INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 The Galapagos Islands............................................................................................... 2 The genus Galagete Landry, 2002 ............................................................................ 2 Aims of the present study.......................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1: TWO NEW TAXA OF GALAGETE (LEPIDOPTERA, AUTOSTICHIDAE) FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS, ECUADOR ............................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 6 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 7 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 7 3. RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 8 4. DESCRIPTIONS................................................................................................................ 9 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 2: IMMATURE STAGES OF GALAGETE PROTOZONA (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIOIDEA: AUTOSTICHIDAE) FROM THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: DESCRIPTION AND NOTES ON BIOLOGY ......................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 16 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 17 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 17 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA AND PUPA.................................................................... 19 3.1. Larva and pupa ................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Biology ............................................................................................................... 20 3.3. Relationships ...................................................................................................... 23 3.4. Notes................................................................................................................... 23 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. 24 v CHAPTER 3: TWO NEW SPECIES OF CHIONODES HÜBNER FROM ECUADOR, WITH A SUMMARY OF KNOWN GALAPAGOS RECORDS OF GELECHIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)................................................................................... 25 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 26 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 27 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 28 3. DESCRIPTIONS................................................................................................................ 29 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. 36 CHAPTER 4: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY AND DATING OF AN INSULAR ENDEMIC MOTH RADIATION INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL AND NUCLEAR GENES: THE GENUS GALAGETE (LEPIDOPTERA: AUTOSTICHIDAE) OF THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS.......................................................................................... 37 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 38 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 39 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 41 2.1. Specimen sampling............................................................................................. 41 2.2. DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing........................................ 42 2.3. Phylogenetic analysis ......................................................................................... 44 2.4. Molecular dating................................................................................................. 45 3. RESULTS.......................................................................................................................... 46 3.1. Sequence data ..................................................................................................... 46 3.2. Phylogenetic analyses......................................................................................... 47 3.3. Molecular dating................................................................................................. 47 4. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................... 49 4.1. Outgroups ........................................................................................................... 49 4.2. Galagete phylogenetic relationships .................................................................. 49 4.3. Origin, dating, and biogeography....................................................................... 52 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................. 54 vi CHAPTER 5: EVIDENCE FOR CRYPTIC SPECIATION ON GALAPAGOS VOLCANOES IN THE MICROMOTH GALAGETE DARWINI (LEPIDOPTERA, AUTOSTICHIDAE).......... 57 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 58 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 59 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 59 2.1. Samples and DNA methods ............................................................................... 59 2.2. Data analysis......................................................................................................
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