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Congressional Andl Egislativer Edistrictingr Eform CitizensCitizens ResearResearchch Cch CCouncilouncilouncil ofof MichiganMichigan CCCCCCONGRESSIONALONGRESSIONAL ANDANDANDANDANDAND L L EGISLAEGISLAEGISLAEGISLAEGISLAEGISLATIVETIVETIVETIVETIVETIVE R R EDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICTINGTINGTINGTINGTINGTING R R EFEFEFEFEFEFORMORMORMORMORMORM MayMay 2011May 20112011May 2011 RepRepRepRepRepReporororororortt 370t 370370t 370 CCCELEBRELEBRELEBRAAATINGTINGTING 95 Y EARSEARSEARS OFOFOF I NDEPENDENT,,, N ONPONPONPARARARTISANTISANTISAN PPPUBLICUBLICUBLIC P POLICOLICOLICYYY R RESEARCHESEARCHESEARCH INININ M MICHIGANICHIGANICHIGAN Board of Directors Chairman Vice Chairman Treasurer Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Jeffrey D. Bergeron Nick A. Khouri Joseph R. Angileri Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Paul R. Obermeyer Deloitte. Manoogian Foundation Comerica Incorporated Jeffrey D. Bergeron John J. Gasparovic Kevin Prokop Ernst & Young LLP BorgWarner Inc. Rockbridge Growth Equity, LLC Michael G. Bickers Ingrid A. Gregg Lynda Rossi PNC Financial Services Group Earhart Foundation Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Beth Chappell Marybeth S. Howe Jerry E. Rush Detroit Economic Club Wells Fargo Bank Meritor, Inc. Rick DiBartolomeo Nick A. Khouri Michael A. Semanco Terence M. Donnelly DTE Energy Company Hennessey Capital LLC Dickinson Wright PLLC Daniel T. Lis Terence A. Thomas, Sr. Randall W. Eberts Kelly Services, Inc. Amanda Van Dusen W. E. Upjohn Institute Sarah L. McClelland Miller, Canfield, Paddock and David O. Egner JPMorgan Chase & Co. Stone, PLC Hudson-Webber Foundation Aleksandra A. Miziolek Kent J. Vana Laura Fournier Dykema Gossett PLLC Varnum Compuware Cathleen H. Nash Citizens Bank Advisory Director Louis Betanzos Board of Trustees Terence E. Adderley Ralph J. Gerson Susan W. Martin Irving Rose Kelly Services, Inc. Guardian Industries Corporation Eastern Michigan University Edward Rose & Sons Jeffrey D. Bergeron Eric R. Gilbertson William L. Matthews George E. Ross Ernst & Young LLP Saginaw Valley State University Plante & Moran PLLC Central Michigan University Stephanie W. Bergeron Allan D. Gilmour Sarah L. McClelland Gary D. Russi Walsh College Wayne State University JPMorgan Chase & Co. Oakland University David P. Boyle Alfred R. Glancy III Paul W. McCracken Nancy M. Schlichting PNC Unico Investment Group LLC University of Michigan, Emeritus Henry Ford Health System Beth Chappell Thomas J. Haas Patrick M. McQueen John M. Schreuder Detroit Economic Club Grand Valley State University The PrivateBank First National Bank of Michigan Mary Sue Coleman James S. Hilboldt Robert Milewski Lloyd A. Semple University of Michigan The Connable Office, Inc. Blue Cross Blue Shield Dykema Matthew P. Cullen Paul C. Hillegonds of Michigan Lou Anna K. Simon Rock Ventures LLC DTE Energy Company Glenn D. Mroz Michigan State University Tarik Daoud Daniel J. Kelly Michigan Technological University S. Martin Taylor Long Family Service Center Deloitte. Retired Mark A. Murray Amanda Van Dusen Stephen R. D’Arcy David B. Kennedy Meijer Inc. Miller, Canfield, Paddock Detroit Medical Center Earhart Foundation Cathy H. Nash and Stone PLC James N. De Boer, Jr. Mary Kramer Citizens Bank Kent J. Vana Varnum Crain Communications, Inc. James M. Nicholson Varnum John M. Dunn David Leitch PVS Chemicals Theodore J. Vogel Western Michigan University Ford Motor Company Donald R. Parfet CMS Energy Corporation David O. Egner Edward C. Levy, Jr. Apjohn Group LLC Gail L. Warden Hudson-Webber Foundation Edw. C. Levy Co. Sandra E. Pierce Henry Ford Health System, Emeritus New Economy Initiative Daniel Little Charter One David L. Eisler University of Michigan-Dearborn Philip H. Power Jeffrey K. Willemain Deloitte. Ferris State University Sam Logan The Center for Michigan David G. Frey Michigan Chronicle Keith A. Pretty Leslie E. Wong Northern Michigan University Frey Foundation Arend D. Lubbers Northwood University Mark Gaffney Grand Valley State University, Emeritus John Rakolta Jr. Michigan State AFL-CIO Alphonse S. Lucarelli Walbridge Eugene A. Gargaro, Jr. Ernst & Young LLP, Retired Douglas B. Roberts Manoogian Foundation IPPSR- Michigan State University Citizens Research Council of Michigan is a tax deductible 501(c)(3) organization Citizens Research CCch ouncilouncilouncil of Michigan CCCONGRESSIONAL ANDANDAND LEGISLAEGISLAEGISLATIVETIVETIVE REDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICTINGTINGTING REFEFEFORMORMORM May 20112011May RepRepRepororort 370370t CITIZENS RESEARCH COUNCIL OF MICHIGAN MAIN OFFICE 38777 Six Mile Road, Suite 208 • Livonia, MI 48152-3974 • 734 -542-8001 • Fax 734-542-8004 LANSING OFFICE 124 West Allegan, Suite 620 • Lansing, MI 48933-1738 • 517-485-9444 • Fax 517-485-0423 CRCMICH.ORG CCCONGRESSIONAL ANDANDAND LEGISLAEGISLAEGISLATIVETIVETIVE REDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICTINGTINGTING REFEFEFORMORMORM Contents Summary ..................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 Apportionment vs. Redistricting ..................................................................................... 2 Reapportionment .......................................................................................................... 2 State Approaches to Redistricting .............................................................................. 5 Considerations of the Various Approaches....................................................................... 6 Michigan’s Approach to Redistricting............................................................................... 9 Federal Requirements for Redistricting .................................................................... 11 Population .................................................................................................................. 11 Equal Opportunity ....................................................................................................... 13 State Requirements for Redistricting ....................................................................... 15 Commonly Used Requirements .................................................................................... 15 Political Boundaries ............................................................................................... 15 Communities of Interest ........................................................................................ 15 Contiguity ............................................................................................................. 17 Compactness ........................................................................................................ 17 Lesser Used Requirements .......................................................................................... 18 Data ..................................................................................................................... 18 Competitive Districts .............................................................................................. 18 Geographic Boundaries .......................................................................................... 19 Nesting................................................................................................................. 19 Transparency and Public Engagement ..................................................................... 19 Multi-Member Districts ........................................................................................... 20 Approval Threshold................................................................................................ 21 Frequency ............................................................................................................ 21 Prioritizing among Requirements ............................................................................ 22 Schedule .............................................................................................................. 22 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 26 Redistricting Commission............................................................................................. 26 Frequency .................................................................................................................. 28 Process ...................................................................................................................... 28 Transparency and Public Engagement .......................................................................... 29 Legal Standing ........................................................................................................... 29 Standards .................................................................................................................. 29 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 31 Appendix A: 2001 Congressional, Michigan House of Representatives and Michigan Senate Districts .................................................................................. 32 Appendix B: Method of Equal Proportions ............................................................... 35 Citizens Research Council of Michigan iii CRC Report CCCONGRESSIONAL ANDANDAND LEGISLAEGISLAEGISLATIVETIVETIVE REDISTRICEDISTRICEDISTRICTINGTINGTING REFEFEFORMORMORM Tables Table 1 Comparison of District Size and Variation by State, 2000 ...................................... 12 Table 2 Redistricting
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