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A Clearer Final Frontier of the Sentinel Family of Earth-Monitoring Satellites
COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS Station. His examination of other astro- nomical and exploration cooperation efforts is somewhat cursory, and there are small errors. The Rosetta mission of the Euro- pean Space Agency (ESA), for instance, is ROGER HARRIS/SPL not a solar mission, but instead will rendez- vous with and observe a comet. The lunar probe Chandrayaan-1 was a collaboration between India, ESA, NASA and Bulgaria; and unmentioned is the ground-breaking Double Star Sino-European joint mission. Failures in cooperation offer many lessons, and Moltz looks at the International Solar Polar Mission almost 25 years ago, as well as the United States’ 2012 pull-out from collaboration with ESA on Mars explora- tion. However, he misses the pivotal case of the International Gamma-Ray Laboratory (INTEGRAL), launched in 2002, the absence of expected levels of US support for which led to the first close ESA Science Programme cooperation with Russia. The distinction between cooperation and competition had, however, emerged decades before, with US refusal to launch the Franco-German com- munications satellite Symphonie. Europe learnt that it had to go it alone in using space for commercial or near-to-market purposes. Satellite deployment must be regulated to keep space usable and safe. Moltz accepts that space is important to commerce, but readers might query whether SPACE POLICY he sees how this may drive regulation. The European Union, the largest economic grouping in the world, is this year launching multiple spacecraft; these include members A clearer final frontier of the Sentinel family of Earth-monitoring satellites. The move is economic, and the use David Southwood finds that a study on safeguarding of space is evolving and increasingly focused space is shorter on cooperation than conflict. -
Aircraft Engines and Strategic Bombing in the First World War
Aircraft Engines and Strategic Bombing in the First World War Todd Martin Published: 27 January 2016 Contents Historiography, Acknowledgments and Introduction . .3 Table I: Comparative Aircraft Engines . .5 Table II: Aircraft Engine Production, 1914-1918 . .5 Map: British Independent Force Squadron No. 55 DH-4 Day Bombing Raids, Germany, 1918 . .6 Abbreviations . .7 Part I: Aircraft Engines 1. Austria and Germany . .8 2. France . .17 3. United States . .23 4. Britain . .29 Part II: Strategic Bombing 5. The Channel . .37 6. The Rhine . .46 7. Amanty . .53 Conclusion . .69 Bibliography . .70 Title Page: NARA, RG 120, M990/10, B VII 124, Statistical Analysis of Aerial Bombardments, Report No. 110, Statistics Branch - General Staff, War Department, Nov. 7, 1918. 2 Historiography, Acknowledgements and Introduction Historiography and Acknowledgments arithmetic however which makes the following a revi- The following avoids repeating much of the well sion of the thesis of Irving B. Holley, Jr.’s Ideas and known stories of the Liberty aircraft engine and the Weapons (1953) that the American military aviation controversies surrounding American aviation in the effort in the First World War failed due to a lack of First World War. It also avoids offering a definition of airpower doctrine, a revision the need for which is strategic bombing, save to suggest that economic war- pointed to in the second volume of Mauer Mauer’s fare may be properly considered to be an element of edition of The U.S. Air Service in World War I (1978.) that definition. The following adheres to the long The continuing efforts to understand the world established understanding that many of the aircraft wars as a single historical event and to study them engines successfully used during that war were “from the middle” perspective of technology and derived from an engine designed before the war by engineering1 are appropriate and admirable and thus Ferdinand Porsche. -
"I Think You Need a Pioneering Spirit in Society, a Frontier Spirit."
The Profile "I think you need a pioneering spirit in society, a frontier spirit." “There is a limit to how far I should, Professor David Southwood is the personally, because I feel like I am a general Director of Science in ESA, a post he has advancing on a wide front, and there is nothing that tells me that I should advance first on one front. I had for almost two years. During these have got to advance on many fronts. As a result, the two years he has made his mark through organised way to do it, like a general, is to advance the Cosmic Vision, engaging in finding new your forces on one front, make sure they have got the resources and backup, and then advance on other ways to explore space within ESA. fronts, consolidating, and so on. In other words, we cannot advance on all fronts at the same time. But by Nordic Space Activities met David having a plan we can advance on all fronts in time. I think there is nothing that can tell me there is one Southwood at ESTEC early this April, branch of science in need of Europe’s attention and asked him: entirely. Europe is too big a collection of counties to simply say it does only one kind of space science. It Today you talked about the Cosmic Vision, the should cover the frontier.” new way to go for European space research. Are the large resources that have been used for space The space research budgets have steadily research necessary to secure the future development decreased the last few years. -
Huygens Landing Site to Be Named After Hubert Curien 5 March 2007
Huygens landing site to be named after Hubert Curien 5 March 2007 As of 14 March, an epic space mission and one of had to decide how to build a solid space science the founding fathers of the European space programme and ensure that it would be financially endeavour will be forever linked. sustainable in the long term." ESA, the international Committee for Space "ESA's present science programme, Cosmic Vision, Research (COSPAR) and NASA have decided to draws on the heritage left by Hubert Curien", said honour Professor Hubert Curien’s contribution to Professor David Southwood, ESA's current Director European space by naming the Huygens landing of Science. "He encouraged cooperation between site on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan, after him. nations in the belief that space research is The naming ceremony for the Huygens landing fundamental to the progress and welfare of a site, which will be known as the "Hubert Curien knowledge-based society like ours. He also Memorial Station", will be held at ESA’s promoted the concept of long-term planning", he Headquarters on 14 March, in the presence of continued. "It would seem almost inconceivable ESA Council delegates and of Professor Curien’s today to initiate any space venture without such wife, Mrs Perrine Curien, and one of their sons. pillar concepts in mind". Media interested in attending are invited to submit the reply form below. "The role played by Hubert Curien in creating a European space dimension, with all its various Huygens' landing on Saturn’s largest moon in facets, has been absolutely essential", said Jean- January 2005 represented one of the greatest Jacques Dordain, ESA Director General. -
Does Methane Flow on Titan?
Planetary science Does methane Scientists are eager to prove that the meandering river valleys and braided streambeds seen on Saturn’s largest moon carry liquid methane to its vast lakes. by Robert Zimmerman flow onTITAN? The Huygens probe captured ine years ago, Europe’s Huy- new world,” raved Jean-Jacques Dordain, theorized that methane might be able to Now, nearly a decade later, planetary Before the two probes this 360° panorama of Titan’s surface from an altitude of 6 gens probe dropped through ESA’s director general. flow on Titan like water does on Earth. scientists remain as excited and baffled Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens miles (10 kilometers) as it de- the atmosphere of Saturn’s “I’m shocked! It’s remarkable!” Once they got close enough to get a good by Titan as they did before Huygens discovered Titan in 1655. For centuries, scended through the saturnian moon Titan and landed on enthused Carolyn Porco, leader of the look, the thinking went, probes might arrived. In the years since, the Cassini scientists thought this moon was the moon’s atmosphere January the surface. Planetary scien- imaging team for NASA’s Cassini space- detect methane rainstorms feeding riv- spacecraft repeatedly has flown past solar system’s largest. In the mid-20th 14, 2005. Dark drainage chan- nels in the brighter highland Ntists reacted with unbridled joy to the craft, which delivered Huygens to Titan ers, lakes, and even oceans on that cold this giant moon, detecting what look century, however, observations revealed terrain appear to feed into a mission’s success. -
ESA at Venus!
Science ESA at Venus! At 07:17 UT (09:17 CEST) on 11 April experiencing the hot, dynamic environment the whole disc of Venus was fully visible 2006, the Venus Express spacecraft fired of Venus,” said Dr Hakan Svedhem, Venus to the instruments. Such opportunities its main engine to enter orbit around Express Project Scientist. “We will see will not occur again during the nominal Earth’s sister planet, making ESA the first much more detail at an unprecedented mission, starting on 4 June 2006, because space agency to have vehicles orbiting level because we will have over 100 times the range of distances to the planet will the Moon, Mars and Venus at the same better resolution as we get closer to Venus, be much smaller. time. and we expect to see these spiral structures A series of further engine and thruster With this latest success, the Agency has evolve very quickly.” burns gradually reduced the apocentre added another celestial body to its range The initial, low-resolution images were during the following 16 orbital loops, of targets in the Solar System. ESA is taken from a distance of 206 452 km from bringing Venus Express to its operational operating Mars Express around Mars and the planet, and yet still caught the 24-hour polar orbit at an altitude of SMART-1 around the Moon, and is a scientists’ attention, particularly with the 66 000 km. From this vantage point, the partner on the Cassini orbiter circling surprisingly clear structures and spacecraft will conduct in-depth Saturn. ESA also has the Rosetta unexpected detail shown in the VIRTIS observations of the structure, chemistry spacecraft en route to Comet 67P/ spectrometer images. -
In Brief Blustery
IB 11/8/00 4:13 PM Page 2 r bulletin 104 — november 2000 Next ESA Science Ulysses Encounters Programme Director Blustery Weather at the Appointed Sun’s South Pole At its 147th meeting, at ESA Just as solar storms are brewing, the Headquarters in Paris on 19 and 20 European-built space probe Ulysses is October, the Council unanimously elected venturing over the Sun’s south pole for the Prof. David Southwood (UK) as the second time in its 10-year life. The intrepid Agency’s new Director of Science from spacecraft passed 70°S on 8 September, 1 May 2001 for the subsequent four shortly before the Sun’s 11-year activity years. Prof. Southwood will take over from cycle is due to peak. Solar storms are Prof. Roger Bonnet (F), who has been already numerous and the high-latitude ESA’s Director of Scientific Programmes solar wind (the stream of charged particles since 1984. blowing away from the Sun) is chaotic and In Brief blustery. Prof. Southwood (aged 55) holds a BA in Mathematics and a PhD in Physics from Conditions are now very different from Imperial College, London. He has spent those that Ulysses encountered during its most of his professional career at Imperial first south polar pass in 1994 when solar College, apart from two periods at UCLA activity, which is related to the magnetic (University of California, Los Angeles), first behaviour of the Sun, was very low. Then, as a post-doctoral Fellow and later as a the solar wind at high latitudes was fast, Visiting Professor. -
Large Civil Aircraft
Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Manufacturing Industries: Large Civil Aircraft Investigation No. 332-332 Publication 2667 August 1993 Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Don E. Newquist, Chairman Peter S. Watson, Vice Chairman David B. Rohr Anne E. Brunsdale Carol T. Crawford Janet A. Nuzum Robert A. Rogowsky Director of Operations Vern Simpson Director of Industries under the direction of Aaron H. Chesser, Chief, Machinery and Transportation Division and Dennis Rapkins, Chief, Transportation Branch Project Leader Peder A. Andersen Deputy Project Leader Laura A. Stonitsch This report was prepared principally by John Cutchin, Dennis Fravel, William Greene, Robert Hughes, and Kathleen Lahey Office of Industries Lyle Vander Schaaf Office of the General Counsel with assistance from John Ascienzo Office of Investigations Support Staff Kim Oliver-Parker, Elisa Jackson, and Janice Wayne Office of Industries Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Manufacturing Industries: Large Civil Aircraft Publication 2667 August 1993 PREFACE On June 11, 1992, the United States International Trade Commission received a request1 from the Senate Committee on Finance to conduct a series of three investigations under section 332(g) of the Tariff Act of 1930 on the global competitiveness of U.S. advanced-technology manufacturing industries. These three studies, on the cellular communications, aircraft, and computer industries, are part of a series begun in 1990 at the request of the Finance Committee. In response to the request of June 11, 1992, the Commission instituted investigation No. -
Nextpage Livepublish
LIST OF ATTENDEES Martin Abbott, Lecturer, CSE Aviation, Oxford Airport, Kidlington, Oxon, OX5 1RA, UK, Tel: 01865 842235, Fax: 01865 841048, Delegate Mick Adams, Base Maintenance Manager, Monarch Aircraft Engineering, Luton (London) Airport, Luton, Beds, LU2 9LX, UK, Tel: 01582 398642, Fax: 01582 398989, Delegate Greger Ahlbeck, Director Technical Administration, SAS, Dpt Stoma, S-19587 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 879 72945, Fax: 46 879 71280, Delegate Ali H Al-Harabi, PhD Research Student, Cranfield College of Aeronautics, Air Transport Group, Building 115, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK, Tel: 01234 750111 X-2232, Fax: 01234 752207, Delegate Brian Almond, Managing Director, British Midland Engineering, Donington Hall, Castle Donington, Derby, DE74 2SB, UK, Tel: 01332 852301, Fax: 01332 852271, Delegate Dave Andrews, Engineering Policy, RAF Brampton, HQ Logistics Command, Huntingdon, Cambs, PE18 8QL, UK, Tel: 01480 52151 x 6074, Fax: x 6206, Delegate Mike Angel, Mechanic, Purdue University, 6034.E., Edgewood Avenue, Indianapolis, IN. 46237, USA, Tel: (317 ) 786 8750, Delegate Len Arnot-Perrett, Civil Aviation Authority, Aircraft Maintenance Standards Dept, 1W, Aviation House, Gatwick Airport South Area, West Sussex, RH6 0YR, UK, Tel: 01293 573144, Delegate William Arthur, Senior Quality Surveyor, Quality Stds, Qantas Airways, Quality Assurance Dept. M271/3, Kingsford-Smith Airport, Mascot Jetbase MB5, Sydney, 2020, Australia, Tel: 61 2 9691 8399, Fax: 61 2 9691 8219, Delegate Peter Ashmore, Projects Manager, Hunting Cargo Airlines, East Midlands Airport, Castle Donington, Derbyshire, DE74 2YH, UK, Tel: 01332 813142, Fax: 01332 811601, Delegate Bill Ashworth, VP Quality and Engineering, BF Goodrich Aerospace, 11323 30th Avenue West, Everett, Washington 98204, USA, Fax: 425 423 3006, Speaker Jurgen A. -
When International Partnerships Go Wrong David Southwood Draws Lessons from a Crisis-Ridden Year for European Cooperation in Space
COMMENT CONSERVATION Advice for EXHIBITIONS Works by Damian MUSIC Darwinian algorithm OBITUARY Sally Ride, first biodiversity body from Hirst and Gunther von composes plausible US woman in space, the IPCC p.454 Hagens compared p.456 orchestral works p.458 remembered p.460 ESA/MEDIALAB Europe’s ExoMars mission aims to land a rover on Mars in 2018 to search for traces of life. When international partnerships go wrong David Southwood draws lessons from a crisis-ridden year for European cooperation in space. he recent discovery of the Higgs US funds from two major joint missions, projects while bearing in mind the possible boson by CERN, the European the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) withdrawal of players and curbing mission Organization for Nuclear Research and a planned mission to Jupiter. My suc- creep. Although it was the United States that Tmade up of 20 member states, shows how cessor, Alvaro Giménez, has already had withdrew as a major partner in the cases I international cooperation can lead to success worse: withdrawal of the United States from mention, the lessons are general and will in science that is otherwise unachievable. ExoMars, a Mars exploration programme. become increasingly important with the rise But there are challenges in working across All three cases played out differently. Each of large international collaborations involving borders. As the current crisis with the euro project holds lessons new players such as China, India and Russia. illustrates, political and financial problems NATURE.COM for managing future The nature of sovereign governments hit some partners harder than others. In my For more on collaborations, such means that rarely is an international agree- final year as director of Science and Robotic NASA’s Mars rover, as understanding part- ment to cooperate completely legally Exploration at the European Space Agency Curiosity, see: ners’ motivations for binding. -
The UK Aerospace Industry
House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee The UK Aerospace Industry Fifteenth Report of Session 2004–05 Volume II Oral and written evidence Ordered by The House of Commons to be printed 22 March 2005 HC 151-II Published on 18 May 2005 by authority of the House of Commons London: The Stationery Office Limited £14.50 The Trade and Industry Committee The Trade and Industry Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration, and policy of the Department of Trade and Industry. Current membership Mr Martin O’Neill MP (Labour, Ochil) (Chairman) Mr Roger Berry MP (Labour, Kingswood) Richard Burden MP (Labour, Birmingham Northfield) Mr Michael Clapham MP (Labour, Barnsley West and Penistone) Mr Jonathan Djanogly MP (Conservative, Huntingdon) Mr Nigel Evans MP (Conservative, Ribble Valley) Mr Lindsay Hoyle MP (Labour, Chorley) Miss Julie Kirkbride MP (Conservative, Bromsgrove) Judy Mallaber MP (Labour, Amber Valley) Linda Perham MP (Labour, Ilford North) Sir Robert Smith MP (Liberal Democrat, West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine) Powers The committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk. Publications The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/t&icom. Committee staff The current staff of the Committee is Elizabeth Flood (Clerk), David Lees (Second Clerk), Philip Larkin (Committee Specialist), Grahame Allen (Inquiry Manager), Clare Genis (Committee Assistant) and Joanne Larcombe (Secretary).