Em: Improving US Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Em: Improving US Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting NOVEMBER 2019 If You Can’t See ’em, You Can’t Shoot ’em: Improving US Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting BY SETH CROPSEY AND BRYAN MCGRATH © 2019 Hudson Institute, Inc. All rights reserved. For more information about obtaining additional copies of this or other Hudson Institute publications, please visit Hudson’s website, www.hudson.org ABOUT HUDSON INSTITUTE Hudson Institute is a research organization promoting American leadership and global engagement for a secure, free, and prosperous future. Founded in 1961 by strategist Herman Kahn, Hudson Institute challenges conventional thinking and helps manage strategic transitions to the future through interdisciplinary studies in defense, international relations, economics, health care, technology, culture, and law. Hudson seeks to guide public policy makers and global leaders in government and business through a vigorous program of publications, conferences, policy briefings and recommendations. Visit www.hudson.org for more information. Hudson Institute would like to thank General Atomics for their support of this research and publication, and is grateful for past contributions from Northrop Grumman Corporation and Lockheed Martin Corporation. Hudson Institute 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Fourth Floor Washington, D.C. 20004 +1.202.974.2400 [email protected] www.hudson.org Cover: The guided-missile destroyer USS Dewey (DDG 105) transits the Pacific Ocean. Dewey is underway in the U.S. 3rd Fleet area of operations. (U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Devin M. Langer) NOVEMBER 2019 If You Can’t See ’em, You Can’t Shoot ’em: Improving US Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting BY SETH CROPSEY AND BRYAN MCGRATH AUTHOR Seth Cropsey Bryan McGrath Director, Center for American Seapower Bryan McGrath formerly served as deputy director of Hudson Institute’s Center for American Seapower. Seth Cropsey began his career in government at the Defense Department as Assistant to the Secretary of Defense Caspar McGrath is the founding Managing Director of The FerryBridge Weinberger and subsequently served as Deputy Undersecretary Group LLC (FBG), a consultancy specializing in naval and of the Navy in the Reagan and Bush administrations. In the national security issues. Prior to starting FBG, Bryan founded a Bush administration, Cropsey moved to the Office of the national security consulting line of business for Delex Systems Secretary of Defense to become acting assistant secretary, and of Herndon, VA. then principal deputy assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict. Cropsey served as a A retired Naval Officer, McGrath spent 21 years on active duty naval officer from 1985-2004. including a tour in command of USS BULKELEY (DDG 84), a guided-missile destroyer homeported in Norfolk, Virginia. In From 1982 to 1984, Cropsey directed the editorial policy of command, he received the “Admiral Elmo Zumwalt Award for the Voice of America on the Solidarity movement in Poland, Inspirational Leadership” from the Surface Navy Association and Soviet treatment of dissidents, and other issues. Returning to his ship earned the USS ARIZONA Memorial Trophy signifying public diplomacy in 2002 as director of the US government’s its selection as the Fleet’s most combat-ready warship. His International Broadcasting Bureau, Cropsey supervised the final duties ashore included serving as Team Lead and Primary agency as successful efforts were undertaken to increase radio Author of the US Navy’s 2007 Maritime Strategy A Cooperative and television broadcasting to the Muslim world. Strategy for 21st Century Seapower. Cropsey’s work in the private sector includes reporting for Fortune magazine and as a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, and as director of the Heritage Foundation’s Asia Studies Center from 1991 to 1994. The authors would like to thank Harrison Schramm (US Navy, ret.) for the invaluable assistance he provided in preparing this report. 4 | HUDSON INSTITUTE TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 6 Part I: History and Strategy 8 World War II 8 The Cold War 9 Cold War Systems Mature 11 Post–Cold War 12 Renewed Great Power Competition 14 Who is Setting the Pace in Today’s Military Competition? 17 Current State of Maritime ISR/T 17 Part II: Technology 20 National Technical Means 20 Analysis 21 Assumptions 23 Approach 25 Impact of Revisit Rate 25 Analysis and Insights 25 Combined Area / Focused Search 26 Summary 26 Next Steps 26 Recommendations 27 Japan’s Role in Western Pacific Security 29 Current Japanese ISR/T 31 Recommendations for Japanese ISR/T 32 Conclusion 34 Endnotes 35 IF YOU CAN’T SEE ’EM, YOU CAN’T SHOOT ’EM: IMPROVING US INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, RECONNAISSANCE, AND TARGETING INTRODUCTION The United States today faces the greatest challenge to Of course, there has been a noticeable, necessary, and its international stature since the mid-twentieth century. welcome increase in discussion of America’s operational and America’s adversaries, despite their differences, threaten to theater strategies in the Pacific, alongside a military and civilian come together in a coalition that can dominate Eurasia and focus on responding to renewed great power competition. by extension, jeopardize American strategic interests and values globally. Of several potential flashpoints for confrontation, the Western Pacific has the potential to be the most decisive. Photo caption: Chinese guided-missile frigate Yueyang sails in waters The most powerful of the three US rivals is Asian, and it is the during China-Thailand Joint Naval Training 'Blue Commando-2019' at a only adversary with the economic and political power to field a military port on May 6, 2019 in Shanwei, Guangdong Province of China. technologically sophisticated, quantitatively superior military force. (Visual China Group via Getty Images) 6 | HUDSON INSTITUTE But there is a current lack of appreciation for the critical role of Finally, the report concludes with several key recommendations intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting (ISR/T) to naval policymakers, civilian and military, including the following: capabilities in naval combat success. This operational blind spot has concrete ramifications for the balance of power in the • Congress should direct a Federally Funded Research and Western Pacific and the ability of the United States to force a Development Corporation to perform a classified evaluation political settlement without conflict. and analysis of Navy ISR/T analytical efforts and report the results. This report tracks the development of naval and maritime • The Department of Defense should consider redeploying ISR/T from the Cold War to the present day. It reveals land-based unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), specifically the fluctuating relationship between ISR/T and weapons the MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted vehicle (RPV), from ranges that have adversely impacted the US Navy’s combat the Middle East to the Pacific, modifying them for capabilities. While the United States developed longer-range maritime ISR. weapons throughout the Cold War and revised tactics and fleet composition to better employ those weapons offensively, • The Navy should assess accelerating the current MQ-4C the gap that remained between weapons range and targeting program of record. information had a negative effect on US Navy combat power. • The Navy should consider acquiring a medium-altitude, Following the Cold War, ISR/T capacity and capability rose, long-endurance (MALE) UAV that can be launched and allowing for precision strikes against ground targets at short recovered onboard surface combatants and deliver targeting and medium range. Finally, the contemporary fleet, facing data directly, which would efficiently and effectively negate renewed great power competition, is increasingly receiving a portion of the ISR/T coverage gaps. The Navy should long-range strike weapons. However, it lacks the ISR/T modify the MQ-25 Stingray UAV to carry its own ISR/T data- complex to identify and hit targets at those ranges in most gathering suite to provide the carrier air wing (CVW) with over-the-horizon combat situations. organic ISR/T, and rely less on non-traditional ISR, currently being conducted by F/A-18E/Fs and EA-18Gs. Second, this report reviews the current ISR/T capabilities to which the US Navy has access, primarily in the Pacific • DoD should work to encourage key allies and partners theater, and performs first-order sufficiency analysis to gain an to increase their own maritime surveillance capabilities, understanding of the impact the current program of record has including advocating for foreign military sales of the MQ-4C on operational requirements. Triton and the MQ-9B SeaGuardian/Protector. IF YOU CAN’T SEE ’EM, YOU CAN’T SHOOT ’EM: IMPROVING US INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, RECONNAISSANCE, AND TARGETING PART I: HISTORY AND STRATEGY World War II keeping his main force out of sight and thereby tempting the To understand the gaps and inadequacies in the US Navy’s French into battle at Trafalgar. During the Great War, the Battle of current ISR/T complex, we must review the ISR/T techniques Jutland was marred by ISR inadequacies on both sides. Neither Navy employed in the past and examine their strengths and Britain’s Grand Fleet nor Germany’s Hochseeflotte knew that it weaknesses. was approaching a fleet action.1 Only sheer luck encouraged A dedicated ISR complex is critical in naval combat. Without eyes, a fleet cannot fight. Athenian statesman
Recommended publications
  • 2014 Ships and Submarines of the United States Navy
    AIRCRAFT CARRIER DDG 1000 AMPHIBIOUS Multi-Purpose Aircraft Carrier (Nuclear-Propulsion) THE U.S. NAvy’s next-GENERATION MULTI-MISSION DESTROYER Amphibious Assault Ship Gerald R. Ford Class CVN Tarawa Class LHA Gerald R. Ford CVN-78 USS Peleliu LHA-5 John F. Kennedy CVN-79 Enterprise CVN-80 Nimitz Class CVN Wasp Class LHD USS Wasp LHD-1 USS Bataan LHD-5 USS Nimitz CVN-68 USS Abraham Lincoln CVN-72 USS Harry S. Truman CVN-75 USS Essex LHD-2 USS Bonhomme Richard LHD-6 USS Dwight D. Eisenhower CVN-69 USS George Washington CVN-73 USS Ronald Reagan CVN-76 USS Kearsarge LHD-3 USS Iwo Jima LHD-7 USS Carl Vinson CVN-70 USS John C. Stennis CVN-74 USS George H.W. Bush CVN-77 USS Boxer LHD-4 USS Makin Island LHD-8 USS Theodore Roosevelt CVN-71 SUBMARINE Submarine (Nuclear-Powered) America Class LHA America LHA-6 SURFACE COMBATANT Los Angeles Class SSN Tripoli LHA-7 USS Bremerton SSN-698 USS Pittsburgh SSN-720 USS Albany SSN-753 USS Santa Fe SSN-763 Guided Missile Cruiser USS Jacksonville SSN-699 USS Chicago SSN-721 USS Topeka SSN-754 USS Boise SSN-764 USS Dallas SSN-700 USS Key West SSN-722 USS Scranton SSN-756 USS Montpelier SSN-765 USS La Jolla SSN-701 USS Oklahoma City SSN-723 USS Alexandria SSN-757 USS Charlotte SSN-766 Ticonderoga Class CG USS City of Corpus Christi SSN-705 USS Louisville SSN-724 USS Asheville SSN-758 USS Hampton SSN-767 USS Albuquerque SSN-706 USS Helena SSN-725 USS Jefferson City SSN-759 USS Hartford SSN-768 USS Bunker Hill CG-52 USS Princeton CG-59 USS Gettysburg CG-64 USS Lake Erie CG-70 USS San Francisco SSN-711 USS Newport News SSN-750 USS Annapolis SSN-760 USS Toledo SSN-769 USS Mobile Bay CG-53 USS Normandy CG-60 USS Chosin CG-65 USS Cape St.
    [Show full text]
  • Navy and Marine Corps Opposition to the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986
    Navy and Marine Corps Opposition to the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Steven T. Wills June 2012 © 2012 Steven T. Wills. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Navy and Marine Corps Opposition to the Goldwtaer Nichols Act of 1986 by STEVEN T. WILLS has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Ingo Traushweizer Assistant Professor of History Howard Dewald Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT WILLS, STEVEN T., M.A., June 2012, History Navy and Marine Corps Opposition to the Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 Director of Thesis: Ingo Traushweizer The Goldwater Nichols Act of 1986 was the most comprehensive defense reorganization legislation in a generation. It has governed the way the United States has organized, planned, and conducted military operations for the last twenty five years. It passed the Senate and House of Representatives with margins of victory reserved for birthday and holiday resolutions. It is praised throughout the U.S. defense establishment as a universal good. Despite this, it engendered a strong opposition movement organized primarily by Navy Secretary John F. Lehman but also included members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, prominent Senators and Congressman, and President Reagan's Secretary of Defense Casper Weinberger. This essay will examine the forty year background of defense reform movements leading to the Goldwater Nichols Act, the fight from 1982 to 1986 by supporters and opponents of the proposed legislation and its twenty-five year legacy that may not be as positive as the claims made by the Department of Defense suggest.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2020S Tri-Service Modernization Crunch Mackenzie Eaglen with Hallie Coyne MARCH 2021
    Embargoed until Tuesday, March 23, at 12:01 a.m. EST The 2020s Tri-Service Modernization Crunch Mackenzie Eaglen with Hallie Coyne MARCH 2021 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE The 2020s Tri-Service Modernization Crunch Mackenzie Eaglen with Hallie Coyne MARCH 2021 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE © 2021 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 3 Addressing the Tri-Service Spending Spike ...................................................................... 3 Why Does It Matter? ..................................................................................................... 4 What Factors Are Making the Modernization Spending Crunch Worse? ............................... 6 What Does Addressing the Modernization Crunch Mean for the US Military in the 2020s? .............................................................................................................. 15 What Went Wrong: Identifying the Causes of the 2020s Modernization Crunch ................... 16 The Shape and Size of the Tri-Service Modernization Crunch ...........................................
    [Show full text]
  • US Navy Program Guide 2012
    U.S. NAVY PROGRAM GUIDE 2012 U.S. NAVY PROGRAM GUIDE 2012 FOREWORD The U.S. Navy is the world’s preeminent cal change continues in the Arab world. Nations like Iran maritime force. Our fleet operates forward every day, and North Korea continue to pursue nuclear capabilities, providing America offshore options to deter conflict and while rising powers are rapidly modernizing their militar- advance our national interests in an era of uncertainty. ies and investing in capabilities to deny freedom of action As it has for more than 200 years, our Navy remains ready on the sea, in the air and in cyberspace. To ensure we are for today’s challenges. Our fleet continues to deliver cred- prepared to meet our missions, I will continue to focus on ible capability for deterrence, sea control, and power pro- my three main priorities: 1) Remain ready to meet current jection to prevent and contain conflict and to fight and challenges, today; 2) Build a relevant and capable future win our nation’s wars. We protect the interconnected sys- force; and 3) Enable and support our Sailors, Navy Civil- tems of trade, information, and security that enable our ians, and their Families. Most importantly, we will ensure nation’s economic prosperity while ensuring operational we do not create a “hollow force” unable to do the mission access for the Joint force to the maritime domain and the due to shortfalls in maintenance, personnel, or training. littorals. These are fiscally challenging times. We will pursue these Our Navy is integral to combat, counter-terrorism, and priorities effectively and efficiently, innovating to maxi- crisis response.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Rick Barnes, Voice of America
    The Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Washington Program on National Security (WaPoNS) – 2016 PROGRAM DIRECTOR: Dr. Juliana Geran Pilon - Senior Fellow, The Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization Dr. Juliana Geran Pilon is a Senior Fellow at the Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization. In 2014, she helped found the Daniel Morgan Academy in Washington, DC. Her new book The Art of Peace: Engaging a Complex World, will be published by Transaction in October 2016. A new edition of her autobiographical book, Notes From the Other Side of Night, was released in 2013 by Transaction. Her anthology entitled Cultural Intelligence for Winning the Peace, was published by IWP Press in September 2009; Soulmates: Resurrecting Eve, was published by Transaction in 2011; Why America is Such a Hard Sell: Beyond Pride and Prejudice was published in 2007, as was Every Vote Counts: The Role of Elections in Building Democracy, which she co-edited with Richard Soudriette. The Bloody Flag: Post-Communist Nationalism in Eastern Europe -- Spotlight on Romania was published by Transaction in 1991. Her anthology on civic education, funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts, Ironic Points of Light, was published in Estonian and Russian in 1998. She has also written and edited a textbook on civic education, which is being used, in country-specific versions, throughout Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, endorsed by the Departments of Education in these countries. She has published over two hundred articles and reviews on international affairs, human rights, literature, and philosophy, and has made frequent appearances on radio and television.
    [Show full text]
  • New York Spring 2017
    BOOKS New york spring 2017 ENCOUNTER BOOK S new york · spring 2017 Contents New Releases · 4 Frontlist Titles · 21 Backlist Titles · 33 Indexes · 70 Distribution · 72 Dear Reader, “Of the making of many books,” the sage of Ecclesiastes once noticed, “there is no end.” It would be paltering with the truth to say that he was entirely happy about this state of affairs. But then he had not seen the latest Encounter catalogue. I feel sure it would have glad- dened his heart. “Good stuff,” he would probably have said, “I like it.” I hope that you’ll like it, too. We have an especially strong and enticing roster of new titles this season. The full story is laid out in bracing detail in the pages that follow. Before you dive in, though, let me mention just a few highlights. The rise of militant Islam has traumatized the world. But it is increasingly clear that the real solution to radical Islam must come from within Islam itself. In The Challenge of Islamic Reform, journalist Christine Douglass-Williams interviews the foremost moderate and reformist Muslims in the Western world and shows how an Islam that is both orthodox and yet genuinely peaceful, tolerant, pluralistic, and compatible with secular governance, freedom of speech, and the equality before the law can be built. This unsparing and honest account of the obstacles and opportunities Muslims of good will face will be an essential text for understanding the future Islam in the West. The surprise victory of Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election set conven- tional wisdom on its head.
    [Show full text]
  • Naval Accidents 1945-1988, Neptune Papers No. 3
    -- Neptune Papers -- Neptune Paper No. 3: Naval Accidents 1945 - 1988 by William M. Arkin and Joshua Handler Greenpeace/Institute for Policy Studies Washington, D.C. June 1989 Neptune Paper No. 3: Naval Accidents 1945-1988 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................ 2 Nuclear Weapons Accidents......................................................................................................... 3 Nuclear Reactor Accidents ........................................................................................................... 7 Submarine Accidents .................................................................................................................... 9 Dangers of Routine Naval Operations....................................................................................... 12 Chronology of Naval Accidents: 1945 - 1988........................................................................... 16 Appendix A: Sources and Acknowledgements........................................................................ 73 Appendix B: U.S. Ship Type Abbreviations ............................................................................ 76 Table 1: Number of Ships by Type Involved in Accidents, 1945 - 1988................................ 78 Table 2: Naval Accidents by Type
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Asia–Pacific Strategic Considerations Related to People’S Liberation Army Naval Forces Modernization
    i [H.A.S.C. No. 113–71] U.S. ASIA–PACIFIC STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY NAVAL FORCES MODERNIZATION HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SEAPOWER AND PROJECTION FORCES OF THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARING HELD DECEMBER 11, 2013 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 86–078 WASHINGTON : 2014 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, http://bookstore.gpo.gov. For more information, contact the GPO Customer Contact Center, U.S. Government Printing Office. Phone 202–512–1800, or 866–512–1800 (toll-free). E-mail, [email protected]. SUBCOMMITTEE ON SEAPOWER AND PROJECTION FORCES J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia, Chairman K. MICHAEL CONAWAY, Texas MIKE MCINTYRE, North Carolina DUNCAN HUNTER, California JOE COURTNEY, Connecticut E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi RICK LARSEN, Washington ROBERT J. WITTMAN, Virginia HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., Georgia MIKE COFFMAN, Colorado COLLEEN W. HANABUSA, Hawaii JON RUNYAN, New Jersey DEREK KILMER, Washington KRISTI L. NOEM, South Dakota SCOTT H. PETERS, California PAUL COOK, California HEATH BOPE, Professional Staff Member DOUGLAS BUSH, Professional Staff Member NICHOLAS RODMAN, Clerk (II) C O N T E N T S CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF HEARINGS 2013 Page HEARING: Wednesday, December 11, 2013, U.S. Asia-Pacific Strategic Considerations Related to People’s Liberation Army Naval Forces Modernization ................. 1 APPENDIX: Wednesday, December 11, 2013 ............................................................................. 23 WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 11, 2013 U.S. ASIA–PACIFIC STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS RELATED TO PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY NAVAL FORCES MODERNIZATION STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Forbes, Hon.
    [Show full text]
  • JFQ 11 ▼JFQ FORUM Become Customer-Oriented Purveyors of Narrow NOTES Capabilities Rather Than Combat-Oriented Or- 1 Ganizations with a Broad Focus and an Under- U.S
    Warfare today is a thing of swift movement—of rapid concentrations. It requires the building up of enormous fire power against successive objectives with breathtaking speed. It is not a game for the unimaginative plodder. ...the truly great leader overcomes all difficulties, and campaigns and battles are nothing but a long series of difficulties to be overcome. — General George C. Marshall Fort Benning, Georgia September 18, 1941 Inaugural Issue JFQ CONTENTS A Word from the Chairman 4 by Colin L. Powell Introducing the Inaugural Issue 6 by the Editor-in-Chief JFQ FORUM JFQ Inaugural Issue The Services and Joint Warfare: 7 Four Views from the Top Projecting Strategic Land Combat Power 8 by Gordon R. Sullivan The Wave of the Future 13 by Frank B. Kelso II Complementary Capabilities from the Sea 17 by Carl E. Mundy, Jr. Ideas Count by Merrill A. McPeak JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY 22 JFQ Reforming Joint Doctrine Coalition Warfare What’s Ahead for the Armed Forces? by David E. Jeremiah Joint Warfare— Views from the Top 25 United Nations Peacekeeping The Limits of Jointness The Gulf War Service Redundancy: Waste or Hidden Capability? Revisited Joint Air Summer Operations 93 by Stephen Peter Rosen Inaugural Issue 36 Service Redundancy— Waste or Capability? A PROFESSIONAL MILITARY JOURNAL ABOUT THE COVER Reforming Joint Doctrine The cover shows USS Dwight D. Eisenhower, 40 by Robert A. Doughty passing through the Suez Canal during Opera- tion Desert Shield, a U.S. Navy photo by Frank A. Marquart. Photo credits for insets, from top United Nations Peacekeeping: Ends versus Means to bottom, are Schulzinger and Lombard (for 48 by William H.
    [Show full text]
  • Ronnestad Masteroppgave.Pdf (3.579Mb)
    Permanent Offense The Weekly Standard Magazine and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995-2005 Francis Michael Rønnestad A Master Thesis Presented to The Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages | North American Area Studies | Faculty of Humanities UNIVERSITY OF OSLO fall 2012 ii Acknowledgement A special thanks to both my parents for their wholehearted support. I would also like to thank Stian Eide for taking the time to read most of the thesis, and for his valuable comments. My advisor Alf Tomas Tønnessen deserves thanks for his continuous input. I am grateful to William Kristol for allowing me the use of Weekly Standard covers in my thesis. A final thanks to all my teachers throughout life. iii iv © Rønnestad, Francis Michael 2012 Title: Permanent Offense: The Weekly Standard Magazine and U.S. Foreign Policy 1995- 2005 Author: Francis Michael Rønnestad http://www.duo.uio.no/ v Description of Thesis This thesis examines the conservative American magazine the Weekly Standard, through its first ten years, from 1995 until 2005. The emphasis is in the area of foreign policy, an area where the magazine wielded considerable influence during the George W. Bush administration. The primary sources are a large number of representative writing from the Weekly Standard, along with writers from other magazines, as well as memoirs from main actors of the Bush administration. The sources beyond the magazine show the larger context in which the Weekly Standard took part, and how the magazine responded to government policies. The Weekly Standard has since its beginning been associated with the political persuasion of neoconservatism.
    [Show full text]
  • America and Grand Strategy
    Strategic Studies is a division of CNA. This directorate conducts analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategy and force assessments. CNA Strategic Studies is part of the global community of strategic studies institutes and in fact collaborates with many of them. On the ground experience is a hallmark of our regional work. Our specialists combine in-country experience, language skills, and the use of local primary-source data to produce empirically based work. All of our analysts have advanced degrees, and virtually all have lived and worked abroad. Similarly, our strategists and military/naval operations experts have either active duty experience or have served as field analysts with operating Navy and Marine Corps commands. They are skilled at anticipating the “problem after next” as well as determining measures of effectiveness to assess ongoing initiatives. A particular strength is bringing empirical methods to the evaluation of peace- time engagement and shaping activities. The Strategic Studies Division’s charter is global. In particular, our analysts have proven expertise in the following areas: • The full range of Asian security issues • The full range of Middle East related security issues, especially Iran and the Arabian Gulf • Maritime strategy • Insurgency and stabilization • Future national security environment and forces • European security issues, especially the Mediterranean littoral • West Africa, especially the Gulf of Guinea • Latin America • The world’s most important navies • Deterrence, arms control, missile defense and WMD proliferation The Strategic Studies Division is led by Dr. Eric V. Thompson, who is available at 703-824-2243 or [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Seth Cropsey Began His Career in Government As Assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. in 1984 He Was Appointed De
    Seth Cropsey began his career in government as assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. In 1984 he was appointed Deputy Undersecretary of the Navy where he advised the Secretary on strategy, special operations, defense organization, and naval education. In the George H. W. Bush administration he served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict. After leaving the Defense Department in 1991 Cropsey led the Asia Studies Center where his work focused on U.S.-Japan security and diplomacy as well as emerging commercial and security relations between the U.S. and China. In 1994 he returned to the government as first department chairman and distinguished professor at the George W. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch- Partenkirchen, Germany. He administered the department of national security planning, developed curriculum, lectured, and led seminars. After returning to the U.S. Cropsey joined the American Enterprise Institute where he wrote and published a monograph on defense export controls. In 2002 he was confirmed by the Senate as director of international broadcasting where he helped increase resources, broadcasting, and focus on audiences in key Middle Eastern states. In 2005 Cropsey returned to writing, analyzing, and lecturing on U.S. strategy. He is currently a Senior Fellow Senior at Hudson Institute and serves as Senior Advisor for maritime strategy at the Center for Naval Analyses. He completed a book on the decline of American seapower in January 2012, scheduled for publication in early 2013. Cropsey served as a naval officer from 1985 to 2004 and served with Special Boat Squadron TWO in Little Creek.
    [Show full text]