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The Euromaidan in Ukraine November 2013 Till February 2014 13 / 2014 The EuroMaidan in Ukraine November 2013 till February 2014 Guest Editors Carmen Scheide, Ulrich Schmid (St.Gallen) | downloaded: 26.9.2021 Kiev 2014 © Sergiy Glasgo Online Journal of the Center for Governance and Culture in Europe https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.106073 University of St. Gallen URL: www.gce.unisg.ch, www.euxeinos.ch ISSN 2296-0708 source: Center for Governance and Last Update 17 March 2014 LANDis & GYR Culture in Europe STIFTung University of St.Gallen Contents The EuroMaidan in Ukraine, November 2013 till February 2014 3 Editorial by Carmen Scheide and Ulrich Schmid, St.Gallen Maidan 2013 in Kiev: Revolution in People’s Heads 5 by Kyril Savin, Kiev EuroMaidan: Context and Meanings 9 by Andriy Portnov, Berlin EuroMaidan in Dnipropetrovsk: Problems and Peculiarities 15 by Victoria Narizhna EuroMaidan in Lviv: A View From the Inside 20 by Pavlo Ostrovs‘kyj, Lviv Laws are for “Suckers”, not for “Big Shots” 26 by Larysa Denysenko, Kiev The Writers and the Maidan 32 by Alexander Kratochvil, Prague Crimean Passions Around EuroMaidan: An Active Pro-European Minority of Crimeans Against the Autonomous Republic’s Pro-Eurasian Authorities and an Ambivalent Majority 37 by Andrij Ivanec‘ The Blood For Yanukovych 46 by Oksana Syroyid EuroMaidan. Chronology of Events 52 by Alexander Kratochvil and Carmen Scheide Publishing Information/Contact 56 Euxeinos 13 (2014) 2 The EuroMaidan in Ukraine November 2013 till February 2014 he events in Ukraine have unfolded very Another complicating factor is Russia’s Trapidly over the past few months. Initially, imperial claim to this part of the country, it looked as if President Yanukovych could sit which only was incorporated into Ukraine in out the crisis. However, after new laws against 1954. The mood is very tense due to the stead- the Maidan activists were passed on January fast agitations and provocations of the Putin 16th, 2014, a further radicalization and politi- government. The western media have paint- cization took place, which led to the dramatic ed a rather one-sided picture of the events in Editorial clashes between the government and demon- Ukraine: here the evil dictator, there the pro- strators on the Maidan between February 18th testing civil society. However, two things are and 20th, 2014. The situation fundamentally being crossed here: first, Yanukovych could changed with the unexpected increase in vio- have brutally dispersed the EuroMaidan, as lence and brutality on the EuroMaidan. The there were indeed such plans. He did not do tragic loss of human life made it immediately this. There are also significant doubts wheth- clear that Yanukovych not only was fully dis- er he ordered the use of snipers. Second, the credited as head of state, but also that he was right-wing block was given intense media at- not capable of guaranteeing peace and order tention, which did not correspond at all with in the Ukrainian capital. its share of voters. Most house occupations and street battles were carried out by right- Yanukovych’s escape from Kiev provided wing radicals. It will be difficult for the in- an occasion for Moscow to brazenly intervene terim government to impose democratically into Ukrainian politics. With great media atten- defined constraints on their claims to power. tion, Putin had the highly compliant Federa- tion Council authorize him to deploy the army One positive result of the EuroMaidan is outside the territory of the Russian Federation. surely the political involvement of broad seg- Since then the Kremlin has been following a ments of society. Unlike in Russia, where the blunt legalistic line of argument: Yanukovych protests of 2011 and 2012 tapered off, there is was democratically elected by the people in an increased sensitivity to political decision- 2010. An impeachment procedure, as provid- making processes in Ukraine today. The me- ed for in Article 111 of the Ukrainian Consti- dia landscape has also become more diverse tution, did not take place. The EuroMaidan as a result of the events. Above all, online demonstrators are collectively defamed as fas- media have significantly grown: the reach of cists and Moscow speaks of a “brown revolu- the internet newspaper “Ukrainska Pravda” tion” against the legitimate government. One promptly increased with the protests, while of the most important problems is the future independent internet television stations such of Crimea. Already after the collapse of the as espreso.tv or hromadske.tv now also have a Soviet Union, Crimea wanted to separate from large regular viewership. Ukraine. The status quo – Crimea is an autono- Unlike many Russians, who are indif- mous republic in the unitary nation of Ukraine ferent towards politics, many Ukrainians are – seems to be no longer acceptable for many now highly involved in the affairs of their Re- ethnic Russians on the Crimean Peninsula. public and their collective struggle. Euxeinos 13 (2014) 3 The present issue of Euxeinos was Since 2011, the Center for Governance planned for December 2013, while the mass and Culture in Europe of the University of St. protests in Ukraine continued, but no solu- Gallen has been linked to a project on Ukraine, tion had emerged yet. Instead, the events have which analyzes interdependencies between taken a tragic turn. Up to now, there have been regions, nations and cultures and assumes 98 fatalities, a change in government, and new that Ukraine is not only divided in two, rather elections will take place on May 25th. Simulta- that different regional characteristics overlap Editorial neously, the country faces diverse challenges each other and that they are constitutive for as well as political and economic reforms. self-identity processes (http://regionandcul- ture.krytyka.com/) Therefore, several texts in this issue have been partially “outrun” by the current events. Among the project members was the Nevertheless, they convey interesting internal sociologist Bohdan Solchanyk. insights and analyses and can also be seen as He was killed by a shot to the head on the a chronicle of the events in the present form. Maidan on 20 February 2014. He was 28 years old. On behalf of all project members, this edition is dedicated to his memory. Carmen Scheide, Ulrich Schmid Euxeinos 13 (2014) 4 Maidan 2013 in Kiev: Revolution in People’s Heads by Kyryl Savin, Kiev 30 December 2013 he banner of a young woman protest- the association agreement with the EU was Ting on Independence Square in Kiev said not signed at the Vilnius Summit and that the “Maidan1 is the best thing that could happen to dream of many, in particular young Ukraini- my country”. The Maidan has indeed become ans, to live one day in a European country had an island of freedom in the Ukrainian capital, been taken away. Therefore, hundreds of civil where thousands of free-thinkers gather and society actors (as well as journalists, students, where every Sunday at noon several hundred etc.) gathered on the evening of November thousand people meet to demonstrate their de- 21st on Maidan Square and organized a small sire for fundamental changes in Ukraine. Al- stage, which functioned as the focal point of though the people’s will to live in a European, the protests 24 hours a day. The stage and the democratic and free country is strong, all le- logistics associated with it were funded by do- gal means of pressure on the government and nations which were collected in large numbers President Yanukovych have already been ex- on the square. On November 24th, the first hausted and the protests have reached a deep large-scale demonstration occurred in Kiev. political dead-end. This is what explains the Attended by approx. 150,000 people, the motto of the event was “The association agreement with the EU must be signed in Vilnius”. Oppositional politicians set up their stage on the neighboring square (the Europe Square, located approx. 300 meters from Independence Square) on November 24th. Until November 27th there were two stages – one on Maidan Square where students and civil society ac- tivists gathered and one on Europe Square, which primarily served as a focal point for party supporters. However, more and more people came to the stage on Maidan Square, Kiev November 2013 © Carmen Scheide which is why the oppositional politicians gave up their stage. This resulted in strong frictions profoundness of the political crisis in Ukraine. between oppositional politicians and civil so- The whole story began on November 21st, ciety activists on the Maidan, which became 2013 when it was announced that the phase increasingly visible. of EU integration of Ukraine would be put on In the night between November 29th and hold. This decision by the President meant that 30th, Independence Square was cleared by the police with brutal force – allegedly so that the 1 Independence Square (in Ukrainian Kiev municipal services could put up a large – Maidan Nezalezhnosti, often called just Maid- Christmas tree. These evacuation measures an) is the largest square in the center of Kiev. Euxeinos 13 (2014) 5 Kyryl Savin were absolutely irrational, as the “small stu- elections must be held!”3 By then, their aims dent Maidan” was already more or less over had changed though. It was no longer about after Yanukovych did not sign anything in the European integration of Ukraine, rather Vilnius. According to unofficial information, domestic policy demands: the protesters de- Yanukovych returned from Vilnius in a very manded that those responsible for the evacua- bad mood, because several EU heads of state tion measures on November 30th, 2013 should reportedly demeaned him. Yanukovych is be named and brought to justice. Furthermore, said to be very sensitive. Perhaps he took ac- they called for presidential and parliamentary tion against the demonstrators on the evening elections to be re-held.
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