High Conservation Value Forest ASSESSMENT of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd.

Dr. S.P. Nissanka Department of Crop Science Faculty of Agriculture University of Peradeniya Peradeniya

Acknowledgement

Principal investigator wishes to thank Research Assistants of the study, Mr. Indika Kumara Peabotuwage and Mr. Pulasthi Pathirana for providing technical assistance in field sampling, tabulation of data and documentation activities. Official thank for the Lalan Rubbers Company Pvt. Ltd for providing necessary facilities during the project period.

CONTENT

Introduction 3

Objectives 4

Methodology 5

Result and discussions 7

Executive summary 38

Reference 42

Appendix 45

INTRODUCTION

High conservation value forests (HCVF) are the forests, which are having high ecological and/or social values, such as forests that are more valuable in terms of biodiversity and ecological values, and providing numerous services for local people. Six parameters were used in identifying a HCVF. Two forest patches in estates of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd (Cinchona block in Muwankande estate and Nugahena forest of Woodend Estate) havealready been considered as HCVF.Here, high conservation values of the forest patches present in the Estates of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd were evaluated under the following six criteria.

HCV 1.0 Globally, regionally or nationally significant concentrations of biodiversity values HCV 1.1 Protected Areas HCV 1.2 Threatened and endangered HCV 1.3 Endemic species HCV 1.4 Critical temporal use HCV 2.0 Globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape level forests HCV 3.0 Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems HCV 4.0 Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations HCV 4.1 Forests critical to water catchments HCV 4.2 Forests critical to erosion control HCV 4.3 Forests providing barriers to destructive fire HCV 5.0 Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities HCV 6.0 Forest areas critical to local communities’ traditional cultural identity

Objectives of the study were to;

 Identify the High Conservation Values of forest patches and Rubber fields of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd  Monitor the High Conservation Values of the already identified High Conservation Value Forests METHODOLOGY

Study Locations:

Divisions where the permanent sampling plots (PSP) have already been established are given in the table 1. Diversity and production related assessments of all these PSP‟s were carried out during the period from 03rd October 2012 to 14th October 2012.

Table1. Study locations where PSP are established Group Estate Division 1 Mahaoya Mahaoya Ernen 2 Mahaoya Densworth Densworth 3 Mahaoya Woodend Nugahena 4 Sapumalkande Sapumalkande Sapumalkande Upper 5 Sapumalkande Illuktanna Illuktanna 6 Sapumalkande Reucastle Reucastle 7 Udabage Udabage Udabage Upper 8 Udabage Eila Eila 9 Udabage Udapola Mawatanna 10 Pitiakande Muwankande Moratanna 11 Pitiakande Nottinghill Dee Ella 12 Pitiakande Pitiakande Pitiakande 13 Pitiakande Keppetigala Marlbe 14 Pitiakande Muwankande Cinchona Block

Measurement of floral diversity:

Measurements were taken from thirteen (13) permanent sampling plots (each with 20 m x 20 m land area) representing all estates and “Cinchona Block” high conservation value forest in Muwankande estate.

GPS coordinates were recorded at the middle of the PSP. All the plant species present inside the PSP was recorded. Woody perennials having above 6cm girth (at breast height [1.3 m from the tree base]) were used to measure stem girth and total plant height values. Measuring tape was used for girth measurements and clinometer was used for tree height measurements.

Total of 5 sub plots (each with 4 m x 4 m land area) were established at four corners (4) and one in the middle (1) of the each PSP (as shown underneath) and all plant species number and density inside these sub-plots were counted and identified.

For the identification of unknown plant species, support was taken from the herbarium of National Botanical Garden, Peradeniya. All flora classification was done using the guidelines of IUCN, Red list 2012.

(Note: Field officers of the company were educated about the importance of biodiversity conservation and got involved in field assessment activities during this study.)

Measurement of faunal diversity

Data were collected from the random field observations from all 13 divisions separately; making number of visits from 3rd of October 2012 to 14th of October 2012.

Visual encounter survey method was used in preparing this checklist and thirteen (13) lines transects (100m×2m) and thirteen plot sampling (20m20m) were used. Surveys were conducted in both day and night and torches were used at night. The avifaunal data were collected by using a standard binocular, and also by calls / songs.

Mammal fauna were documented through direct observations and indirect methods (e.g.: foot prints, dung). Amphibian and Reptile (Herpetofauna) data were collected by using evidence of road kills, killed specimens by villagers and by searching under logs, stones and boulders. Several nocturnal field visits were also made in walking through the study area. Some small were captured using a net and closely observed using a clear glass bottle. Different fish types in water bodies (flowing through respective divisions in the estate) were also captured by using a net (2m×2m trawling net) and closely observed using a small glass tank.

The different species of vertebrates and invertebrates were identified and classified by using published field guides (for Amphibians – Dutta&Manamendra-Arachchi (1996), Manamendra-Arachchi&Pethiyagoda (2005), Manamendra-Arachchi&Pethiyagoda (2006); Reptiles – Das & de Silva (2005), Deraniyagala (1953; 1955), de Silva (1990), De Silva (1980), Whitaker & Captain (2004), Somaweera and Somaweera (2009); Birds – Harrison (1999), Rasmussen &Anderton (2005), S .Kotagama and G .Ratnavira (2010); Mammals – Phillips (1980); Butterflies – D‟Abrera (1998), Woodhouse (1952), Kunte (2006); Flora – Ashton (1997); Gunatilleke and Gunatilleke (1990); and Threatened category given according to IUCNSL & MENR (2012).

All the data collected were tabulated and analyses were carried out using standard analytical procedures identified for ecological studies. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

High conservation values of the forest patches present in the Estates of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd were evaluated under the six criteria used in HCVF toolkit.

HCV 1 Globally, regionally or nationally significant concentrations of biodiversity values

This HCV has four elements, and each of which will need to be considered seperately: • HCV1.1 Protected areas • HCV1.2 Threatened and endangered species • HCV1.3 Endemic species • HCV1.4 Critical seasonal use

HCV 1.1 Protected Areas A forest can be categorized under this category if a forest in the estate contains legally protected areas equivalent to IUCN categories I-Vas well as areas that have been proposed for protected area status by the relevant statutory body but have not yet been gazetted; and when the forest manager has some management responsibility for the management of the protected area.

None of the forest patches in Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd comes under this category.

HCV 1.2 Threatened and endangered species

A forest with a higher number of threatened and endangered species can be categorized as a HCVF. Species categorized as CR (Critically Endangered) and EN (Endangered) in IUCN red list are considered as threatened and endangered species for HCVF assessment. Forests with two or more species falling into above categories should be considered as HCVFs.

Number of red listed species found in forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd and species that can be counted under those categories in near future are given in table 2. Different ranks were given for them considering their High Conservation Value with recommendations for each rank (table 3). Name list of red listed species found in each forest patch is given in the report of “Monitoring of floral and faunal diversity in the permanent sampling plots established in forests & rubber fields in estates of Lalan Rubbers (Pvt) Ltd.”

According to the number of red listed species present in forest patches, Moratenne, Udabage and Densworth could also be categorized as HCVF‟s

HCV 1.3 Rare and Endemic species A forest with a higher number of rare and endemic species can be categorized as a HCVF. Forest with a higher number of endemic and rare species has a high conservation value. Forest patches with more than 15 endemic species and/or forest patches with more than ten rare fauna species should be considered as HCVF‟s. Number of endemic and rare flora and fauna species present in forest patches is given in table 4 and 5, respectively. Different ranks were given for them considering their High Conservation Values (table 6 & 7). According to table 4, forest patches in Sap-upper, Ernan and Densworth should be categorized as HCVF‟s. According to table 5, forest patches in Sap-upper and Ernan should be categorized as HCVF‟s.

Table 2. Number of red listed species present in forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd.

Number of Red Listed Species High Group Site Conservation CR EN VU NT Value Rank Keppetigala 0 1 2 0 D Dee -Ella 0 0 0 1 E Pitiakande Moratenne 2 0 1 1 B Cinchona Block 0 0 1 1 A Pitiakande 0 0 1 0 E Eila 0 0 6 2 D Udabage Udabage 1 1 5 2 B Udapolla 0 1 3 1 D Sap Upper 0 0 8 4 C Sapumalkande Reucastle 0 1 8 3 C Illuktenne 0 0 1 0 E Nugahena 0 1 7 0 A Mahaoya Densworth 1 2 2 1 B Ernan 0 0 6 3 D

Table 3.Ranks used to define High Conservation Values of forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

Rank High Criteria Recommendation Conservation value A Identified Site is already identified as HCVF Maintain the High Conservation Value

B Present but Two or more species falling into Could be defined as a unidentified CR and/or EN categories of IUCN HCVF red list are present in forest patch

C High Potential More than ten species falling into Further studies are to become a VU and/or NT categories of IUCN recommended to HCVF red list are present in forest patch identify more endangered species

D Potential to a. Five to ten species falling into become a VU and/or NT categories of IUCN HCVF red list or, b. One species falling into CR or EN categories and less than five species falling into VU and/or NT categories of IUCN red list are present in forest patch

E Low potential Less than five species falling into to become a VU and/or NT categories of IUCN HCVF red list are present in forest patch

Table 4.Number of endemic species present in forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

High Conservation Number of Endemic Value Rank Group Site Species Flora Fauna Keppetigala 1 3 E Dee -Ella 1 4 E Pitiakande Moratenne 1 3 E Cinchona Block 0 2 A Pitiakande 2 1 E Eila 3 7 C Udabage Udabage 3 8 C Udapolla 0 8 D Sap Upper 6 11 B Sapumalkande Reucastle 4 5 D Illuktenne 2 2 E Nugahena 7 10 A Mahaoya Densworth 4 13 B Ernan 4 11 B

Table 5. Number of rare fauna and flora species present in forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

High Number of rare Species Group Site Conservation Flora Fauna Value Rank Keppetigala N/A 7 D Dee -Ella N/A 9 C Pitiakande Moratenne N/A 9 C Cinchona Block N/A 4 A Pitiakande N/A 4 E Eila N/A 6 D Udabage Udabage N/A 9 C Udapolla N/A 6 D Sap Upper N/A 11 B Sapumalkande Reucastle N/A 5 E Illuktenne N/A 5 E Nugahena N/A 11 A Mahaoya Densworth N/A 9 C Ernan N/A 17 B

Table 6. Ranks used to define High Conservation Values of forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

Rank High Criteria Recommendation Conservation value A Identified Site is already identified as HCVF Maintain the High Conservation Value

B Present but More than 15 endemic species Should be defined as unidentified present in forest patch a HCVF

C High Potential Ten or more endemic species Further studies has to to become a present in forest patch be done to identify HCVF more endangered species

D Potential to Five to ten endemic species become a present in forest patch HCVF E Low potential Less than five endemic species to become a present in forest patch HCVF

Table 7. Ranks used to define High Conservation Values of forest patches of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

Rank High Criteria Recommendation Conservation value A Identified Site is already identified as HCVF Maintain the High Conservation Value

B Present but More than ten rare fauna species Should be defined as unidentified present in forest patch a HCVF

C High Potential Eight to ten rare fauna species Further studies has to to become a present in forest patch be done to identify HCVF more endangered species

D Potential to 6-7 rare species present in forest become a patch HCVF

E Low potential Less than five rare species present to become a in forest patch HCVF

HCV 1.4 Critical temporal use

One forest patch of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd became a HCVF under this category. The high conservation value forest is located at intermediate climatic zone in Pitiakande plantation division. It is consisted of different types of plant species of herbs and shrubs. The cinchona trees are dominant in the ecosystem. This block was a part of a commercial cinchona plantation about 125 years ago and now it is abandon. Also cinchona trees are rarely found in Sri Lanka. Therefore, it is a rare ecosystem. Cinchona plant is widely used for different types of treatments and medicinal values in the world. HCV 2 - Globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape level forests

A forest can be identified as a HCVF if all or part of forest is considered as an „intact forest landscape‟, all or part of a forest area is within a large protected area that has been gazetted to maintain a natural landscape, borders with a large protected area that has been created to maintain a natural landscape or connects two or more protected areas, with the whole reaching at least tens of thousands of hectares in size. None of the forest patches in Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd comes under this category.

HCV 3. Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems

This value is designed to ensure that threatened or endangered forest ecosystems, communities or types are maintained.These will normally be considered HCVF if they have been identified through forestry regulations, as part of a provincial, national or regional ecosystem or habitat conservation plan or have special legal status. Since Sri Lanka (Western Ghats and Sri Lanka) is considered as a Biodiversity Hotspot identified by Conservation International, all the forest patches in Lalan rubbers Pvt. Ltd have qualified the basic requirement for classified as HCVF‟s under this category. Further studies have to be carried out to identify the forest types present in each forest patch to categorize them as HCVF‟s.

HCV 4. Forest areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations

This includes three sub categories. HCV 4.1 Forests critical to water catchments HCV 4.2 Forests critical to erosion control HCV 4.3 Forests providing barriers to destructive fire

Most of the forest sites in the estates of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd play an important role as water catchments and erosion control. However, detailed investigations are needed to gather evidences to identify their significance to categorize these forest patches as HCVF‟s under this category.

HCV 5. Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities

A forest comes under this category if the forest is used by local communities, forest provides important resources to local communities include the presence, within or near the Forest, of any peoples in voluntary isolation, indigenous peoples, self- governing local communities or other ethnic groups that are typically dependent on the forest for their livelihoods, the presence of any such groups within the wider landscape who may use the forest at times or groups with traditional land use rights claims covering all or part of the forest.

Water streams are flowing through the forest patches in Dee Alla, Eila, Udabage, and Reucastle, Sap upper, Nugahena, Ernan and Densworth divisions. Villagers living in nearby areas use water taken from those streams for various purposes. Cmmunity sometimes collect firewoods and also medicinal palnts from these forests for their use. So those forest patches can be categorized as HCVF‟s under this category.

HCV 6. Forest areas critical to local communities’ traditional cultural identity

A forest becomes a HCVF under this category with the presence of any people who lives within or near the forest in voluntary isolation, indigenous peoples, self- governing local communities, communities that are dependent on the forest for their livelihoods as well as groups that are known to have strong cultural links with forest, the presence of any such groups within the wider landscape who may use the forest for cultural reasons at times, traditional land use rights claims covering all or part of the forest. None of the forest patches in Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd comes under this category.

High Conservation Values of Rubber Fields of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

According to the definition of a forest (FAO, 2010) a rubber plantation could also be categorized as a forest. However, it is very difficult to define High Conservation Values for rubber fields because the other vegetation in rubber fields are continuously being control/managed. Eventhough some Endemic and IUCN red listed plants are found in the rubber fields, they are not kept until they reach their full growth.They are removed in during weeding. Also faunal diversity and satus cannot be measured since there are no any permanrnt habitats of fauna species (e.g bird nests, host trees of butterflies) except streams. Therefore, none of the rubber fields of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd can be categorized as HCVF‟s under ecological importance.

However, this does not mean that the rubber fields of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd do not have any conservation value. They play an important role as watershed areas, protection from fire and cultural importance for villagers around the estate. Detailed information on status of soil erosion, land degradation, vulnerability to climate change and other natural disasters may require in assessing the HCV of rubber fileds.

SUMMARY

High conservation value forests (HCVF) are the forests, which have a high ecological or social value. Out of 14 forest patches in the estates of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd, two are already identified as HCVF‟s. Nugahena HCVF is located in Woodend estate of Mahaoya group and Cinchona block HCVF is located in Muwankande estate of Pitiakande group.In addition to that, forest patches at Moratenne, Udabage and Densworth are recommended to be categorized as HCVF‟s under HCV 1.2 because a higher number of red listed species are recorded there. Also, forest patches at Sap Upper, Densworth and Ernan are recommended to be categorized as HCVF‟s under HCV 1.3 because a higher number of rare and endemic species were recorded there. REFERENCES

 Gamage, R.2007. An illustrated guide to the . Tharanjee prints, Nawinna, Maharagama.  Gunathilake, S.D.A., 2007. Fresh water fishes of Sri Lanka. Biodiversity secretariat and ministry of environment of Sri Lanka.  Harrison, J., 1999. A Field Guide to the Birds of Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press, Oxford:219.23  Jennings et al., “The High Conservation Value Forest Toolkit”, 2003.  The National Red List 2012 of Sri Lanka, Conservation status of the Fauna and Flora. Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment and the National Herbarium, Department of National Botanic Gardens. Appendix 01

Nugahena High Conservation Value Forest  Division : Nugahena  Estate : Woodend  Group : Mahaoya

The Nugahena forest in Woodend estate is considered as a high conservation value forest. It is located in the Mid Country Wet Zone. The forest consists with a higher number of Endemic flora and fauna species (Table 8).

Table 8.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of Nugahena High Conservation Value Forest Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Hypsipetes indicus Yellow - browed bulbul Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E),(R) Acridotheres tristis melanosturnus Common myna Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Pale-billed flowerpecker Muscicapa muttui Brown breasted flycatcher(R) Pericrocotus flammeus Flame minivet Centropus sinensis White throated kingfisher Butterflies Halcyon smyrnensis Common mormon Papilio polytes romulus Common sailor Neptis hylas varmona Common grass yellow Eurema hecabe simulate Blue mormon Papilio polymnestor parinda Lesser grass blue Purple-faced leaf Mammals Zizula otis decreta monkey(VU),(E),(R) Trachypithecus vetulus Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Macaca sinica Barking deer(NT),(E) Muntiacus muntjak Wild boar Sus sucrofa Palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum Grey slender loris(NT),(E),(R) Amphibians Loris lyderkacryanus Common toad Reptiles Bufo melanostictus Sri Lanka Kangaroo lizard(E) Otocryptis wiegmanni Olive keelback water snake Atretium schistosum Bronzegreen little skink(R) Eutropis macularia macularia Spotted bow-finger gecko(R) Geckoella triedra Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU),(E) Fishes Hypnale zara Cherry barb(VU),(E) Puntius titteya Day's killifish(E),(R) Aplocheilus dayi Stone sucker(NT),(E) Landsnails Garra ceylonensis (R),(E) Rathnadvipia irradians (R),(E) Flora Dalbergia pseudo-sissoo Bambara wel Ochlandra stridula Bata(E) Cleistocalyx nervosun Bata domba(E) Adiantum sp. Fern Humboldtia laurifolia Gal karanda(VU) Garcinia quaesita Goraka Mallotus phillippensis Hampirilla Dicranopteris linearis Kakilla Schumacheria castaneifolia Kakiriwara(E) Canarium zeylanicum Kakuna(VU) ,(E) Caryota urens Kithul Artocarpus nobilis Kos Calamus thwaitesii Ma wewal(EN) Myristica ceylanica Malaboda(VU) Bridelia moonii Pathkela Entada pusaetha Pus wal Areca catechu Puwak Mapania immarsa Sedge Artocarpus nobilis Wal del (VU) ,(E) Piper sylvestre Walgammiris Micromelum minutum Walkarapincha(E) Ptychopyxis thwaitesii WalRambutan(VU) ,(E) Symplocos cochinchinensis Walbombu Anisophyllea cinnamomoides Walipiyanna(VU) Michelia nilagirica Walsapu(VU) Dracaena thwaitesii Wild Darcaena(NT) E: Endemic; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 02

Cinchona Block High Conservation Value Forest

 Division : Muwankande  Estate : Muwankande  Group: Pitiakande

The Cinchona block in Muwankande estate is considered as a high conservation value forest. It is located in the Intermediate Zone in Pitiakande plantation division. The dominant trees are Cinchona trees. Cinchona is introduced to Sri Lanka in 1860 as a plantation crop. However, it was not succeeded in Sri Lanka as a plantation crop. So Cinchona plantations were replaced with other crops. Some plantations were abandoned. Cinchona block in Muwankande estate is such anabandonedblock.

Floral and faunal diversity and RED listed status of respective species are given in the table 9 & 10 and figure 1. Most commonly found reptile species in the cinchona block is Lyriosephalusscutatus (Figure 1). This endemic species is widely distributed in the wet lowland, intermediate and mid elevation from 25m up to an elevation of 1600mabove sea level (Somaweera,2009). However, they are mainly inhabits in shaded forest but found in plantations and home gardens in certain areas. An arboreal species usually residing in tree and on land, and use the forelimb as well as the snout to dig up food. They are fed on and other , worms, fruits, young shoots and buds and they move to top of the trees during the night. They are very camouflage and color changing species for their protection (Figure 1). The species is categorized as a near threatened species by IUCN Red List 2012.

Table 9.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of Muwankande Cinchona Block High Conservation Value Forest Taxon Scientific name Common name Birds Megalimazeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalimarubricapillarubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Niltavatickelliaejerdoni Tickell's blue flycatcher Dicaeumerythrorhynchosceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Black rumpedflameback Dinopiumbenghalense woodpecker Megalimaflavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E), (R) Pericrocotuscinnamomeus Small minivet(R) Oriolusxanthornusceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Pycnonotusluteolusinsulae White browed bulbul Butterflies Junoniaiphitapluviatalis Chocolate solidier Papiliohelenusmooreamus Red Helen(R) Euremahecabe simulate Common grass yellow Reptiles Calotesversicolor Common garden lizard Lyriosephalusscutatus Hump nosed lizard(E),(NT), (R) Flora Cinchona pubescens Cinchona Theobroma cacao Cocoa Coffea spp. Coffee Artocarpusaltilis Del Piper nigrum Gammiris Argyreiapopulifolia Ginithillawel Sauropusandrogynus Japan batu Macarangaindica Kanda Microcospaniculata Kohukirilla Neolitsea cassia Kududawla Desmoselegans Kudumirissa Calamusthwaitesii Ma wewal(EN) Heveabrasiliensis Rubber E: Endemic;EN:Endangered; NT: Near threatened R: Rare

Figure 01.Lyriosephalusscutatus Appendix 02

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Marlbe Division of Kappetigala Estate

Table 10.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of forest patch in Kappetigala Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Nerops leschenaultia Chestnut-headed bee-eater(R) Streptopelia chinensis ceylonensis Spotted dove Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R),(E) Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(R) ,(E) Rhipidura aureola White-browed fantail Acridotheres tristis melanosturnus Common myna Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Accipiter badius Shikra Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Dinopium benghalense Black rumped flameback woodpecker Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Psittacula crameri Rose-ringed parakeet Pycnonotus luteolus insulae White browed bulbul Saxicoloides fulicata leucoptera Black backed robin Rhipidura aureola White browed fantail Zosteropes palpebrosa Oriental white-eye Butterflies Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Delias eucharis Common jezebel Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Danaus genutia Common tiger Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Leptosia nina Psyche Junonia iphita pluviatalis Chocolate solidier Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Talicada nyseus nyseus Red pierrot Pathysa antiphates ceylonicus Fivebar swordtail(EN), (R) ,(E) Eurema brigitta rubella Small grass yellow(R) Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Mammals Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU) Macaca sinica Toque monkey Muntiacusmuntjak Barking deer(NT), (E) Sus scrofa Wild boar Hystrix indica Porcupine Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm-cat(R) Lepus nigricollis Black-napped hare Reptiles Naja naja Spectacled cobra Daboia russelii Russell's viper Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Flora Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Balunaguta Grewia damine Damina Citrus aurantifolia Lime Ziziphus lucida Eraminiya(E) Lantana camara Gandapana Trema orientalis Gadumba Argyreia populifolia Ginithilla Ochrosia oppositifolia Gonna(VU) Amomum sp. Halbambiya Acacia caesia Hinguru wel Dalbergia lanceolaris Kala Macaranga indica Kanda Kaliya wel Kiri wel Microcos paniculata Kohukirilla Madu wel Psidium guajava Guava Mikania micrantha Podisinnomaran Tithonia diversifolia Wal suriyakntha Wathupalu wel Desmordium sp. E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare

Appendix 04

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Dee Ella Division of Nottinghill Estate

Table 11.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of forest patch in Nottinghill Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Hypsipetes indicus Yellow - browed bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Crimson - fronted Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla barbet(E),(R) Psittacula crameri Rose-ringed parakeet Treron bicincta leggei Orange-breasted green pigeon Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) Loriculus beryllinus ,(R) Streptopelia chinensis ceylonensis Spotted dove Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Accipiter badius Shikra Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small minivet(R) Niltava tickelliae jerdoni Tickell's blue flycatcher Tockus gingalensis Sri Lanka grey hornbill(E) ,(R) Butterflies darsius Common (E),(R) Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Catopsilia Pomona Lemon emigrant Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Papilio crino Common banded peacock(R) Graphium doson Common jay Mammals Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Canis aureus Jackal(R) Lepus nigrocollis Black-napped hare Sus scrofa Wild boar Muntiacus muntjak Barking deer(NT), (E) Sus scrofa Wild boar Reptiles Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Fishes Devario malabaricus Giant danio Puntius singhala Filamented barb(E) Smooth-breasted Channa orientalis snakehead(E),(R) Flora Murraya paniculata Atteria Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Piper nigrum Gammiris Gliricidia sepium Gliricedia Garcinia quaesita Goraka(E) Cipadessa baccifera Halbambiya Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Macaranga indica Kanda Caryota urens Kithul Artocarpus nobilis Kos Melina azedarach Lunumidella Vitex pinnata Milla Hibiscus furcatus Namiriththa wel Artocarpus incisus Rata del Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Elaeocarpus serratus Weralu Atalantia ceylanica Yakinaran E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare

Appendix 05

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Pitiakande Division of Pitiakande Estate

Table 12.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of forest patch in Pitiakande Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Corvus splendens House crow Streptopelia chinensis ceylonensis Spotted dove Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Pycnonotus luteolus insulae White browed bulbul Psittacula crameri Roce-ringed parakeet Dicrurus caerulescens leucopygialis White-bellied drongo Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) Loriculus beryllinus ,(R) Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Butterflies Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Papilio polymenestor parinda Blue mormon Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Telchinia violae Tawny coster Melantitis leda ismene Common evening brown Mycalesis mineus polydacta Dark-branded bushbrown Junonia almana almana Peacock pansy Junonia atlites Grey pansy Junonia iphita pluviatalis Chocolate solidier Euchysops cnejus Gram blue(R) Leptosia nina Psyche Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Delias eucharis Common jezebel Mammals Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU) Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Ziziphus lucida Eraminiya(E) Trema orientalis Gadumba Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Anacardium occidentale Cashew Macaranga indica Kanda Bridelia retusa Ketakala Microcos paniculata kohu kirilla Hibiscus furcatus Namiriththa wel Ixora coccinea Rathambala Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Alstonia scholaris Rukkattana Albizia lebbeck Suriyamara Garcinia quaesita Goraka(E) Watupalu wel Atalantia ceylanica Yakinaran Ixora sp. Ficus sp E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 06

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Moratenna Division of Muwankande Estate

Table 13.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species of forest patch in Muwankande Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus luteolus insulae White browed bulbul Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Chalcophaps indica robinsoni Emerald dove Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Caculus micropterus Indian cuckoo Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small minivet(R) Orthotomus sutorius sutorius Common tailorbird Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Butterflies Euploea sylvester montana Double-branded black crow Mycalesis mineus polydacta Dark-branded bushbrown(R) Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Tarucus nara Striped pierrot(CR) , (E) Talicada nyseus nyseus Red pierrot Catopsilia Pomona Lemon emigrant Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Junonia lemonias vaisya Lemon pansy Junonia iphita pluviatalis Chocolate solidier Papilio helenus mooreamus Red helen(R) Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Loxura atymnus arcuta Yamfly(R) Mammals Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU) , (E) Loris lyderkacryanus Grey slender loris(NT) , (E) Moschinola kethygre Mouse deer(VU) , (E) ,(R) Sri Lanka long-tailed tree Vendelueria nolthenii mouse(CR) , (E) Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Hemydactylus freanatus Common house gecko Flora Murraya paniculata Atteria Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Mallotus tetracoccus Bukanda Ziziphus lucida Eraminiya(E) Adaiantum sp. Fern Gliricidia sepium Gliricedia Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Smilax zeylanica Heenkabarassa –wel Macaranga indica Kanda Microcos paniculata Kohukirilla Melina azedarach Lunumidella Alstonia scholaris Rukkattana Camellia sinensis Tea Pterospermum Welan suberifolium E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare

Appendix 07

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Eila Division of Eila Estate

Table 14.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Eila Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd

Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E),(R) Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher Chrysocolaptes lusidus stricklandi Greater flamemack woodpecker Pericrocotus flammeus Flame minivet Pellorneum fuscocapillum Brown capped babbler(E),(R) Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Butterflies Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Papilio polymnestor parinda Blue mormon Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Junonia iphita pluviatalis Chocolate solidier Ypthima singala Jewel four-ring(R),(E) Leptosia nina Psyche Mammals Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Sri Lanka purple faced leaf Trachypithecus vetulus monkey(VU), (E),(R) Hystrix indica Porcupine Muntiacus muntjak Barking deer(NT), (E) Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm cat Amphibians Bufo melanostictus Common toad Fejervarya kirtisinghei Kirthisinghe's frog(VU), (E) Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Ahatulla nasutus Green vine snake Hypnale zara Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU), (E) Otocryptis wiegmanni Sri Lanka Kangaroo lizard(E) Fishes Devario malabaricus Giant danio Channa orientalis Smooth breasted snakehead(E),(R) Belontia signata Combtail(E),(R) Flora Adiantum sp Fern Piper nigrum Gammiris wel Clerodendrum infortunatum Gas pinna Strychnos.nux-vomica Goda kaduru(VU), (E) Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Acacia caesia Hinguru wel Tetracer sarmentosa Kabarossa wel Macaranga indica Kanda Plecospermum spinosum Katu-thimbol (VU) Coffea arabica Kopi Myristica ceylanica Malaboda(VU), (E) Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Mapania immarsa Sedge Symplocos cochinchinensis Wal bombu Artocarpus nobilis wal del(VU), (E) Dracaena thwaitesii Wild dracaena(NT) E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 08

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Mawattanna Division of Udapolla Estate

Table 15.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Udapolla Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Corvus splendens House crow Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) ,(R) Gallus lafayettii Sri Lanka jungle fowl(E) Dinopium benghalense Black rumped flameback woodpecker Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Acridotheres tristis melanosturnus Common myna Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Megalima flavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Terpsiphone paradisi Asian paradise flycatcher Hypsipetes indicus Yellow - browed bulbul Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Butterflies Troides darsius Common birdwing(E) ,(R) Leptosia nina Psyche Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Junonia atlites Grey pansy Everes lacturnus parrhasiius Indian cupid Mammals Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm cat Sus sucrofa Wild boar Hystrix indica Porcupine Lepus nigrocollis Black napped hare Moschiola meminna Mouse deer(VU) , (E) ,(R) Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU) , (E) Amphibians Rana aurantiaca Golden frog(EN) , (E) ,(R) Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Hypnale zara Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU) , (E) Fishes Schistura notostigma Banded mountain loach(NT) , (E) Puntius titteya Cherry barb(VU) , (E) Flora Blechnum orientale Fern Artocarpus incisus Indian del Caryota urens Kithul Coffea arabica Kopi Ficus hispida Kota dimbula Swietenia macrophylla Mahogany Pota wel Areca catechu Puwak Mapania immarsa Sedge E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 09

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Udabage Upper Division of Udabage Estate Table 16.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Udabage Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Megalima flavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) ,(R) Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird Gallus lafayettii Sri Lanka jungle fowl Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Butterflies Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Euploea sylvester montana Double-branded black crow Troides darsius Common birdwing(E),(R) Delias eucharis Common jezebel Junonia iphita pluviatalis Chocolate solidier Everes lacturnus parrhasiius Indian cupid Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Parthenos sylvia cyaneus Clipper Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Euploea core asela Common Indian crow Syntarucus plinius Zebra blue(R) Danaus genutia Common tiger Junonia almana almana Peacock pansy Mammals Canis aureus Jackal(R) Sus sucrofa Wild boar Hystrix indica Porcupine Muntiacus muntjak Barking deer(NT) , (E) Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm cat Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Amphibians Bufo melanostictus Common toad Adenomus kelaartii Kelaart's dwarf toad(VU) , (E) ,(R) Rana aurantiaca Golden frog(EN) , (E) ,(R) Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Hypnale zara Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU) , (E) Ptyas mucosa Common rat snake Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Cyrtodactylus fraenatus Bridled bent toed gecko(CR) , (E) Fishes Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker(VU) , (E) Devario malabaricus Giant danio Schistura notostigma Banded mountain loach(NT) , (E) Flora Acronychia pedunculata Ankenda Cleistocalyx nervosun Batadomba(E) Adiantum sp. Ferns Piper nigrum Gammiris Strychnos.nux-vomica Goda kaduru(VU) , (E) Ficus nervosa Kalu-maduwa Macaranga indica Kanda Ficus hispida Kotadimbula Garcinia echinocarpa Madol (VU) Litsea longifolia Rathkala(E) Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Alstonia scholaris Rukkattana Cyathea sp. Tree fern Amomum sp. Not known E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 10

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Reucastle Division of Reucastle Estate

Table 17.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Reucastle Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) ,(R) Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalima flavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Pericrocotus flammeus Flame minivet Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Butterflies Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Euploea core asela Common Indian crow Junonia lemonias vaisya Lemon pansy Mammals Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Amphibians Lankanectes corrugates Corrugated water frog(VU),(E) ,(R) Reptiles Otocryptis weigmanni Sri Lanka Kangaroo Lizard(E) Hypnale Zara Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU),(E) Ochlandra stridula Bata (E) Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Mallotus tetracoccus Bukanda Leea indica Burulla Adiantum sp. Fern Humboldtia laurifolia Gal karanda Elaeocarpus coriaceus Gal weralu(EN) , (E) Clerodendrum Gas pinna Infortunatum Garcinia quaesita Goraka(E) Alstonia macrophylla Hawari nuga Aporusa lindleyana Kaballa Macaranga indica Kanda Artocarpus heterophyllus Kos Ficus hispida Kotadimbula Calamus thwaitesii Ma wewal (EN) , (E) Ochna lanceolata Mal kara Artocarpus nobilis Wal del (VU) , (E) Dracaena thwaitesii Wild dracaena(NT) E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare

Appendix 11

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Iluktenna Division of Iluktenna Estate

Table 18.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Iluktenna Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) Birds Loriculus beryllinus ,(R) Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie robin Saxicoloides fulicata leucoptera Black-backed robin Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Orthotomus sutorius sutorius Common tailorbird Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Dicrurus caerulescens leucopygialis White-bellied drongo Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher Hypsipetes indicus Yellow - browed bulbul Butterflies Euploea core asela Common Indian crow Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Castalius rosimon Common pierrot Phalanta phalanta Common leopard Mycalesis mineus polydacta Dark-branded bushbrown(R) Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Troides darsius Common birdwing(E) ,(R) Catopsilia Pomona Lemon emigrant Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Junonia almana almana Peacock pansy Telchinia violae Tawny coster Mammals Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Macaca sinica Sri Lanka Toque monkey(E) Fishes Devario malabaricus Giant danio Flora Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Balu naguta Blechnum orientale Barakoku Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Adiantum sp. Fern Strychnos.nux-vomica Goda kaduru(VU) , (E) Dillenia retusa Goda para Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Osbeckia octandra Heen bovitiya(E) Macaranga indica Kanda Caryota urens Kithul Tetracer sarmentosa Korosa wel pueraria phaseoloides Madu wel Puro grass Costus speciosus Thebu Piper sylvestre Wal gammiris E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 12

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Sapumalkande Upper Division of Sapumalkande Estate

Table 19.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Sapumalkande Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Psittacula calthropae Leyard's parakeet(E) ,(R) Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small minivet(R) Rhipidura aureola White-browed fantail Terpsiphone paradise Asian paradise flycatcher Megalima flavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Dicrurus caerulescens leucopygialis White-bellied drongo Chrysocolaptes lusidus stricklandi Greater flamemack woodpecker Hypsipetes indicus Yellow - browed bulbul Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot(E) ,(R) Streptopelia chinensis ceylonensis Spotted dove Chalcophaps indica robinsoni Emerald dove Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Halcyon smyrnensis White throated kingfisher Gallus lafayettii Sri Lanka Junglefowl Dendronanthus indicus Forest wagtail(R) Haliastur Indus Brahminy kite Lanius cristatus cristatus Brown shrike(R) Zosteropes palpebrosa Oriental white-eye Butterflies Papilio polytes Romulus Common mormon Catopsilia Pomona Lemon emigrant Euploea core Asela Common Indian crow Eurema hecabe simulate Common grass yellow Parantica aglea Glassy tiger Phalanta phalanta Common leopard Neptis hylas varmona Common sailer Mammals Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Moschiola kathygre Mouse deer(VU) , (E) ,(R) Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU) ,(E) Lepus nigrocollis Black napped hare Sus scrofa Wild boar Hystrix indica Porcupine Muntiacus muntjak Barking-deer(NT), (E) Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm-cat Reptiles Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Zara‟s hump nosed viper(VU), Hypnale zara (E) Eutropis macularia macularia Bronzegreen little skink(R) Fishes Devario malabaricus Giant danio Belontiasignata Combtail(E),(R) Smooth breasted snakehead (E), Channa orientalis (R) Puntius singhala Filamented barb(E) Tor khudree Mahseer(R) Puntius vitattus Silver barb(R) Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker(VU), (E) Schistura notostigma Banded mountain loach(NT), (E) Puntius titteya Cherry barb(VU), (E) Flora Ochlandra stridula Bata(E) Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Humboldtia laurifolia Galkaranda Strychnos.nux-vomica Goda kaduru(VU), (E) Garcinia quaesita Goraka, (E) Cipadessa baccifera Halbambiya Alstonia macrophylla Hawari nuga Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Hora(NT), (E) Croton laccifer Kappetiya Canthium coromandelicum Kara Cyathocalyx zeylanica Kekala Tetracer sarmentosa Korosa wel Ficus hispida Kotadimbula Ochna lanceolata Malkara Vitex pinnata Milla Mimusops elengi Munamal (NT) Psidium guajava Pera Alstonia scholaris Rukkattana Artocarpus nobilis Wal del, (E) Elaeocarpus glandulifer Weralu(VU), (E) Ptychopyxis thwaitesii Wal rambutan(VU), (E) E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 13

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Ernen Division of Mahaoya Estate

Table 20.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Mahaoya Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific name Common name Birds Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Streptopelia tranquebarica Spotted dove Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Acridotheres tristis melanosturnus Common myna Dendronanthus indicus Forest wagtail(R) Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie robin Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Butterflies Troides darsius Common birdwing(E),(R) Papilio polytes romulus Common mormon Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Catopsilia pomona Lemon emigrant Everes lacturnus parrhasiius Indian cupid Syntarucus plinius Zebra blue(R) Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Mammals Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Sri Lanka Purple faced leaf Trachypithecus vetulus monkey(VU), (E) ,(R) Ratufa macroura Giant squirrel(VU), (E) Paradoxurus hermaphoditus Palm cat Hystrix indica Porcupine Sus scrofa Wild boar Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Amphibians Bufo melanostictus Common toad Rana temporalis Bronzed frog(NT), (E) Reptiles Eutropis carinata lankae Common skink Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Fishes Devario malabaricus Giant danio Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker(VU), (E) Rasbora dandia Common rasbora Puntius titteya Cherry barb(VU), (E) Aplocheilus dayi Day's killifish(E),(R) Belontia signata Combtail(E),(R) Banded mountain loach Schistura notostigma (NT), (E) Flora Acronychia pedunculata Ankenda Ochlandra stridula Bata(E) Symplocos cochinchinensis Bombu Drynaria quercifolia Beduru Tetracer sarmentosa Corosa wel Clerodendrum infortunatum Gas pinna Garcinia quaesita Goraka(E) Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Dipterocarpus zeylanicus Hora(NT), (E) Macaranga indica Kanda Ochna lanceolata Malkara Vitex pinnata Milla Bridelia moonii Pathkala Areca catechu Puwak Tinospora cordifolia Rasa kinda wel(VU) Litsea longifolia Rathkala Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Mapania immarsa Sedge Cinnamomum dubium Walkurudu(VU), (E) Pscychotria longipetiolata E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare Appendix 14

Species Composition of the Forest patch in Densworth Division of Densworth Estate

Table 21.Flora and fauna species found and Red-Listed (IUCN) status of respective species in forest patch in Densworth Estate of Lalan Rubbers Pvt. Ltd Taxon Scientific Name Common Name Birds Megalima zeylanica Brown - headed barbet Hypsipetes leucocephalus humii Black bulbul(R) Oriolus xanthornus ceylonensis Blake hooded oriole Megalima rubricapilla rubricapilla Crimson - fronted barbet(R) Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Dicrurus caerulescens leucopygialis White-bellied drongo Pycnonotus cafer cafer Red-vented bulbul Spilornis cheela Crested serpent eagle Loriculus beryllinus Sri Lanka Hanging parrot (E) ,(R) Dicaeum erythrorhynchos ceylonense Pale-billed flowerpecker Pericrocotus cinnamomeus Small minivet(R) Niltava tickelliae jerdoni Tickell's blue flycatcher Pycnonotus melanicterus Black headed yellow bulbul Rhipidura aureola White-browed fantail Psittacula calthropae Leyard's parakeet(E) ,(R) Megalima flavifrons Yellow - fronted barbet(E) ,(R) Parus major Great tit Prinia hodgsonii leggei Grey breasted prinia Lonchura striata Scaly breasted munia(R) Nectarinia zeylonica zeylonica Purple-rumped sunbird Turdoides affinis taprobanus Yellow-billed babbler Artamus fuscus Ashy woodswallow Columba livia Rock – pigeon(CR) Pericrocotus flammeus Flame minivet Accipiter badius Shikra Terpsiphone paradisi Asian paradise flycatcher Dinopium benghalense Black rumped flameback Streptopelia chinensis ceylonensis Spotted dove Hirundo daurica Red-rumped swallow(E) Merops leschenaulti Chestnut-headed bee-eater(R) Cypsiurus balasiensis Asian palm swift Butterflies Ypthima ceylonica White four-ring Everes lacturnus parrhasiius Indian cupid Pachliopta hector Crimson rose(R) Delias eucharis Common jezebel Mammals Macaca sinica Sri Lanka toque monkey(E) Trachypithecus vetulus Sri Lanka Purple faced leaf monkey(VU), (E) ,(R) Hystrix indica Porcupine Lepus nigrocollis Black napped hare Sus sucrofa Wild Boar Funambulus palmarum Palm squirrel Amphibians Bufo melanostictus Common toad Reptiles Calotes versicolor Common garden lizard Calotes calotes Green garden lizard Varanus bengalensis Land monitor Hemidactylus frenatus Common house gecko Fishes Belontia signata Combtail(E),(R) Rasbora dandiya Common rasbora Rasbora microcephalus Common rasbora(R) Devario malabaricus Giant danio Puntus singhala Filemented barb Puntius nigrofasciatus Black ruby barb(EN), (E) ,(R) Puntius titteya Cherry barb(VU),(E) Puntius dorsalis Long snouted barb(R) Xenentodon cancila Freshwater gar fish(R) Aplpcheilus dayi Day's killifish(E),(R) Land snails Oligospira poleii (EN),(E) Achatina fulica Flora Mallotus tetracoccus Bukanda Tetracer sarmentosa Corosa wel Ziziphus lucida Eraminiya(E) Adiantum spp. Fern Clerodendrum infortunatum Gas pinna Garcinia quaesita Goraka(E) Alstonia macrophylla Hawarinuga Dipterocarpus zeylaicus Hora(NT),(E) Macaranga indica Kanda Ochna lanceolata Malkara Vitex pinnata Milla Bridelia moonii Pathkala Areca catechu Puwak Tinospora cordifolia Rasa kinda wel(VU) Litsea longifolia Rathkala Hevea brasiliensis Rubber Litsea longifolia Rukkattana Mapania immarsa Sedge Cinnamomum dubium Walkurudu(VU),(E) E: Endemic; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; NT: Near threatened R: Rare