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Isolation and Identification of Maple Tar Spot Pathogen in Acer Velutinum Trees in Dr

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ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان ﺳﺎل دوم/ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺳﻮم/ ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1393 ................................................................................................... 26 داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺳﺎري ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ دﮐﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮامﻧﯿﺎ ﺷﻬﺮام ﻣﻬﺪي ﮐﺮﻣﯽ1، ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ ﮐﺎوﺳﯽ2 و اﮐﺮم اﺣﻤﺪي3 1- داﻧﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ارﺷﺪ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن، (ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل: [email protected]) 2 و 3- داﻧﺸﯿﺎر و داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﮐﺘﺮي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 2/9/1392 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 1393/2/10 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا را ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﻧﻤﻮده اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺧﺰان زودرس، از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮگ، ﺳﺒﺐ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ رﺷﺪ، ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﭼﻮب و ﺑﺬر درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري روي ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ دﮐﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮامﻧﯿﺎ (ﺷﺼﺖﮐﻼﺗﻪ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن) اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ و ﮐﺸﺖ آن روي ﻣﺤﯿﻂ PDA، ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﮐﻪ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ رﻧﮓ و ﮐﺮﮐﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﻮد، ﺑﺪﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎزي، ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺎت رﻧﮓ و ﺷﮑﻞ اﺳﭙﻮر، ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ PDA، آﺳﮏﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ رﻧﮓ و ﭼﻤﺎﻗﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ و آﺳﮑﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﮏ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﯽ ﻧﺨﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ و ﮐﺸﯿﺪه در درون آﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻞ آﻣﺪه، ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي در درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ، ﻗﺎرچ Rhytisma acerinum ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داده ﺷﺪ. Downloaded from ifej.sanru.ac.ir at 23:41 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 واژهﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي: اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ، ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي، Rhytisma acerinum ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (13). ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎريﻫﺎي 1 درﺧﺖ اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ (Acer velutinum) ﺟﺰء ﺗﯿﺮه درﺧﺖ اﻓﺮا، ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ Aceraceae، راﺳﺘﻪ Sapindales و در ﺷﺎﺧﻪ اﺳﺎﻣﯽ ﻟﮑﻪ ﺳﯿﺎه ﺑﺮگ اﻓﺮا و ﻣﺮض ﺳﯿﺎه ﭘﻮﺳﺖ Magnoliophyta ﻗﺮار دارد. درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا از اﻓﺮا ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑـﺮگ درﺧﺘـﺎن اﻓـﺮا، ﻗـﺎرچﻫـﺎي Rhytisma ﻣﯽآﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ داراي ﺣﺠﻤﯽ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪود 5/7 درﺻﺪ ﺑﺎ R. Punctatum ،acerinum و R. Salicium 2 ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي 210 ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ در ﻫﮑﺘﺎر ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در رده آﺳﮑﻮﻣﯿﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار دارﻧﺪ 1- Rhytisma acerinum 2- Ascomycetes ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﻨﮕﻞﻫﺎي اﯾﺮان ﺳﺎل دوم/ ﺷﻤﺎره ﺳﻮم/ ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1393 ................................................................................................................................. 27 (15،8،2،1). اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر در اﯾﺮان ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎه رﻧﮓ روي ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا در ﺳﺎل 1318 ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺘﺮاك در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻤﺎل و ﻣﯽﺷﻮد. اﻃﺮاف ﺗﻬﺮان ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪ (2). ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗﯽ در ﻣﻮرد ﺑﯿﻤﺎريزاﯾﯽ، ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻤﺎري در ﺗﯿﺮﻣﺎه روي ﺑﺮگ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ و ﺳﯿﺘﻮﻟﻮژي اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎرچ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا ﺑﻪﺻﻮرت ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﺮدي ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ روﻧﺎﻟﺪ و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران (14) و ﭘﺎرﺗﺮﯾﺪﯾﮓ و وو (16)، 8 -7 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. ﺗﻌﺪاد اﯾﻦ ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎ ﭼــﺮﺧــﻪ زﻧــﺪﮔﯽ و ﺳﯿــﺘﻮﻟﻮژي ﻗـــﺎرچ زﯾﺎد و ﮔﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﺎ 50 ﻋﺪد ﻧﯿﺰ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ R. punctaphylum را ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ (16). ﻣﯽرﺳﺪ. رﻧﮓ ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا زرد رﻧﮓ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ دوراوﺗﺰ و ﻣﻮرﮔﺎن (6) ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ رﺷﺪ و ﻗﻬﻮهاي و در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺳﯿﺎه رﻧﮓ ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺧﺰان ﻧﻤﻮ آﺳﮑﻮﮐﺎرپ در ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي اﻓﺮا زودرس ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ را ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﯽﮔﺮدد. اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري را ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮار دادﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﺴﻦ، در ﺧﺰاﻧﻪﻫﺎ روي ﺷﮑﻞ اﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرچ R. acerinum ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻧﻬﺎلﻫﺎي ﺟﻮان درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش دارد و ﻧﺨﯽ ﺷﮑﻞ و ﮐﺸﯿﺪه و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺑﯽرﻧﮓ ﻣﯿﺰان ﺧﺴﺎرت آن در ﻧﻬﺎﻟﺴﺘﺎن ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ (9،7،4). ﻧﺤﻮهي اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرات اوﻟﯿﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﺧﺰان ﮐﻪ اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎي اﯾﻦ ﻗﺎرچ در ﭘﻬﻨﮏ ﺑﺮگ در زﯾﺮ زودرس ﺑﺮگ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ روي ﻧﺤﻮه ﻻﯾﻪ اﭘﯿﺪرﻣﯽ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪرﯾﺞ رﺷﺪ درﺧﺖ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﮔﺬارد (1). اﯾﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﯿﺰﺑﺎن ﻣﯽﺷﻮد (7،4،2). ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري روي ﺑﺮگ اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ، ﮐﺮب، ﺷﯿﺮدار، ﺳﻔﯿﺪﮐﺮﮐﻮ، ﮐﺮﮐﻮ، اﻓﺮاي درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا ﭘﻠﺖ در ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ ﺳﯿﺎه، ﮐﺮﮐﻒ و اﻓﺮاي ﺷﺒﻪﭼﻨﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي دﮐﺘﺮ ﺑﻬﺮامﻧﯿﺎ (ﺷﺼﺖﮐﻼﺗﻪ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن) ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻓﺮا (Acer) ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﺮان ﻣﻮرد و ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي ﻗﺮار Downloaded from ifej.sanru.ac.ir at 23:41 +0330 on Tuesday September 28th 2021 ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. ﻣﺤﻞ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري در ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﻣﻮاد و روشﻫﺎ درﯾﺎي ﺧﺰر، اﻃﺮاف ﺗﻬﺮان، ﮐﺮج و اﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻً ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري ﻧﻘﺎط ﮐﺸﻮر ﻣﯽﺑﺎﺷﺪ (10،7،2،1). ﮐﺎﻧﻮن و ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﮐﺸﺖ و ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﻤﮑﺎران (5) در ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﺧﻮد ﭘﯽ ﺑﺮدﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻟﮑﻪﻗﯿﺮي، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮگ آﻟﻮده درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮا ﭘﻠﺖ ﺑﻪ R. acerinum روي ﺑﺴﯿﺎري از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻓﺮا در ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي از ﺟﻨﮕﻞ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ و ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﯽ دﮐﺘﺮ اروﭘﺎ و آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺶ دارﻧﺪ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻻﭘﻮﯾﻨﺖ ﺑﻬﺮامﻧﯿﺎ (ﺷﺼﺖﮐﻼﺗﻪ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن) واﻗﻊ در ﺟﻨﻮب و ﺑﺮﯾﺴﻮن (12) در ﮐﺸﻮر آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺎرچ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮔﺮﮔﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ ﺟﻤﻊآوري R. acerinum ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺑﻪوﺟﻮد آﻣﺪن ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ. ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي درﺧﺘﺎن اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻟﮑﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ و ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﯿﺮي اﻓﺮاﭘﻠﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ اﯾﻦ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري روي درﺧﺘﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري، اﻓﺮا ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ، اﯾﺠﺎد ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ ﻣﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻪ اﺑﻌﺎد 5×5 ﻣﯿﻠﯽﻣﺘﺮ از روي زرد رﻧﮓ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ روي ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ، ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﺟﺪا ﺷﺪﻧﺪ (ﺷﮑﻞ 1). ﺷﺪن ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﯿﺮي ﺷﮑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ زرد ﺑﺮاي ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ 3-2 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ در ﻣﺤﻠﻮل رﻧﮓ ﺑﻮد اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﯿﭙﻮﮐﻠﺮﯾﺖ ﺳﺪﯾﻢ 10 درﺻﺪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺑﻮد (ﺷﮑﻞ 2). روي ﻫﺮ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ اﻟﮑﻞ 96% ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن 1 دﻗﯿﻘﻪ آﺳﯿﺐ دﯾﺪه دواﯾﺮي ﺑﻮﺟﻮد ﻣﯽآﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪي و اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﭘﺲ از اﺳﺘﺮﯾﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ در داﺧﻞ ﻫﺮ ﮐﺪام ﮐﻨﯿﺪﯾﻮﻓﻮرﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ در زﯾﺮ ﻻﻣﯿﻨﺎر اﯾﺮﻓﻠﻮ در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ، ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﮐﺸﺖ ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ 1 ﮐﺸﺖ PDA ﺑﺎ اﺳﯿﺪﯾﺘﻪ 5/4 ﮐﺸﺖ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﻟﮑﻪﻫﺎي روي ﺑﺮگ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﭘﺮﮔﻨﻪاي دﺳﺘﮕﺎه اﻧﮑﻮﺑﺎﺗﻮر در دﻣﺎي 1±25 درﺟﻪ ﮐﻪ در اﺛﺮ ﻗﺎرچ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﯿﻤﺎري روي ﻟﮑﻪ ﻗﯿﺮي اﻓﺮا ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯽﮔﺮاد و در ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﺎرﯾﮑﯽ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد آﻣﺪ، ﺳﻔﯿﺪ رﻧﮓ، ﮐﺮﮐﯽ در ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺳﻪ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ از ﮐﺸﺖ ﻗﺎرچ، ﻣﺠﺪد ﺷﮑﻞ و داراي رﺷﺪي ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯽ ﺑﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎزي ﻗﺎرچ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. 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  • POPULATION DYNAMICS of the SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum Platanoidis Schrank)

    POPULATION DYNAMICS of the SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum Platanoidis Schrank)

    POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE SYCAMORE APHID (Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank) by Frances Antoinette Wade, B.Sc. (Hons.), M.Sc. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London, and the Diploma of Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, U.K. August 1999 1 THESIS ABSTRACT Populations of the sycamore aphid Drepanosiphum platanoidis Schrank (Homoptera: Aphididae) have been shown to undergo regular two-year cycles. It is thought this phenomenon is caused by an inverse seasonal relationship in abundance operating between spring and autumn of each year. It has been hypothesised that the underlying mechanism of this process is due to a plant factor, intra-specific competition between aphids, or a combination of the two. This thesis examines the population dynamics and the life-history characteristics of D. platanoidis, with an emphasis on elucidating the factors involved in driving the dynamics of the aphid population, especially the role of bottom-up forces. Manipulating host plant quality with different levels of aphids in the early part of the year, showed that there was a contrast in aphid performance (e.g. duration of nymphal development, reproductive duration and output) between the first (spring) and the third (autumn) aphid generations. This indicated that aphid infestation history had the capacity to modify host plant nutritional quality through the year. However, generalist predators were not key regulators of aphid abundance during the year, while the specialist parasitoids showed a tightly bound relationship to its prey. The effect of a fungal endophyte infecting the host plant generally showed a neutral effect on post-aestivation aphid dynamics and the degree of parasitism in autumn.
  • Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi

    Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi

    b 10.35163/bagbahce.899831 8(2) 2021: 43-55 b E-ISSN: 2148-4015 Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi b http://edergi.ngbb.org.tr Araştırma Makalesi Azerbaycan Cumhuriyetinin Hirkan Florasının Dendroflorası Ve Bazı Türlerin Dendrokronolojik İncelemesi Bagırova Samire 1*, Hasanova Minare 2, Rasulova Aydan 3, Atayeva Leyla 4, Shukurova Nurlane 5 1Azerbaycan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi Dendroloji Enstitüsü, PHd (Bilimsel İşler Müdür Yardımcısı), Azerbaycan 2Azerbaycan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi, Dendroloji Enstitüsü (Bilimsel Sekreter), Azerbaycan 3Azerbaycan Ulusal Bilimler Akademisi, Dendroloji Enstitüsü (Asistan), Azerbaycan 3Azerbaycan Ulusal Devlet Pedagoji Üniversitesi (Tyutor-Özel Öyretmen), Azerbaycan *Sorumlu yazar / Correspondence: [email protected] Geliş/Received: 06.04.2021 • Kabul/Accepted: 26.08.2021 • Yayın/Published Online: 31.08.2021 Öz: Bu çalışmada Azerbaycan Cumhuriyeti’nde rölyefi, bitki örtüsü ve toprak örtüsünde farklılık gösteren Hirkan Bölgesi’ndeki Hirkan Milli Parkı'nın dendroflorası izlenmiş, bitki türleri belirlenmiş, taksonomik liste hazırlanmış ve dendrokronolojik özellikler araştırılmıştır. Çalışma alanı florasında 7 çalı oluşumlu 7 birlik tespit edilmiştir. 21 cinse ait 54 ağaç ve çalı türünden 11 tohum ve 86 herbaryum örneği 28 farklı alandan toplanarak laboratuvar koşullarında hazırlanmıştır. Herbaryum materyallerinin teşhisinde çeşitli referanslar kullanılmıştır. Toplanan herbaryumlar, Engler ve APG III-IV sistemleri temelinde incelenmiş, "herbaryum" ve "tohum" fonuna eklenmiştir. Dendrokronolojik çalışmaların
  • Diversity and Communities of Fungal Endophytes from Four Pi‐ Nus Species in Korea

    Diversity and Communities of Fungal Endophytes from Four Pi‐ Nus Species in Korea

    Supplementary materials Diversity and communities of fungal endophytes from four Pi‐ nus species in Korea Soon Ok Rim 1, Mehwish Roy 1, Junhyun Jeon 1, Jake Adolf V. Montecillo 1, Soo‐Chul Park 2 and Hanhong Bae 1,* 1 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea 2 Crop Biotechnology Institute, Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Kangwon 25354, Republic of Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; tel: 8253‐810‐3031 (office); Fax: 8253‐810‐4769 Keywords: host specificity; fungal endophyte; fungal diversity; pine trees Table S1. Characteristics and conditions of 18 sampling sites in Korea. Ka Ca Mg Precipitation Temperature Organic Available Available Geographic Loca‐ Latitude Longitude Altitude Tree Age Electrical Con‐ pine species (mm) (℃) pH Matter Phosphate Silicic acid tions (o) (o) (m) (years) (cmol+/kg) dictivity 2016 2016 (g/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) Ansung (1R) 37.0744580 127.1119200 70 45 284 25.5 5.9 20.8 252.4 0.7 4.2 1.7 0.4 123.2 Seosan (2R) 36.8906971 126.4491716 60 45 295.6 25.2 6.1 22.3 336.6 1.1 6.6 2.4 1.1 75.9 Pinus rigida Jungeup (3R) 35.5521138 127.0191565 240 45 205.1 27.1 5.3 30.4 892.7 1.0 5.8 1.9 0.2 7.9 Yungyang(4R) 36.6061179 129.0885334 250 43 323.9 23 6.1 21.4 251.2 0.8 7.4 2.8 0.1 96.2 Jungeup (1D) 35.5565492 126.9866204 310 50 205.1 27.1 5.3 30.4 892.7 1.0 5.8 1.9 0.2 7.9 Jejudo (2D) 33.3737599 126.4716048 1030 40 98.6 27.4 5.3 50.6 591.7 1.2 4.6 1.8 1.7 0.0 Pinus densiflora Hoengseong (3D) 37.5098629 128.1603840 540 45 360.1
  • Hypoglycin a Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses

    Hypoglycin a Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses

    J Vet Intern Med 2016;30:880–884 Hypoglycin A Concentrations in Maple Tree Species in the Netherlands and the Occurrence of Atypical Myopathy in Horses C.M. Westermann, R. van Leeuwen, L.W.D. van Raamsdonk, and H.G.J. Mol Background: Atypical myopathy (AM) in horses is caused by the plant toxin hypoglycin A, which in Europe typically is found in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus). Owners are concerned about whether their horses are in danger if they graze near maple trees. Hypothesis/Objectives: To measure hypoglycin A in the most common maple tree species in the Netherlands, and to determine whether concentration of toxin is a predictor of AM in horses. Methods: A total of 278 samples of maple tree leaves, sprouts, and seeds were classified by species. Mean concentrations of hypoglycin A were compared for the type of sample, the season and the occurrence of AM in the pasture (non-AM versus AM). Statistical analysis was performed using generalized a linear model (SPPS22). Results: Almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A, with concentrations differing significantly among sources (P < .001). Concentrations were significantly higher in seeds from the AM group than in seeds from the non- AM group (856 Æ 677 and 456 Æ 358 mg/kg, respectively; P = .039). In sprouts and leaves this was not the case. Acer pla- tanoides and Acer campestre samples did not contain detectable concentrations of hypoglycin A. Conclusions and clinical importance: Acer platanoides and campestre seem to be safe around paddocks and pastures, whereas almost all Acer pseudoplatanus samples contained hypoglycin A.
  • Rhytisma Acerinum, Cause of Tar-Spot Disease of Sycamore Leaves

    Rhytisma Acerinum, Cause of Tar-Spot Disease of Sycamore Leaves

    Mycologist, Volume 16, Part 3 August 2002. ©Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom. DOI: 10.1017/S0269915X02002070 Teaching techniques for mycology: 18. Rhytisma acerinum, cause of tar-spot disease of sycamore leaves ROLAND W. S. WEBER1 & JOHN WEBSTER2 1 Lehrbereich Biotechnologie, Universität Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 23, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. E-mail [email protected] 2 12 Countess Wear Road, Exeter EX2 6LG, U.K. E-mail [email protected] Name of fungus power binocular microscope where the spores are dis- charged in puffs and float in the air. In nature, they are Teleomorph: Rhytisma acerinum (Pers.) Fr. (order carried even by slight air currents and probably become Rhytismatales, family Rhytismataceae) attached to fresh sycamore leaves by means of their Anamorph: Melasmia acerina Lév. mucilage pad, followed by their germination and pene- tration through stomata (Butler & Jones, 1949). Within Introduction: Features of interest a few weeks, an extensive intracellular mycelium devel- Tar-spot disease on leaves of sycamore (Acer pseudopla- ops and becomes visible to the unaided eye from mid- tanus L.) is one of the most easily recognised foliar plant July onwards as brownish-black lesions surrounded by a diseases caused by a fungus (Figs 1 and 4). First yellow border (Fig 4). This is the anamorphic state, described by Elias Fries in 1823, knowledge of it had Melasmia acerina Lév. (Sutton, 1980). Each lesion con- become well-established by the latter half of the 19th tains several roughly circular raised areas less than 1 century (e.g. Berkeley, 1860; Massee, 1915). The mm diam., the conidiomata (Fig 5), within which coni- causal fungus, Rhytisma acerinum, occurs in Europe dia are produced.
  • Natural Regeneration of Sycamore Maple in Southern Sweden and Lithuania

    Natural Regeneration of Sycamore Maple in Southern Sweden and Lithuania

    Natural regeneration of Sycamore maple in southern Sweden and Lithuania Vidas Ambrazevičius Institutionen för sydsvensk skogsvetenskap Supervisor: Emma Holmström SLU Box 49 SE-230 53 Alnarp Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Telefon: 040-41 50 00 Master Thesis no. 252 Telefax: 040-46 23 25 Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Alnarp 2016 Natural regeneration of Sycamore maple in southern Sweden and Lithuania Vidas Ambrazevičius Supervisor: Emma Holmström, SLU Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Examiner: Eric Agestam, SLU Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Master Thesis no. 252 Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre Alnarp 2016 MSc thesis in Forest Management – Euroforester Master Program SM001 Advanced Level (A2E), SLU course code EX0630, 30 ECTS Abstract Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) is a widespread but minor species in many central European countries. In Sweden and Lithuania it is non-native tree species, but natural distribution range is less than 100 km away in neighbouring countries. However here sycamore is able to regenerate and disperse to local forest stands. The aim of the study was to investigate sycamore regeneration in different forest stands and clearcuts adjacent to sycamore seed source stands. The study was conducted in southern Sweden and southwestern Lithuania. 30 sycamore source 48 adjacent stands of spruce, beech, oak, pine and clearcuts were selected for the survey. Results revealed that dominant tree species of adjacent stand and distance from a sycamore seed source were the most sycamore regeneration density influencing factors. The most suitable conditions for naturally regenerated sycamore were in oak stands. Sycamore regeneration was more abundant in the sample plots closer to the source stand and had a tendency to be influenced by prevailing winds.
  • Plant Biodiversity of Zarm-Rood Rural

    Plant Biodiversity of Zarm-Rood Rural

    ﻋﺒﺎس ﻗﻠﯽﭘﻮر و ﻫﻤﮑﺎران داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻨﺒﺪ ﮐﺎووس ﻧﺸﺮﯾﻪ "ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻮم ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن" دوره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ، ﺷﻤﺎره دﻫﻢ، ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 96 http://pec.gonbad.ac.ir ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ دﻫﺴﺘﺎن زارمرود، ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﮑﺎ (ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران) ﻋﺒﺎس ﻗﻠﯽﭘﻮر1*، ﻧﺴﯿﻢ رﺳﻮﻟﯽ2، ﻣﺠﯿﺪ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﻬﻮﺟﯽ3 1داﻧﺸﯿﺎر ﮔﺮوه زﯾﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر، ﺗﻬﺮان 2 داﻧﺶآﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽارﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻮم ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، داﻧﺸﮑﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر، ﺗﻬﺮان 3اﺳﺘﺎدﯾﺎر ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮑﺪه ﮔﯿﺎﻫﺎن داروﯾﯽ ﺟﻬﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ، ﮐﺮج ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ: 12/10/1394؛ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﭘﺬﯾﺮش: 1395/12/19 ﭼﮑﯿﺪه1 دﻫﺴﺘﺎن ز ارمرود در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺰارﺟﺮﯾﺐ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻧﮑﺎ (اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺎزﻧﺪران)، ﻗﺮار دارد. اﯾﻦ دﻫﺴﺘﺎن ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ اي ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﯽ ﺣﺪود 609 ﮐﯿﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ، در داﻣﻨﻪ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﯽ 1700 ﺗﺎ 2100 ﻣﺘﺮ از ﺳﻄﺢ درﯾﺎ ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﻠﻮر ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻃﯽ ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي 1391 و1392، ﺟﻤﻊآوري و ﺑﺎ اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨـﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺘﯿﮏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 172 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ، ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ 146 ﺟﻨﺲ از 69 ﺗﯿﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺷـﺪ. ﺗ ﯿـ ﺮه Fabaceae ﺑﺎ داﺷﺘﻦ 12 ﺟﻨﺲ و 16 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﯿ ﺮهﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣ ﯽﺷﻮد. از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ زﯾﺴـﺘ ﯽ، 37 درﺻﺪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﻤ ﯽﮐﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 26 درﺻﺪ ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ، 19 درﺻﺪ ﮐﺮﯾﭙﺘﻮﻓﯿﺖ، 17 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺮوﻓﯿﺖ و 1 درﺻﺪ ﮐﺎﻣ ﻪﻓﯿﺖ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﻓﺮاواﻧﯽ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﺎﻧﺮوﻓﯿﺖ ﺑﺎ وﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ رﯾﺨﺘﺎر ﺟﻨﮕﻠﯽ ﻫﻤﺨﻮاﻧﯽ دارد. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي ﮔﯿﺎﻫﯽ، 36 درﺻﺪ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ روﯾﺸﯽ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ارو - ﺳـ ﯿﺒﺮي، Downloaded from pec.gonbad.ac.ir at 6:30 +0330 on Friday October 1st 2021 23 درﺻﺪ از ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﺣﯿ ﻪاي، 16 درﺻﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﻋﻨﺼﺮ روﯾﺸﯽ ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ارو - ﺳﯿﺒﺮي و اﯾﺮان- ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ، 14 درﺻﺪ اﯾﺮان – ﺗﻮراﻧﯽ و 2 درﺻﺪ ﺟﻬﺎن وﻃﻨﯽ ﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ.