Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface from Mountain Systems: Dynamics, Functional Roles and Host-Mycoplasma Interactions

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Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface from Mountain Systems: Dynamics, Functional Roles and Host-Mycoplasma Interactions ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi queda condicionat a lʼacceptació de les condicions dʼús establertes per la següent llicència Creative Commons: http://cat.creativecommons.org/?page_id=184 ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis queda condicionado a la aceptación de las condiciones de uso establecidas por la siguiente licencia Creative Commons: http://es.creativecommons.org/blog/licencias/ WARNING. The access to the contents of this doctoral thesis it is limited to the acceptance of the use conditions set by the following Creative Commons license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/?lang=en Infectious keratoconjunctivitis at the wildlife‐livestock interface from mountain systems Dynamics, functional roles and host‐ mycoplasma interactions Xavier Fernández Aguilar PHD Thesis Infectious keratoconjunctivitis at the wildlife-livestock interface from mountain systems: dynamics, functional roles and host-mycoplasma interactions Xavier Fernández Aguilar Directors Jorge Ramón López Olvera Óscar Cabezón Ponsoda Tesi Doctoral Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals Facultat de Vetarinària Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2017 Drawings and pictures of this thesis are from the author except for: page 31, top: Radomir Jakubowski; page 37, top: Fernando Mostacero; page 48; figure 2.11 C: Arturo Galvez ; page 49, figure 2.12 C: Patrick Deleury, D: Santiago Lavín; page 63, figure 2.15 A, C: Etienne Florence and B, D: Jean Paul Crampe and E: Benoît Dandonneau; page 105, figure 4.2.2: Luca Rossi; page 133, figure 4.3.6: SEFaS; page 149, figure 4.4.1 A, B, E: Jorge Ramón López, and C: José Enrique Granados. Els doctors Jorge Ramón López Olvera, professor titular d’universitat de l’Àrea de coneixement de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals de la Facultat de Veterinària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona i Óscar Cabezón Ponsoda, investigador associat al Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge i al Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CRESA – IRTA), Informen: Que la memòria titulada “Infectious keratoconjunctivitis at the wildlife- livestock interface from mountain systems: dynamics, functional roles and host-mycoplasma interactions”, presentada per Xavier Fernández Aguilar per a la obtenció del grau de Doctor en Veterinària per la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, s’ha realitzat sota la nostra direcció i, un cop considerada satisfactòriament finalitzada, autoritzem la seva presentació per tal que sigui avaluada per la comissió corresponent. I perquè així consti als efectes que siguin oportuns, firmem el present informe a Bellaterra,3 de Maig de 2017. Óscar Cabezón Ponsoda Jorge Ramón López Olvera Director Director Xavier Fernández Aguilar Doctorand AGRADECIMIENTOS Llegados a éste punto, escribir los agradecimientos de la tesis me obligan a ejercer un acto reflexivo, retrospectivo, sobre los últimos años de mi vida. Des de que empecé con el doctorado ha pasado bastante tiempo y son muchas las personas que me han acompañado, apoyado y influido en este tiempo, tanto en el ámbito personal como profesional. Han sido muchos muestreos, trabajo de campo y de laboratorio en los que mucha gente ha desempañado un papel muy importante y necesario para esta tesis, y estoy profundamente agradecido. Si no te menciono en estos agradecimientos debido a esta mala memoria que tengo, por favor, date por aludido. Porque si me conoces, sabrás que estas palabras surgen de la más absoluta sinceridad. Para empezar, me gustaría agradecer las aportaciones de mis directores de tesis, Óscar y Jorge, por todo lo que he podido aprender a vuestro lado y porque sin vosotros no habría esta tesis. A Jorge por su capacidad y rigurosidad para indicar hasta el más sutil fallo y estimular todavía más, si cabe, la capacidad crítica que es en lo que se basa la ciencia. Además, por insistir en que pidiera una beca en la que no confiaba y acabaron otorgándome. A Oscar, por enseñar continuamente lo divertida que es la ciencia, por las discusiones científicas en los pasillos y bares, y por mostrar siempre la dimensión más simple y pragmática de la realidad. Más allá de esto, la complicidad personal y profesional contigo seguramente ha sido trascendental para la finalización de esta tesis (y ya sé que lo de “becario favorito” se lo dices a todos… jaja). Son vacuas las palabras que pueda exponer para expresar mi gratitud. GRACIAS! Al SEFaS en general, a las personas que están y a las que ya se marcharon. Si los directores son mis padres científicos, el sefas es el nido en el que he crecido, lleno de oportunidades. A Santiago por haber mantenido vertebrado al grupo, por la proximidad, generosidad y por intentar cuidar de todos. Por acogernos en tu pueblo durante los muestreos de la tesis, las diversas gestiones y trabajos relacionados, y darnos a conocer tu zona, ¡Qué bonito es Picos de Europa! Y cómo no, por proporcionar numerosos momentos de “caliu” para el grupo cuándo nos reuníamos para deleitar tu cocina. ¡Muchas gracias! A Ignasi, por la siempre presente buena voluntad y darme oportunidades obviando las complicaciones que éstas pudieran suponer para ti. Te lo agradezco mucho, a pesar de que tengo la impresión que no lo he expresado suficientemente. A Roser! Ay Roser… ¡cómo me voy a olvidar de ti! Si hubiera un tercer director probablemente serias tú por todo lo que me has aportado de conocimiento, porque hay poca gente que sepa tanto y disfrute tanto la profesión como tú. Lo transmites y has sido uno de los pilares de esta tesis, y no sólo en el ámbito profesional. Pon un patólogo en tu vida, y si es Roser, mejor! A Emmanuel, por la energía que me has aportado a mí y al grupo, por tu abstracción de la realidad cuotidiana y aportar perspectiva a la vida. Y por tu sorprendente manera de dinamizar y potenciar todo lo que tocas! A Gregorio, por aportar claridad en estos momentos iniciales en los que consejos y apoyo como el que me ofreciste son muy importantes. Después de este tiempo, compañero de despacho y guardias jabalineras. A todos los compañeros de fatigas del precario mundo del doctorado. A Nora y Laura, por los momentos compartidos de escalada y risas de cotilleos (ay cómo os gustan… jaja). A Susana porque eres la bondad en persona, siempre agradable, te deseo lo mejor. A Diana, la superwoman, porque diría que no es posible hacer todo lo que haces si no fueras una prueba de ello. A Andreu, pel bon rollo i calma que portes sempre y per tot el treball fet junts. Sempre un plaer treballar amb tu! A las nuevas generaciones “Real Sefitos”, por las conversas, buen rollo, cafes y el apoyo que siempre he notado. A Johan, que acabes d’arribar i ja ets un jefazo (merescut!), currante, intel·ligent i guapetón, quin bon partit! Raquel y Arián, por lo buena gente y agradables que sois. Los nuevos jabalineros Carlos y Carles, que junto con Raquel, nos darán a conocer los misterios del Sus scrofa urbano! A todos vosotros, además de las gracias, os doy muchos ánimos para la tesis, que en ocasiones son necesarios... A los estudiantes en prácticas que han pasado por el SEFaS y me han ayudado en los muestreos de campo, Núria Tarrades, Giovanna, Tania, etc. (seguro que me dejo a alguien…). A Ester, Josep Manent, Quico y Encarna por los momentos compartidos de aquella etapa inicial en las que intentaba compaginar el doctorado con trabajo. Per últim i més important, a Maria. Per que has viscut molt d’aprop aquesta tesi, per que has estat present des de mostrejos a granges, camp fins al laboratori. Per que també l’has sofert quan en innumerables ocasions ens ha robat temps lliure i per tot el recolzament que m’has donat. I sobretot, per que t’estimo. Por último, a mi familia, mis padres Luis y María, que me han ofrecido todo lo que tienen y más, paciencia infinita, comprensión y apoyo incondicional. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. SUMMARY OF THE THESIS 14 1.1 Summary 16 1.2 Resumen 18 1.3 Resum 20 2. INTRODUCTION 22 2.1 Mountain ungulates of Europe 24 2.1.1 General features of wild mountain ungulates 27 2.1.2 Factors driving population dynamics of wild mountain ungulates 30 2.1.3 The natural and human value of mountain ungulates 30 2.1.4 Chamois Rupicapra spp. 32 2.1.5 Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica 38 2.1.6 The European mouflon Ovis aries musimon 42 2.2 The wildlife-livestock interface in alpine ecosystems 46 2.2.1 Traditional livestock rearing in mountain areas 48 2.2.2 Interactions among wild and domestic ruminants 49 2.2.3 Cross species transmission and multi-host systems 52 2.2.4 Infection dynamics in wild mountain ungulates 54 2.3 Infectious keratoconjunctivitis and Mycoplasma conjunctivae 56 2.3.1 Aetiology 58 2.3.2 Clinical signs and pathology 61 2.3.3 Pathogenesis and immunity 66 2.3.4 Predisposing factors and secondary infections 67 2.3.5 Effects of Infectious Keratoconjuntivitis on animal health and livestock production 68 2.3.6 Historical records of IKC outbreaks in wild Caprinae 69 2.3.7 Seasonal trends and individual risk factors 70 2.3.8 Transmission of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and epidemiological scenarios 71 2.3.9 Mycoplasma conjunctivae cross-species transmission and persistence in host populations 73 3. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES 76 4. STUDIES 80 4.1 Study I: Mycoplasma conjunctivae in domestic small ruminants from high mountain habitats in Northern Spain 82 Abstract 84 Introduction 85 Materials and methods 86 Results 88 Discussion 91 4.2 Study II: Infectious keratoconjunctivitis and occurrence of Mycoplasma conjunctivae and Chlamydiaceae in small domestic ruminants from the Central Karakoram, Pakistan 94 Abstract 96 Introduction 97 Materials and Methods 98 Results 103 Discussion 109 4.3 Study III: Long-term dynamics of Mycoplasma conjunctivae at the livestock-wildlife interface in the Pyrenees 114 Abstract 116 Introduction 117 Materials and methods 119 Results 127 Discussion 134 4.4 Study IV: Post epizootic persistence of asymptomatic Mycoplasma conjunctivae infections in Iberian ibex 142 Abstract 144 Introduction 145 Materials and methods 146 Results 154 Discussion 162 4.5 Study V: New insights on Mycoplasma conjunctivae transmission and within-host maintenance in wild and domestic hosts 169 Abstract 171 Introduction 172 Materials and Methods 174 Results 176 Discussion 180 5.
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