The Building Blocks of Rocks What Is a Mineral

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Minerals The Building Blocks of Rocks What is a Mineral 6 C 12 FeS2 SiO2 NaCl Properties of Minerals • Color • Hardness • Streak • Cleavage/Fracture • Crystal Form • Density • Luster • Other Properties How Do Minerals Form Process Example Description Groups of Minerals Rocks Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Three Types of Rocks Igneous – Rocks that form when magma or lava harden Sedimentary – Rocks that form from the compaction and cementation of sediments Metamorphic – Rocks that form as a result of heat and/or pressure without ever becoming molten material Igneous Rocks Types of Igneous Rock Extrusive – Lava cooling on the surface Intrusive – Magma cooling below the surface Formation of Igneous Rock Bowen’s Reaction Series Different minerals crystallize at different times as the magma cools As minerals crystallize, the composition of the magma changes Igneous Rocks Classification of Igneous Rock Texture Large Crystals vs Small Crystals Cools Slowly vs. Cools Quickly Intrusive vs. Extrusive Rock Composition Made of Silica vs. Iron and Magnesium Sedimentary Rocks Formation of Sedimentary Rock Weathering – The breaking of rock into smaller pieces called sediment Erosion – The movement of sediment from one place to another Deposition – When the sediments are dropped into a new place Compaction – Sediment is squeezed and space between sediment is reduced Cementation – Sediments are glued together by minerals deposited by water Sedimentary Rocks Classification of Sedimentary Rock Chemical Sedimentary Rock Forms from minerals dissolved in water Organic Sedimentary Rock Forms from remains of living things Clastic Sedimentary Rock Forms from rock fragments glued together Metamorphic Rocks Formation of Metamorphic Rock Metamorphism is the change of mineral composition from heat and pressure Minerals do not completely melt and turn to magma Metamorphic Rocks Contact Metamorphism Occurs when magma comes into contact with existing rock Small areas of rock Regional Metamorphism Heat and pressure associated with movement of crust causes chemical changes May effect thousands of square kilometers Metamorphic Rocks Classification of Metamorphic Rock Foliated Minerals are arranged in planes or bands Nonfoliated Metamorphic rock that does is not arranged in bands Review What are the five characteristics of a mineral Describe the four processes that form minerals How are minerals classified What are the major groups of minerals .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Mineral Mania
The Rock Factory A Pre-Visit Information Guide for Teachers Meets Next Generation Science Standards: 5-PS1-3; MS LS4-1,2; MS ESS1-4; MS-ESS2-1 How does our Earth create so many different types of rocks? Learn about the different processes that form and reform rocks as you identify many types of rocks, minerals and fossils. Students will learn to think like geologists as they move through interactive investigation stations packed with specimens from the Museum’s collections. OBJECTIVES The Rock Cycle: Students will examine the three types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary – and discover the processes that create them. Tracing the connections between shale and slate, limestone and marble, students will discover how the rock cycle changes the very ground beneath our feet! Characteristics of Rocks Students will learn how to observe and identify rocks through their unique characteristics, looking for telling clues such as layering, crystal size, fossils, magnetism, and more. Students will practice their observational skills as they describe the Museum’s unique rock and mineral specimens. Investigation Stations: Students will explore Museum geology specimens up close at investigation stations to answer such questions as: “Why do fossils form only in certain rocks?” “How do rocks form from volcanic eruptions?” “How can I recognize different types of rocks?”. ACTIVITIES Teachers are encouraged to conduct pre-visit and post-visit classroom discussions and activities with their classes to make the most of their experience. Encourage your students to start a classroom rock collection, and create an exhibit with the rocks organized by type – igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
[Show full text]
Geologic Boulder Map of Campus Has Been Created As an Educational Educational an As Created Been Has Campus of Map Boulder Geologic The
Adam Larsen, Kevin Ansdell and Tim Prokopiuk Tim and Ansdell Kevin Larsen, Adam What is Geology? Igneous Geo-walk ing of marine creatures when the limestone was deposited. It also contains by edited and Written Geology is the study of the Earth, from the highest mountains to the core of The root of “igneous” is from the Latin word ignis meaning fire. Outlined in red, numerous fossils including gastropods, brachiopods, receptaculita and rugose the planet, and has traditionally been divided into physical geology and his- this path takes you across campus looking at these ancient “fire” rocks, some coral. The best example of these are in the Geology Building where the stone torical geology. Physical geology concentrates on the materials that compose of which may have been formed at great depths in the Earth’s crust. Created was hand-picked for its fossil display. Campus of the Earth and the natural processes that take place within the earth to shape by the cooling of magma or lava, they can widely vary in both grain size and Granite is another common building stone used on campus. When compa- its surface. Historical geology focuses on Earth history from its fiery begin- mineral composition. This walk stops at examples showing this variety to help nies sell granite, they do not use the same classification system as geologists. nings to the present. Geology also explores the interactions between the you understand what the change in circumstances will do to the appearance Granite is sold in many different colours and mineral compositions that a Map Boulder Geologic lithosphere (the solid Earth), the atmosphere, the biosphere (plants, animals of the rock.
[Show full text]
Exploring Origins of Pitted/Vesicular Rocks in Perseverance Valley, Endeavour Crater
50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132) 2327.pdf EXPLORING ORIGINS OF PITTED/VESICULAR ROCKS IN PERSEVERANCE VALLEY, ENDEAVOUR CRATER. A. W. Tait1*, C. Schröder1, W. H Farrand2, J. W. Ashley3, B. A. Cohen4, R. Gellert5, J. Rice6, L. C. Crumpler7, B. Jolliff8, 1Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK ([email protected]), 2Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA, 3Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California In- stitute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 4NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Greenbelt, MD, USA, 5Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 6Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA, 7NM Museum of Natural History & Science, Albuquerque, NM, USA, 8Washington University in St. Louis, MO, USA. Introduction: Since sol 4780, the NASA Mars Ex- ploration Rover (MER) Opportunity has been traversing down Perseverance Valley (PV), a linear, negative-re- lief feature trending perpendicular to the western flank of Endeavour crater. The goal of the current investiga- tion is to understand PVs geomorphology and chemical composition to determine its mode of formation and ap- proximate age. Formation hypotheses include debris or fluid flow, and wind sculpting, all while intersecting possible Noachian lithologies [1]. Rover observations confirms orbital data that there exists a dextral off-set, indicating a structural origin to the valleys formation [2]. This faulting may have allowed for fluids to interact with the rocks [3]. On sol ~5000 Opportunity started to investigate a train of dark pitted/vesicular rocks with an unusual morphology, texture, and composition enriched in Al and Si. Here we describe the rock facies, and ex- plore preliminary formation/alteration hypotheses.
[Show full text]
Structure of the Earth
And the ROCK CYCLE Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density High in silicon (Si) and oxygen (O) Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) Core: High in Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe) Heat Flow in the Earth Heat sources: latent heat from the formation of the Earth Radioactive decay in the core and mantle Temperature in the core: 3000- 5000° C Cooling processes: Convection currents: in outer core and asthenosphere transport heat to the surface Plate tectonics releases heat through the crust (volcanoes) Convection cells in the mantle and core transport heat from the interior of earth to the surface and also return cooler material back into the earth. Mechanical (Physical) Layers of the Earth Lithosphere: Crust and upper, solid part of the mantle; “plates” in plate tectonics Asthenosphere: Partially molten part of mantle; location of convection current that drive plates Outer core: Liquid Inner core: Solid Greatest temperatures, solid due to intense pressure Comparing Compositional Layers to Mechanical Layers Moho What is a Rock? A group of minerals bound together Three major groups: 1) Igneous: Solidified Molten Magma 2) Sedimentary: formed by cementing of sediments. Sediments come from the erosion of other rocks. 3) Metamorphic: Heat and pressure change a rock into something new, without melting. Rock Types Igneous: Solidified molten magma 2 types of Igneous: 1) Extrusive (volcanic) = erupted lava Cools more quickly, so only small crystals form. 2) Intrusive (plutonic) = never erupted magma Cools more slowly within the earth, so larger crystals can form.
[Show full text]
Extrusive Igneous Rocks- a Rock Formed on the Earth’S Surface
Rocks What is a rock? • Rock- naturally formed, consolidated materials composed of one or more minerals. • There are 3 types of rocks: • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic Igneous Rocks What are Igneous Rocks? • Magma vs. Lava • Magma- molten rock below the Earth’s surface. • Lava- magma on the Earth’s surface. • Igneous Rock- rocks made from cooling magma or lava. • They can be intrusive or extrusive. Intrusive vs. Extrusive • Intrusive Igneous Rocks- a rock that forms below the Earth’s surface. • Normally made from magma • Extrusive Igneous Rocks- a rock formed on the Earth’s surface. • Normally made from lava. Extrusive rock The white rock is intrusive. Intrusive Igneous Rocks • We cannot see these rocks be formed. • They typically have large crystal minerals. • The rock itself can give you a lot of information about how it was formed. Extrusive Igneous Rocks • You can see them form: • Lava flow • Ash Flow • Lava that cools down very quickly so all you see is ask coming out • Pyroclastic Flow • Clouds flowing downhill like a huge avalanche. • Data from these rocks can be used to interpret ancient volcanic activity. Igneous Rock Textures • The crystal size of the rock is related to the speed of the rock cooling. • Fast gives you small crystals and slow cooling gives you large crystals. • Also the rocks can appear: • Glassy- look like a piece of glass. • From the magma/lava cooling too quickly. • Vesicular- has air bubbles in it. This is vesicular. • From air bubbles getting trapped in the magma/lava. • Fragmental- they look jagged and angular. This is glassy and fragmental.
[Show full text]
Lavas. Understanding Volcanism Provides a Background for Theories
lavas. Understanding volcanism provides a background for theories relating to mountain building, the development and evolution of continental and oceanic crt~st,and how the crust is deformed. Our observations of volcanic activity fit nicely into plate-tectonic theory as described in chapter 11. The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens (box 10.1) was a spectacular release of energy from the earth's interior. The plate-tectonic explanation is that North America, moving weritwa~d,is overriding a portion of the Pacific Ocean Aoor. Melting of previously solid rock takes place at depth, just above the subduction zone. (Thii was described briefly in chapter 1 and more thoroughly in chapter 11.) At least some of the magma (molten rock or liquid that is mostly silica) works its way upward to the earth's surface to erupt. Magma does not always reach the earth's surface before solidifying, but when it does it is called lava. At Mount St. Helens the lava solidified quickly as it was blasted explosively by gases into the air, producing rock frag- ments known as pyrodasw (from the Greekpyro, "fire," and clart, "broken"). Pyroclastic debris is also known as tcphra. Elsewhere in the world (notably Hawaii) lava extrudes out of Flgulr 10.1 fissures in the ground as lava flows. Pyrodastic debris and Volcanic eruptions in Hawaii, 1969. A lava fountain is supply11 rock formed by solidification of lava are collectively regarded the lava cascading over the cliff. as emwive rock, surface rock resulting from volcanic Photo by D A Swanson, US Geolog~calSurvey acrivity.
[Show full text]
Igneous Petrology
IGNEOUS PETROLOGY PRESENTED BY Dr.A.BALUKKARASU Associate Professor Centre for Remote Sensing Bharathidasan University Thiruchirappalli-620 023 India. mail id:[email protected] MTIGT0403: IGNEOUS & METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY 1. Forms and Structures of Igneous rocks - Intrusives and their relation to Geological Structures (Concordant and Discordant forms - Multiple Intrusions – Composite Intrusions) - Composition and Constitution of Magmas - Structure and Texture of Igneous Rocks- Formation of Igneous rocks: Crystallization of Unicomponent Magma -Phase Equilibria studies of Binary and Ternary Silicate system - Crystallisation of Basaltic magma. 12 Hrs. 2. Classification of Igneous rocks – Microtextures and Structures of Igneous rocks and their Petrogenetic Significance - Petrography of Igneous rocks – Tabular Classification - Petrography of Acid-Intermediate - Basic and Ultrabasic rocks - Diversity of Igneous rocks - Reaction Principle - Magmatic Crystallization – Assimilation – Petrographic province and various diagrams - Plate Tectonics and Magmatic Evolution – Fluid Inclusion studies of Igneous rocks. Evolution of Basalts -Petrogenesis of Granites, Pegmatities, Alkaline rocks, Monomineralic rocks, Charnockites and Ultramafics. 14 Hrs. 3. Definition of Metamorphism - Scope of Metamorphism – Controlling factors of Metamorphism - Kinds of Metamorphism and its Products - Classification and Nomenclature - Petrography of Metamorphic rocks (Schists – Gneisses – Granulites) - Metamorphic textures and Microstructures and their relation to Metamorphic
[Show full text]
Chapter 3 Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Chapter 3 Intrusive Igneous Rocks Learning Objectives After carefully reading this chapter, completing the exercises within it, and answering the questions at the end, you should be able to: • Describe the rock cycle and the types of processes that lead to the formation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks, and explain why there is an active rock cycle on Earth. • Explain the concept of partial melting and describe the geological processes that lead to melting. • Describe, in general terms, the range of chemical compositions of magmas. • Discuss the processes that take place during the cooling and crystallization of magma, and the typical order of crystallization according to the Bowen reaction series. • Explain how magma composition can be changed by fractional crystallization and partial melting of the surrounding rocks. • Apply the criteria for igneous rock classification based on mineral proportions. • Describe the origins of phaneritic, porphyritic, and pegmatitic rock textures. • Identify plutons on the basis of their morphology and their relationships to the surrounding rocks. • Explain the origin of a chilled margin. 65 Physical Geology - 2nd Edition 66 Figure 3.0.1 A fine-grained mafic dyke (dark green) intruded into a felsic dyke (pink) and into coarse diorite (grey), Quadra Island, B.C. All of these rocks are composed of more than one type of mineral. The mineral components are clearly visible in the diorite, but not in the other two rock types. A rock is a consolidated mixture of minerals. By consolidated, we mean hard and strong; real rocks don’t fall apart in your hands! A mixture of minerals implies the presence of more than one mineral grain, but not necessarily more than one type of mineral (Figure 3.0.1).
[Show full text]
6. Igneous Rocks
6. Igneous rocks Igneous rocks form whenever molten rock cools and minerals crystallize to produce a solid rock. Therefore, the prerequisite for the formation of igneous rocks is the melting of rocks. Molten rock is called magma if it occurs within the lithosphere and is called lava when the molten rock is extruded on Earth’s surface through volcanic activity. Where does magma form? Magma forms whenever the conditions of pressure and temperature cause a solid rock to start melting. This happens primarily in three major geological settings: (1) mid-ocean ridges, (2) subduction zones, and (3) hotspots. Details about the melting process in these three settings are presented in section 6.2 of this chapter. 6.1. Classification of igneous rocks Igneous rocks are classified according to their texture (coarse-grained vs. fine-grained) and their chemical and mineralogical compositions. The texture and chemical or mineralogical compositions of an igneous rock can give us information on where and how the rock formed. 6.1.1. Classification based on rock texture Extrusive igneous rocks These rocks derive from the relatively rapid cooling of a magma/lava on or very near the Earth’s surface. The rapid cooling is due to the great difference in temperature between the hot molten rock and the relatively cool surrounding environment. These rocks are fine-grained since minerals crystallize too rapidly to form large crystals. A common example of an extrusive igneous rock is basalt. Basalt is a major component of the oceanic crust and produced in great abundance at mid- ocean ridges. The extremely fast cooling of a lava extruded on Earth’s surface results in the production of volcanic glass, in which atoms do not have time to arrange themselves into a regular crystal lattice (amorphous solid).
[Show full text]
Igneous Rocks
What is Igneous Rock? Earth’s crust is 4/5 igneous rock. Every igneous rock begins life as molten magma deep in the mantle. As magma migrates toward the surface, some of it chills and hardens Igneous underground into granite and other types of igneous rocks. Rocks Magma that makes it to the surface erupts in either flowing or explosive volcanoes, generating lava, geysers, and hot springs. http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/coasts/lecture/gg101/index.html Igneous rock crystallizes in Earth’s magma locations Extrusive igneous rock Intrusive igneous rock crystallizes within Earth’s crust. Intrusive igneous rock Extrusive igneous rock crystallizes upon Earth’s crust. 1 As magma crystallizes a network of interlocking Igneous Rocks minerals develops. The composition and • Igneous Rocks are named on the basis of texture of the resulting rock is determined by the ir tttexture and composition. these minerals. Composition of a rock is the assemblage of minerals it contains. Texture of a rock is the size and arrangement of the minerals it contains. Texture Texture Aphanitic texture - mineral grains too small to see with the unaided eye (Basalt) Phaneritic texture - with large minerals (Granite) Large crystals had a long time to crystallize. Small crystals had a short time to crystallize. Therefore, this is an intrusive rock Therefore, this is an extrusive rock 2 Texture Texture Glassy texture - without Vesicular texture – many pits obvious minerals (Obsidian) from gas escape (Basalt) No crystals. This is an extrusive rock. Extrusive rock. Composition Texture
[Show full text]
Study on the Igneous Rock Seismic Facies in Yingmai 32 Blocks
Open Journal of Earthquake Research, 2020, 9, 417-426 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojer ISSN Online: 2169-9631 ISSN Print: 2169-9623 Study on the Igneous Rock Seismic Facies in Yingmai 32 Blocks Lingling Yan1, Quanwen Liu2, Xuefen Liu3 1BaYin GuoLeng Vocational and Technical College, Korla, China 2College of Petroleum Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, China 3Energy Engineering College, Longdong University, Qingyang, China How to cite this paper: Yan, L.L., Liu, Abstract Q.W. and Liu, X.F. (2020) Study on the Igneous Rock Seismic Facies in Yingmai 32 The western part of north Tarim Uplift underwent multi-stage tectonic Blocks. Open Journal of Earthquake Re- movement and multiple stages of magmatism. Igneous rocks are associated search, 9, 417-426. with carbonate and buried deep. The seismic response characteristics of ig- https://doi.org/10.4236/ojer.2020.95024 neous rocks are similar in many respects to the seismic response characteris- Received: September 23, 2020 tics of karst, making the identification and prediction of igneous rocks more Accepted: November 27, 2020 difficult. This study compares the seismic reflection characteristics of igneous Published: November 30, 2020 rocks. Set up three types of igneous rock seismic facies model penetration Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and type, fracture type and central type. And it concluded that a time-slice, cohe- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. rence analysis, analysis of the seismic properties of the layers and the method This work is licensed under the Creative of three-dimensional engraving to identify the igneous rocks. This method Commons Attribution International has been applied to the identification and prediction of carbonate rock buried License (CC BY 4.0).
[Show full text]
GY343 Petrology
GY303 Igneous & Metamorphic Petrology Rock Classification Systems Igneous Rock Classification Systems • Mineral content and proportions (mineral modes) • Rock geochemistry • Texture • Tectonic environment Subdivisions of Igneous Rocks • Volcanic: form at or near the earth’s surface • Hypabysal: intrude at a depth less than 1 km • Plutonic: intrude at a depth greater or equal to 1 km • Extrusive: lava flows or ash flows/falls that are deposited on the surface • Intrusive: intrude the lithosphere without penetrating to the earth’s surface Mineralogical Classifications • Percent and type of feldspar • Presence or absence of quartz, feldspathoids or olivine • Percentage and type of ferromagnesian minerals (i.e. felsic, mafic, etc.) • Grain size and texture of rock (aphanitic, phaneritic, porphyritic, etc.) Mineralogical Classification Diagrams: Felsic • IUGS Felsic Ternary diagram with 3 most common minerals at apices • Accessory minerals >= 10% modify the base name • Extrusive equivalents in parentheses Mineralogical Classification Diagrams: Mafic • Minerals modes must be recalculated to ternary percentages Mode 40% Pl, 20%Pyx, 20% Ol, 10% Mt, 10% Sphene P=40/80 x 100= 50% Pyx=20/80 x 100=25% Ol=20/80 x 100= 25% Special Compositional & Textural Terms • Diabase: hypabyssal mafic rock usually occurring in dikes and/or sills • Trondhjemite: felsic igneous rock that is dominantly Na- plagioclase • Plagiogranite: includes trondhjemite and quartz diorite • Plagisyenite: equivalent to IUGS monzosyenite • Quartz Monzonite: falls within the IUGS granite field. Used by North American geologists • Keratophyre: Na trachyte in which albite or oligoclase dominate; associated with sea water alteration • Spillite: basalt altered by sea water such that the Ca- plagioclase is replaced by Na-plagioclase + +4 2+ 3+ – i.e.
[Show full text]