DOCSLIB.ORG

How the Heretics of England Criticize the Pope for the English Seminaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How the Heretics of England Criticize the Pope for the English Seminaries Book 3, chapter 20 How the Heretics of England Criticize the Pope for the English Seminaries He Supports, While the New Christians of Japan Thank Him for Having Done the Same in Their Land To make clearer what we have just finished saying, to prove that what the pope is doing in aiding the exiled English Catholics and supporting the English sem- inaries is not subverting that kingdom, as Elizabeth’s edict would have it, but rather fulfilling the obligations of his office and the paternal responsibilities that he, as universal shepherd, has for the entire Church, we shall leave aside the other seminaries Gregory xiii of glorious memory founded for the benefit of so many nations. Allow me instead to include here two letters to Pope Sixtus v from two Japanese kings, in which, among other things, they thank him for his generosity toward the fathers of the Society of Jesus and the students of the seminaries of Japan. These letters will also serve to show us the difference there is between the impiety and hatred that the queen of England and her ministers harbor for the Apostolic See, and the devotion and reverence of the Christian princes of Japan. To the end that the accursed heretics might be con- founded and bewail their blindness, while the true children of the holy Church are comforted and rejoice in the Lord, offering him infinite thanks for his pro- tection and for his care in extending, augmenting, and expanding the Church to kingdoms and regions so far-off, bringing so many sheep who had wandered astray to his knowledge and love, to be joined with the others he has here, together becoming a single flock under a single shepherd, as the Lord himself said he would.1 For indeed all the servants of the Lord who are afflicted and consumed by the holy Church’s calamities and bewail its troubles and losses will find supreme solace and joy in contemplating how God has expanded our sacred faith in our own times, into so many sprawling, remote realms, and how although with one hand he wounds and lashes us, with the other he heals and comforts us, with the losses among the heretics made up and recompensed with overwhelming profit among the pagans. May he be blessed and praised 1 John 10:16. © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, ���7 | doi �0.��63/97890043�3964_��� <UN> 660 Book 3, chapter 20 forevermore for this mercy to his Church. But let us see the letters that mani- fest this truth to us.2 Transcript of a letter, written in the Japanese language, with a summa- ry in the Portuguese tongue, from Don Protasius, king of Arima,3 to the blessed memory of Pope Sixtus v, which was headed thus: The letter of Don Protasius, king of Arima, to His Holiness, Sixtus v. The second heading runs thus: To the great and saintly Pope Sixtus v, who upon the earth holds the place of the king of heaven, Don Protasius, king of Arima, offers this letter with the utmost reverence. Most holy father, supreme among all Christians, upon the sixteenth of the sixth moon, which was July 21, 1590, the father visitor of the Society of Jesus arrived with my cousin Don Miguel Chijiwa, Don Mancio, and the other companions who went to Rome in our name to place their heads beneath the feet of Your Holiness. I have received as much joy at their arrival as if I had won a thousand autumns and another ten thousand years of life. Don Miguel has recounted to me the honors and favors he has received from Your Holiness, King Don Philip, and the other Chris- tian princes of Europe. For these, my thanks to Your Holiness are so in- finite that I cannot express them with pen or paper. He has also given me the letter that Your Blessedness has deigned to write to me, in which you do me the grace to place me in honor among the other Christian monarchs. He has likewise brought the sacred splinter of the true cross upon which Christ our Redeemer died, and the sword and hat that Your 2 Though this letter was printed in Portuguese in 1593, the one that follows was not. Accord- ingly, it seems more likely that Ribadeneyra used an Italian translation produced the same year: Gasparo Spitilli, ed., Ragguaglio, 22–28. For the Portuguese version of the first letter, see Cartas do Iapam nas quaes se trata da chegada a quellas partes dos fidalgos Iapões que ca vierão, da muita Christandade que se fez no tempo da perseguição do tyrano, das guerras que ouue, & de como Quambacudono se acabou de fazer senhor absoluto dos 66. reynos que ha no Iapão, & de outras cousas tocantes ás partes da India, & ao grão Mogor (Lisbon: Em casa de Simão Lopes, 1593), 56v–58r. 3 Arima Harunobu (1567–1612), a daimyo (feudal lord) based in Shimabara in Kyushu, who was baptized as Protasius in 1579. “Arima” is actually the name of the clan the daimyo headed, rather than that of his domain. Cooper, Japanese Mission, 13. <UN>.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Redalyc.Nagasaki. an European Artistic City in Early Modern Japan
    Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal Curvelo, Alexandra Nagasaki. An European artistic city in early modern Japan Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 2, june, 2001, pp. 23 - 35 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100202 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BPJS, 2001, 2, 23 - 35 NAGASAKI An European artistic city in early modern Japan Alexandra Curvelo Portuguese Institute for Conservation and Restoration In 1569 Gaspar Vilela was invited by one of Ômura Sumitada’s Christian vassals to visit him in a fishing village located on the coast of Hizen. After converting the lord’s retainers and burning the Buddhist temple, Vilela built a Christian church under the invocation of “Todos os Santos” (All Saints). This temple was erected near Bernardo Nagasaki Jinzaemon Sumikage’s residence, whose castle was set upon a promontory on the foot of which laid Nagasaki (literal translation of “long cape”)1. If by this time the Great Ship from Macao was frequenting the nearby harbours of Shiki and Fukuda, it seems plausible that since the late 1560’s Nagasaki was already thought as a commercial centre by the Portuguese due to local political instability. Nagasaki’s foundation dates from 1571, the exact year in which the Great Ship under the Captain-Major Tristão Vaz da Veiga sailed there for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Michael Cooper
    Graduate Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies 6:1 (2008) 103-105 REVIEW Michael Cooper. The Japanese Mission to Europe, 1582-1590: The Journey of Four Samurai Boys through Portugal, Spain and Italy, Global Oriental, Folkestone, 2005, 262 pp., ISBN 1901903389. IN 1585, three Japanese teenagers served as canopy bearers at the Coronation Mass of Pope Sixtus V. What where these Japanese teenagers doing there? Michael Cooper answers this question in The Japanese Mission to Europe, 1582‐1590: The Journey of Four Samurai Boys through Portugal, Spain and Italy. This work provides a narrative of the first Japanese legation to Europe by Mancio Ito (1569‐1612), Michael Chijawa (1567‐ 1633), Martin Hara (1568‐1639), and Julian Nakaura (1568‐1633). Cooper states that this work is a ‘paraphrase’ of the work La Première Ambassade du Japon en Europe by Luis Fróis (1532‐1597), a Jesuit who based his account upon the notes written by the Japanese boys and their compansions during their trip, and does not provide any new insight for scholars (p. xi). However, this work is important in that it makes the story of these four individuals more accessible; before its publication, the legation had only been mentioned in no more than ten articles in English and was largely unknown or ignored by scholars. The work is divided into seven parts chronicling the reasons for the journey, legs of the trip, and results of the legation sent to Europe. The first part is the nucleus of the work. Cooper first describes how the Jesuits came to Japan and were successful in their missionary efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Japan and the West:An Historical Sketch
    NAOSITE: Nagasaki University's Academic Output SITE Title Japan and the West:an historical sketch Author(s) McOmie, William Walter Citation 長崎大学教育学部人文科学研究報告, 44, pp.49-67; 1992 Issue Date 1992-03-25 URL http://hdl.handle.net/10069/33155 Right This document is downloaded at: 2017-12-22T06:28:08Z http://naosite.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp ftptf7kcfl}kwtfffl;gtsAJsZjstfl}k6}f3eXIS ag44e 49---67 (l992) Japan and the West : an historical sketch William Walter McOmie If asked most people would answer that parallel lines, by definition, do not intersect. That is true in the ideal world of Euclidean geometry. But we do not live in such a world. In the real world parallel lines intersect with a vengeance. In this paper those parallel lines will represent parallel countries and cultures and the focus will be on those points where they intersect and connect. If this paper has any claim to originality, it is not in the discovery of heretofore unknown historieal personages or events, but in their interpretation and integration. Indeed, history has shown that history, as such, does not exist, but rather the different interpretations of past events by individual historians. I hope that this paper will serve as a model of a kind of historical interpretation that strives to connect different countries and cultures. The purpose of this paper is twofold:to provide a capsule account of the most significant events in world and Japanese history leading up to the first landing of Europeans in Japan, and to focus on the interaction of Europeans and Japanese up to the year 1852.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens
    PORTUGUESE SHIPS ON JAPANESE NAMBAN SCREENS A Thesis by KOTARO YAMAFUNE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS August 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens Copyright 2012 Kotaro Yamafune PORTUGUESE SHIPS ON JAPANESE NAMBAN SCREENS A Thesis by KOTARO YAMAFUNE Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Committee Members, Kevin J. Crisman Molly Warsh Head of Department, Cynthia Werner August 2012 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Portuguese Ships on Japanese Namban Screens. (August 2012) Kotaro Yamafune, B.A., Hosei University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Luis Filipe Vieira de Castro Namban screens are a well-known Japanese art form that was produced between the end of the 16th century and throughout the 17th century. More than 90 of these screens survive today. They possess substantial historical value because they display scenes of the first European activities in Japan. Among the subjects depicted on Namban screens, some of the most intriguing are ships: the European ships of the Age of Discovery. Namban screens were created by skillful Japanese traditional painters who had the utmost respect for detail, and yet the European ships they depicted are often anachronistic and strangely. On maps of the Age of Discovery, the author discovered representations of ships that are remarkably similar to the ships represented on the Namban screens.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian Daimyó During the Crisis
    Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies ISSN: 0874-8438 [email protected] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal Costa Oliveira e, João Paulo Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian Daimyó during the Crisis Of 1600 Bulletin of Portuguese - Japanese Studies, núm. 7, december, 2003, pp. 45-71 Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=36100703 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative BPJS, 2003, 7, 45-71 TOKUGAWA IEYASU AND THE CHRISTIAN DAIMYÓ DURING THE CRISIS OF 1600 1 João Paulo Oliveira e Costa Centro de História de Além-Mar, New University of Lisbon The process of the political reunification of the Japanese Empire 2 underwent its last great crisis in the period between the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi 豊臣秀吉 (1536-1598),3 in September 1598, and the Battle of Seki- gahara, in October 1600. The entire process was at risk of being aborted, which could have resulted in the country lapsing back into the state of civil war and anarchy in which it had lived for more than a century.4 However, an individual by the name of Tokugawa Ieyasu 徳川家康 (1543-1616) 5 shrewdly took advantage of the hesitation shown by many of his rivals and the military weakness or lack of strategic vision on the part of others to take control of the Japanese Empire, which would remain in the hands of his family for more than 250 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catholic Church in Japan
    • Tht CATHOLIC CHURCHin JAPAN The CATHOLIC Here, with all of its colorful pagentry, its HUllCHin JAPAN bloody martyrdoms, its heart-breaking failures and its propitious successes, is the history of the fust Christian Missionaries in Japan. Johannes Laures, the well-known Jesuit au­ thority on the Catholic Mission in Japan, has here re-created in all of its splendor the long, bitter and bloody battle of this first Christian Church. From its beginnings to its present eminence Father Laures has traced this. hitherto confusing history, pausing now and again to create for the reader the personality of a great Christian leader or a notable Japanese daimyo. This work, scholarly without being dull, fast­ reading without being light, is a history of the History greatest importance to all tho_se interested in Japan. More, it is the inspiring story of the triumph of the Christian faith. by Charles E. TuttleCo .. Publishtrs .," ..,, "'z a: 0 Ianm d, JiUfRcgMn t a/.r , f<•.m,,;,,/iufc., ta. tft f,'d,sc ltf,f/«,, lu.bo ',t lrtdw(l'r,a _;,�rvrw"1 ..1• 1 R,I Oildat, ' �V m .. , ... c�. 1„n„ Cllf•,iu,,w ,, ,., : """'"""'n.t,,,r 1-iub u.tSv-,e /1.lk vd ,,.(.,(enrnb• U, CnlJ i;, fo, Rt l,nr -,.,n,tNS,U cf'iomI r. 1 6f Sem,n„ 'm I ri Xf� 1rtodOrt ID!t:S oppeta, .. t, ,., ------' . ,.,, Th� O�tho:tilc Chürch i!n Jap1arr .., The Catholic Church in Japan A Short History by Johannes Laures, S. J. CHARLES E. TUTTLE COMPANY Rutland, Vermont Tokyo, Japan Saint Frands Preacbing to the Japanese an imaginary portrait Published by the Charles E.
    [Show full text]
  • VARIETIES of CONTROL and RELEASE in TOKUGAWA RELIGION by MATTHEW R. HAYES a THESIS Presented to the Interdisciplinary Studies Pr
    VARIETIES OF CONTROL AND RELEASE IN TOKUGAWA RELIGION by MATTHEW R. HAYES A THESIS Presented to the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2012 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Matthew R. Hayes Title: Varieties of Control and Release in Tokugawa Religion This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies by: Mark Unno Chair Ina Asim Member Glynne Walley Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2012 ii © 2012 Matthew R. Hayes iii THESIS ABSTRACT Matthew R. Hayes Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies Program: Asian Studies June 2012 Title: Varieties of Control and Release in Tokugawa Religion The Tokugawa period (1600-1868) brought significant social, legislative, and institutional change to Japan, including peace and stability that pervaded much of early modern society. Life in these new social conditions was experienced under the authoritative and ideological influence of the shogunal regime, which sought to order society in a way reflective of administrative ideals. However, while control over Tokugawa inhabitants existed to a certain degree, there were also instances of geographical and social release from such control through engagement in religious pilgrimage and ritual. Practices such as these allowed some citizens to move around, through, and perhaps beyond the modes of confinement established by authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from SHOGUN
    Learning from Shǀgun Japanese History and Western Fantasy Edited by Henry Smith Program in Asian Studies University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106 Contents Designed by Marc Treib Contributors vi Copyright © 1980 by Henry D. Smith II Maps viii for the authors Preface xi Distributed by the Japan Society, 333 East 47th Street, New York, Part I: The Fantasy N.Y. 10017 1 James Clavell and the Legend of the British Samurai 1 Henry Smith 2 Japan, Jawpen, and the Attractions of an Opposite 20 Illustrations of samurai armor are David Plath from Murai Masahiro, Tanki yǀryaku 3 Shǀgun as an Introduction to Cross-Cultural Learning 27 (A compendium for the mounted Elgin Heinz warrior), rev. ed., 1837, woodblock edition in the Metropolitan Museum Part II: The History of Art, New York 4 Blackthorne’s England 35 Sandra Piercy 5 Trade and Diplomacy in the Era of Shǀgun 43 Ronald Toby 6 The Struggle for the Shogunate 52 Henry Smith 7 Hosokawa Gracia: A Model for Mariko 62 Chieko Mulhern This publication has been supported by Part III: The Meeting of Cultures grants from: 8 Death and Karma in the World of Shǀgun 71 Consulate General of Japan, Los William LaFleur Angeles 9 Learning Japanese with Blackthorne 79 Japan-United States Susan Matisoff Friendship Commission 10 The Paradoxes of the Japanese Samurai 86 Northeast Asia Council, Henry Smith Association for Asian Studies 11 Consorts and Courtesans: The Women of Shǀgun 99 USC-UCLA Joint East Asia Henry Smith Studies Center 12 Raw Fish and a Hot Bath: Dilemmas of Daily Life 113 Southern California Conference on Henry Smith International Studies Who’s Who in Shǀgun 127 Glossary 135 For Further Reading 150 Postscript: The TV Transformation 161 vi Contributors vii Sandra Piercy is a graduate student in English history of the Tudor- Stuart period at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
    [Show full text]
  • The Christian Community of Nagasaki (1569‐1643)
    Tronu Montane, Carla (2012) Sacred Space and Ritual in Early Modern Japan: The Christian Community of Nagasaki (1569‐1643). PhD Thesis, SOAS, University of London http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13820 Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non‐commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. SACRED SPACE AND RITUAL IN EARLY MODERN JAPAN: THE CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY OF NAGASAKI (1569-1643) CARLA TRONU MONTANE Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in History 2012 Department of History School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 2 Abstract This thesis argues that the production of sacred space and ritual is crucial to understanding the formation of Christian communities in early modern Japan. An analysis of the production of churches in Japan (chapter 1) lays the ground for a thorough exploration of the particular case of the Christian community of Nagasaki from 1569 to 1643 in the following chapters, I first address how Christians were involved in the foundation and design of the port and town, with a church as its symbolic centre (chapter 2), and the consequences for the Christian community when the administration rights over Nagasaki were donated to the Jesuits in 1580 (chapter 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright 2017 Makoto Kondo
    THE NEW POSSIBILITY OF MISSION IN JAPAN A dissertation by Makoto Kondo presented to The Faculty of the Pacific School of Religion in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Ministry Berkeley, California April 2017 Copyright 2017 Makoto Kondo Committee Members: Randi Walker, DMin, PhD, Coordinator Hung Pham, S.J., S.T.D., Member Robert M. Fukada, DMin, Member Abstract THE NEW POSSIBILITY OF MISSION IN JAPAN by Makoto Kondo It is a fact that the numbers of Christians still remain to be less than only 1% of the whole population of Japan even today. Are there any possibilities for Christian mission in Japan today and in the future, even when people have been losing interest in any religion? In Japan, for more than 400 years from Francisco Xavier up to now, numberless missionaries and pastors have been making every effort to propagate the gospel messages, taking it as an absolute ‘must’ for their missionary activities. Most of them tried to carry out their mission with their own traditional method. As a result, there occurred almost necessarily some sorts of cultural and religious frictions among others throughout history. It is very interesting to know that Christianity in Japan had never been nationalized in Copyright 2017 Makoto Kondo history, though having been very often tempted to become a national religion. In my research project, I tried to trace out the acceptance history of Christianity in Japan, while keeping it in my mind to investigate the most important and basic themes, such as ‘What is Christian mission?’ or ‘How could it be possible for us missionaries and pastors in Japan to serve the churches and anywhere else as true bearers of Christian mission in the present context?’ While pursuing my research project, it became clear at least that the i statistic ratio of the Christian population in Japan does not necessarily lead to any conclusion as to whether Christian mission in Japan resulted in success or failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Croisements Interculturels Et Entreprise Médiatique La Première Ambassade Japonaise En Europe (1582-1590) Et Le De Missione Legatorum Iaponensium Ad Romanam Curiam
    1 Croisements interculturels et entreprise médiatique La première ambassade japonaise en Europe (1582-1590) et le De missione legatorum iaponensium ad Romanam curiam 1) Christian BELIN (U. Montpellier 3) « Voir la grande contenance du monde et son pourtour (…) » e – e L’invention missionnaire dans la Compagnie de Jésus ....................... 3 2) Angelo CATTANEO (U. Nova, Lisbonne) “Today … we have come together to hear you speak about the world as a whole”: De missione legatorum Iaponensium ad Romanam curiam as a literary cosmography and its epistemological foundations ............ 4 3) Hsin-Tien CHUANG (EHESS, Paris) The image of China according to Alessandro Valignano s.j. (1539-1606) around the turn of the year 1588 : from the Historia del principio y progresso de la Compañía de Jesús en las Indias orientales (1542-64) to the De missione legatorum iaponensium ad Romanam Curiam ........................................ 8 4) LI Zhenche (U. Montpellier 3) Les jésuites en Chine des XVIe et XVIIe siècles : la rencontre de deux cultures ? ......................................................................................... 12 5) Rotem KOWNER (U. Haïfa) A Pioneer of a New Worldview: Valignano's Racial Vision in the De Missione ............................................................................................... 13 6) Jonathan LOPEZ-VERA (U. Pompeu Fabra, Barcelone) “Implications on the Tenshō embassy of the changes in the Japanese political scenario” ............................................ 14 7) Giuseppe MARINO (U. Fudan, Shanghai) The Memorandum for the Emperor of China by Alessandro Valignano (XVIth century): a strategic manuscript ........................... 21 8) Vincent MASSE (Dalhousie U., Toronto) « La venue des Princes Japponnois en Europe »: Les séquelles imprimées immédiates (1585-1586) de l’ambassade Tenshō ........................................................................................................................... 22 9) Hitoshi OGAWA The Colonna Family and the Tensho-Period Japanese Mission ............
    [Show full text]
  • Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan’S Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century
    JAPAN AND ITS EAST ASIAN NEIGHBORS: JAPAN’S PERCEPTION OF CHINA AND KOREA AND THE MAKING OF FOREIGN POLICY FROM THE SEVENTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Norihito Mizuno, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor James R. Bartholomew, Adviser Professor Philip C. Brown Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn Graduate Program in History Copyright by Norihito Mizuno 2004 ABSTRACT This dissertation is a study of Japanese perceptions of its East Asian neighbors – China and Korea – and the making of foreign policy from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century. Previous studies have overwhelmingly argued that after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan started to modernize itself by learning from the West and changed its attitudes toward those neighboring countries. It supposedly abandoned its traditional friendship and reverence toward its neighbors and adopted aggressive and contemptuous attitudes. I have no intention of arguing here that the perspective of change and discontinuity in Japan’s attitudes toward its neighbors has no validity at all; Japan did adopt Western-style diplomacy toward its neighbors, paralleling the abandonment of traditional culture which had owed much to other East Asian civilizations since antiquity. In this dissertation, through examination primarily of official and private documents, I maintain that change and discontinuity cannot fully explain the Japanese policy toward its East Asian neighbors from the early seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. The Japanese perceptions and attitudes toward China and ii Korea had some aspects of continuity.
    [Show full text]