Diplomová Práce Kulturismus a Revoluce

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Diplomová Práce Kulturismus a Revoluce Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Ústav hospodářských a sociálních dějin Diplomová práce Bc. Jiří Šabek Kulturismus a revoluce: K otázce sociálních dějin tělesnosti v Československu (The Bodybuilding Movement and Revolution: The Social History of Physicality in Czechoslovakia) Praha 2016 Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. et JUDr. Jakub Rákosník, Ph.D. Rád bych tímto zde poděkoval v první řadě svému vedoucímu práce, panu docentu PhDr. et JUDr. Jakub Rákosníkovi, PhD., za veškerou odbornou pomoc v mém studiu. Dále bych rád poděkoval za pomoc i radu panu Josefu Švubovi, „kronikáři síly“ časopisu Muscle&Fitness, Ing. Martinu Jebasovi, předsedovi Svazu kulturistiky a fitness České republiky, a Ing. Josefu Paulíkovi, readaktorovi stránek Ronnie.cz. Mé velké díky patří bezesporu také mé rodině, zejména nekonečně trpělivé sestře, stejně jako všem mým přátelům, kteří mě po celou dobu studia podporovali. J. Š. Prohlašuji, že jsem svou diplomovou práci vypracoval samostatně, že jsem řádně citoval všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze dne………… podpis Abstrakt: Diplomová práce se snaží zpracovat téma fenoménu kulturistiky v širším kontextu utváření ideálního těla v moderní době. Kulturistika je chápána jako specifický socio-kulturní fenomén pevně spjatý s moderní společností a jejím historickým vývojem. Kromě samotné kulturistiky se tak práce zaobírá rozborem soudobé sociální teorie těla se zaměřením na domácí diskurs a v dalším kroku také analýzou diskursivního vytváření moderní tělesnosti od osvícenství do 20. století. Zde je kladen hlavní důraz na chápání charakteristických změn moderní společnosti v kontextu kontinuity celého modernizačního projektu. Hlavním cílem práce je popsat obecné dějin kulturistiky v rámci nastíněného procesu modernizace, stejně jako porovnání ruzných alternativních pojetí ideální tělesnosti v období tzv. fordistické modernity, kdy je zvláštní pozornost zaměřena na analýzu biopolitického diskursu komunistické diktatury. Zbylá část práce zpracovává pak historický vývoj kulturistického hnutí v Československu, kdy hlavní důraz je kladen na zasazení československé kulturistiky, včetně jednotlivých historických událostí, do celkového postulovaného konceptu. Klíčová slova: Sociální dějiny; kulturistika; sociální teorie; dějiny těla; subkultura; biopolitika; modernita; modernizace; sport; normalizace; Československo. Abstract: The thesis tries to process a topic of bodybuilding phenomenon in the wider context of the ideal body formation in modern age. Bodybuilding is understood as a specific socio-cultural phenomenon closely tied to a modern society and its historical development. Beyond the bodybuilding the work also deals with an analysis of the contemporary social body theory with focus on the domestic discourse and subsequently also with an analysis of discursive formation modern physicality from the Enlightenment till the 20th century. The main focus is put on the understanding of changes characteristic for the modern society in context of the modernisation project continuity. The objective is to describe a history of bodybuilding within the outlined process of modernization, as well as to compare various alternative conception of the ideal of physicality in the „Fordism Modernity“, where a special attention is focused on the analysis of bio political discourse in Communist dictatorship. The remaining part processes a historical development of the bodybuilding movement in Czechoslovakia, where the main emphasis is put on placing the Czechoslovakia bodybuilding into the postulated concept, including individual historical events. Key words: Social history; Bodybuilding; Social Theory; History of the Body; Subculture; Biopolitics; Modernity; Modernisation; Sport; Normalization; Czechoslovakia. Obsah Obsah .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Tělo v sociální teorii ......................................................................................................... 13 2. Tělo jako stroj ................................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Oživlé hračky .................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Od hodinek k motoru ...................................................................................................... 32 3. Tělo mezi tradicí a modernitou ......................................................................................... 41 3.1 Zánik tabu a propuštění těl ............................................................................................. 41 3.2 Sociální pole a vystoupení těl z pološera ........................................................................ 47 4. Vznik moderní svalnatosti ................................................................................................ 53 4.1 Siláci v zajetí geometrie ................................................................................................. 53 4.2 Ovládnutí pohybu a energie ............................................................................................ 58 5. Světový kulturismus „from freaks to freaks“ .................................................................... 64 5.1 První období kulturismu a konjunktura svalnatosti ........................................................ 64 5.1.1 Konec cirkusových siláků ............................................................................................ 64 5.1.2 Od Eugena Sandowa k masovému hnutí.................................................................. 67 5.1.3 Kulturistické hnutí ve 30. a 40. letech 20. století ..................................................... 71 5.2 Zlatý věk kulturismu ....................................................................................................... 75 5.2.1 Institucionalizace hnutí a inflace kulturistické tělesnosti ........................................ 75 5.2.2 IFBB a Mr. Olympia ................................................................................................ 80 5.2.3 Kulturismus mezi fordismem a postfordismem ....................................................... 84 6. Diktatura a tělo .................................................................................................................. 93 6.1 Podoby těla fordistické modernity .................................................................................. 93 6.2 Od komunistické biopolitiky ke karnevalu konsensu ................................................... 102 7. Počátky kulturismu v Československu ........................................................................... 110 7.1 Od slovenských začátků k masovému hnutí ................................................................. 110 7.1.1 První kulturisté ....................................................................................................... 110 7.1.2 Spor o smysl kulturismu ........................................................................................ 113 7.2 60. léta a zlatý věk československého kulturismu ........................................................ 121 7.2.1 Promýšlení socialistické cesty v kulturistice ......................................................... 121 7.2.2 Masové hnutí .......................................................................................................... 125 7.2.3 První mistrovství ČSSR a vstup do IFBB .............................................................. 131 7.2.4 Sociálně-historická východiska kulturismu ........................................................... 135 8. Kulturismus v čase normalizace ..................................................................................... 140 8.1 V dialogu s vládnoucí mocí .......................................................................................... 140 8.1.1 Od všestrannosti k harmonii .................................................................................. 140 8.1.2 Zaštítění autoritativním diskursem ........................................................................ 147 8.1.3 Celkový vývoj v 70. a 80. letech ............................................................................ 157 8.2 Disciplinace „horem dolem“ ........................................................................................ 163 8.2.1 Kulturisté pod dohledem komunistické moci ........................................................ 163 8.2.2 Otázka steroidů ...................................................................................................... 167 9. Kulturismus a revoluce ................................................................................................... 174 9.1 Emancipace hnutí na konci 80. let ................................................................................ 174 9.2 Věc rodu a kulturismu .................................................................................................. 179 9.2.1 Z dějin ženského kulturismu .................................................................................. 179 9.2.2 Ženská kulturistika a sociální teorie....................................................................... 184 9.3 Stříbrný
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