Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10626-0 — Minerals 2Nd Edition Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-10626-0 — Minerals 2nd Edition Index More Information

Index

Bold entries are mineral names. Page numbers in bold refer to minerals with detailed descriptions. Page numbers in italics refer to pictures.

Abbe refractometer, 170, 191 American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database, 143 aberrations in lenses, 172 amethyst, 50, 308, Plate 2c absorption, 217 amosite, 529 absorption of light, 186 optical micrograph, 532 absorption spectra, supernovae, 537 TEM image, 532 abundance of elements, 16 amphibole, 445 acetic acid, structure, 474 extinction angle, 212 acetone, structure, 474 minerals and composition, 439 acid mine drainage, 533 optical orientation, 211 actinolite, 449, 529 optical properties, 209 acute bisectrix, 199 quadrilateral, 444 adularia, 309 structure, 438 from Alps, Plate 21a amphibolite facies, 415 African Copper Belt, 374 analcime, 469 agate, 308 from Italy, SEM image, 465 aggregate, 518 analyzer, 173, 176 aggregation, 127 anatase, 392 of crystals, 127 from Swiss Alps, Plate 28d Agricola, 5, 481 structure and symmetry, 104 Airy’s spiral, 202 andalusite, 408

Al2SiO5, phase diagram, 276 optical orientation, 214 alabandite, 539 optical properties, 215 albite, 301, 310 porphyroblast, Plate 5c from New Mexico, Plate 21d andesine, 301 Albite twin law, 112, 311 anglesite, 355 Algoma-type iron deposits, 491 anhedral shape, 49 alite, 519 anhydrite, 355 alkali feldspars, 301, 309 animal nutrition, zeolites, 471 optical indicatrix, 205 aniom, 19 phase diagram, 306, 314 anisotropy, 149 alkali–silica reaction, 523 annabergite, 352 allanite, 407 annite, 429 aluminosilicates, 301 anomalous dispersion, 186 structures, 405 anorthite, 301, 310 aluminum avoidance principle, 464 APBs, TEM image, 306 aluminum deposits, 496 in lunar basalt, Plate 21f aluminum ore, 393 anorthoclase, 306 aluminum, dislocation loops, 255 anorthosites, lunar, 548 alumosilicates, 301, 462 anthophyllite, 449, 529 alunite, 355 anthracene, structure, 473 amalgamation, 534 antigorite, 426 amazonite, 310 structure, 420 from Colorado, Plate 21b antiphase boundary (APB), 115

603

Index 604

apatite, 350, 526 bcc (body-centered cubic), 19 from Mexico, Plate 25b Becke line, 191 aphthitalite, 332 belite, 519 applied mineralogy, 481 belt apparatus for diamonds, 515 aquamarine, 410 bentonite, 471 blue color, 220 structure, 409 gem, 510 benzene, bonding, 474 aqueous solutions, 261 Berezovsk, Russia, 334 aragonite, 342 Bergkristall, 4 composing nacre of abalone, 358 Bergmann, Torbern, 4 from Spain, Plate 24c cleavage of calcite, 61 structure, 337 berlinite-quartz structure, 350 aridisols, 435 Bertrand lens, 173 armalcolite, 547 beryl, 410 arsenic deposits, 497 absorption spectrum, 219 arsenopyrite, 365 colors, 50 arteriosclerosis, Plate 32f from Pakistan, Plate 30b arvedsonite, 529 structure, 409 asbestos, 529 with different colors, Plate 18a–c in human lung, SEM image, 530 beryllium deposits, 496 asbestosis, 529–30 betaﬁte, 392 associations of minerals, 54 biaxial negative, 200 asteroid belt, 538 biaxial positive, 200 atmosphere, 558 Big Bang, 536 atom, 12 biochemical processes, 356 atomic coordinates x, y, z,79 biogenic carbonates, 347 atomic force microscopy (AFM), 162, 232 biogenic minerals, 356–7 schematic view, 232 biopyriboles, 45 atomic number, 12 TEM image, 444 atomic positions, 79 biotite, 429 atomic structure, 12 pleochroism, Plate 11 atomic vibrations, 272 thin section, Plate 16 augite, 441, 448 Birch, F., 558 auricupride, 317 birefringence, 173–4 austenite, 322 birnessite, 394 autoclave, 514 bischoﬁte, 332, 528 autunite, 352 structure, 326 aventurine, 308 Black Hills pegmatites, 510 awaruite, 317 black smoker, 374

axial angle 2Vγ, 184 chimney, Plate 27c azurite, 342 massive sulﬁde deposits, 488 from Arizona, Plate 24d Bloch walls, 162 blödite, 332 baddeleyite, 343 blueschist facies, 415, 450 structure, 382 body-centered cubic (bcc), 19

BaFe12O19 with magnetic domains, 163 boehmite, 377 banded iron formations, 489 structure, 385 barite, 352 Bøggild gap, 307 from Germany, 355 Bohr model, 12 indicatrix orientation, 195 bonding, 15 basalts, lunar, 548 properties, 23 base metals, 496 bone, 357, 526 bastnäsite, 342, 343 borates, 336 bauxite, 393, 431 structure, 337

Index 605

borax, 333 Callisto, ice, 545 bornite, 365 Canada balsam, 169 Bowen, N. L., 454 Cappeller, M. A., law of interfacial angles, 61 Bowen’s reaction series, 456 Cappeller, quartz and calcite morphology, 1723, 61 Bragg equation, 140 carat, 501 Bragg fringes, TEM, 228 carbohydride minerals, 474 Bragg, W. H., 135 carbon Bragg, W. L., 135 bonding, 473 Bragg’s law, two conditions, 141 PT phase diagram, 320 Bravais lattices (14), 69 carbonates, 336 3D, unit cells, 71 composition, tetrahedron, 41 Bridgman, P. W., 514 diagnostic properties, 338 bridgmanite, 555 dissolution in oceans, 345 stability, 286 isomorphism, 31 brightﬁeld image, TEM, 230 phase diagram, 341 brilliance of diamond, 504 silts in Kasakhstan, 347 brilliant-cut diamond, 503 carbonatites, 341, 343 brookite, anomalous dispersion, Plate 12j–l carborundum, growth spirals, 122 brucite, 393 Carlsbad Caverns, 343 structure, 384 Carlsbad twin law in orthoclase, 112 Buerger, M. J., 33 carnallite, 327 Burgers vector b, 109 carnotite, 350, 352 burkeite, 333 carrier pigeons, magnetite, 359 Bushveld layered intrusion, 490 cassiterite, 391 Bushveld, South Africa, 323, 489 habits, Siberia, 269 bytownite, 301 catalytic processes, zeolites, 471 cation, 19 cabochon cut, 503 cation exchange capacity, 432

CaCO3, phase diagram, 276 clay minerals, 433, 471 calciﬁed tissue in artery, Plate 32f cation packing, 382 calcite, 340 caves, 343 birefringence, 174 celestite, 352 cleavage, 53 two generations, 267 crystal forms, 119 cement, 341, 518 deformation twins, Plate 2d microstructures, 521 dislocations, 255 minerals and abbreviations, 520 from Fontainebleau, 126 plant, schematic, 520 giant crystals from Alps, 341 centering of lattices, 72 habits, 341 ceramics industry, 310 in oceans, 345 cerussite, 342 IR and Raman spectroscopy, 243, 243 chabazite, 469 mechanical twinning, 257 structural cages, 464 optical properties, 213 chain silicates, 397, 437 prismatic-scalenohedral, from Cumbria, Plate 23e diagnostic properties, 446, 448 structure, 337 stacking, 440, 445 tabular, from China, Plate 23f chalcedony, 308, Plate 8b thermal expansion, 156 with growth zones, Plate 8c thin section with twins, Plate 16c chalcocite, 365 tufa, 344 chalcopyrite, 366 twinning, 112, 213 formula, 262 vibrational modes, 244 from Germany, Plate 26c calcite–aragonite transformation, 275 with oxidation, Plate 26d calcite-wollastonite-quartz phase diagram, 278 chamosite, 430 calculation of chemical formulas, 37 charge-transfer transitions, 220

Index 606

charoite, 398 clinoenstatite, 448 chemical analysis, 238 clinohumite, 406 chemical contamination, 532 clinoptilolite, 464 chemical elements, 12 from Colorado, SEM image, 465 chemical formulas, 37 structure, 470 calculation, 37 clinopyroxene with sector zoning, Plate 14e,f chemical reactions, 271 clinopyroxene, lunar basalt, TEM image, 442 chemical vapor deposition, 517 clinozoisite, 415 chemical varieties of minerals, 46 close-packing, 17 chemistry, fundamentals, 12 close-packed structures, interstices, 28

chesterite, 444 CO2, structure, 382 chiastolite, 408 cobaltite, 366 Chivor, 508 structure, 365 chlorites, 430 coesite, structure, 299 composition, 422 cohenite, in meteorites, 541 structure, 421 colemanite, 333 thin section, Plate 15e,f colloidal solutions, Yellowstone, 264 chloritoid, 408 color, 217 chondrites, 539 hand specimens, 50 chemical composition, 546 in important minerals, 218 thin section, 539 color centers, 220 chondrodite, 411 commercial halide deposits, 334 Christoffel equations, 158 compensators, 173, 192 chromatic aberration, 171 principle, 193 chromite, 391 Comstock, 497 chromium deposits, 487, 491 concrete, 518 chromophore elements, 218 microstructure, schematic, 522 chrysoberyl, gem, 510 polished section, 518 chrysoprase, 308 problems, 522 chrysotile, 426, 529 concretions, 127 asbestos, Italian Alps, Plate 31a condenser lens, 172 structure, 420 congruent repetition, 63 TEM image, 421 consumption of ores, 498 cinnabar, 366, Plate 1b contact metamorphism, 410 twinning, 112 continental carbonate sediments, 346 citrine, 50, 308 continental salt lakes, 333 Clapeyron slope, 286 convection, 554 classification of minerals, 43 convergent light, 196 classification of silicate structures, 399 interference figure, 197 clathrate cages, 385 convergent margins, 485 clathrates, structures, 386 cooperite, 322 Clausius–Clapeyron equation, 276 coordination number, 18 clay minerals coordination polyhedra, 24 cation exchange capacity, 471 in crystal structures, 26 composition, d-spacing, 429 minerals, 28 structure, 425 copper, 321 clays, 431 atomic coordinates, 79 cleavage, 52 dendritic growth, Plate 4a in minerals, 53 deposits, 496 climb of dislocations, 256 minerals, phase diagram, 278 clinker, 519 cordierite, 410 clinochlore, 430 blue color, 220 from Swiss Alps, Plate 31b core of the Earth, 322

Index 607

Cornwall, 373 diagenesis of carbonates, 348 corrosion, 523 diamagnetic crystals, 160 corundum, 385, Plate 1e diamond, 319, 322, 508 color, 217 atomic coordinates, 79 Coulomb attraction, 23 bonding, 22 Coulomb’s law, 20 dispersion, Plate 23a covalent bonding, 21, 317 from India, 505 Cripple Creek, 497 from Kimberlite, Plate 32g cristobalite, structure, 298, 382 in Allende meteorite, 541 crocidolite, 450, 529 large, 509 crossed polarizers, 176, 191 luminescence, Plate 23b crust, composition, 551, 553 structure, 317, 320 crystal field transitions, 218 diamond anvil assembly for high-pressure experiments, 235,235 crystal forms, important, 102, 103 diapiric salt dome at Stassfurt, Germany, 334 crystal identification, 143 diaspore, 377 crystal structure, 17, 63, 78 structure, 385 diffraction, 145 diatomite, 309 crystal synthesis, 512 diatoms, 309, 358 crystal systems (7), 72, 81, 92 diatremes, 323 crystal wedge, 178 diffraction intensities, 147 crystal, definition, 10 diffractometer geometry, 141 crystallization diffusion in minerals, 469 during evaporation, 331 diffusion of vacancies, 254 from a melt, 284 dioctahedral unit, 419 of magma, 450 diopside, 448 crystallographic forms, 100 (“augite”) from Mt. Kilimanjaro, 449 CsCl, structure, 326 congruent melting, 455 C–S–H, 520 structure, 440 cubic close-packing, 18, 317 dioptase, 410 cuprite, 392 dislocation loops, 255 from Namibia, Plate 28e dislocation microstructures, 254 Curie temperature, 163 dislocations, 108, 109, 252 Czochralski apparatus, 513 dispersion, 185, 201, 222 coefficients of minerals, 187 D00 layer, 556 curves, 186 Dana, J. W., 42 in biaxial crystals, 187 Danakil depression, Ethiopia, 334 displacive transformation, 34 darkfield image, TEM, 229 displacive transitions, 35 Dauphiné twin, 113 disthen, 408 Dead Sea, aragonite, 346 divergent margins, 488 Debye rings, 141 dolomite, 342 Deep Springs Lake, 347 and calcite with age, 346 defects in crystals, 108 crystals in thin section, Plate 16d deformation of crystal, 251 dislocations, TEM, 110 deformation twin in calcite, 111 from Eugui, Plate 24a dehydration of evaporite minerals, 333 optical properties, 213 dendrites, Plate 19e replacing calcite, Plate 24b silver, 321 screw dislocations, 255 sulfur, 319 structure, 337 dendritic growth, 122 TEM image, 229 density, 54, 152 twinning, 213 of some minerals, 155 druses, 127 deuterium, 13 in sericitic gneiss, 369

Index 608

Earth equal-area projection, 88 chemical composition, 546 pole ﬁgure, 89 cross-section, 548 equilibrium, 270 seismic waves, 552 erithrite, 352 mantle, 285 Escher, M. C., symmetry, 65 convection, 554 ethane, bonding, 473 history, 558 ettringite, 520 eclogite facies, 415 SEM image, 521 eclogite, petrographic thin section, Plate 9 euhedral crystals, 121 edge dislocation, 110, 252 euhedral shape, 49 elastic compliance, 152 Europa, ice, 545 elastic deformation, 251 eutectic melting in system diopside–anorthite, 285 elastic properties, 155 eutectic point, 284, 452 elastic stiffness, 158 for some mineral pairs, 285

metals, 158 evaporate minerals in the system NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–

elastic tensor for different symmetries, 157 Na2SO4–H2O, 331 elastic waves, 158 evaporites, 329 elbaite, 409 crystallization sequence, 331 electrochemical processes, 375 deposits in North America, 330 electrolytes, 278 evaporites on continental shelf, 330 electromagnetic radiation, 166 evenkite, 476 electron, 12 EXAFS, 242 electron configurations, 16 exogenic processes, 266 electron microprobe, 239 exothermic reaction, 286 schematic, 239 exsolution, 114–15, 289 electron microscopy, 226 in minerals, 291 electron transitions and absorption, 218 extinction, 177 electrostatic attraction, 17 extinction angle, 194 elemental abundances in solar system, 540 emerald, 410, 508 face-centered cubic (fcc), 19 absorption spectrum, 220 fayalite, 405 trapiche, Plate 32b fcc (face-centered cubic), 19 enantiomorphous repetition, 63 feel, 54 endogenic processes, 266 feldspar structures, history, 303 endothermic reaction, 286 feldspars, 299 energy conversions, 227 Al/Si distribution, 305 energy minimum, 271 diagnostic properties, 296 energy transitions of electrons, 133, 238 NMR spectra, 246 energy transitions producing XRF, 239 solid solution, 32 enstatite, 448 structure, 304, 463 in chondrites, 539 ternary diagrams, 302 incongruent melting, 455 thin section analysis, 202 enthalpy, 272 twinning, 112 entropy, 270, 272 feldspathoids, 462 epidote, 407 ferroactinolite, 449 from Swiss Alps, Plate 29e ferromagnetic crystals, 161 minerals, composition, 404 ferropericlase, 555 optical orientation, 214 stability, 286 optical properties, 214 ferrosilite, structure, 445 thin section, Plate 15e,f, Plate 16e,f fertilizer, 327 epitaxial growth, 120 apatite, 352 epsomite, 332 fibrolite, 408 equal-area or Schmidt net, 88 first law of thermodynamics, 270

Index 609

fluid effects, 263 gaylussite, 333 fluid inclusions, 126, 242 gem deposits, 507 fluorene, 474–5 gem enhancements, 510 fluorescence, 54, 224 gem refractometer, 506 in minerals, 223 gemologist, 504 fluorite, 327 gems, 46

CaF2, structure, 326 gemstones, 501 fluorescence, Plate 18d,e history, 504 from Alps, Plate 20a with mineral names, 502 from Freiberg, 329 general forms, perspective drawings, 98 from Hunan, Plate 23d geological rock cycle, 266 sector zoning, 126 geophagy, 529 vacancy produces color center, 221 geothermal gradient, 415 flux growth of emerald, 513 giant crystals, 124 fool’s gold, 367 Gibbs free energy, 281 foraminifera, 356 solid solution, 289 form, general, 101 Gibbs potential, 272 formicaite, 475 gibbsite, 393 structure, 475 structure, 384 forms, special, 101 glaserite, 333 formulas glauconite, 430 empirical, 37 glaucophane, 450 ideal, 37 pleochroism, Plate 11 simplified, 38 glide plane, 105 forsterite, 405 gmelinite, structural cages, 464 fracture, 53 goethite, 393 framework silicates, 417, 462 biogenic, 357 diagnostic properties, 466 botryoidal morphology, 128 Frank–Read source, 254 from UK, Plate 27f Frenkel defects, 109 gold, 321 frequency and wavelength, 167 deposits, 497 fullerene, structure, 321 map, 498 from California, Plate 22b gabbro from Risör, 454 from Romania, Plate 22c galena, 366 nugget, Alaska, Plate 22d from Germany, Plate 26b octahedral, from California, 321 morphology, 82 Goldschmidt, V., 6 galvanic cell, 279 goniometer, 7 garnets, 406 grain mount, 190 common form {110}, 102 granite origin, 311 composition and some properties, 404 granite, alteration, Plate 7e,f formula, 39 granulite facies, 415 from Alps, Plate 29c graphic granite, 481 morphologies, 406 graphic texture with quartz and orthoclase from Mössbauer spectrum, 248 Kola, Plate 21c optical properties, 214 graphite, 319, 322 porphyroblast, 265 structure, 319, 320 rotated, Plate 6a Great Dyke, 489 structure, 403 Great Mogul diamond, 505 ternary diagram, 41 greenschist facies, 415 varieties, 406 greenstone belts, 489 gas environment, 263 gregoryite, 343 gas pressure phase diagrams, 277 greisen, 265, 369

Index 610

group sulﬁdes, 361 heliodor, 410 growth, 120 Helmholtz potential, 272 crystals, 78 hematite, 387 velocities, 121 rose, Plate 6c grunerite, 529 TEM, 115 gummite, 393 Herkimer diamond, 300 gypsum, 355 Hermann–Mauguin symbol, 91 cement, 519 heulandite, 469 giant crystals, Plate 5a hexagonal close-packing (hcp), 17 plate (compensator), 194 hexahydrite, 332 prismatic, 356 high-pressure investigations, 235 Sahara rose, 126 high-resolution imaging, 226 structure, 355 history of gemstones, 504 twinning, 112 history of X-ray crystallography, 134 with swallow-tail twin, 356 hollandite, 377 structure, 383

H2O bonding, 21 Homestake, 497

H2O, phase diagram, 271 Hooke’s law, 157 habit, 118, 128 hornblende, 449 in hexagonal minerals, 119 indicatric orientation, 195 half-life, 116 pleochroism, Plate 11 halide minerals, diagnostic properties, 328 hornfels facies, 415 halides, 325 howieite, 438, 444 halite (NaCl), 6, 10, 21, 325, 327 human body, 527 atomic coordinates, 79 humboldtine, 476 blue zoning, Plate 23c structure, 476 crystal structure, 64 humite, 406 cube, Plate 3a Huttenlocher gap, 307 diffraction pattern, 142 Hutton, J., 266 giant crystals, 124 Hutton’s geological cycle, 559 in nutrition, 526 Huygens’ construction, 138 skeletal growth, 123 hydraulic cement, 518 structure, 147 hydrochloric acid test, 340 Hall process, 516 hydrosphere, 558 Halle, Germany, 334 hydrothermal carbonates, 343 Halley’s comet, composition, 537 hydrothermal growth of quartz crystals, 514 halloysite, structure, 426 hydrothermal solutions, 261 halogens, properties, 329 with metals, 262 halos around monazite in cordierite, Plate 2e,f hydrothermal sulﬁde deposits, 369 halos around zircon in biotite, Plate 2e,f hydrothermal vein in granite, 369 Hammersley iron deposit, 489 hydroxide minerals, diagnostic properties, 390 hand specimen identiﬁcation, 49 hydroxyapatite, 357 hanksite, 333 Harding pegmatites, 510 ice, 558 hardness, 51 Ih, structure, 386 and color of minerals, 56 iddingsite, Plate 22f harmotome, structure, 463 idrialite, 475 Haüy, R. J., 5 structure, 475 elementary parallelepipeds, 62 igneous rocks, 450 structure of halite, 1801, 62 illite, 425, 430 hazards of particulates, 529 ilmenite, 387 hcp (hexagonal close-packing), 19 formula, 38 health hazards, 529 TEM, 115 hedenbergite, 448 immersion method, 191

Index 611

immiscible liquids, 368 kainite, 332 incongruent melting, 452 kamacite (bcc), 322 Indian diamonds, 505 in interplanetary dust, 537 indicatrix, 180 kandite, structure, 426 conventions, 186 kaolinite, 429 ellipsoid, sections, 183 in nutrition, 527 for different symmetries, 184 structure, 419, 425 inelastic neutron scattering, 236 kernite, 333 infrared (IR) spectroscopy, 240, 506 K-feldspar in Colorado gneiss, 306 inner core, 557 K-feldspar, morphology, 310 instruments for gemologists, 504 Khibini massif, 352 interfacial angles, 61 kidney stones, 358 derivation, 76 kieserite, 332 interference color chart (Michel–Lévy chart), 181, kimberlite diatreme, 323 Plate 10a kinetics, 270 interference colors, 179 Koh-i-Noor diamond, 505 interference figures Kola Peninsula, 392 biaxial crystals, 199, 200, Plate 12e–g kolumbite, 392 inclined crystal, 199 komatiites, 489 uniaxial crystals, 197, 198, Plate 12a–d Kramer deposit, 333 interference of light waves, 176 kratochvilite, 475 International Center for Diffraction Data, 143 structure, 475 International Mineralogical Association, 47 kunzite, gem, 510 international symbol, 91 Kursk iron deposit, 489 International Tables for Crystallography, kutnahorite, 343 103, 106 kyanite, 408 interplanetary dust, 537 optical orientation, 214 interstitial, 109 optical properties, 215 inversion, 93 Io, lava flows, 545 labradorite, 301, 311 ion microprobe, 240 schiller colors, 223, Plate 21e ionic bonding, 19, 327 TEM image of exsolution, 224 ionic exchange, 469 Lake Superior iron deposits, 489 ionic radii, 22 lapis lazuli, 468 with coordination number, 25 larvikite, 310 IR experiment, schematic, 241 laterite, 431 iridium, 322 distribution, 496 iron, 322 lattice, 62 cross twin in pyrite, 112 two-dimensional, 70 d-orbitals, 219 lattice lines, 72, 74 deposits, 495 lattice parameters, 67, 142 in Gibeon meteorite, Plate 22f cubic crystal, 144 in inner core, 557 lattice planes, 72–3 oxides phase diagram, 281 defined by axis intercepts, 74 isochromes, 197 examples, 75 isoferroplatinum, 322 lattice planes–lattice lines, 76 isogyres, 197 lattice strain during slip and twinning, 257 isomorphism, 31 lattice vectors, 73 Laue equation, 138 jade, 449 Laue indices, 139 jadeite, 448 Laue, M. von, 6, 135 jennite, 522 Laves, F., 560 jimthompsonite, 444 lawsonite, 408 Jolly balance, 155 layer structures, 384

Index 612

layered intrusions, 489 mantle, composition, 557 lazurite, 468 marble, 341 lead deposits, 497 with triple junctions, Plate 8a Leitz–Jelley refractometer, 191 marcasite, 366 lenses, 168 from Illinois, Plate 25e geometry, 172 marialite, 468 lepidochrocite, 393 marine basins, 330 lepidolite, 429 mariocopaite, 398 lever rule, 284 Mars light, 166 chemical composition, 546 light metals, 495 cross-section, 548 lime, 519 meteorites, 546 limestone, 340 X-ray diffraction image, 547 diffraction pattern, 234 martensitic transitions, 36 limonite replaces pyrite, 367 mass spectrometer, schematic, 240 limonite, pseudomorph after pyrite, Plate 6d mass spectrometry, 239 liquidus, 284, 286 mazzite, structural cages, 464 lizardite, 426 mechanical properties, 51, 251 AFM image, 531 mechanical twinning, 254, 299 Loewenstein avoidance rule, 303 in crystals, 258 longitudinal (P) waves, 158 Mediterranean basin, evaporites, 329 lonsdaleite, 324 meionite, 468 loparite, 392 melatope, 197 from Kola, Russia, Plate 27e mellite, 476 lower mantle, cross-section, 556 melting and free energy, 455 luminescence, 221 mercury, 322 luster, 50, 222 deposits, 487, 497 of minerals, 55 from California, Plate 22e Merensky Reef, 490 mafic plutonic rocks, 451 mesothelioma, 530 magma, 263 metal deposits, 482 magmatic deposits, 266 western USA, 488 magmatic differentiation, 456 metal production, 489 magmatic metal ore-forming processes, 368, 368 metal structures, 19 magnesite, 341 metallic bonding, 16 magnetic field, 244 metallic luster, 364 magnetic minerals, 164 metals, world production, 485 magnetic properties, 54, 160 metamorphic carbonates, 344 magnetic susceptibility, 162 metamorphism magnetite, 387 carbonate rocks in Central Alps, 459 AFM image with domains, 163 diamonds, 324 in interplanetary dust, 536 facies, 416 in magnetotactic bacteria, TEM image, 359 minerals, 410 magnetism, biogenic, 359 in pelitic schists, Alps, 412 octahedron, Plate 3b reactions, 456 majorite, 555 siliceous limestones, 456 malachite, 342, Plate 1c metasomatism, 265 from Arizona, Plate 24d meteorite impact diamonds, 324 pseudomorph after azurite, Plate 6e meteorites, 322, 538 malignant tumors in rats, 529 classification, 539 manganese deposits, 491 unique minerals, 541 manganese oxide, magnetic structure, 162 methane, bonding, 473 manganese oxides, EXAFS, 245 micas manganite, 394 composition, 422

Index 613

optical orientation, 212 from Alps, Plate 25a optical properties, 211 montmorillonite, structure, 426 structure, 420 Moon, 546 microcline, 301, 309 chemical composition, 546 cross-hatched twinning, Plate 13e cross-section, 549 twinning, 305 minerals, 547 microlite, 392 moons of outer planets, 545 microscope alignment, 190 moonstone, 305, 310 microscope, optical, 171 schiller colors, 223 microscope, petrographic, 7, 171 MORB, 555 microscopic mineralogy, 560 morganite, 410 microstructure and color, 222 morion, 308 mid-oceanic ridges, 482, 554 morphology of crystals, 81 Miller indices (hkl), 75 Mössbauer spectra and energy levels for 57Fe, 247 Miller–Bravais indices, 77 Mössbauer spectrometer, schematic, 246 Minas Gerais iron deposit, 489 Mössbauer spectroscopy, 246 Minas Gerais pegmatites, 510 Mother Lode, 374, 497 mineral deposits, 261, 265 deposit, 485 genetic types, 266 mother-of-pearl, 357 mineral genesis, 261 mudstones, 431 mineral identification, 49 mullite, 408 mineral names, 47 muscovite, 429 mineral species, 42 AFM image, 233 mineral, definition, 10, 42 from Brazil, 430 mineralization in Cornwall, UK, 373 from Pakistan, Plate 30f mineralogical prospecting, 482 giant crystal, 124 mineralogists, famous, 8 structure, 420 minerals Muzo, 508 as health hazards, 529 in human body, 527 nacre, 358 in nutrition, 526 nahcolite, 337 in solar nebula, 542 naphthalene, structure, 474 used for extraction of elements, 484 native elements, diagnostic properties, 318 use and production, 483 native metals, crystal structures, 317 mining contamination, 532 natrolite, 469 Miranda, ice, 545 from Germany, 465 mirror reflection, 63,91 structure, 465 misfit dislocations, 114 Néel temperature, 161 Mississippi Valley type deposit, 374 nepheline, 468 Mitscherlich, E., 31–2 nephrite, 449 Mogok, 509 neutrons, 12 Mohs’ hardness, 52 diffraction, 235 moissanite, in meteorites, 541 production, 237 Mojave Desert, 333 scattering, 146 molecular orbital transitions, 220 nickel deposits, 489 molecular sieve, zeolites, 471 nickel–cobalt deposits, 487 mollisols, 434 nickel–iron alloys, in chondrites, 539 mollusk shells, 342, 356 nickeline, 366 molybdenite, 366 Nicol prism, 174 from Queensland, Australia, Plate 27b Niggli, P., 6 structure, 365 niningerite, 539 molybdenum deposits, 495 nitrates, diagnostic properties, 338 monaxial point-groups, 96 Nobel Prizes, 6 monazite, 350 nonhydraulic cement, 518

Index 614

nontronite, EXAFS, 245 ordering, 35, 114, 289 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 244 ordering transformation, 34 nuclear spin, 244 ore deposits and geological history, 492 nucleation, 120 ore deposits with geological time, 492 nucleus, 12 ore deposits, geological environments, 485 number of minerals, 45 ore production, 494 with specific elements, 46 ore-bearing hydrothermal deposits, 371 nutrition, 526 organic chemistry, 473 nutritional elements, 528 organic compounds, 473 Nye, J. F., 149 organic minerals, 473 nyerereite, 343 origin of minerals, 261 Orloff diamond, 505 objective lens, 172 orpiment, 366 oceans, carbonates, 345 from Alps, Plate 26f octahedral layer, 418 orthoclase, 301, 315 orientation, 423 from Poland, 310 odor, 54 phenocryst, 125, Plate 5b Ohm’s law, 17 twinning, 112, Plate 13d oldhamite, 539 orthopyroxene with exsolution, Plate 15a,b Oldoinyo Lengai, 343 orthopyroxene, Mössbauer spectrum, 248 oligoclase, 301 orthosilicates, 399 olivine, 405 diagnostic properties, 400 axial angle and refractive indices, 210 osbornite, 539 from Myanmar, Plate 29a osmium, 322 in chondrites, 539 oxide minerals, diagnostic properties, 388 melting phase diagram, 287 oxisols, 434 optical properties, 209 oxyorganic compounds, 474 P waves, 159 phenocrysts in basalt, Plate 14a,b P waves, 551 real structure, 403 Pala pegmatites, 510 serpentinized, Plate 14d paligorskite, structure, 423 solid solution, 31 Pamukale, 344 stability, 285 paracelsian, structure, 463 structure, 403 paraffin, 476 omphacite, 449 paragenesis, 267 oölite, 127 parallelepipeds, 62 opal, 223, 309, 523 paramagnetic crystals, 161 from colloidal solutions, 263 particle analysis, 531 SEM image, 224, 308 path difference, 136, 138 with color, Plate 20g Pauling rules for ionic structures, 29 opalescence, 309 pedology, 431 ophiolites, 323 pegmatite, 315, 510 optic axis interference figures for different axial angles, 201 pelitic schists, 411 optical activity, 202 thin section, Plate 17c,d optical analysis by means of interference penetration depths, X-rays and neutrons, 236 figures, 203 pentlandite, 366 optical analysis of minerals with parallel light, 196 periclase, 392 optical indicatrix, 180 periodic system with benevolent and toxic elements, 533 optical properties, 166 periodic table, 14 ellipsoids, 182 peristerite gap, 307 optical retardation, 176 peristerites, 311 orbitals, 15 peritectic point, 453 of d-electrons, 219 perovskite, 392 order–disorder transitions, 34 antiphase boundaries, 116

Index 615

formula, 38 feldspars, 301 from Kola, Russia, Plate 27d formula, 39 structures, 382 in chondrites, 539 TEM images, 229 indicatrix stereogram, 207 X-ray nanotomography, Plate 19c melting phase diagram, 288 perthites, 307 orientation of indicatrix, 206 exsolution, TEM images, 307 phase diagram, 307 petrographic microscope, 7, 173 refractive indices, 205 pH, 278 SEM images, Plate 19a phase contrast microscope, 531 twinned, Plate 13f phase diagrams, 284 zoned and twinned, Plate 7a alkali feldspars, 314 planar defects, 110–11 carbon, 516 Planck constant, 134

carbonates (CO2, Mg, Ca), 346 plane polarizers, 176 forsterite–silica, 454 planets, 542

H2O, 372 orbits, 538 iron, 557 outer, composition, 543 lower mantle, 555 plaster of Paris, 519 methane–water, 387 plastic deformation, 252

NaCl–KCl–MgCl2–Na2SO4–H2O, 332 platinum, 322 pigeonite-augite, 441 deposits, 487, 498 reactions in siliceous limestones, 458 Platonic polyhedra, 103

SiO2–CaCO3, 459 pleochroic halos, 350 phase difference, 136 pleochroism, 186, Plate 11 phase rule, 282 in minerals, 188 for metamorphic rocks, 414 Pliny the Elder, 4, 481 phase shifts, 146 pneumatolytic, 370 phase transformations, 111 pneumoconiosis, 531 in mantle, 556 poikilocrystals, 125 phase transitions, 32 point defects, 109 phengite polytypes, TEM image, 425 point-groups, 92, 96 phenocryst, 125 stereograms, 94 phlogopite, 429 polariscope, 506 phosphates, 350 polarization, 173 diagnostic properties, 351 polarized light, 174 phosphorescence, 221 polarized light microscope, 531 phyllosilicates, 418 polarizer, 173, 176 physical properties, 149 polarizing microscope, 189 picene, 474 Polaroid crystals, 174 piedmontite, pleochroism, Plate 11 pole ﬁgure, 89 piezocrystals, 308 polyaxial point-groups, 96 piezoelectricity, 159 polycrystal plasticity, 256 pigeonite, 448 polygons, surface coverage, 67 exsolution, TEM images, 290 polyhedral sulﬁde, 361 pirssonite, 333 polymerization, 397 piston cylinder apparatus, 514, 515 in borates, 337 pitchblende, 393 polymorphic minerals, aluminosilicates, 411 placer deposits, 482 polymorphic transformations, 271 plagioclase, 310 polymorphic transitions, 264 Al–Si distribution, 306 polymorphism, 32 An content with metamorphic grade, 460 polytypism with displacement vectors, 424 axial angle 2Vα, 209 polytypism, sheet silicates, 423 extinction angle, 207 porphyroblast, 125, 264 extinction angle with composition, 208 porphyry copper deposits, 372, 486

Index 616

Portland cement, 518–19 pyrrhotite, 367 clinker, XRD, 521 from Kosovo, 367 portlandite, 520 SEM image, 521 Q–A–P ternary diagram for granitic rocks, 312 postperovskite, 556 quartz, 307, Plate 2a powder method, 141 ametrine, sector zoning, 221, Plate 7c pozzolanic concrete, 519 Arkansas, 308 Precambrian shields, 488 Brazil twin, 113 precious metals, 497 color centers, 221 prehnite, 430 colors, 50, 217 price for 1 carat gem, 501 common forms, 102 primitive lattices, 70 Dauphiné twins, TEM image, 301 prisms, 168 dislocation networks, 255 geometry, 171 giant crystal, 124 proﬁtability, 491 growth in druse, 121 prograde reactions, 411 growth spirals, 122 proton, 12 habits, Alps, 268 pseudomorphs, 127, 264 IR spectrum, 244 P–T phase diagrams, 285 morphology, 300 aluminosilicate minerals in Alps, 413 with metamorphic grade, 268 carbon, 320 optical activity, 202

Mg2SiO4, 286 piezoelectricity, 160

SiO2, 297 postage stamp, Plate 7b pyrite, 367 quendel growth, Plate 6b common form {210}, 102 skeletal growth, Plate 3f cube, Plate 3c smokey, Plate 2b dodecahedron, Plate 3d solubility, 263 framboidal growth, 128 striations, 120 striations, 120 structure, 300 structure, 364–5 α and β, 33, 301 twinning, 112 synthetic crystals, 515 X-ray tomography, Plate 19b Tessin habit, 120 pyritohedron, 367 thermal expansion, 156 from Peru, Plate 25d thin section analysis, 202 pyrochlore, 343, 392 twinning, 113, 299 pyroelectricity, 159 quartz prism, interference colors, Plate 10b pyrolite, 555 quartzite, without and with compensator, pyrolusite, 377, 391 Plate 10c–e dedritic growth, Plate 4b quasicrystals, 116 structure, 383 pyrophyllite, 429 radiation defects, 116 from Georgia, USA, Plate 30e radiation produces color centers, 222 pyroxene, 439, 445 radioactive decay, 116 composition, 441 radioactive isotopes, 116 compositional variations, 443 radioactivity, 54 extinction angle, 212 radiolaria, 309, 358 optical orientation, 211 radiometric dating, 240 optical properties, 209 radius ratio, 24, 26 solid solution, 32 two-dimensional, 27 structure, 438 Raman experiment, schematic, 241 pyroxenoids, 444 Raman spectroscopy, 240, 241, 506 tetrahedral chains, 445 ramsdellite, structure, 383 pyroxferroite, 547 Rayleigh scattering, 240 pyroxmangite, structure, 445 reactions for metamorphic grade, 416

Index 617

realgar, 367 color, 217 from Alps, Plate 26f rutile, 392 from Hunan, China, Plate 26e acicular, Alps, Plate 28b structure, 365 epitaxial growth on hematite, Plate 3e reciprocal lattice, 139 inclusions in corundum (star sapphire), 224 reconstructive phase transition, 34 intergrowth, Alps, Plate 28c recrystallization, 265 on goethite pseudomorphs, Alps, Plate 28a redox reactions, 279 structure, 383 reflected light microscopy, 166, 189 refraction, 169 S waves, 551 refractive index, 168 Sahara rose, 126 of some compounds, 168 salammoniac, 326 Regent diamond, 505 salts of organic acids, 474 regional metamorphism, 410 sanidine, 301, 309 relief, high, positive, negative, 191 high, inclined dispersion, Plate 12h remediation of environmental damage, 534 low, horizontal dispersion, Plate 12i replacement processes, 264 sanidinite facies, 415 reserves for mineral commodities, 499 saponite, SEM image, 433 reserves of metal ores, 498 sapphire, 50, 387, 509, Plate 1g reserves versus abundance, 499 color, 217 retrograde reactions, 411 in cabochon cut, Plate 32a Rhine graben, 334 saprolite zone, 433 rhodochrosite, 341, 343 scalars, 150 from Argentina, Plate 24e scanning electron microscope (SEM), 230 from Colorado, Plate 24f schematic view, 232 rhodonite, 450 scapolite, 468 structure, 445 structure, 462 rhombohedral carbonates, 336 scattering amplitudes, X-rays and neutrons, 237 richterite, 529 scattering factor, 147 riebeckite, 450, 529 and diffraction angle, 148 pleochroism, Plate 11 scheelite, 356 Rietveld method, 234 fluorescence, Plate 18f,g right-handed coordinate system, 67 from Czech Republic, 356 ring silicates, 409 schiller color, 311 diagnostic properties, 400 Schmid’s law, 253 ringwoodite, 391, 555 Schoenflies symbols, 91 stability, 286 schorl, 409 rock salt, 327 Schottky defects, 109 rock-forming minerals, 46 schreibersite rocks, important minerals, 553 in interplanetary dust, 537 Roman cement, 519 in meteorites, 541 romanechite, 394 Schrödinger equation, 13 structure, 383 screw axis, 104–5 Röntgen, C.W., 133 screw dislocation, 110, 122 rose quartz, 50, 307 seafloor spreading, 554 from Brazil, Plate 20c Searles Lake, 333 Rosenbusch, 6 second law of thermodynamics, 270 rotation, 63,91 sedimentary basins, 489 rotation axes, derivation, 67 sedimentary carbonates, 344 rotoinversion axis, 104–5 Seeber, L. A., lattice, 62 rubellite, 409 seismic anisotropy Hawaii, 159 ruby, 50, 387, 509, Plate 1f seismic waves, 551 absorption spectrum, 220 seismology, 158 boule, Plate 32d sepiolite, structure, 423

Index 618

sericite, 369, 429, Plate 7e,f sodalite, 469 serpentine, 426, 529 structural cages, 464 structure, 419–20 soil profile, 434 shales, 431 in Gatt region, India, 435 SEM image, 232 soil taxonomy, 434 shape of minerals, 49 soils, 431 sheet silicates, 418 as food supplement, 529 diagnostic properties, 427 typical minerals, 433 polytypism, 423, 424 solar nebula, 537, 542 stacking, 421 condensation, 559 SHRIMP, 240 solid solution, 31 siderite, 341 cubic metals, 32 siderophyllite, 429 diagrams, 40 silica in radiolaria and diatoms, 357 melting, 286 silica minerals, 295 with a tendency for exsolution, diagnostic properties, 296 289 silica poisoning, 309 solid systems, 264 silicates solidus, 284, 286 general comments, 396 space-group symmetry, 106 ionic substitutions, 397 space-groups (230), 102 melt, structure, 264 spacings between lattice planes, 142 structural classification, 397 specific gravity, 54, 152 tetrahedral linkage, 398 specific heat, 154 silicon ingot grown from melt, spectroscope, 506 Plate 32e spectroscopic methods, 238 silicon tetrahedra in sheet silicates, 419 sperrylite, 322 silicon tetrahedron, orbitals, 396 sphalerite, 367 silicosis, 535 formula, 37 sillimanite, 408 from Alps, Plate 25f in thin section, Plate 17a,b from Kasakhstan, 367 optical orientation, 214 structure, 364 optical properties, 215 sphene, 408 silver, 322 spherical aberration, 171 dedritic, from Saxony, 321 spherical projection, 83 deposits, 497 spherical representations, 81 from Freiberg, Plate 22a spinel, 387 4À SiO4 tetrahedron, 297 split sphere diamond growth apparatus, 516 sizes of ions, 25 spodosols, 434 Skaergaard, 489 spodumene, 449 skarns, 370 giant crystal, 124 skeletal growth, 122 stable isotope distribution, 240 skutterudite, structure, 365 stacking, 438 slip direction, 108, 252 stacking fault, 109, 110 slip planes, 108, 252 staining of carbonates, 340 slip systems in crystals, 253 stalactites, 343 smectite, structure, 426 stalagmites, 343 smithsonite, 342 standard potentials, 280 smoky quartz, 50, 308 star sapphire, 223 from Alps, Plate 20a, Plate 20b Stassfurt evaporites, 330 Snell’s law, 169 state of aggregation, 49 examples, 170 staurolite, 408 snow, 123 high-resolution TEM image, 231 snowball garnet, 125 in thin section, Plate 17e,f snowflakes, 123 TEM, crystal structure, 231

Index 619

twinned, from Kola, Russia, 408 supersaturation, growth of snow crystals, 123 twinning, 112 superstructures in Au–Cu, 35 steel, 322 surface aqueous solutions, 262 steel and ferrous metals, 491 surface carbonates, 343 Steno, N., 5 swallow-tail twin in gypsum, 112 Steno angles in quartz, 61 sylvite, 327, 332 stereographic projection, 84,84 symmetry, 63 constructions, 86 and property ellipsoid, 153 stibnite, 368 classes, 92 from Romania, Plate 27a in art, 64 structure, 365 in nature, 66 stilbite, 469 in space-group, 106 Stillwater, Montana, 323, 489 of second-rank property tensors, 154 stilpnomelane, 430 synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiment, 141 pleochroism, Plate 11 synchrotron X-rays, 234 stishovite, 297 synthesis of crystals, 512 coordination, 384 Stokes lines, 241 table salt, 327, 526 strain ε, 251 taenite (fcc), 322, 541 stratovolcano with porphyry stock, 372 talc, 429 streak, 50 structure, 420 stress ellipsoid, 156 Talnakh, Russia, 323 stress σ, 251 tantalite, 392 stress–strain, 251 tarnish, 54 striations, 119 taste, 54 strontianite, 343 TEM, ray diagrams, 230 structure factor, 147 temperature–pressure conditions, 411 struvite, 358 tennantite, 368 subduction and metal deposits, 488 tensors, 149, 151 subduction metamorphism, 411 different ranks, 152 subduction zones, 554 properties, 154 subgrain boundaries due to climb, 256 representation, 152 subhedral shape, 49 ternary diagram, 40

sucrose, 10 CaSiO3–MgSiO3–Al2SiO5, 415 Sudbury, Canada, 323, 368 granitic rocks, liquidus, 313 nickel contamination, 533 ternary system diopside–albite–anorthite, 451 sulfate attack, 522 ternary system forsterite–anorthite–silica, 453 sulfates, 352 terrestrial planets, 546 diagnostic properties, 354 terrestrial plates, composition, 547 sulfide genesis, 368 tetraferroplatinum, 322 sulfíde minerals, diagnostic properties, 362 tetrahedral framework, 462 sulfide minerals, morphology, 367 tetrahedral layer, 418 sulfides, 361 tetrahedral polymerization, 437 oxidation, 374 tetrahedrite, 368 sulfohalite, 333 from Germany, Plate 26a sulfur, 319, 322, Plate 1a thenardite, 332–3 dendrites, Plate 19e Theophrastus, 4 fumarole, Plate 19d thermal conductivity, 150, 154 structure, 319 thermal expansion, 154 sulfuric acid, 352 thermal properties of some minerals, 156 Sun, 536 thermal vibration, 146 supercritical state of water, 370 thermodynamic notations, 273 supernova 1987A, 536 thermodynamic potentials, 272 supernova, compositions, 537 thermodynamics, 270

Index 620

thermoﬂuid, 370 trona, 333, 337 thin sections, 169, 190 Tschermak pyroxene, 442 thin section analysis, general procedure, 204 tungstates, 352 Thiobacillus, 375 diagnostic properties, 353 third law of thermodynamics, 270 tungsten deposits, 495 tiger-eye, 223 tungsten ore, 356 tin deposits, 497 tunnel structures, 383 tincalconite, 333 turquoise, 352, Plate 1d titanite, 408 twin axis, 111 from Swiss Alps, Plate 30a twin laws in minerals, 114 titanium deposits, 496 twin plane, 111 tobermorite, 522 twinning, 111 todorokite, 394 as growth defect, 111 tomography, 233 typomorphic minerals, 267 tooth enamel, 358 SEM image, 359 ulexite, 333 TEM image, 359 ultra-high-pressure growth, 514 topaz, 407 ultramaﬁc plutonic rocks, 451 from Pakistan, Plate 29b ULVZ, 556 gem, 510 uniaxial indicatrix, 185 torbernite, 352 unit cell, 18, 62 from Germany, Plate 25c constraints, 64 tourmaline, 409 conventions, 70 from California, Plate 30d upper mantle, 554 gem, 510 upwelling, 554 growth sectors, Plate 7d uraninite, 393 morphology, Plate 4c,d from Germany, 393 pyroelectricity, 161 uranium micas, 352 with hematite from Swiss Alps, Plate 30c urea, 477 tranquillityite, 547 from Saudi Arabia, SEM image, 476 transformations, 264 structure, 476 transition zone, 286, 555 urinary and gall stones, 527 in mantle, 286 translation, 63, 91, 102 vacancy, 109 transmission electron microscope, 531 van der Waals bonding, 22, 319 ray path, 228 Van ’t Hoff, J. H., 330 transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 226 vanadinite–apatite structure, 350 transmitted light microscopy, 166, 189 vanadium deposits, 491 transverse (S) waves, 158 vector, 150 trapiche, 223 vector representation, 150 trapiche emerald from Muzo, Plate 32c vermiculite, 430 tremolite, 449, 529 Verneuil furnace, 512 in dolomite, 449 vertisols, 435 structure, 443 vesuvianite, 407

trevorite, in interplanetary dust, 537 vibrational modes for CO2, 241

triangles CaO–MgO–SiO2, 457 Vickers hardness, 52 2- triangular CO3 group, 337 visualizations of crystal structures (3D), 20 tridymite, structure, 298 Voigt representation, 157 trioctahedral unit, 419 volcanogenic massive sulﬁde deposit, 373 triphyline–olivine structure, 350 tritium, 13 wadsleyite, 555 troilite stability, 285 in chondrites, 539 water, isotopes, 263 in meteorites, 541 waves and diffraction, 136

Index 621

weathering, 431 X-ray fluorescence (XRF), 238 and rainfall, 432 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, schematic, Weiss indices m, n, o,73 238 wenkite, 398 X-ray tomography, 233 Werner, A. G., 5, 42, 481 geometry, 233 White Pine shale, 374 X-ray tube, 134 whitlockite, 526 X-rays, 6, 133 Widmanstätten pattern, 322, 541 Williston Basin, 334 yellow dwarf, 537 winchite, 529 witherite, 343 Zechstein Basin, 334 Witwatersrand, 489, 497 zeolite facies, 415 wolframite, 355 zeolites, 462, 469 wollastonite, 450 channel structures, 470 structure, 445 economic importance, 471 work-hardening, 252 sorptive properties, 470 world map of tectonic units, 486 structural principles, 464 world production metals, 485 zinc deposits, 497 Wulff net, 85 zinnwaldite, 429 wüstite, in interplanetary dust, 537 from Czech Republic, 430 zircon, 407 XANES, 242 analyzed with SHRIMP, 240 xenotime, zircon structure, 350 from Kola, Russia, Plate 29d X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 242 structure, 403 X-ray absorption, schematic, 245 zone axis, 73 X-ray crystallography, early history, 134 indices [uvw], 73 X-ray diffraction, 531 zone indices, 74 photograph, first, 135 zoning, 126