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Radiative Models for Jets in X-Ray Binaries

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Radiative Models for Jets in X-Ray Binaries UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Física Radiative models for jets in X-ray binaries A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics Gabriela Soledad Vila Supervisor: Dr. Gustavo E. Romero Counsellor: Dr. Pablo D. Mininni Workplace: Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía Buenos Aires, 2012 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Departamento de Física Modelos radiativos para jets en binarias de rayos X Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Físicas Gabriela Soledad Vila Director de Tesis: Dr. Gustavo E. Romero Consejero de Estudios: Dr. Pablo D. Mininni Lugar de Trabajo: Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía Buenos Aires, 2012 This work has been awarded the Carlos M. Varsavsky Prize to the Best PhD Thesis on Astronomy and Astrophysics in Argentina 2010-2012, granted by the Astronomical Society of Argentina. Este trabajo ha sido galardonado con el Premio Carlos M. Varsavsky a la Mejor Tesis Doctoral en Astronomía y Astrofísica de la Argentina 2010-2012, otorgado por la Asociación Argentina de Astronomía. ABSTRACT Radiative models for jets in X-ray binaries An outstanding feature of astrophysical accreting sources at all scales in the Universe is the production of jets - collimated, bipolar, extended flows of matter and electromagnetic field ejected from the surroundings of a rotating object. Microquasars are X-ray binaries that produce relativistic jets. Jets in microquasars emit along the whole electromagnetic spectrum. The radiation is non-thermal; this reveals that jets accelerate particles up to relativistic energies. Understanding the origin of the emission is, then, one way to probe the interior of jets. In this thesis we develop a lepto-hadronic model for the electromagnetic radiation from jets in microquasars with low-mass companion stars. We con- sider the interaction of relativistic particles with matter, radiation, and mag- netic field, and obtain broadband spectral energy distributions. We investi- gate how the shape of the spectrum changes as the parameters that model the conditions in the jet are varied within the constraints imposed by theory and observations. We present general results, as well as applications to some spe- cific systems. Motivated by the growing volume and quality of the data now becoming available at high and very high energies, we carefully analyse the predictions of the model in the gamma-ray band. The results will be directly tested in the near future with the present and forthcoming space-borne and terrestrial gamma-ray telescopes. Keywords: microquasars; jets; non-thermal radiation; gamma rays; X-ray binaries: individual: GX 339-4; X-ray binaries: individual: XTE J1118+480. vii RESUMEN Modelos radiativos para jets en binarias de rayos X Una propiedad notable de los sistemas astrofísicos acretantes a toda escala en el Universo es la producción de jets - flujos colimados, bipolares y extendi- dos de materia y campo electromagnético eyectados desde las cercanías de un objeto en rotación. Los microcuasares son binarias de rayos X con jets. Los jets en microcuasares emiten a lo largo de todo el espectro electromagnético. La radiación es no térmica, lo que indica que los jets aceleraran partículas hasta energías relativistas. Comprender el origen de la emisión electromagnética es, entonces, una de las maneras de explorar el interior de los jets. En esta tesis se desarrolla un modelo lepto-hadrónico para la radiación electromagnética de jets en microcuasares con estrellas compañeras de baja masa. Se considera la interacción entre las partículas relativistas con materia, radiación y campo magnético para obtener espectros de banda ancha. Se in- vestiga cómo se modifica la forma de los espectros al variar los valores de los parámetros que modelan las condiciones físicas en los jets, dentro de las cotas impuestas por teoría y observaciones. Se presentan resultados generales y apli- caciones a sistemas específicos. En vista de la creciente calidad y cantidad de los datos que es actualmente posible obtener a altas y muy altas energías, se analizan en detalle las predicciones del modelo en la banda de rayos gamma. Los resultados podrán ser directamente contrastados en el futuro cercano con las observaciones de telescopios de rayos gamma espaciales y terrestres de pre- sente y futura generación. Palabras clave: microcuasares; jets; radiación no térmica; rayos gamma; binarias de rayos X: GX 339-4; binarias de rayos X: XTE J1118+480. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The vocabulary of pages that follow is made up of formulas, graphics, and specialised jargon. Writing down the results of the work of five years using those tools has been, however, easier than putting down in everyday words my gratitude to whom accompanied me in the process. These paragraphs are my unsatisfactory attempt. To Gustavo Romero, my supervisor and my friend. For all the opportunities you have given me, that are so many! For trusting that I’d be able to cope with every challenge (and for accepting it when I refused to take some of them). For always caring about my career (and that of all your students) in spite of your tiredness and your other obligations; your unlimited commitment is for me a great example. For caring also for my development as a person. For the many pieces of advice you gave me, and for creating the necessary trust for me to ask for them. Thank you, Gustavo. To the members of the GARRA group. Very special thanks to Paula, for her friendship and her help during my first years in La Plata. Also to Matías, for the discussions and for sharing his knowledge with me, and to Leonardo, for his great human qualities. And mostly to the girls, Florencia, María Victoria, and Daniela, for their company and the joy they bring to the office hours. To the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía and the Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales of the Universidad de Buenos Aires. To all my teachers and professors. I am proud of being the product of Argentinian public education. To the members of the examining committee, Drs. Rafael Ferraro, Josep M. Paredes, and Leonardo J. Pellizza. My special acknowledgement to Dr. Paredes for travelling from Barcelona to attend the defense of this thesis. To Valentí Bosch-Ramon, for his friendship and his invaluable advice on scientific matters. xi To Prof. Dr. Felix Aharonian, for the opportunity of working in his group at the Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, in Heidelberg. To my friends and colleagues Alejandra and Cecilia, for their friendship, their support, and the mutual understanding. To Ale very specially, as well, for the three years of shared household chores. To my friends from childhood and teenage years, for still being my friends despite my months (even years) of absence. Thinking of you immediately puts my whole life in perspective; it helps me become conscious of the long road I’ve walked since the first day at “the 23” (with Lili) till today, passing by the classrooms of the Excelsior (with Claudia, Mariana, and Paola), and with a stop now and then on Saturday afternoons to buy magazines and cassettes (with Samanta). Thank you, friends. More than anyone, to my parents Alicia and Ernesto, the eternal rocks beneath. For letting me choose my future freely, and for teaching me that the only way to achieve what I wish is through work and effort. All I’ve reached is for you. To my grandparents, because their love and the memories of my childhood have definitely shaped my nature. Those of them who cannot see me today, I guess would be proud of me. And to Nicolás, for his company, his patience, his help, his support, his en- couragement, his trust, and for teaching me almost everything else I still had to learn. Tu n’es encore pour moi qu’un petit garçon tout semblable à cent mille petits garçons. Et je n’ai pas besoin de toi. Et tu n’as pas besoin de moi non plus. Je ne suis pour toi qu’un renard semblable à cent mille renards. Mais, si tu m’apprivoises, nous aurons besoin l’un de l’autre. Tu seras pour moi unique au monde. Je serai pour toi unique au monde... Gabriela AGRADECIMIENTOS El vocabulario de las páginas que siguen se compone de fórmulas, gráficos y términos especializados. Redactar los resultados del trabajo de cinco años usando esas herramientas ha resultado, sin embargo, más fácil que poner en palabras sencillas mi agradecimiento a aquellos que me acompañaron en el proceso. Estos párrafos son mi insatisfactorio intento en ese sentido. A Gustavo Romero, mi director y mi amigo. Por todas las oportunidades que me has dado, ¡que son tantas! Por confiar en que iba a poder con cada desafío (y por aceptarlo cuando no quise afrontar alguno). Por ocuparte siem- pre de mi carrera (y la de todos tus estudiantes) a pesar del cansancio y tus demás obligaciones; tu compromiso y dedicación sin límites es para mi un gran ejemplo. Por preocuparte por mi crecimiento como persona, a la par de mi crecimiento como científica. Por los muchos consejos que me diste, y por que exista la confianza necesaria para pedírtelos. Gracias Gustavo. A los integrantes del grupo GARRA. Gracias muy especiales a Paula, por su amistad y su ayuda en mis primeros años en La Plata. También a Matías, por las discusiones y por compartir conmigo sus conocimientos, y a Leonardo por su gran calidad humana. Y sobre todo a las chicas, Florencia, María Victoria y Daniela, por su compañía y por la alegría que aportan a las horas de oficina. Al Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomía y a la Facultad de Ciencias Exac- tas y Naturales de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
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