Exótico Cielo Profundo 9

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Exótico Cielo Profundo 9 9 El escultor de galaxias Sculptor (Scl) Sculptoris. Escultor. · Exótico Cielo Profundo 9 de Rodolfo Ferraiuolo y Enzo De Bernardini Constelación Sculptor (Scl) Época Comienzos de la Primavera Austral Blanco 1 NGC 55 NGC 131 NGC 134 NGC 150 HD 4113 HD 4208 Objetos NGC 253 NGC 289 NGC 288 NGC 300 SDEG NGC 7793 El comienzo de la primavera austral es una gran ocasión para explorar algunos magníficos objetos de Sculptor, constelación creada en el año 1752 por el astrónomo rumano-francés Nicolai-Ludovici De La Caille, más conocido como Nicolás-Louis de Lacaille. Dentro de sus límites encontramos a, la mayoría de una veintena de galaxias, del tipo tardío, de un cercano (el más próximo al Grupo Local) y pequeño grupo, bautizado en 1959 por el astrónomo francés G. de Vaucouleurs como Grupo de Sculptor y, en 1960 por el astrónomo argentino J. L. Sérsic, Grupo del Polo Sur Galáctico, debido a que sus miembros se localizan agrupados en dirección al Polo Sur Galáctico. De este sugestivo grupo elegimos algunas hermosas galaxias que, estudiaremos junto a otros interesantes objetos más, como el cúmulo globular NGC 288, el cúmulo abierto Blanco 1, otras galaxias lejanas y, como curiosidad ya que no es habitual en la sección, veremos un par de brillantes estrellas con exoplanetas. Nuestro punto de partida será al Sur de la constelación, donde estudiaremos a NGC 300. Esta bonita galaxia espiral, clase SA(s)d, es miembro del Grupo del Polo Galáctico Sur y, fue descubierta por J. Dunlop en el año 1826, unos 8 años antes que J. Herschel también la descubriese independientemente. Con mag. 8,1 y mag. fot. 8,7, posee un gran tamaño aparente de 21,7'x15,7', que explica su bajo brillo superficial de 14,8. Nos exhibe su carácter con un AP de 111º, como vista desde "arriba" y, por su aspecto se dice que es la versión sureña de M 33, en Triangulum. Su diámetro real sería menor de 35.000 años luz y, se hallaría como NGC 55, en el borde del grupo que se encuentra más próximo a la Vía Láctea, siendo su distancia al Sol de algo más de 4 millones de años luz. NGC 300 posee un pequeño núcleo dentro de una confusa zona nuclear y, débiles brazos con fuertes regiones de H II distribuidas asimétricamente por el halo, muy estudiadas durante la década de 1960 por el gran astrónomo argentino José Luís Sérsic, desde la Estación Astrofísica de Bosque Alegre, del Observatorio Astronómico de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Sérsic advirtió, mediante placas fotográficas, un tenue brazo espiral que hace que el núcleo aparezca descentrado. De sus brazos, dos anchos son los principales, dando claramente la forma de "S" advertida en su clasificación, luego dos más frágiles y, otros menores, tenues y fragmentados. En fotografías modernas realizadas con grandes Página 1 de 8 · Exótico Cielo Profundo · Sur Astronómico · www.surastronomico.com telescopios se han observado, además de las vastas regiones H II, varios remanentes de supernova, como así también muchas nebulosas planetarias, ya que por su cercanía hasta pueden identificarse muchísimas estrellas individuales en ella. Desde un sitio oscuro, la encontramos con unos binoculares de 7x50, hacia el borde sur y central de la constelación, que limita con Phoenix, a 1,7º al noroeste de la estrella anaranjada, de mag. 5,6, xi Sculptoris y, a 2,2º al este-noreste de la estrella anaranjada, de mag. 5,9, lambda 2 Scl, la cual forma un bello par óptico con la estrella blanco-azulada, de 6ª mag., lambda 1 Scl. Aunque se observa con un muy bajo brillo superficial, manifestándose como un difícil objeto, es claramente detectable con un telescopio de 4" sobre un poblado campo estelar, con estrellas a partir de la 8ª mag. Ya con un 8" y buenas condiciones de observación, se divisa un brillante núcleo y, muy sutilmente dos brazos, divisándose su estructura espiral. En un 11", aparece oval-redondeada y, elongada 3:2 de este-sudeste a oeste-noroeste, como de 6'x4', con bordes muy difusos y, subiendo en brillo hacia el centro y núcleo estelar. Al noreste y sudoeste, superpuestas al halo, aparecen dos estrellas de 9ª y 10ª mag. y, a unos 5' al sudeste del centro una estrella de 10ª mag. Es un objeto que necesita un estudio visual sereno y repetido, que nos sorprenderá cuando las condiciones observacionales sean óptimas, logrando un buen contraste. El segundo objetivo, es la primera curiosidad de esta entrega. Ubicada a 2,3º al oeste y apenas al sur de la galaxia anterior, encontramos a HD 4113, una estrella amarilla, de clase espectral G5V, que posee un exoplaneta gaseoso en órbita. Situada a unos 144 años luz del Sol, tiene mag. 7,9, pudiendo observarse con unos simples prismáticos. El planeta extrasolar, llamado HD 4113 b, fue descubierto recientemente, en el año 2007, por un grupo de astrónomos y, por medio del método de velocidad radial. Orbita a su estrella madre en 526 días, a una distancia de 1,38 U. A. y, posee una masa de 1,56 masas jupiterianas. Desde aquí, saltamos 5,7º al oeste-sudoeste en busca de otra interesante galaxia, NGC 55. También del Grupo del Polo Galáctico Sur, es una espiral barrada irregular, tipo magallánica, clase SB(s)m:sp que, se encuentra, como NGC 300, en el borde del grupo más cercano a nuestro Grupo Local, a una distancia de algo más de 4 millones de años luz. Descubierta por el gran astrónomo de origen escocés James Dunlop a principios de agosto de 1826, posee una discutida mag. de 8,2, debido a sus dos zonas de brillo desigual, mag. fot. 8,7 y brillo sup. 13,7. Sus grandes dimensiones angulares son 32,4'x5,6', su AP 108º y, tiene un mediano diámetro real de 35000 años luz. NGC 55 tiene una intensa activad estelar, formando nuevas estrellas y, sobre su halo y disco se han identificado varios cúmulos globulares, estrellas variables y nebulosas planetarias. Lamentablemente se nos presente de perfil, dificultando su estudio, pero aún así y gracias a su cercana distancia, en la década de 1960 José L. Sérsic, realizó con un reflector de 60" un amplio estudio de su estructura, identificando estrellas individuales, grandes zonas de H II, etc., describiéndola asimétrica, con la parte este-sudeste de bajo brillo sup., alto grado de resolución y, evidentes signos de absorción y, la sección principal, al oeste-noroeste, de gran brillo y menor grado de resolución. La parte este-sudeste de la galaxia fue identificada por Lewis Swift e ingresada en el Index Catalogue como IC 1537. Esta galaxia se halla sobre el borde sur de Sculptor, que limita con Phoenix, a 3,8º al Noroeste de la estrella anaranjada, de mag. 2,4, alfa Phoenicis, Ankaa. Identificable con prismáticos o buscador, como una pequeña, alargada y pálida mancha difusa, comienza a lucir interesante, con la típica apariencia de cigarro, desde un sitio oscuro con aperturas de 4", con su parte más luminosa bien visible. En un 6", tiene un tamaño considerable, notable brillo dispar y pequeñas zonas oscuras. Al estudiarla con un reflector de 8" y aumentos Página 2 de 8 · Exótico Cielo Profundo · Sur Astronómico · www.surastronomico.com intermedios, será muy grande, aplanada y, brillante del lado oeste. Ligeramente moteada, como algodonosa, con un centro brillante que resiste más aumento y, la zona este débil. Muy elongada 6:1 de este-sudeste a oeste-noroeste y, de muy desigual brillo. En un 12" lucirá fantástica, alcanzando un tamaño de 26'x3,3' y, presentando notorias motas grisáceas al oeste, identificando las regiones H II. Al estudiarla con un filtro O III, destacaremos aún más dos condensaciones oblongas de H II, cercanas al centro, hacia el sur y oeste, entre surcos irregulares oscuros. Al ocular, aparecen varias estrellas sobre el campo, a partir de la 9ª mag., hacia el sur y sudeste de la galaxia. Bordeando el sur de la misma y corriendo como su orientación, tenemos tres estrellas de 11ª y 12ª mag. Sin duda, se trata de una de las galaxias visualmente más atractiva del firmamento. La cuarta parada serán dos galaxias, NGC 131 y NGC 134, ubicadas a 6,7º al nornordeste de NGC 55, por el centro de la constelación, a unos 30' al sudeste de la estrella anaranjada, variable, de mag. 4,8/4,9, eta Sculptoris y, solo NGC 134 puede llegar a detectarse con binoculares de 7x50, como un pequeño y tenue pálido resplandor, en un cielo oscuro y diáfano. Muy cercanas, separadas por solo 9’ de arco, surgen estas dos galaxias espirales de muy desparejo brillo y tamaño, contrastando con un interesante, poblado y colorido campo estelar. NGC 134 es una bella espiral con barra, forma de "S" y brazos abiertos, vista casi de canto, con un AP de 50º. Tiene mag. 10,2, mag. fot. 11,2 y brillo sup. 13,2. Dimensión angular 8,1’x2,6’ y, una Vel. Rad. Heliocéntrica calculada de 1582 Km/s., que nos indicaría su distancia a nosotros de 68,4 millones de años luz. Descubierta por James Dunlop en el año 1826 desde Parramatta, Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia, posee un pequeño y brillante núcleo, grandes zonas de polvo interestelar y un diámetro real de 100000 años luz. Viéndola tenue y alargada, nos llamará la atención su notorio núcleo en un reflector de 6". Con un 8", aparecerá con bajo brillo superficial, interesante a 100x, elongada 4:1 de noreste a sudoeste, subiendo en brillo hacia el destacado núcleo y, mejorando sus bordes con el uso de la visión lateral ó periférica.
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