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Bright Lights, Blighted City: Urban Renewal at the Crossroads of the World

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Bright Lights, Blighted City: Urban Renewal at the Crossroads of the World National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada ••• Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el BibliogrAphie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. lue Welllngion Ol1awa, OI1lariO onawa (Onlario) K1AON4 K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure the highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'université degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior dactylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Canada VOji.lilH'lI Filipcel'ic • Graduale Program in Communications McGill University, Montreal Bright Lights. Blighted Ciry: Urban Rellewal at the Crossroads ofthe World A thesis submÏlted ID the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research :n partial fullilment of the requiremcnL<; for the degree of Master of Ans. • March 1996, Montreal. • © Vojislava Filipccvic. 1996 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wallinglon Sircei 395. rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario Ottowa (Onlorio) K1AON4 K1AON4 The author has grantEld an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrévocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or seH copies of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou hisjher thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in hisjher thesis. droit d'auteur qui protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de cella-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou hisjher permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-612-12025-2 Canada • Abstract The untenable contradictions of laissez-faire capitalism were aecommodatcd by the devclopment of urban planning. wbose bistory is one of succeeding implementations of a control1ed capitalist arder. One such accommodation is found in the evolution of sites of popular amusements; at first chaotic spheres of escape and indulgence in which the work day was forgollen and social roles discarded. these camival spaces soon became markets for mass consumption. As the strict divisions of city spaces created by physical urban planning disintegratcd under transformations of capitalism and its accompanying crises of overaccumulation. social urban planning was elaborated to more effectively control the capitalist city and to reintcgratc the increasingly blighted areas of the once popular amusements inlO the economy. This disciplined reintegration. unsuccessfully attcmpted in New York City's Times Square since the late 1920s. is finally being realized by the redevelopment forces that began shaping the city's spatial practices in the wake of the fiscal crisis of 1975. The development projects undertaken in midtown Marthattan following the recovery from the fiscal crisis are • transforming the renowned Times Square theater district into a strikingly different urban environment The ne\\! politics of redevelopment under the regime of flexible accumulation are almost exclusivcly oriented towards economie development that is cquated with speculative propcny investrnents. rebuilding Times Square to promote the global city's finance monopoly. Denying the existence of the public realm and celebrating free market laissez-faire policy.the 42nd Street Development Project. under the guise ofremoving blight, is eliminating the undesirable and underprivileged from the new image of the Bright Lights District Times Square as a center of the local popular culture of Broadway theaters, cinemas, restaurants, billboard spectaculars, and public celebrations, has been lost as a public spaee. In the redevelopment projeets now imaging the Crossroads of the World, the lost city of the past is recreated through the commodification of its collective memory. fashioning a Disneyfied spectacle for the global urban center. • 2 • Résumé Les contradictions insoutenables du capitalisme "laissez-faire" ont été accédées par les développements dans la planification urbaine. qui a une histoire d·aecomplisser.lenL~ successives d'un ordre capitaliste c(lntrôlé. Un tcl compromis se trouve dans l'évolution des lieux d'amusements populaires. D'abord des lieux d'évasion et de complaisance. où l'on pouvait oublier le travail et se débarrasser des rôles sociaux. ces lieux de "carnaval" sont vite devenus des marchés pour la consommation de masse. Pendant que les divisions urbaines mises en place par la planification physique se desintégraient sous la transformation du capitalisme et de ses crises de SUlaccumulation. la planitïcation urbaine sociale s'est élaborée pour contrôler la ville capitaliste et pour réintégrer les zones d'amusement les plus dégradées à l'économie. Cette réintégration disciplinée. entreprise sans succès à Times Square à New York depuis les années 20. s'est finalement realisée par les forces de redéveloppement qui ont eommencé a former la politique de répartition. suite à la crise fiscale de 1975. Le thèse analyse les forces et processus qui ont formé Times Square depuis la crise tïscale qui a frappé New York en 1975. Les projets de développement entrepris au centre-ville de • Manhattan suite à la remontée fiscale sont en train de transformer Times Square. célèbre quartier de théâtre, en un environnement urbain remarquablement différent. La nouvelle politque de redéveloppement de la ville sous le régime "d'accumulation flexible" sc dirige presqu'exclusivement vers un développement économique qui se résume à l'investissement speculatii en valeurs mobiliers ct à la reconstruction de Times Square pour promouvir le monopole financier de la ville globale. Tout en niant la domaine publique en célébrant la politique laissez-faire de marché libre. le projet de redéveloppement de la 42ième rue, sous couvert d'arrêter la dégradation urbaine, a pour effet de sortis les indésirables ct les sous­ priviligiés de la nouvelle image du "quartier des lumières." Times Square comme centre de la culture populaire locale de théâtres, de cinémas. de restaurants, de revues à grand spectacle et de célébrations publiques s'est perdu comme espace publique. Dans les projets de redéveloppement qui présentent l'image du "Carrefour mondial," la ville perdue se recrée a travers la mise en marché de sa mémoire collective, et devient un spectacle à la • Disney pour le centre global urbain. 3 • Table of Contents: Abstract 2 Résumé 3 Acknowledgments 7 Preface 9 Introduction: A Historical Review of the Development of Times Square and 42nd Street 13 J. Planning Ideology and the Social Order ofthe City's Camival Culture 17 1.1 Planning the Rational City: Legacies of the Planning Ideology for the City of Capital 18 1.2 Opposing of the Rational Order: The Rise ofPublic Amusements 20 1.3 Democratie Consumption in the Camival City 23 1.4 Disciplining Popular Amusements 25 1.5 The Quest for the Social Order 28 2. Restructuring the Global City: Contemporary Redevelopment Strategies 33 2.1 An Economie Succession: the New Regime of Aexible Accumulation 34 2.2 Ordering the Global City 35 2.3 Social Stratification in the Global City 37 • 2.4 Rebuilding New York: Redevelopment Strategies In the 1980s 39 4 • 3. Bright Lights. Blighted City: Rebl/ilding Times Sql/are ilnd 42nd Street 44 3.1 The Discipline and Punishment of 42nd Street: Unsuceessful Renewal Efforts 45 3.2 A Review of the 42nd Street Development Project 50 3.3 Cleaning Up the Deuce 63 3.4 The Fall ofTimes Square as a Public Space 66 4. Polishing the Apple: HoloSql/are for the Global City 74 4.1 Reshaping the Crossroads of the World 75 4.2 Glittering Ersatz for the Crossroads' Pageant 80 • 4.2.1 Learning from Xanadu 80 4.2.2 Learning from 42nd Street 82 4.3 42nd Street Now! 87 4.4 Manufacturing and Consuming Histo.ry A Spcctacular Voyage Into a Fabricated Past 90 Conclusions: HoloSquare for the InfoCity 97 Bibliography 102 Figures 116 • 5 • AcknowledgmenL~ 1wish 10 Ihank my mentor Professor George Szanto for ail of his kind help and inlinitr patience during Lhe laborious process of writing Lhis thesis. Professor Szanto'., evaluations. suggestions. ane! Griticism have provided invaluablc guidance for this intcllectual undertaking. MoreQver. 1was privileged to be Professor Szanto's rcsearch assistant for Lhe Borders and Cuill/res conference hc1d at McGill University in February 1995. which provided an oUlStanding opportunity to share my views with Lhose of inlernational academics and professionals. Professor Raphael Fischler of McGill's School of Urban Planning, who served as a second reader of the thesis. has offercd indispensable advice since Lhe Iirsttentative version of this manuseript. Many of the rcadings and heatcd discussions l'rom Professor Fisehler's course in "History and Theory of Urban Forrn" have found their way intû the Lhesis.
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