In Brief Blustery

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

In Brief Blustery IB 11/8/00 4:13 PM Page 2 r bulletin 104 — november 2000 Next ESA Science Ulysses Encounters Programme Director Blustery Weather at the Appointed Sun’s South Pole At its 147th meeting, at ESA Just as solar storms are brewing, the Headquarters in Paris on 19 and 20 European-built space probe Ulysses is October, the Council unanimously elected venturing over the Sun’s south pole for the Prof. David Southwood (UK) as the second time in its 10-year life. The intrepid Agency’s new Director of Science from spacecraft passed 70°S on 8 September, 1 May 2001 for the subsequent four shortly before the Sun’s 11-year activity years. Prof. Southwood will take over from cycle is due to peak. Solar storms are Prof. Roger Bonnet (F), who has been already numerous and the high-latitude ESA’s Director of Scientific Programmes solar wind (the stream of charged particles since 1984. blowing away from the Sun) is chaotic and In Brief blustery. Prof. Southwood (aged 55) holds a BA in Mathematics and a PhD in Physics from Conditions are now very different from Imperial College, London. He has spent those that Ulysses encountered during its most of his professional career at Imperial first south polar pass in 1994 when solar College, apart from two periods at UCLA activity, which is related to the magnetic (University of California, Los Angeles), first behaviour of the Sun, was very low. Then, as a post-doctoral Fellow and later as a the solar wind at high latitudes was fast, Visiting Professor. He joined ESA for the but steady. This latest polar pass gives first time in 1997 as Earth Observation scientists the opportunity to learn just how Future Programme different the polar regions of the Sun are Strategy Manager, after at solar maximum compared with solar which, since April 2000, minimum. he has been Regent’s Professor at the University After spending four months above 70°S, of California. Ulysses will swing towards the equator early next year to turn its attention to Prof. Southwood has the northern hemisphere, beginning its received numerous passage over the north pole on awards and honours and 3 September 2001. Although it will be has held many travelling the same path that it followed six Chairmanships during his years ago, conditions will be quite different career, including those of and new discoveries are eagerly awaited. the ESA Science Programme Committee Since its launch in October 1990, Ulysses (SPC) and the ESA Space has already proved to be one of the most Science Advisory successful interplanetary missions ever. A Prof. David Southwood Committee (SSAC). He joint ESA/NASA undertaking, it is the first has also been active both in Europe and spacecraft ever to be launched into an in the United States over the years in orbit outside the ecliptic, the plane in Public Outreach on Space Science. He which the planets orbit the Sun. From this has some 200 publications and 100 unique vantage point, it has changed our invited papers to his name. view of the heliosphere, the region of space filled by the solar wind and over “David Southwood is certainly one of the which our Sun exerts its influence. most prominent space-science experts Europe has the privilege to have”, said At solar minimum, instruments on board ESA’s Director General Antonio Rodotà in Ulysses found that the fast solar wind, welcoming Prof. Southwood to his Board emanating from the Sun’s poles, blows at of Directors, ……”and I am sure that, like a steady 750 km/s and fills a large fraction his predecessor Prof. Bonnet, he will do a of the heliosphere. The state-of-the-art really good job for the excellent scientific instruments were also able to show that community that we have in all our Member the boundary between the fast wind and States”. r the slower, more variable wind from the equatorial regions, is surprisingly sharp. Another surprise was that the effects of collisions occurring at low latitudes 132 IB 11/8/00 4:13 PM Page 3 in brief between fast and slow wind streams continue to be felt all the way up to the poles. Ulysses’ discoveries, however, have not been confined to the Sun and heliosphere. Instruments on board the spacecraft have also made the first ever measurements of dust particles and neutral helium atoms originating outside the Solar System. These findings have contributed to a major increase in our knowledge about the gas and dust clouds surrounding the heliosphere. Other measurements have led to a better understanding of processes occurring even further away, in distant supernova explosions. During the relative simplicity of solar- minimum conditions, Ulysses made many surprising discoveries – during the relative A Brochure (ESA BR-168) issued to Orbital schematic of Ulysses’ south polar pass chaos and unpredictability of solar celebrate Ulysses’ first ten years in orbit, maximum, many more are expected. and which contains further details on the Exciting times therefore lie ahead in our mission’s exciting discoveries to date, is quest to understand the Sun and its available from ESA Publications Division. heliosphere. r Artemis, Europe’s Latest Communications Satellite, on Display at ESTEC ESA’s advanced communications satellite, Artemis, is currently undergoing a final series of functional checkout tests at ESTEC in Noordwijk (NL). Artemis is not the conventional type of communications satellite. In particular, it differs in one very important aspect: none Artist’s impression of Artemis of its payloads connects a fixed point on the Earth with other fixed points on the Earth. Instead: observation satellites such as the accuracy and 24-hour availability. – Artemis will connect users on the French Spot-4. Data communication Artemis will add corrections and health ground with satellites in orbit via its between satellites using an optical link checks to the existing GPS signals, radio-frequency data-relay payload. This (laser pulses) is a novelty in space and thus supporting the first phase of dramatically increases communication offers great advantages over Galileo, Europe’s new navigation time with spacecraft in low Earth orbit conventional radio-frequency systems. programme. (LEO). For instance, a scientist anywhere – With Artemis, a mobile user will be able in Europe will be able, via Artemis, to to link up from anywhere in Europe, In addition to these many novel monitor the status of an experiment on North Africa or the Middle East to any communication services, Artemis will the International Space Station in real fixed user in the same area at very provide European industry with time and actively intervene. This payload competitive prices. Large ocean areas opportunities to gain in-orbit experience will also enable ESA’s next Earth- are included in Artemis’ coverage zone, with advanced technologies. The most observation satellite Envisat, slated for allowing voice or data connections to prominent of these is the ion propulsion launch in June 2001, to transmit its data land from the Mediterranean, the North system, the very high power-to-mass ratio to the ground in real time. Sea or the eastern part of the Atlantic of which helps to reduce launch costs and – Via its optical data-relay payload, SILEX, Ocean. increase satellite lifetime. r Artemis can receive and re-transmit in – The navigation payload will enable users real time images taken by Earth- to determine their position with higher 133 IB 11/8/00 4:13 PM Page 4 r bulletin 104 — november 2000 Caring for Planet Earth: measurements were presented at an for Earth-observation activities and future Europe’s Latest Space international gathering organised by ESA mission plans. and Chalmers University – ‘The Capabilities Presented in ERS/Envisat Symposium -Looking Down The data gathered by the ERS missions Gothenburg to Earth in the New Millennium’ – in continue to make important contributions Gothenburg, Sweden, from 16 to 20 to environmental monitoring and our The ozone layer, protecting our planet October. It included more than 400 understanding of the physical and from potentially harmful ultraviolet sunlight, presentations (talks and posters) by World chemical processes underlying Earth’s is threatened by human activities, in experts – scientists, remote-sensing systems, on both the global and the local particular the steady release of experts and industry representatives – scale. By integrating ERS data with local chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the in more than 40 sessions covering the information from other sources, national Earth’s atmosphere. In 1987 the leading scientific results and applications of ESA’s authorities and operators have a powerful industrial countries signed the Montreal ERS missions. tool for environmental monitoring, and Protocol in which they agreed to phase valuable information for planning and out the products responsible for ozone It also presented the Agency’s Envisat preventive actions. The transition from depletion. In April 1995, with the start of mission, to be launched in June 2001, ERS to Envisat is being managed in such operation of the GOME instrument, an which is designed to build on the ERS a way as to ensure continuity in the provision optical sensor on board its ERS-2 satellite, groundwork and to make a major of this key environmental information; ESA opened a new chapter in ozone contribution to global environmental once it is completed, a stream of new monitoring. GOME’s higher spectral monitoring. ESA has already received data will become available for resolution and broader wavelength some 700 project proposals from the oceanographic and atmospheric studies, coverage enable it to measure the levels World’s scientists designed to exploit this with particular emphasis on marine biology of ozone, and several other trace gases unique and valuable data source.
Recommended publications
  • CEAS Quarterly Bulletin Talented Engineers Are Needed
    The Quarterly Bulletin of the COUNCIL OF EUROPEAN AEROSPACE SOCIETIES 3AF– AIAE– AIDAA– DGLR– FSAE– FTF– HAES– NVvL– RAeS– SVFW–TsAGI • GENERAL • AERONAUTICS • SPACE • Issue 2 – 2009 • June • Editorial INVESTING IN YOUTH The future of Europe is in the hands of its youth: this is a basic truth. However, surprisingly, while we are full in course of the election campaign for the renewal of the European Parliament, we hear almost nothing about education and culture, and we see no proposals from the candidates on how to prepare the students and young professionals to live in an increasingly integrated Europe. The question is a very broad and difficult one, due to the large number of Member States and the diversity of languages and cultures; but this is all the more reason to concentrate great efforts on it. In the aerospace sector, the projects, more and more complex, are developed across several national borders and include the highest technologies. So, to overcome the Jean-Pierre Sanfourche numerous challenges which confront us in a fierce world-wide aerospace market, Editor-in-Chief, CEAS Quarterly Bulletin talented engineers are needed. Unfortunately, in the past two or three decades within Europe, there have been clear indications that the most brilliant students pre- fer careers in business and finance to those in science, technology and engineering. Action is clearly necessary to reverse this trend by taking the measures that will CONTENTS allow us to attract and then retain the best talent in the air and space activities. The GENERAL Pages organising Committee of the upcoming CEAS2009 Air & Space Conference in Manchester has taken an important step in this direction by including in the • The ASD President’s message 2 Conference agenda the launch of a new European Young Aerospace Professional • The life of the CEAS 4 (EYAP) forum.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Systems
    Chapter 18 REST-OF-WORLD (ROW) SATELLITE SYSTEMS For the longest time, space exploration was an exclusive club comprised of only two members, the United States and the Former Soviet Union. That has now changed due to a number of factors, among the more dominant being economics, advanced and improved technologies and national imperatives. Today, the number of nations with space programs has risen to over 40 and will continue to grow as the costs of spacelift and technology continue to decrease. RUSSIAN SATELLITE SYSTEMS The satellite section of the Russian In the post-Soviet era, Russia contin- space program continues to be predomi- ues its efforts to improve both its military nantly government in character, with and commercial space capabilities. most satellites dedicated either to civil/ These enhancements encompass both military applications (such as communi- orbital assets and ground-based space cations and meteorology) or exclusive support facilities. Russia has done some military missions (such as reconnaissance restructuring of its operating principles and targeting). A large portion of the regarding space. While these efforts have Russian space program is kept running by attempted not to detract from space-based launch services, boosters and launch support to military missions, economic sites, paid for by foreign commercial issues and costs have lead to a lowering companies. of Russian space-based capabilities in The most obvious change in Russian both orbital assets and ground station space activity in recent years has been the capabilities. decrease in space launches and corre- The influence of Glasnost on Russia's sponding payloads. Many of these space programs has been significant, but launches are for foreign payloads, not public announcements regarding space Russian.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Geosynchronous Objects Issue 12
    EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY EUROPEAN SPACE OPERATIONS CENTRE GROUND SYSTEMS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Space Debris Office CLASSIFICATION OF GEOSYNCHRONOUS OBJECTS ISSUE 12 by R. Choc and R. Jehn Produced with the DISCOS Database February 2010 ESOC Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany 3 Abstract This is a status report on geosynchronous objects as of the end of 2009. Based on orbital data in ESA’s DISCOS database and on orbital data provided by KIAM the situation near the geostationary ring (here defined as orbits with mean motion between 0.9 and 1.1 revolutions per day, eccentricity smaller than 0.2 and inclination below 30 deg) is analysed. From 1161 objects for which orbital data are available, 391 are controlled inside their longitude slots, 594 are drifting above, below or through GEO, 169 are in a libration orbit and 7 whose status could not be determined. Furthermore, there are 77 uncontrolled objects without orbital data (of which 66 have not been catalogued). Thus the total number of known objects in the geostationary region is 1238. During 2009 twenty-one spacecraft reached end-of-life. Eleven of them were reorbited following the IADC recommendations, one spacecraft was reorbited with a perigee of 225 km - it is not yet clear if it will enter the 200-km protected zone around GEO or not -, six spacecraft were reorbited too low and three spacecraft did not or could not make any reorbiting manouevre at all and are now librating inside the geostationary ring. If you detect any error or if you have any comment or question please contact R¨udiger Jehn European Space Operations Center Robert-Bosch-Str.
    [Show full text]
  • Thales Alenia Space Experience on Plasma Propulsion
    Thales Alenia Space Experience on Plasma Propulsion IEPC-2007-301 Presented at the 30th International Electric Propulsion Conference, Florence, Italy September 17-20, 2007 Michel LYSZYK* and Laurent LECARDONNEL.† Thales Alenia Space, Cannes, 06150, France Abstract: Thales Alenia Space experience on plasma propulsion has been developed in the frame of Stentor, Astra 1K and GEI programs with plasma propulsion systems using SPT100 thrusters manufactured by Fakel and commercialized by Snecma . The PPS (plasma propulsion system) use in house equipments such as Power Processing Unit (PPU) manufactured by TAS-ETCA in Charleroi and the Thruster Orientation Mechanism (TOM) manufactured by TAS-France in Cannes . The PPS subsystem is used on board our SpaceBus satellite family to perform North-South station keeping. The on going activity on the XPS (Xenon Propulsion System) is devoted to the next European platform Alphabus currently under joint development by Thales Alenia Space and Astrium with CNES and ESA support. The XPS uses also the PPU manufactured by TAS-ETCA , the TOM manufactured by TAS-France and the Xe tank developed by TAS-Italy ; it use also the PPS1350 thruster under qualification by Snecma , a xenon regulator and a latch valve under development at Marotta Ireland. I. Introduction HIS document describes the Thales Alenia Space experience gained through Stentor , Astra 1K , GEI, T Spacebus and Alphabus programs on plasma Hall effect thrusters propulsion subsystems . For Spacebus application a description of the subsystem is given together with the general achieved performances . For Alphabus application a general status of the on going activities is given . * Head of electric propulsion section, Propulsion Department, [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts
    2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts May 2010 FAA Commercial Space Transportation (AST) and the Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee (COMSTAC) HQ-101151.INDD 2010 Commercial Space Transportation Forecasts About the Office of Commercial Space Transportation The Federal Aviation Administration’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST) licenses and regulates U.S. commercial space launch and reentry activity, as well as the operation of non-federal launch and reentry sites, as authorized by Executive Order 12465 and Title 49 United States Code, Subtitle IX, Chapter 701 (formerly the Commercial Space Launch Act). FAA/AST’s mission is to ensure public health and safety and the safety of property while protecting the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States during commercial launch and reentry operations. In addition, FAA/AST is directed to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries. Additional information concerning commercial space transportation can be found on FAA/AST’s web site at http://ast.faa.gov. Cover: Art by John Sloan (2010) NOTICE Use of trade names or names of manufacturers in this document does not constitute an official endorsement of such products or manufacturers, either expressed or implied, by the Federal Aviation Administration. • i • Federal Aviation Administration / Commercial Space Transportation Table of Contents Executive Summary . 1 Introduction . 4 About the CoMStAC GSo Forecast . .4 About the FAA NGSo Forecast . .4 ChAracteriStics oF the CommerCiAl Space transportAtioN MArket . .5 Demand ForecastS . .5 COMSTAC 2010 Commercial Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) Launch Demand Forecast . 7 exeCutive Summary . .7 BackGround . .9 Forecast MethoDoloGy . .9 CoMStAC CommerCiAl GSo Launch Demand Forecast reSultS .
    [Show full text]
  • A Clearer Final Frontier of the Sentinel Family of Earth-Monitoring Satellites
    COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS Station. His examination of other astro- nomical and exploration cooperation efforts is somewhat cursory, and there are small errors. The Rosetta mission of the Euro- pean Space Agency (ESA), for instance, is ROGER HARRIS/SPL not a solar mission, but instead will rendez- vous with and observe a comet. The lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 was a collaboration between India, ESA, NASA and Bulgaria; and unmentioned is the ground-breaking Double Star Sino-European joint mission. Failures in cooperation offer many lessons, and Moltz looks at the International Solar Polar Mission almost 25 years ago, as well as the United States’ 2012 pull-out from collaboration with ESA on Mars explora- tion. However, he misses the pivotal case of the International Gamma-Ray Laboratory (INTEGRAL), launched in 2002, the absence of expected levels of US support for which led to the first close ESA Science Programme cooperation with Russia. The distinction between cooperation and competition had, however, emerged decades before, with US refusal to launch the Franco-German com- munications satellite Symphonie. Europe learnt that it had to go it alone in using space for commercial or near-to-market purposes. Satellite deployment must be regulated to keep space usable and safe. Moltz accepts that space is important to commerce, but readers might query whether SPACE POLICY he sees how this may drive regulation. The European Union, the largest economic grouping in the world, is this year launching multiple spacecraft; these include members A clearer final frontier of the Sentinel family of Earth-monitoring satellites. The move is economic, and the use David Southwood finds that a study on safeguarding of space is evolving and increasingly focused space is shorter on cooperation than conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Studies Towards an Australian Indigenous Space Launch System
    TRADE STUDIES TOWARDS AN AUSTRALIAN INDIGENOUS SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Engineering by Gordon P. Briggs B.Sc. (Hons), M.Sc. (Astron) School of Engineering and Information Technology, University College, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy January 2010 Abstract During the project Apollo moon landings of the mid 1970s the United States of America was the pre-eminent space faring nation followed closely by only the USSR. Since that time many other nations have realised the potential of spaceflight not only for immediate financial gain in areas such as communications and earth observation but also in the strategic areas of scientific discovery, industrial development and national prestige. Australia on the other hand has resolutely refused to participate by instituting its own space program. Successive Australian governments have preferred to obtain any required space hardware or services by purchasing off-the-shelf from foreign suppliers. This policy or attitude is a matter of frustration to those sections of the Australian technical community who believe that the nation should be participating in space technology. In particular the provision of an indigenous launch vehicle that would guarantee the nation independent access to the space frontier. It would therefore appear that any launch vehicle development in Australia will be left to non- government organisations to at least define the requirements for such a vehicle and to initiate development of long-lead items for such a project. It is therefore the aim of this thesis to attempt to define some of the requirements for a nascent Australian indigenous launch vehicle system.
    [Show full text]
  • "I Think You Need a Pioneering Spirit in Society, a Frontier Spirit."
    The Profile "I think you need a pioneering spirit in society, a frontier spirit." “There is a limit to how far I should, Professor David Southwood is the personally, because I feel like I am a general Director of Science in ESA, a post he has advancing on a wide front, and there is nothing that tells me that I should advance first on one front. I had for almost two years. During these have got to advance on many fronts. As a result, the two years he has made his mark through organised way to do it, like a general, is to advance the Cosmic Vision, engaging in finding new your forces on one front, make sure they have got the resources and backup, and then advance on other ways to explore space within ESA. fronts, consolidating, and so on. In other words, we cannot advance on all fronts at the same time. But by Nordic Space Activities met David having a plan we can advance on all fronts in time. I think there is nothing that can tell me there is one Southwood at ESTEC early this April, branch of science in need of Europe’s attention and asked him: entirely. Europe is too big a collection of counties to simply say it does only one kind of space science. It Today you talked about the Cosmic Vision, the should cover the frontier.” new way to go for European space research. Are the large resources that have been used for space The space research budgets have steadily research necessary to secure the future development decreased the last few years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of Growth
    A publication of The Orbital Debris Program Office NASA Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 October 2000 Volume 5, Issue 4. NEWS A Decade of Growth P. Anz-Meador and Globalstar commercial communication of the population. For example, consider the This article will examine changes in the spacecraft constellations, respectively. Given peak between 840-850 km (Figure 1’s peak low Earth orbit (LEO) environment over the the uncertain future of the Iridium constellation, “B”). This volume is populated by the period 1990-2000. Two US Space Surveillance the spike between 770 and 780 km may change Commonwealth of Independent State’s Tselina- Network (SSN) catalogs form the basis of our drastically or even disappear over the next 2 spacecraft constellation, several US Defense comparison. Included are all unclassified several years. Less prominent is the Orbcomm Meteorological Support Program (DMSP) cataloged and uncataloged objects in both data commercial constellation, with a primary spacecraft, and their associated rocket bodies sets, but objects whose epoch times are “older” concentration between 810 and 820 km altitude and debris. While the region is traversed by than 30 days were excluded from further (peak “A” in Figure 1). Smaller series of many other space objects, including debris, consideration. Moreover, the components of satellites may also result in local enhancements these satellites and rocket boosters are in near the Mir orbital station are 3.0E-08 circular orbits. Thus, any “collectivized” into one group of spacecraft whose object so as not to depict a orbits are tightly January 1990 plethora of independently- 2.5E-08 maintained are capable of orbiting objects at Mir’s A January 2000 producing a spike similar altitude; the International B to that observed with the Space Station (ISS) is 2.0E-08 commercial constellations.
    [Show full text]
  • Huygens Landing Site to Be Named After Hubert Curien 5 March 2007
    Huygens landing site to be named after Hubert Curien 5 March 2007 As of 14 March, an epic space mission and one of had to decide how to build a solid space science the founding fathers of the European space programme and ensure that it would be financially endeavour will be forever linked. sustainable in the long term." ESA, the international Committee for Space "ESA's present science programme, Cosmic Vision, Research (COSPAR) and NASA have decided to draws on the heritage left by Hubert Curien", said honour Professor Hubert Curien’s contribution to Professor David Southwood, ESA's current Director European space by naming the Huygens landing of Science. "He encouraged cooperation between site on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, after him. nations in the belief that space research is The naming ceremony for the Huygens landing fundamental to the progress and welfare of a site, which will be known as the "Hubert Curien knowledge-based society like ours. He also Memorial Station", will be held at ESA’s promoted the concept of long-term planning", he Headquarters on 14 March, in the presence of continued. "It would seem almost inconceivable ESA Council delegates and of Professor Curien’s today to initiate any space venture without such wife, Mrs Perrine Curien, and one of their sons. pillar concepts in mind". Media interested in attending are invited to submit the reply form below. "The role played by Hubert Curien in creating a European space dimension, with all its various Huygens' landing on Saturn’s largest moon in facets, has been absolutely essential", said Jean- January 2005 represented one of the greatest Jacques Dordain, ESA Director General.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Space Transportation Year in Review
    Associate Administrator for Commercial Space Transportation (AST) January 2001 COMMERCIAL SPACE TRANSPORTATION: 2000 YEAR IN REVIEW Cover Photo Credits (from left): International Launch Services (2000). Image is of the Atlas 3A launch on May 24, 2000, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It successfully orbited the Eutelsat W4 communications satellite for Eutelsat. Boeing Corporation (1999). Image is of the Delta 2 7420 launch on July 10, 1999, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. It successfully orbited four Globalstar communications satellites for Globalstar, Inc. Orbital Sciences Corp. (1997). Image is of the Pegasus XL that launched August 1, 1997 and deployed the Orbview 2 (Seastar) remote sensing satellite. Sea Launch (1999). Image is of the inaugural Zenit 3SL launch on March 27, 1999, from the Odyssey Sea Launch Platform. 2000 YEAR IN REVIEW INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION In 2000, there were ten commercial launches 3A vehicle, which deployed a communications licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration spacecraft for Eutelsat. (FAA) for revenue that totaled about $625 million. This total represents seven launches Several new commercial space applications from U.S. ranges for commercial and contributed to the worldwide commercial launch government customers plus three launches by the total. Three Proton rockets deployed satellites multinational Sea Launch venture. for Sirius Satellite Radio, a company that will offer direct radio broadcast services to the United Overall, 35 worldwide commercial launches States. Three Soyuz vehicles carried cargo and a occurred in 2000. This number is slightly less cosmonaut crew to the Mir space station with than prior years (39 in 1999 and 41 in 1998). private financing from MirCorp, a company that However, the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Methane Flow on Titan?
    Planetary science Does methane Scientists are eager to prove that the meandering river valleys and braided streambeds seen on Saturn’s largest moon carry liquid methane to its vast lakes. by Robert Zimmerman flow onTITAN? The Huygens probe captured ine years ago, Europe’s Huy- new world,” raved Jean-Jacques Dordain, theorized that methane might be able to Now, nearly a decade later, planetary Before the two probes this 360° panorama of Titan’s surface from an altitude of 6 gens probe dropped through ESA’s director general. flow on Titan like water does on Earth. scientists remain as excited and baffled Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens miles (10 kilometers) as it de- the atmosphere of Saturn’s “I’m shocked! It’s remarkable!” Once they got close enough to get a good by Titan as they did before Huygens discovered Titan in 1655. For centuries, scended through the saturnian moon Titan and landed on enthused Carolyn Porco, leader of the look, the thinking went, probes might arrived. In the years since, the Cassini scientists thought this moon was the moon’s atmosphere January the surface. Planetary scien- imaging team for NASA’s Cassini space- detect methane rainstorms feeding riv- spacecraft repeatedly has flown past solar system’s largest. In the mid-20th 14, 2005. Dark drainage chan- nels in the brighter highland Ntists reacted with unbridled joy to the craft, which delivered Huygens to Titan ers, lakes, and even oceans on that cold this giant moon, detecting what look century, however, observations revealed terrain appear to feed into a mission’s success.
    [Show full text]