DOCSLIB.ORG

Tackling the Eu Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tackling the Eu Empire TACKLING THE EU EMPIRE Basic critical facts on the EU/Eurozone A handbook for Europe’s democrats, whether on the political Right, Left or Centre TACKLING THE EU EMPIRE Basic critical facts on the EU/Eurozone A handbook for Europe’s democrats, whether on the political Right, Left or Centre “Sometimes I like to compare the EU as a creation to the organization of empire. We have the dimension of empire.” EU Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, 2007 Published in December 2015 by The Bruges Group, 214 Linen Hall, 162-168 Regent Street, London W1B 5TB www.brugesgroup.com Follow us on twitter @brugesgroup Find our facebook group: The Bruges Group Bruges Group publications are not intended to represent a corporate view of European and international developments. Contributions are chosen on the basis of their intellectual rigour and their ability to open up new avenues for debate. About the Author Professor Anthony Coughlan is Associate Professor Emeritus in Social Policy at Trinity College Dublin. He is one of the Republic of Ireland’s leading EU-critics and is Director of The National Platform EU Research and Information Centre. This is a think-tank which produces documentation critical of closer European integration on democratic grounds for use by ‘No’ campaigners in the Republic’s periodic European referendums. Anthony Coughlan was also chairman/coordinator of the TEAM international network of EU critical bodies. 3 Table of Contents The EU’s myth of origin ..............................................................................................................................5 EU ideology: supranationalism versus internationalism ............................................................................6 A spin-off of the Cold War .........................................................................................................................8 The euro as a response to German reunification .....................................................................................10 The intoxication of Big Powerdom ...........................................................................................................11 Britain and the EU: “Brexit” .....................................................................................................................12 The economic basis of the EU .................................................................................................................14 The succession of EU treaties .................................................................................................................15 The 1957 Treaty of Rome ....................................................................................................................15 The 1987 Single European Act (SEA) ..................................................................................................17 The 1992 Maastricht Treaty on European Union .................................................................................18 The 1998 Amsterdam Treaty ...............................................................................................................19 The 2001 Nice Treaty ...........................................................................................................................19 The 2009 Lisbon Treaty: the EU’s Constitution ...................................................................................20 EU Powers and National Powers .............................................................................................................21 The “doctrine of the occupied field”; Subsidiarity ...................................................................................22 More voting power for the Big States under the Lisbon Treaty ...............................................................23 How the EU is run The Brussels Commission ...................................................................................................................22 The Council of Ministers ......................................................................................................................26 The European Council .........................................................................................................................26 The European Parliament ....................................................................................................................26 The Court of Justice (ECJ) as a Constitution-maker ...............................................................................27 The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights ...................................................................................................29 The extent of EU laws ..............................................................................................................................31 How the EU is financed ...........................................................................................................................32 Why national politicians surrender powers to the EU ..............................................................................32 The EU’s assault on national democracy .................................................................................................33 EU Justice, “Home Affairs” and Crime; Migration, Schengen .................................................................34 The Common Foreign and Security policy: EU militarization ..................................................................36 The euro: from EU to Eurozone federalism ..............................................................................................39 Two treaties for the Eurozone: The Fiscal Compact and the ESM Treaty ...............................................41 No European people or demos to provide a basis for an EU democracy ..............................................44 How the Eurozone prevents the “PIIGS” countries overcoming the economic crisis .............................46 The benefits of restoring national currencies ...........................................................................................48 Contrast Iceland .......................................................................................................................................49 Opposing the EU Leviathan .....................................................................................................................50 Democrats on Centre, Left and Right for national independence and democracy .................................52 Conclusion: Europe’s Future ....................................................................................................................54 Sources of information on the EU ............................................................................................................56 An invitation ..............................................................................................................................................57 4 THE EU’S MYTH OF ORIGIN All States and aspiring States have their “myth of origin” – that is, a story, true or false, of how they came into being. The myth of origin of the European Union is that it is essentially a peace project to prevent wars between Germany and France, as if a collective tendency to go to war were somehow genetically inherited. In reality the EU’s origins lie in war preparations – at the start of the Cold War which followed the end of World War 2 and the possibility of that developing into a “hot war”, a real military conflict between the two victorious post-war superpowers, the USA and USSR. These two had been allies in defeating German Nazism and Italian Fascism but became bitter rivals after the World War ended in 1945. Europe was then divided between East and West. As fear of communism internally and externally stalked war-ravaged Europe, American policy was to push the continent’s former imperial powers towards closer economic and political integration with one another, pressurising them at the same time to abandon their colonies. US interests could then move in on these. In 1947 the two Houses of the US Congress passed a resolution that “Congress favours the creation of a United States of Europe”. That same year US economic aid to revive Western Europe under the Marshall Plan was premised on the recipients supporting economic and political integration. In 1948 the American Committee on United Europe was established. For years this body channelled CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) money to the European Movement. That Movement’s national sections in each country became the main non-governmental propagandists for ever further EU integration and have remained so to this day. In 1949 the USA wanted a rearmed West Germany inside NATO on that military alliance’s foundation. This greatly alarmed France, which had been occupied by the Germans just five years before. Jean Mon- net, who was America’s man in the affair, came up with the solution. He and other technocrats had been pushing schemes of federal-style supranationalism for Europe since the end of World War 1. These had had no effect in preventing World War 2, but in the new situation post-1945, with the USA now support- ing Euro-federalism as a bulwark against communism in Europe, Monnet and his colleagues saw their opportunity. To assuage France’s fears of German rearmament Monnet drafted the Schuman Declaration, called after France’s Foreign Minister, proposing to put the coal and steel industries of France, Germany and the Benelux under a supranational High
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
    DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Portuguese History Storyboard
    Portuguese history storyboard Cláudia Martins [email protected] Instituto Politécnico de Bragança Escola Superior de Educação Abstract This paper intends to present relevant facts about the Portuguese culture and history, so as to enable a better understanding of who the Portuguese are and provide an overall perspective of the course of history in this westernmost part of Europe. Although the choice of historical facts was subjective by nature, it is believed it achieves the aim of presenting information in a critical but blithesome way, with a view to also deconstructing national stereotypes, such as that Portuguese people are always late or are crazy about football. Finally, it focuses on some information about the Portuguese language mainly to serve as a term of comparison with other European languages. Keywords: Portuguese culture, Portuguese language, historical facts, national symbols and icons. Introduction This paper starts with providing a brief introduction to Portugal, by focusing on general information about aspects such as our governmental system and suffrage, national languages, territory and climate, literacy and education, and national 146 Elisabete Silva, Clarisse Pais, Luís S. Pais holidays. Then five historical events of the utmost importance for the history of Portugal will be referred to, namely the independence of the kingdom in the 12th century, the two main struggles to regain independence towards Spain due to the succession crises (in the 14th century and then in the 17th century), the liberal revolution of the 19th century, the birth of the Republic at the beginning of the 20th century and the right-wing dictatorship which was overthrown by the Carnation Revolution of 1974.
    [Show full text]
  • ICRP Calendar
    The notions of International Relations (IR) in capital letters and international relations (ir) in lowercase letters have two different meanings. The first refers to a scholarly discipline while the second one means a set of contemporary events with historical importance, which influences global-politics. In order to make observations, formulate theories and describe patterns within the framework of ‘IR’, one needs to fully comprehend specific events related to ‘ir’. It is why the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) believes that a timeline on which all the significant events of international relations are identified might be beneficial for students, scholars or professors who deal with International Relations. In the following document all the momentous wars, treaties, pacts and other happenings are enlisted with a monthly division, which had considerable impact on world-politics. January 1800 | Nationalisation of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed 01 from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. 1801 | Establishment of the United Kingdom On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, leading to the remaining state being renamed as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. 1804 | Haiti independence declared The independence of Haiti was recognized by France on 17 April 1825.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Lisbon 1 Treaty of Lisbon
    Treaty of Lisbon 1 Treaty of Lisbon Treaty of Lisbon Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community Type of treaty Amends existing treaties Signed 13 December 2007 Location Lisbon, Portugal Sealed 18 December 2007 Effective 1 December 2009 Signatories EU Member States Depositary Government of Italy Languages 23 EU languages Treaty of Lisbon at Wikisource The Treaty of Lisbon or Lisbon Treaty (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which comprise the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU). The Lisbon Treaty was signed by the EU member states on 13 December 2007, and entered into force on 1 December 2009. It amends the Treaty on European Union (TEU; also known as the Maastricht Treaty) and the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC; also known as the Treaty of Rome). In this process, the Rome Treaty was renamed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Prominent changes included the move from required unanimity to double majority voting in several policy areas in the Council of Ministers, a more powerful European Parliament as its role of forming a bicameral legislature alongside the Council of Ministers becomes the ordinary procedure, a consolidated legal personality for the EU and the creation of a long-term President of the European Council and a High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The Treaty also made the Union's bill of rights, the Charter of
    [Show full text]
  • Background Profile
    Spanish-Moroccan Border: Regional Profile By Xavier Ferrer, Nynke de Witte, Olivier Kramsch, Freerk Boedeltje, Henk van Houtum Nijmegen Centre for Border Research, the Netherlands The map of the casus-study Geographic location The border between Spain and Morocco is essentially a wet border (see map above). On the one hand it is comprised by the waters of the Strait of Gibraltar, which separate the Iberian Peninsula from the African continent; and on the other by the fragment of Moroccan Atlantic coast which lies opposite to the Canary Islands. Though, this predominant wet border landscape is altered by the boundaries between the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and their hinterlands, which form the Spanish-Moroccan land borders in the Maghreb. Apart from Ceuta (19,6 Km2 with a land perimeter of 8 km), Melilla (12Km2 with a land perimeter of 11 km) and the Canary Islands (7.446,62 Km2), also the Alborán Island (7,1 Km2) the Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (2,2 Km2), the Peñón de Alhucemas (1,4 Km2) and the Chaffarine Islands (Congreso 4,5 Km2, Isabel II 2 Km2, Rey 0,6 Km2) complement the contested and less obvious geography of the Spanish-Moroccan border. From 1986 onwards, these territories are also part of the European Union. The border between Spain and Morocco can be understood as a border of borders. Beyond the territorial line between two nation-states, the Spanish-Moroccan border also marks the limits between, Christianity and Islam, Europe and Africa, the former colonizer and the former colonized, EU territory and non-EU territory, prosperous north and impoverished south.
    [Show full text]
  • Spain - Defending Overseas Territory and Interests in Africa
    STUDIES IN AFRICAN SECURITY Spain - Defending Overseas Territory and Interests in Africa This text is a part of the FOI report Foreign military bases and installations in Africa. Twelve state actors are included in the report: China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and United States. Spain has had a long presence in Africa that dates the Ministry of Defence has allocated major funding back to the 15th century. Still today, Spain maintains for 2019-2024. Melilla hosts the most modern military military bases in Ceuta, Melilla, and the Canary Islands. construction in the city, Base Alfonso XIII. An overriding motive for their presence is territorial defence. In addition to maintaining historical links, Maintaining historical ties they have strategic importance for ensuring maritime Spain seized Melilla by force in 1497, and Portugal security and preventing illegal migration. For the conquered Ceuta in 1415. Following Portugal’s Canary Islands, the protection of maritime routes is unification with Spain in 1580, Ceuta passed to crucial, not only for trade, but also for energy supply Spain, and was formally assigned to it in 1668 via the and communication through undersea cables. There are Treaty of Lisbon. Spain’s expansion into North Africa currently no indications that Spain plans to establish was part of the Riconquista, which refers to a series additional bases or military installations in Africa. of campaigns by the Christian states of Portugal and Spain, during the 15th to 17th centuries, to recapture Ceuta and Melilla territory from the Moors, who had occupied most of Ceuta and Melilla are autonomous Spanish cities that share the Iberian Peninsula in the early 8th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Lisbon Treaty Year I
    Lisbon Treaty : Year I Jonas Condomines Béraud* 1. Continuity or change ? The completion of the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty (from now on the Treaty) in November and its entry into force on 1 December 2009 marked the end of an extraordinary and unprecedented lengthy process of institutional change of the European Union. The Treaty had been signed on 13 December 2007, almost two years before its entry into force, by no means an excessive duration compared to the ratification of previous modifications of the Treaties. But the Treaty – in strictly legal terms a substantial set of amendments to two previous treaties renamed in the process – has a long history. Initial proposals for institutional reform date back to the German reunification in 1989-1990. They went through lengthy debates that eventually led to the European Convention and the 'Draft Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe' of 20031 and from there to the 'Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe' of 20042. If the current form of the Treaty is a clear consequence of the difficulties of the ratification process of the Constitution, the ideas that provide the substance can be traced back to the final years of the past century. The pages that follow are not a legal analysis but an attempt to identify changes and to assess their significance3. The Treaty introduces changes in the decision-making process and the institutional set-up, but, prima facie, few innovations. Most of the changes in the decision-making process take the form of extensions of existing * Principal Adviser, Political and Institutional Affairs, Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA), European Commission (2006-2009).
    [Show full text]
  • The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade: a Forgotten Crime Against Humanity As Defined by International Law
    American University International Law Review Volume 19 | Issue 4 Article 3 2003 The rT ans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Forgotten Crime Against Humanity as Defined yb International Law Patricia M. Muhammad Esq Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Muhammad, Esq., Patricia M. "The rT ans-Atlantic Slave Trade: A Forgotten Crime Against Humanity as Defined by International Law." American University International Law Review 19, no. 4 (2003): 883-947. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: A FORGOTTEN CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY AS DEFINED BY INTERNATIONAL LAW PATRICIA M. MUHAMMAD, ESQ." IN TRODU CTION .................................. ........... 884 I. THE HISTORY OF THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE T R A D E .................................................... 887 A. THE JUSTIFICATION OF AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT .......... 887 B. THE TRANS-SAHARAN SLAVE TRADE .................... 889 C. THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE .................... 892 II. THE OPERATION OF THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE T R A D E .................................................... 903 A. THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................ 903 B. THE GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENT: TAXES AND LICENSES 904 C. GOVERNMENTS' LEGAL AGREEMENTS AND FINANCING OF THE SLAVE TRADE ....................................... 907 III. THE LEGALITY OF THE TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE T RA D E ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Legal History of the EU's International Investment Policy
    Roberts Basedow A legal history of the EU’s international investment policy Article (Accepted version) (Refereed) Original citation: Basedow, Robert (2016) A legal history of the EU’s international investment policy. Journal of World Investment and Trade, 17 (5). pp. 743-772. ISSN 1660-7112 DOI: 10.1163/22119000-12340011 © 2016 Koninklijke Brill NV This version available at: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/86423/ Available in LSE Research Online: January 2018 LSE has developed LSE Research Online so that users may access research output of the School. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LSE Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. You may freely distribute the URL (http://eprints.lse.ac.uk) of the LSE Research Online website. This document is the author’s final accepted version of the journal article. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. A Legal History of the EU’s International Investment Policy Roberts Basedow European University Institute [email protected] Abstract The article traces the evolution of the legal competences of the European Union (EU) in international investment regulation from the Spaak Report (1956) to the Lisbon Treaty (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • The European Security and Defence Policy (Esdp) After the Entry Into Force of the Lisbon Treaty
    T045-10 port CuaEstra 145Btz 6/4/10 08:35 Pgina 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Composicin MINISTERIO DE DEFENSA CUADERNOS de 145-B ESTRATEGIA SPANISH INSTITUTE FOR STRATEGIC STUDIES THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY (ESDP) AFTER THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE LISBON TREATY April 2010 CATÁLOGO GENERAL DE PUBLICACIONES OFICIALES http://www.060.es Edita: NIPO: 076-10-097-5 (edición en papel) NIPO: 076-10-098-0 (edición en línea) ISBN: 978-84-9781-573-4 Depósito Legal: M-14594-2010 Imprime: Imprenta del Ministerio de Defensa Tirada: 700 ejemplares Fecha de edición: abril 2010 DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INSTITUTIONAL DEFENCE RELATIONS Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies Working Group no 5/09 THE EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY (ESDP) AFTER THE ENTRY INTO FORCE OF THE LISBON TREATY The ideas contained here in are the responsability of the authors and not necessarily reflect the opinion of the IEEE, which has sponsored this publication. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION By Enrique Mora Benavente Chapter I EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY By Félix Arteaga Martín Chapter II THE NEW LEGAL INSTRUMENTS OF THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY By María de la O Urrea Corres Chapter III CIVILIAN CAPABILITIES By Leonardo Sánchez Peláez Chapter IV MILITARY CAPABILITIES By José Enrique de Ayala Marín Chapter V TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS By Jordi Marsal Muntala Chapter VI EUROPEAN UNION-RUSSIA RELATIONS, THE «EASTERN PARTNERSHIP», THE FUTURE OF THE OSCE, AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES FOR THE COMMON SECURITY AND DEFENCE POLICY (CSDP) By Francisco José Ruiz González RECOMMENDATIONS By Enrique Mora Benavente COMPOSITION OF THE WORKING GROUP INDEX INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ENRIQU E MORA BE NAV E NT E THE EUROPEAN UNION, A GLOBAL ACTOR? During the final months of 2009, under the Swedish Presidency, the European Union Member States engaged in a particularly intense de- bate on an issue which featured on the agenda of the meetings under the heading «Europe as a global actor».
    [Show full text]
  • Final Conclusion
    887 X . FINAL CONCLUSION 1 . THE LONG ROAD TO BRUSSELS: ATTEMPTS, FAILURES AND SUCCESSES – EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FACTORS In the wake of World War I, four great European empires collapsed, and specifically, in chronological order, the Russian Tsarist Empire (1917), the German Empire of the Kaiser (1918), the Habsburg Monarchy (1918), and the Ottoman Empire (1922–23). The political, economic, and psychological consequences for those generations of people who were accustomed to living in those great empires over centuries proved to be catastrophics. That was true in particular for the empire on the Danube. It was not by chance that the “Paneurope” construct of ideas and the movement accompanied by it which had been initiated by Count Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi found very fertile ground in Vienna, where the collapse and end of the Habsburg empire was felt especially bitterly in its capital. Added to this was the forced Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) as a foiled Austrian state treaty, which had to be painfully perceived as the outcome of the bankrupt assets of the empire on the Danube. The new republican order was a founding of a state against its will (see chapter I). It was not “Europe”, but rather the German Reich that was regarded as provid- ing room for hope and a future, as was expressed in the Anschluss movement of the 1920s. The victorious powers attempted to suppress this both with the Geneva Protocols (1922) and through the Lausanne Loans (1932) and to cover it with a prohibition against Anschluss of, in each case, twenty years (up to 1942 and 1952, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Lisbon Fado: from Various Angles
    : University of Miami , Fado Jean Monnet Chair Miami-Florida European Union of Excellence Miami-Florida European The European Union The European under Reform Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (eds) by José Sócrates and Prefaces José Manuel Durão Barroso Lisbon Lisbon Fado: The European Union under Reform Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (eds) ca chesi Finn Laursen Francisco J. Lor María Lorca-Susino Daniele Mar Luís Silva Morais Joaquín Roy Schmidt Vivien Jacques Ziller tional voice. enhance regional t, despite its limitations, and strengthenits interna y new stage in the deepening of the integration ISBN: 1-59388-164-9 9 781593 881641 Chris Bickerton Astrid Boening Paulo de Pitta e Cunha Renaud Dehousse Roberto Domínguez Martín de Vidales Covadonga Ferrer Aimee Kanner Adam Kreidman Langenhove Luk Van Contributors process; if it is rejected, the first decade of the 21st Century will represent a period of integration. institutional stagnation in Europe’s Nonetheless, the chapters in this book share the consensus tha will make the EU decision Treaty the Lisbon making process more efficient, democrac To address the uncertainties surrounding the To of Lisbon,Treaty this book examines several issues from various angles. Regardless of the results of the second referendum in Ireland and the pending ratifications in Poland, the Czech Republic and Germany, the European Union (EU) Treaty. will not be the same after the Lisbon If it comes into effect, Europeans will enter into a Project Lisbon_fado 4/14/09 2:04 PM Page 1 : University of Miami , Fado Jean Monnet Chair Miami-Florida European Union of Excellence Miami-Florida European The European Union The European under Reform Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (eds) by José Sócrates and Prefaces José Manuel Durão Barroso Lisbon Lisbon Fado: The European Union under Reform Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (eds) ca chesi Finn Laursen Francisco J.
    [Show full text]