Zimbabwe Emergency Water and Sanitation Project (Zewsp)

ZIMBABWE EMERGENCY WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT (ZEWSP)

Final Results Report (August 2005-August 2006)

SUBMITTED TO

THE OFFICE OF FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE (OFDA) UNITED STATTES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) Cooperative Agreement No: DFD-G-00-05-00172-00

In Country Contact Address: Leslie Scott National Director 59 Joseph Road Off Nursery Road, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel: (263 – 4) 301 715/709, 369027/8, Fax: (263- 4) 301 330 Email: [email protected]

December 2006

A. SUMMARY

Organization: World Vision, Inc

Headquarters Mailing Address: 300 I Street, NE, Washington, DC 20002

Date: December 2006

Headquarter Contact Person: Dennis Cherian, Program/Technical Specialist, Grants Acquisition and Management Telephone: +1(202) 572 6378 Fax: +1(202) 572 6480 Email Address: [email protected]

Field Contact Person: Leslie Scott Telephone: + (263) 4 301 715/709, 369027/8 Fax: + (263) 4 301 330 Email: [email protected]

Program Title: Zimbabwe Emergency Water and Sanitation Project (ZEWSP)

USAID/OFDA Grant No: DFD-G-00-05-00172-00

Country/Region: Zimbabwe, Southern Africa

Type of Disaster/Hazard: Complex emergency resulting from drought

Time Period covered by this report: August 2, 2005 - August 31, 2006

B. PROGRAM OVERVIEW AND PERFORMANCE

1.0. OVERALL PROJECT OBJECTIVE To increase access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene for 65, 000 individuals (13,000 households) in the highly drought- and HIV/AIDS – affected districts of Beitbridge, Gwanda and Mangwe in Matabeleland, South Province through the provision of 300 water points.

1.1. OBJECTIVE Improved access to potable water, sanitation and hygiene for 65,000 individuals (13,000 vulnerable households)

1.2. DESCRIPTION OF ASSESSMENTS AND SURVEILLANCE DATA USED TO MEASURE RESULTS

A total of three baseline surveys were conducted in Gwanda, Beitbridge and Mangwe districts (one per district) in order to measure the status of key performance indicators of the program. The baseline surveys were conducted in three targeted wards per district within the three districts and random sampling was used to select three villages in each ward. The sample size per ward was calculated to be proportional to the population within the wards. The total sampled population in Beitbridge, Gwanda and Mangwe was 258, 467 and 231 respectively. The surveys were conducted in December 2005 in Gwanda, March 2006 in Beitbridge and April/May 2006 in Mangwe district.

A final program survey and evaluation was conducted by Factel Water Industries, a consultancy firm contracted by World Vision as independent evaluators, in September 2006 after the completion of the program in August 2006. The final survey objectives were to assess if the project met the stated objectives, evaluate the processes and approach used in implementation as well as recommending improvements that could be incorporated in similar future programs. The evaluation was done through document review of all literature relating to the project, field visits, interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and administering of questionnaires. Nine out of the 13 wards where the project was implemented were visited during the evaluation. A total of 31 boreholes were visited while 155 households had questionnaires administered to them. Focus group discussion and structured interviews were held with key World Vision staff, rural district councils, members of the district water & sanitation subcommittee, councilors, kraal heads and beneficiaries of the capacity building program.

1.3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF TARGETED AND REACHABLE POPULATION

Demographic Profile Gwanda Beitbridge Mangwe Wards Targeted 7 (#11,12, 16- 3 (#4-6) 6 (#5- 20) 10) Total Population in Male 19,413 15,231 15,912 1 targeted wards Female 23,230 18,118 19,859 Total 42,643 33,349 71,542 Household Head Male 62% 71% 61.5% Female 38% 29% 38.5% Marital Status Married 58% 68% 62.2% Single 4% 5.6% Widowed 32% 23% Divorced 5% 27.7% Average Household Size 6.62 8 6.3

1.4. NUMBER OF BENEFICIARIES TARGETED AND REACHED

The project had initially targeted 65,000 beneficiaries, but 72,480 people benefited from improved water supply. This is because an average of 40 households or 240 individuals (at 6 members per household) use a borehole in the districts. Therefore, for 302 boreholes rehabilitated, approximately 72,480 individuals benefited from improved access to water, exceeding the original target of 65,000. At district level the number of people assisted with safe water as a result of the OFDA project represents 18.4%, 21.7% and 19.2% for Mangwe, Gwanda and Beitbridge respectively. However, at ward level, the impact was greater.

The cumulative number of beneficiaries trained in various aspects in Gwanda, Beitbridge and Mangwe districts is presented in the table below.

Activity Number of Beneficiaries reached per district Gwanda Beitbridge Mangwe Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Water Point 228 422 650 74 89 163 42 98 140 Users Committee members trained Village Pump 40 11 51 9 6 11 22 15 37 Minders Trained Water Users 1 18 19 2 32 34 1 23 24 trained in Soap Making Water Users 6300 8500 15000 93 466 559 417 943 1360 trained in PHHE

1.5. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA

Key Performance Indicator: Increased number of individuals with access to potable water sources in the three districts.

1 Data from 2002 Census Ward Populations 4

Direct quantitative data on this indicator was not collected; rather access is analyzed through indicators of change in average distance traveled to a water point and water usage, which are described in detail in following sections. To measure this impact- level achievement, a survey analyzing the primary source of water for households in targeted wards may be undertaken in future months.

Key Performance Indicator: Increased number of individuals demonstrating improved sanitation

In all the targeted districts, 94.3% of respondents in the final survey acknowledged change in their hygiene behavior as a result of the project.

Diarrhea incidence data for under-fives was collected from clinics in one ward from each target district in the final survey. The number of reported diarrhea cases is plotted in the graph below. These have not been expressed as percentages since the total number of children treated was not available from clinic records, but meaningful patterns can be observed.

Reported Diarrhoea incidence in children under 5 years

Mangwe 10 Gwanda B/Bridge

Number of cases 8

0 January February March April May June July August September Months (2006)

The clinic data for Gwanda and Beitbridge indicates a decrease in reported cases of diarrhea after the initiation of the project. Borehole rehabilitation began in February and March 2006 for Gwanda and Beitbridge respectively. While the reduction in diarrhea cases can also be due to a reduction in usage and availability of open/unsafe sources of water as the year progressed, it is highly possible that the project had a large contribution towards the reduction in diarrhea observed. About 95% of the respondents surveyed confirmed that diarrhea cases had decreased and 96% reported no diarrhea cases in the previous week. In Mangwe the pattern observed was different. The nurse at Ingwizi clinic explained that people were drinking water from 5

a nearby irrigation canal, due to the breakdown of two boreholes in the area. It is possible that diarrhea incidence is increasing due to reduced sources of safe water for the clinic population.

Additional details are within the Baseline Survey and Final Evaluation report. See also summary table in annex one.

1.6. ACHIEVEMENTS, CONSTRAINTS ENCOUNTERED, ADJUSTMENTS MADE TO ANY OBJECTIVE

1.6.1 Achievements

The project has adopted a strategy of district rotation to make efficient use of limited human and other resources. As a result, the program commenced operations in Gwanda district in October 2005 and conducted the majority of the activities in that district before proceeding to Beitbridge district in February 2006. Implementation of program activities commenced in Mangwe district in April 2006. The project was completed on 31 August 2006. Targets for borehole rehabilitation were exceeded (302 out of 300). However, targets for training were not consistently met due to severe pressures of limited staffing.

1.6.2. Constraints

The amount of training involved planned in the design of the project exceeded the capacity of the human resources and the timeline of project implementation, especially given the district rotational approach adopted to maximize efficient use of staff and physical resources, such as fuel and vehicles. This was due in part to the challenging macro-economic operating context and the resultant pressure on budget resources.

An additional constraint to the measurement of the achievement of the objective is the timing of the evaluation/final survey. The survey was conducted immediately following the completion of project activities, whereas results, particularly at an objective level, may not be measurable until a few months later.

1.6.3. Adjustments made to Objective

There were no significant adjustments made to the objective.

2.0. EXPECTED RESULTS

2.1. Expected Result # 1 Increase number (300) of potable water sources for 65,000 vulnerable people (13,000 households).

2.1.1. Number of water points rehabilitated.

Cumulatively, the ZEWSP has rehabilitated a total of 302 water points: 131 water sources in Gwanda, 100 in Beitbridge and 71 in Mangwe district. This result exceeds the target of 300 water points. The majority of rehabilitation works consisted of the replacement of worn-out ‘down-the-hole’ components of the water point, as well as components of the hand pump. Additionally, some water points included repair of the head-works around the water points and a total of 109 head works were constructed on rehabilitated water points.

Activity Overall Target Achievement Varience Remarks District Level Achieved mobilization 3 Districts 3 Districts 0 MOU Signed 0 Achieved 3 Districts 3 Districts Prioritization of wards Achieved 16 16 0 Ward level Achieved Mobilization 16 16 0 Cluster level 94 94 0 Achieved mobilization Hydrological Audit Achieved 3 Districts 3 Districts 0 Baseline survey Achieved 3 Districts 3 Districts 0 Village pump Achieved Mechanics Training 103 103 0 Rehabilitation of Achieved with an water point pumps 300 302 +2 extra of 2. Headworks -- 109 -- These were done Construction were necessary

2.1.2. Increase in number of liters of potable water per day per person from less than 8 to over 15 liters

According to the baseline survey, prior to project implementation the average water consumption (in terms of potable water) per person per day in Mangwe district was 12.2 liters, in Beitbridge, 13.1 liters, and 14.7 liters in Gwanda, which was far below the SPHERE standards of 25 liters/person/day. The ZEWSP increased the average potable water to 20 liters in Mangwe, 14 liters in Beitbridge, and 17 liters in Gwanda. The objective of the project to increase potable water per person per day to over 15 liters was accomplished in two districts, Mangwe and Gwanda districts. Beitbridge district is a very dry area and most water points dry up during the long dry season thus reducing available potable water. The final evaluation was done during the dry season hence the low figure recorded.

2.1.3. Reduce the distance household members have to walk to access water from an average of 3 kilometers to less than 500 meters.

The distance walked to the water point was significantly reduced as a result of the rehabilitations. Prior to project intervention, 29% of the communities traveled more than 1km to the nearest water source. This was reduced to 3.2% after water points were rehabilitated.

The original target of reducing distance to 500 meters could not be achieved due to the settlement patterns in the province. This target would require a borehole be drilled for every 3 –5 homesteads which was not feasible given the resources required, as well as the strategy of the program to focus upon rehabilitation of existing water points which are not dispersed so broadly. Such a target is not feasible in Matabeleland South province. However, a decrease in distance was achieved. The majority (83.3%) of respondents interviewed in the final survey acknowledge a reduction in distance traveled in search of water and 72% indicated that pressure on existing facilities has decreased.

2.2. Expected result # 2 Increased knowledge, capacity and quality practices of some 100 communities for water point management, hygiene education and HIV/AIDS prevention.

Through mobilization meetings, the beneficiary communities selected trainees as village-based PHHE facilitators (ToT’s) and Village Pump Mechanics. A total of 103 Village Pump Mechanics were trained by the project to perform basic maintenance of the bush pumps. The village pump mechanics also participated in the actual rehabilitation exercise.

Village-based PHHE facilitators were trained as trainers to conduct PHHE exercises in their communities. A total of 103 PHHE facilitators were trained.

For each water point rehabilitated, a water point user committee was selected by the community members and trained in water supply and resource management. These theoretical and practical trainings enhanced the community’s capacity to manage their facilities. Overall the ratio of women to men, who were trained, was 60:40 acknowledging the key role-played by women in water and sanitation.

Activity Overall Achievement Variance Remarks Target Standardization Training of all 1 training 1 training workshop 0 Achieved implementing staff. workshop Village pump Mechanics Training Achieved 103 103 0 Training of Trainers (ToT) at cluster Achieved level of Participatory Health and 103 103 0 Hygiene Education (PHHE). Water Point User committee Training 8

302 302 0 Achieved PHHE and HIV/AIDS Sessions in 1 800 (A total of 19 686 community 1800 pple reached F= 13 451; 0 Achieved sessions M= 6 235)

2.2.1. Number of water point committees trained.

A total of 302 water point user committees were trained during the project period in the three districts of Mangwe, Beitbridge and Gwanda. This is a significant number of people implementing community-based management on water points.

2.2.2. Number of pump-minders trained.

A total of 103 village pump mechanics (51 Gwanda, 15 Beitbridge, and 37 in Mangwe) were trained in all aspects of the operation and maintenance of the hand pump in the three districts. Forty-four percent of village pump mechanics trained are women. Training of pump minders ensures that breakdowns are attended to quickly, thereby reducing the down time of water points with hand pumps. Toolkits and basic spare parts were also distributed to the local authorities to ensure a ready supply for repairs.

2.2.3. Number of water users and local officials, who have knowledge about at- least two benefits of hygiene and sanitation (for example: hand-washing benefits).

The strategy employed under this intervention is through training of trainers in participatory health and hygiene education. Trainers targeted include local ministry of health staff within the districts – namely village health workers and environmental health technicians. Trained PHHE trainers have conducted 1800 PHHE sessions in all three districts.

The end of project survey report indicates that 94.3% of water users and officials have knowledge on, at least, two benefits of hygiene and sanitation. This is evidenced by the fact that 90% wash hands before food preparation while 66.3% wash hands after toilet use. The low percentage in hand washing after toilet use is due to lack of sanitary facilities for 44% of the population (using bush), and thus with no access to hand washing facilities.

2.2.4. Number of water users and local officials, who can name at-least three ways of preventing HIV/AIDS.

Key messages on HIV/AIDS prevention and transmission are incorporated in the health and hygiene education sessions. The baseline survey revealed that, although the communities were generally aware of the disease, the majority either had poor information or had the wrong perception on HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. Training in HIV/AIDS generated interesting discussion as it presented a forum, where the communities could openly discuss the issues surrounding the disease, which is

usually not possible at the household level. At the end of the project, 80% of water users could name at least three ways of preventing HIV infection.

Additionally, 77% of the respondents in the final survey were aware that nutritious food could ameliorate the impact of HIV/AIDS. Linked to this awareness was the observation that gardens were established at half of the rehabilitated water points. Around those boreholes, where no gardens were observed, the reason given was inadequate quantities of water that resulted in village heads restricting the usage of water to human consumption and livestock watering.

2.2.5. Number of water users (community based management, maintenance & operation committee) who have received aid and training in soap making.

In all three districts 77% of water users have been engaged in soap production. Although the non-availability of caustic soda and the short supply of animal fat (tallow) delayed soap making, trainings in the districts were completed.

Though the training of soap making may be a useful knowledge transfer, due to the lack of supplies at a local level, the activity may not be very sustainable. The PHHE trainings have, however, emphasized the conservation and consolidation of left over soap pieces from laundry and bathing to be used for hand washing.

Over ninety percent of the respondents in the final survey explained that, although they have the knowledge of soap making, the cost of resources needed to make the soap is unaffordable for most. It is, therefore, suggested that sustainable soap making should ensure access to seed funds, and establish clubs for commercial production of soap.

2.2.6. Percent (%) of incidence of diarrhea in children under 5, Percent (%) of respondents (households) that washed hands before food preparation, before eating, after eating and after defecation.

One of the manifestations of poor water quality and unhygienic conditions is the prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases. Since children are most susceptible to diseases, measuring diarrhoeal incidents in under-five children could indicate the areas that are most prone to out breaks. At the time of the baseline, 21% of under-five children had diarrhea 7 days prior to the survey in Mangwe, while in Beitbridge and Gwanda district diarrhea incidence was 30% and 4.7% respectively. The ZEWSP’s effort to improve access to safe and protected water and to strengthen health and hygiene education resulted in a decrease in diarrhea. Only 4% of the target population reported diarrhea in under-fives in the final project evaluation.

2.2.7. Percent of respondents, who store water in a clean, sealed vessel.

Various factors, such as the container used to fetch water and the storage and handling of water at household level, determine water quality at the household level. This is supported by various studies that indicate that the cleanliness of water at the household level is not always correlated to the use of a protected water source.

The baseline survey indicated that, on average, 40.1% use open containers to fetch and store water at household level. Open containers are subject to contamination of water at household level. The risk of contamination and health benefits of protecting water at household level was a critical message incorporated in PHHE sessions. At the end of the project, 78.6% of the target population reported storing water in a clean and closed container. Thus, improvement in household storage practices is likely to have contributed to the observed decrease in diarrhea incidence among under-fives.

3. CONSTRAINTS ENCOUNTERED

Implementation of the project was faced with many challenges, which included short staffing, late delivery of materials, hyperinflationary environment, unreliable transport, and fuel shortages. The project used vehicles that were purchased (as used) under previous OFDA grants up to three years ago. These vehicles have been unreliable and were frequently on repair and maintenance. Despite attempts at vehicle sharing with other programs, the shortage of reliable vehicles has delayed implementation.

The quality of borehole rehabilitation was somewhat challenged by the resources and capacity available. As all labor contribution, including head works construction, was mobilized from within communities and facilitated through training by water technicians, the actual head works construction was varied as the supplies and contractors necessary to standardize construction were beyond the means of the project. Occasionally, the quality of some borehole parts from manufacturers was poor and at times it was difficult to fit together components from the same manufacturer. These problems should soon disappear in Zimbabwe as the WES technical group is striving to establish a standard for a bush pump, so that the manufacturing of bush pump parts can only be done after inspection of the quality of products produced by all interested companies.

Water quality testing was performed for few sampled water points. Water quality testing achievements were constrained due to the low capacity of the Ministry of Health to conduct water quality testing. Considering the project-rehabilitated boreholes, where compliance in citing and drilling standards was already performed, it was not within WV’s mandate to ensure water quality testing. Rather this was the responsibility of the Ministry of Health. In view of the current economic conditions, similar projects in future should plan and budget to supply water-testing equipment, which could be donated to the Ministry of Health for their use.

4. ADJUSTMENTS TO OBJECTIVE

Though no adjustments were made to the objectives as stated, the proposal originally emphasized the specific targeting of vulnerable groups in the selection of boreholes for rehabilitation. However, in the selection process, communities expressed that the targeting of water points for rehabilitation to specific vulnerable households would fuel stigmatization and isolation, whereas vulnerable households should be integrated within their communities. Communities then agreed upon criteria for water point selection based upon potential yield of water points, proximity to schools and clinics, and centrality of location to maximize access.

5. SUCCESS STORIES

Story 1- Buvuma (Gwanda)

Mrs. Mafa aged 42 years old was a very hard-working widow, who lived with her six children in Gwanda (ward 12). Her husband died in a bus accident in 2002. As most people in her village, she faced problems of water scarcity, which was worsened by the drought situation that was prevailing in the area. Each day she would wake up at 4 am and trek 4-5 kilometers to river in order to fetch water from the riverbed.

She would carry two containers, one for fetching water for household consumption and one for her to drink along the way. The villagers had dug the water point she used to a depth of three meters due to continued use. As a result, it had become unstable and was prone to caving in and collapsing requiring that the villagers excavate the sand for them to access the water. One afternoon in 2003, Mrs. Mafa decided to fetch water from such a water point in the Buvuma River. She took her one-year old baby with her and set her down a few meters away from the water source. She went into the sand cave, filled her 20-liter container, put it next to the baby and went back in to fill the smaller container that she would drink from on her way home. As she was filling this container, there was a sudden movement of sand as the well-collapsed burying Mrs. Mafa under the mass of sand.

A few minutes later the village headman and his wife came to the water point and saw Mrs. Mafa’s baby at the water source with no sign of Mrs. Mafa anywhere. Noticing the collapsed water source, they quickly figured out what had happened and started digging out the sand. Soon more people had joined in and as they dug they hoped they were not too late. Unfortunately by the time they got to Mrs. Mafa’s body she had suffocated to death, leaving her six children orphaned.

Four major issues come out of this story 1. People travel long distances to fetch water, which reduces the time available for other livelihood activities. 2. People risk their lives in order to access water. 12

3. They face health risks in fetching water from unprotected water sources, such as the riverbed.

Mrs. Mafa’s six children have been orphaned as a result of the difficulty in accessing water. World Vision through the ZEWSP has rehabilitated 13 water points in the ward. The village now has access to clean & safe water, and they do not have to risk their lives in water collection. Water is now collected from boreholes/wells fitted with a hand pump. This will greatly assist in preserving lives and also makes it safe for the children to collect water.

Story 2- Matshiloni (Beitbridge)

The Matshiloni community is situated in ward 5 of Beitbridge district. Like most communities in Matebeleland, Matshiloni suffers from water scarcity. During the dry season, the few functional boreholes dry up thus villager’s travel 3-5km to the riverbed to fetch water. The riverbed does not yield much water, as it takes about 2 hours to fill a 20-liter container. Thus water ferrying was a daunting task for girls, who had to fetch household water before going to school, especially for the majority, who carried the water containers on the head.

“Water is the mainstay of life. If you have to choose between water and school, for us the choice is obvious.” These were the sentiments we received from the village headmen at in the area. School going girls usually have to drop out of school and assist in household chores due to the absence of water. School is uncomfortable during the menstrual period when there is no water.

Faced with these challenges, ZEWSP rehabilitated water points in the village. This greatly reduced the burden of fetching water for school going children and to households taking care of the chronically ill. School attendance rates have increased as the distances to the water point has been reduced. The attendance rates may also be attributed to a decrease in diarrhea in the area. A water point was rehabilitated close to a school thereby supplying both the nearby community and the school. This makes it more attractive for teachers who usually shun working in rural areas due to the problems associated with water scarcity.

Although strides have been made towards improving the supply of water, Beitbridge lacks sanitary facilities. One in every ten households has a sanitary facility, which is shared with neighbors. In certain cases, some households avoid sharing these facilities to avoid them filling up too quickly. The majority uses the bush for sanitation purposes, posing a serious hazard when the waste material is washed into unprotected water sources.

The WVZ WATSAN programme continues to seek out needy communities and to improve their access to water and sanitation facilities. As more people get better

access to clean and safe water, the incidence of water borne diseases will be reduced and, as World Vision, we feel that this is a purpose of ours to be accomplished.

6. OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF THE PROJECT

Overall the project has made a significant contribution to the protection and improvement of the livelihoods of vulnerable households through its positive impact on water usage, decreased time spent collecting water, hygiene and sanitation practices contributing to decreased morbidity, and additional contributions to gardening around boreholes.

Water and sanitation is a relevant need among the target population. Approximately 95.2% of the population interviewed in the final survey felt that the project addressed their needs. According to 86.5% of the population, the project solved problems of access to safe water and improved hygiene in those areas that received assistance. However, it created another demand from those villages in the same ward that did not benefit from the project as they are now pressing council to give them the same help.

Despite delays in the implementation, the project evaluation indicated that the project proceeded well with strong support from district authorities, community members, and other relevant stakeholders. It has been challenging to manage the expectations of communities and district officials in the prioritization process given the large number of water points that require rehabilitation. However, targeting of beneficiary wards was well implemented as the project benefited the most needy. Communities targeted for borehole rehabilitation were either drinking from rivers or walking more than 3 km to neighboring boreholes.

Given the relatively short duration of operations within each district, the ‘software’ components of the project did not receive sufficient time and attention to effect sustainable behavior change. Stakeholders felt that software objectives and targets needed to be improved, through increasing the time spent in training activities. This is a consistent challenge of water and sanitation interventions of a humanitarian nature and timeline. To address this challenge, the curriculum of the project attempts to focus upon a few key topics with possible ‘quick-wins’, such as hand- washing techniques, timing and water point hygiene.

7. SUMMARY OF COST EFFECTIVENESS

According to the final evaluation, human and material resources were used efficiently. On average 302 boreholes were rehabilitated using the services of three Water Technicians and four PHHE facilitators. This implies that one Water Technician was responsible for 100 boreholes over a period of 7 months, thus about 14 boreholes a month. This ratio is very high considering that the technician also had to train and do other logistics necessary for project implementation. The number of people trained in PHHE, soap making, WPUC, and VPM was high, when the limited number of

staff is considered. This high efficiency, however, may compromise quality given the intensity of the workload.

Cost-saving measures were implemented throughout the project duration in order to cope with the macro-economic situation. Resource sharing among staff and among different projects in the same operational area (i.e., office space, etc.), bulk procurement, staff coordination in teams & training, and participation of local mechanics, district water department staff, and community members in the actual rehabilitation of water points are some examples of cost-saving measures applied.

8. Summary of Results vs. Targets

Expected Result Result Target/Baseline Achievement Comments Beitbridge Gwanda Mangwe Total Beitbridge Gwanda Mangwe Total Number of water points 100 130 70 300 100 131 71 302 Target exceeded. rehabilitated Increase in number of liters Average of 13 L Average 14.7L Average of 12.2 L N/A 14L 17L 20L N/A Target exceeded in of potable water per day per Gwanda and Mangwe, person from less than 8 to whereas improvement over 15 liters observed in Beitbridge. Water availability is most limited in Beitbridge district so this achievement is notable. Increase number Reduce distance household 67% of population 38% of population 60.7% of population more N/A 98.6% travel less than 1 km Target revised in light of (300) of potable members have to walk to traveling more than traveling more than 500 m than 500 m settlement pattern and water sources for access water from an 500 m borehole coverage 65,000 vulnerable average of 3 kilometers to people (13,000 less than 500 meters households). Number of water point 100 130 70 300 302 Target achieved, one committees trained WPUC per water point Number of pump-minders 103 103 Target achieved. trained Number of water users and Avg 2 out of 5 on Avg 2.4 out of 5 on hand- N/A 94.30% local officials who have hand-washing test washing test knowledge about at-least two benefits of hygiene and sanitation (for example: hand- washing benefits)

Number of water users and No data 61.7% believe mosquitoes 61% believe mosquitoes N/A 80% The data was not local officials who can name transmit HIV, 52.6% transmit HIV, 43.7% believe collected in all districts in at-least three ways of believe sharing sanitary sharing sanitary facilities the baseline survey preventing HIV/AIDS[i] facilities transmits HIV, transmits HIV, 72.3% know 72.2% know condoms condoms prevent HIV/AIDS Number of water users No data prevent HIV/AIDSNo data No data N/A 76% trained in making soap bars

% of incidence of diarrhea in Avg of 0.3 under five 4.7% incidence rate in 21% of children under five, N/A 4% incidence rate in children under five children under 5 children per children under five. 10% of adults in one week household had prior diarrhea one week prior, 21% of adults Increased one week prior knowledge and % respondents (households) 33% before food 52% before food prep, 48.1% before food prep, N/A 90% before food prep, capacity and quality that washed hands before prep, 84% before 84% before & after eating, 88.7% before and after practices of some food preparation, before and after eating, 86% 82% after defecation eating, 87.4% after 100 communities eating, after eating and after after defecation defecation for water point defecation management, hygiene education % respondents who store No data 74% 23.80% N/A 78.60% and HIV/AIDS water in a clean, sealed prevention vessel 16