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Euglenophytes Reported from Karst Sink-Holes in the Malopolska Upland (Poland, Central Europe)

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Euglenophytes Reported from Karst Sink-Holes in the Malopolska Upland (Poland, Central Europe) Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim. 39 (4), 333 - 346 Euglenophytes reported from karst sink-holes in the Malopolska Upland (Poland, Central Europe) K. Wolowski Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Department of Phycology, ul. Lubicz 46, PL 31-512 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: [email protected] In karst sink-holes within the environs of Czajków, and in an old fishpond within the Skorocice gypsum valley, 24 taxa of eu- glenophytes, comprising Euglena (10), Phacus (9), Lepocinclis (2), and Trachelomonas (3) were found. Four of them, Phacus elegans Pochmann, Ph. arnoldii Swirenko var. ovatus Popova, Ph. plicatus Conrad, and Ph. curvicauda Swir. var. robusta Al- lorge & Lefèvre, are new for the Polish flora, and rarely reported worldwide. Keywords : Euglenophyta, Central Europe, Poland, Malopolska Upland, karst sink-holes, fishponds. Introduction Material and methods The investigated area lies in the eastern part of the One collection of material was made from each lo- Nida Basin, a wide depression within the ´Swietokrzys-, cation during summer (June 1986). Unfiltered water kie Mountains and Cracow-Czestochowa, Upland. The (containing plankton) along with the bottom of two origin of the karst sink-holes in this area is connected sink-holes at Czajków and two fishponds at Skorocice to the occurrence of varying ground water levels. The were sampled. The water temperature in the sink-holes highest level lies just below the surface of Quaternary at Czajków was 17°C and the pH value was 5.4 (area formation and the lowest is situated in the Tertiary ca. = 0.80 ha, depth = 40 cm). Similar features were gypsum bed on the impermeable Palaeozoic substra- exhibited by the Skorocice fishponds (area about 1 ha, tum. The water dissolves the gypsum group which, in depth = 50 cm), which showed a temperature of turn, leads to the creation of empty spaces. The karst 22.5°C and a pH of 6.2. The samples were placed in sink-holes, occupying the territory situated in the wide 25 ml plastic bottles and stored in the refrigerator at depression, belong to Staszów environs. There are se- 15°C. Observations were carried out on the living ma- veral small sink-holes situated in a field (Ochyra 1985) terial, using Carl Zeiss Jena and Nikon - Eclips 600 at the village of Czajków. The Biosphere Reserve in light microscopes. In order to mobilize the cells imme- the Skorocice gypsum valley contains several karstic diately before microscope study, 0.5 % glutaraldehyde sink-holes and two old unexplored fishponds and is, was sometimes used. The quantity of cells on the slides from a geological point of view, very similar to the was evaluated as follows: 1 = single, 2 = very rare, 3 = Malopolska Upland. rare, 4 = moderately numerous, 5 = numerous, 6 = ve- Apart from Charophyceae studied by Karczmarz et ry numerous. al. (1976), no other phycological studies have been carried out in this area. Paleobotanical studies on the Results sediments filling the sink-holes have been done by Szczepanek (1968, 1971), and valuable information The general taxonomic system followed here agrees about vascular plants of this region has been given by with Leedale (1967). For the genus Euglena, taxono- Ochyra (1979, 1985). The Bryophytes of the region mic descriptions were arranged according to Pring- have also been described by Kuc (1959, 1964), Ochy- sheim (1956); for the genus Phacus; according to ra (1981), Ochyra & Szmajda (1978), and Karczmarz Pochmann (1942) and Popova & Safonova (1976), and & Szczepanek (1984). for the genus Trachelomonas, according to Deflandre Article available at http://www.limnology-journal.org or http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2003027 334 K. WOLOWSKI (2) (1926). Taxa rarely reported worldwide and new to the specimen (Fig. 5) was similar to Euglena incurva Mat- Polish flora are indicated with an asterisk (*). vienco (1938) exhibiting dimensions smaller than tho- se reported in the original Matvienko (1938) descrip- tion: 15 µm wide, 204 µm long with several paramylon Genera Euglena grains. Subgenus Rigidae Pringsheim 1956 Euglena tripteris (Dujardin) G.A. Klebs 1883 (=Eu- glena tora A. Stokes, Phacus tripteris Dujardin Figs Euglena acus Ehrenberg 1830 (=Euglena acus var. 10-13, 65. Cells 18-19 µm wide, 94-103 µm long, flat- rigida Hübner, var. lata Svirenko, var. longissima De- tened, ribbon-shaped, spirally twisted and triangular in flandre, E. acutissima Lemmermann). Figs 1-5, 58. cross section, bowed inwards and giving the appearan- Cells 15-28 µm wide, 60-137 µm long, needle-shaped, ce of 3 ridges; anterior end slightly narrowed, some- elongate spindle-shaped, sometimes bent and some- times slightly truncate; posterior end tapering to a long times assuming an S-shape; anterior end narrowed and tail-piece, slightly spirally twisted. Rare specimens apically truncated; posterior end tapered to a long hya- were found among filamentous of Spirogyra weberii line incision which can be bent at 90° angle (Fig. 5). and Oscillatoria sp. in a pond at Skorocice. Cosmopo- Moderately numerous specimens were found in a pond litan; widespread; occurs in peat bogs, ponds, pools, at Skorocice. Cosmopolitan, widespread; occurs in ditches and lakes; planktonic or associated with sur- ditches, ponds, small flowing rivers, fish and village faces; usually scarce; known to range from unpolluted ponds and swamps, as well as in acid ponds and brac- to moderately polluted water; β-α mezosaprobic. No- kish-water; indicator of mild to moderately polluted te: described specimens (Figs 10, 12) with paramylon water. Note: among found specimens of E. acus, one grains larger and more numerous than those originally reported by Klebs 1883 (two large paramylon grains). Euglena limnophila Lemmermann var. swirenkoi (Ar- noldi) T.G. Popova 1955 (= Euglena swirenkoi Arnol- . di, E. limnophila var. minor Drezepolski 1925). Figs 6- 9. Cells 8-12 µm wide, 40-48 µm long, spindle-shaped or broadly spindle-shaped, sometimes bent; anterior end apically truncate; posterior end tapering to a sharp tail-piece, usually curved; pellicle slightly striated. Chloroplasts numerous, small disc-shaped, without pyrenoids; paramylon bodies ring-like or rod-shaped, several; flagellum shorter than cell length; eyespot small, located towards the end of canal. Rare speci- mens were found with filaments of Spirogyra weberii in a pond at Skorocice. Common, reported from Euro- pe and Asia; occurs in ponds, rivers, sewage ditches; indicator of moderately polluted water. Euglena spirogyra Ehrenberg 1838. Figs 59-62. (= E. spirogyra β- fusca Klebs, Euglena fusca (Klebs) Lemm., E. spirogyra var. abrupto-acuminata Lemm., E. spirogyra var. lacticlavius Hübner, E. spirogyra var. marchica Lemm). Cells 12-15 µm broad, 95-107 µm long, longitudinally spindle-shaped; anterior end bluntly rounded, posterior end extended into a distinct- ly bent tail-piece. Rare specimens were found among filaments of Spirogyra weberii in a pond at Skorocice. Cosmopolitan, widespread; occurs in different water bodies, taxa exhibits affinity to wastewater, reported as Figs 1-9. 1-5. Euglena acus; 6-9. E. limnophila var. swirencoi. Sca- saprophilous (Wolowski 1998). Note: earlier reports le bar = 10 µm. from Poland of varieties fusca and lacticlavius, Wo- (3) EUGLENOPHYTES FROM KARST SINK-HOLES 335 Figs 10-13. Euglena tripteris, morphology details of cells. Scale bar = 10 µm. lowski (1998), should be treated as synonyms of E. Subgenus Catilliferae Pringsheim 1956 spirogyra. Euglena agilis H.J.Carter 1856 (= Euglena pisciformis Subgenus Lentiferae Pringsheim 1956 G.A.Klebs, E. nana L.P. Johnson, E. pisciformis var. fallax E.G. Pringsheim, lata E.G. Pringsheim, Euglena proxima Dangeard (after Pringsheim 1956) mucronata E.G. Pringsheim, obtusa E.G. Pringsheim, Fig. 26. Cells 14-17.5 µm wide, 83-85 µm long, longi- procera E.G. Pringsheim, striata E.G. Pringsheim, Eu- tudinal fusiform, anterior end rounded; tapering and glena agilis var. pyrenoidea J. Schiller, circumsulcata passing into sharp tail-piece at the posterior end; pel- J. Schiller, praexicisa J. Schiller, varians J. Schiller). licle spirally striated. Chloroplasts numerous, without Figs 19-20. Cells 11-15 µm wide, 27-41 µm long, pyrenoids; paramylon grains small. Very rare speci- when fully extended nearly oval, broadly ovoid; ante- mens were among filaments of Spirogyra weberii rior end bluntly rounded, posterior end coming to a found in a pond at Skorocice. short, rather blunt point. Numerous specimens were Cosmopolitan, common, widespread; occurs in small found in a pond at Skorocice. Cosmopolitan, wides- water bodies, sometimes form neuston membranes, al- pread; in permanent and temporary bodies of water in- so in salt water, saprophilous (Wolowski 1998). Note: cluding ditches, puddles, ponds, lakes and peat bogs, similar to E. spathirhyncha Skuja. sometimes associated with sand; an indicator of mode- 336 K. WOLOWSKI (4) Figs 14-22. 14-18. Euglena viridis; 19-20. E. agilis; 21. E. geniculata; 22. E. deses. Scale bar = 10 µm. rately polluted water. Note: cells have very variable Subgenus Radiatae Pringsheim 1956 shapes (Zakry´s 1997, Wolowski 1998, 2002). Euglena viridis Ehrenberg 1830 (= Enchelys tertia Hil.; Euglena caudata K. Hübner1886 (= Euglena caudata Enchelys viridis E. Schrank, Cercaria viridis, O.F. var. minor Deflandre). Figs 24-25. Cells 25-28 µm wi- Müller; Raphanella urbica Bory). Figs 14-18, 23, 63. de, 64-95 µm long, spindle-shaped or broadly spindle- Cells 12-18 µm wide, 38-40 µm long, spindle-shaped shaped; anterior end slightly extended and apex trun- to broadly spindle-shaped; anterior end rounded; pos- cate; posterior end tapering to a hyaline tail-piece. Mo- terior end usually tapering to a point of variable leng- derately numerous specimens were found among fila- th. Very numerous specimens found in ponds at Skoro- mentous of Spirogyra veberii in a pond at Skorocice. cice and in a karst sink-hole (I) at Czajków. Cosmopo- Cosmopolitan; widespread, occurred in lakes, ponds, litan, widespread; very tolerant for different types of puddles, ditches, rice-fields and slow-flowing rivers; wastewater.
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