Plant & Fungal Research (2018) 1(1): 2-8 © The Institute of Botany, ANAS, Baku, http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/plantfungalres.1 December 2018

The flora of Azerbaijan for the world horticulture

Valida M. Ali-zade1 Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, There is a common opinion that the Caucasus is one Badamdar 40, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan of the most beautiful regions in the World. Not only lo- Tatyana Shulkina2 The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, cal patriots love the place but also visitors admire the Chicago, IL 60605 USA beauty of the region. Wonderful mountains peaks cov- ered with snow, subalpine and alpine meadows with Abstract: The Caucasus is the first and only one area unusual and mountain rivers with crystal water within the former Soviet Union identified as a “bio- - all are very impressive. The nature of the Caucasus is diversity hotspots” among 25 other areas worldwide. extraordinary rich and there is a historical explanation Recent publication of the new geographical map con- of this fact. The matter is the Caucasus is one of three firmed the Caucasus as a part of Europe. Among south- regions in the Northern Hemisphere that survived since ern Caucasus countries Azerbaijan is country with the the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene. They are: 1) the Heng- most botanical riches possesing the extremely diverse duan and Qingling mountains in south-central China, native flora – a wonderful source for horticulture needs 2) the southeastern United States, and 3) the western that is provided by each of types of vegetation with Eurasia (Mediterranean), including the Caucasus [Ra- valuable ornamental . The list of important orna- ven, 2013, Borsch, 2014].That is why the flora of the mental plants that there are great possibilities for intro- Caucasus is very rich - it includes 6,300 species of vas- duction activity in different environmental conditions cular plants with a great deal of endemics - 2,790 spp. and short analysis their origin and distribution in Azer- [Solomon, Shulkina, Schatz, 2013]. It means that more baijan have been shown in the article., shrubs and than two thousand and a half species occur only in the herbaceous species, growing in the regions of Azerbai- Caucasus and nowhere else. Among 25 areas worldwide jan, many of which are promising for gardering are only the Caucasus within the former Soviet Union is unknown or poorly known in horticulture. It was em- area identified as a “biodiversity hotspots”. phasized the Talysh herbaceous endemics are of consid- The nature of the Caucasus has been studied in de- erable horticulture interest because of highly attractive tails, but actually each region has been treated separate- nature. Some species are extremely rare in nature and in ly not as a part of the entire region. The reason of such cultivation. It is noted, that the large collections of the an approach was political isolation of the large part of ornamental species are under investigation in the the Caucasus that used to belong to the Soviet Union Central Botanical Garden and arboretum in Baku. Some Empire. Recently the Komarov Botanical Institute has plants from this collection are promising ornamentals started publication Caucasian Flora Conspectus [2003] and might be successfully grown in the gardens. Azer- that covers three southern Caucasian countries (Arme- baijan is country where many species are dissappeared nia, Azerbaijan, ) and the north part of the re- because of ongoing perils such as habitat loss, over col- gion belonging to Russia. Absence of the general analy- lection, new roads and industrial developments, etc. sis was the reason why the Caucasus was not presented There are powerful reasons to protect this great diver- in the Flora Europaea, and in the Med-Checklist, which sity of species from increasing pressures, given its ex- inventoried the vascular plants of the Mediterranean ceptional importance for endangered wildlife. countries. Some years ago geographical position of the Caucasus was a subject for discussion – whether the Key Words: ornamental plants, wild species, origin, Caucasus is a part of Europe or it should be included in distribution, introduction, Caucasus. Asia. Recent publication of the new geographical map confirmed the Caucasus as a part of Europe [Bohn et al. 2003]. The new edition of the Flora Europaea (if any) Accepted for publication: 5 December 2018 should include the Caucasian plants. The Caucasian 1,2E-mail: [email protected]; botanists have to become active members of the World [email protected] botanical community.

2 Ali-zade and Shulkina: Flora of Azerbaijan

It is especially true for Azerbaijan largely because it western and Southeastern regions, namely in Azerbai- is the botanically rich country within the Caucasus [Ko- jan. Many of these species are common with Medi- rjagin, 1950-1961]. The flora of the country is of great terranean Region and are well known in horticulture. interest for any botanists, including ethnobotanists and Thus, beech, Fagus orientalis Lipsky is the most noble gardeners. The Caucasian flora is a wonderful source of trees, can be seen all over in the gardens in differ- of new food and medicinal plants and new ornamentals. ent continents. In the Caucasus this species occupies As it is known the Caucasus was one of the major cen- 25% of all forest territory [Grossheim, 1952]. Common ters of economic plants [Vavilov, 1958-1964]. Many hornbeam, Carpinus betulus L., and some oaks such as important food plants came from the Caucasus such as chestnut-leaved oaks Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey. cereal species, rye, pea, Colchis flax, most of the pear and Q. macranthera Fisch. & C.A. Mey.ex Hohen. are species, oriental apple, medlar, cornelian cherry, cherry, well known as well. However, Azerbaijan forests have and plump. Some of the ancestral species and their rela- a number of unique characters and species unknown for tives still grow in the wild and they are of great interest horticulture. Thus, in southeastern region of the country for practical agricultural specialists for future hybrid- the major in the forest is Persian iron wood, Par- ization work. The territory of the Caucasus is the home- rotia persica (DC.) C.A. Mey. It is a member of mono- land for many well-known ornamentals. The process of typic genus of the Hamamelidaceae family, endemic to introduction of new plants into world horticulture was Talysh and northern . The Talysh forest has been very slow during the last 80 years due to the political called “Hyrcanian” by botanists as an indication of their isolation. Right now these countries are open for col- age [Grossheim, 1960]. The Hyrcanian Sea filled an laboration and new opportunities exist. ancient large basin and was the predecessor of today’s The flora of Azerbaijan includes 4500 species of vas- . However, the Talysh mountains were nev- cular plants, where 950 are the Caucasian and 200 are er submerged, and this is why the endemic P. persica national endemics [Ali-zade et al. 2013]. Forests occu- has persisted here since the early Tertiary period. This py 11.4% of the territory, predominately in the Greater tree forms here nearly pure stand. It is actually almost and the Lesser Caucasus and also in the Talysh Region– unknown in gardens and even the wonderful Manual it is the southeastern part of the country. Presence of the of Trees & Shrubs, completed by J. Hillier [1981] and forest tracts differ the Caucasus from East Mediterra- published in the Great Britain presents wrong descrip- nean Region, where native forests almost disappeared. tion of this species. In nature it is a tree up Plains, steppes and deserts occupy 31.8% of the terri- to 25 m tall of wide spreading habit, not “a large shrub tory, and more than a half of the country is mountains or small tree” as it is described in the Manual. The rea- and highlands. Azerbaijan demonstrates an extremely son of this mistake is probably in that it is a very slow diverse native flora - a wonderful source for horticul- growing plant that creates a wrong impression of its tural needs. Each of these types of vegetation can pro- size. This tree is not only a slow growing but also an vide horticulture with valuable ornamental plants. A extremely long living plant. There are many trees in number of Azerbaijan species are already among well- Talysh forest which are hundreds of years old. Large known garden plants. Silk tree, Albizia julibrissin Du- dark green leathery turn crimson with lilac tint razz., might be a good example. This wonderful grace- in autumn. Leaves do not fall down until mid of winter ful tree can be seen in many gardens in Europe and in and beautify the forest with its color for a long autumn the United States. Successful in gardens are Gladiolus and a part of winter. Plant can be used as a solitary tree atroviolaceus Boiss. and Primula juliae Kusn. – аlso and for hedging purposes. native to Azerbaijan. However, many species that are Talysh being a unique floristic region [Gadjiev et al, promising for gardening are unknown or poorly known 1979] has a floral composition that differs from that in in horticulture. Therefore, the flora should be carefully neighboring regions in Azerbaijan and Iran especially in studied and ornamentals can be found in different type a number of relicts of the Tertiary period. It is not only of vegetation. P. persica but also silk tree (Persian pink siris), Albizia Gardeners usually pay much attention to woody julibrissin Durazz., Zelkova hyrcana Grossh. & Jarm., plants. Forests in Azerbaijan are rich. According to that in Western publications sometimes included in Zel- S. Sokolov studies [1965] the entire number of genera kova carpiniifolia (Pall.) K. Koch – a large tree that with woody and semi-wooden plants in the Caucasus is is a very long living plant deserving much attention. 176 and the large number of species grow in the South- Some other species should be mentioned here such as

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Oriental persium, Diospurus lotus L., Hyrcan butcher’s tall tree with very large leaves; A. trautvetteri Medw. - a broom, Ruscus hyrcanus Woronow, Alexander laurel, medium size tree with large five lobed leaves (14-16 Danae racemosa (L.) Moench, Hyrcan box-tree, Buxus cm). Also in southeastern region one can see Fraxinus hyrcana Pojark. The only representative from the ge- coriariifolia Scheele, Corylus colurna L. Cydonia ob- nus L. within the flora of the former Soviet longa L., Pistacia mutica Fisch. & C.A. Mey.-unknown Union grows in Lankaran region in lowland and in hills. and well known plants. Unknown for horticulture are Gleditsia caspica Desf. is a middle size tree with trunks Populus euphratica Olivier – a medium size tree with formidably armed with numerous spines. Leaflets larger rounded slightly toothed leaves; and Populus hyrcana than in most species. It is a very good plant for hedging Grossh. – also a medium size tree with rhomb-shaped purposes. In mountain forest one can see a nice maple leaves, pale green, almost white due to woolly hair. – Acer hyrcanum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Hyrcan maple is a Both species are very spectacular, heat and dry resis- tree up to 15 m in height with five-lobed leaves. It is a tance; recommended for special environmental condi- very slow growing plant, recorded in cultivation only in tions [Shulkina, 2004]. A number of native trees are warm regions [Safarov, 2009]. Most of mentioned spe- under investigation in the Azerbaijan Botanical Gardens cies are included in the Red Book of Azerbaijan and oc- and Arboreta. cur in the reservation. The Hirkan State Reserve (2906 Shrubs in the Caucasus are represented in a number hectares) was established in Talysh in 1936 for the con- of genera such as Berberis L., Hymenocrater Fisch. & servation of relict and endemic species of the tertiary C.A. Mey., Euonymus L., Lonicera L., Punica L., Rosa period that were found in this region. Later, in 2004, the L., and others. Within the genus Berberis L. two species State Reserve was transformed into the Hirkan National should be mentioned: B. densiflora Boiss. & Buhse and Park covers an area of 21.435 hectares with 1200 plant B. iberica Steven, & Fisch. ex DC. - both shrubs are of species being endemic and need conservation. medium size, with leathery leaves and many flowered There are a number of oak species in the Azerbai- (20) ; bright red in autumn. They are dry jan forests that are unknown or poorly known such as resistant. However, Berberis species are not very much Q. iberica Steven, Q. boissieri Reut. and Q. pubescens desirable for American gardens due to many reasons Willd. The first species – Q. iberica is a large tree (20- (diseases etc.). Semi-shrub Hymenocrater bituminosus 40 m) with rather large leaves (up to 20 cm long and Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Lamiaceae Lindl.) occurs in steppe 10 cm wide). It is distinguished by being very dry re- in hills. It has erect stem up to 1 m tall, and yellow- sistant plant. Q. boissieri – usually shrubby, occasion- violet numerous flowers in spike- like inflorescence ally a small tree is also very good for dry region. Q. (verticillaster). Extremely dry resistant. A well-known pubscens can be used for topiary forms. Betula radeana plant for hedge everywhere is Euonymus europaeus L. Trautv. is a small or medium size tree and can be used – “spindle”. However, in the Caucasus in Azerbaijan for hedges. Among other woody plants that merit horti- occurs Euonymus velutina Fisch. & C.A. Mey. that is cultural attention might be mentioned: Pinus kochiana one of the most beautiful species in the genus. Akin to Klotzsch ex K. Koch – a small tree or shrub, Juniperus E. europaeus it differs in its wider and numerous inflo- foetidissima Willd. – a small tree; both species are cold rescences, and numerous bright colored fruits. Cauca- and dry resistant. The genus Pyrus L. (pears) has many sian honeysuckles, Lonicera caprifolium L. grows here representatives in the Caucasus, especially in the south- in nature. Honeysuckles are long cultivated climber ern regions (Musayev et al. 2009). These species are plants, but L. iberica Bieb. is very rare in gardens in of interest not only for their but also for beauti- spite of the fact that it is very beautiful having orbicular ful shape and leaves. P. boissieriana Buhse – a tree leaves and bright red berries that make this a distinc- or shrub up to 5 m tall; P. grossheimii Fed. – a tall tree tive species. The genus Rosa represents in Azerbaijan with oval shape; P. hyrcana Fed. – a tall tree, with no by the species that are of wide distribution within the spiny branches; P. vsevolodii Heideman – a small tree; Caucasus, such as Rosa boissieri Crep., R. iberica Ste- P. eldarica Grossh. – a shrub 1 m tall; P. salicifolia ven ex Bieb., R. pulverulenta Bieb.; and also by the Pall. – a tree 8-10 m tall, leaves narrow silvery-grey; P. species restricted to a small region: R. komarovii Sosn., medvedevii Rubtz. – a tree 10-12 m with long branches. R. karjaginii Sosn., R. zangezura P. Jarosch. Azerbai- All mentioned plants are quite tolerant both for drought jan botanists have been studying garden roses for many and cold. Some other wooden plants are very promising years since 70 years of the last century. The large col- for world horticulture, such as Acer velutinum Boiss. - a lections of the garden roses are located in the Central

4 Ali-zade and Shulkina: Flora of Azerbaijan

Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences Juss. Endemics of Talysh region – Crocus polyanthus of Azerbaijan in Baku. Complex of biological and ag- Grossh., and also C. caspius Fish. & C.A. Mey., and C. ronomical traits allowed identifying 184 rose varieties adamii J. Gay are of special interest. The family Lili- recommended for use in landscaping and gardening and aceae Juss. has wonderful representatives in Azerbai- the city beautification in Absheron and Azerbaijan cit- jan. First of all it is a beautiful lily – Lilium ledebourii ies [Iskanderov et al., 2017]. Experience in breeding (Baker) Boiss. occurs in Talysh and north Iran. It has roses in the Central Botanical Garden has indicated that snow white flowers with bright scarlet anthers. Itis the research of intervarietal and distance hybridization very strange that it has not been so far introduced into during 2009-2014 years were received more than 800 horticulture and involved into hybridization. The other hybrid seedlings. species – L. monadelphum Bieb. is well-known. Genus Evergreen plants are very desirable for horticulture. Fritillaria L. has also unusual species, poorly known in Some of them are found in this particular flora: Ilex horticulture – it is a species described by A. Grossheim hyrcana Pojark. with small leaves; Hedera pastuchowii from Talysh region (Leric and Yardymlinsky districts) Woronow climbing vine with large leaves; and Buxus – F. grandiflora Grossh. with flowers large, solitary, hyrcana Pojark. a very dry resistant plant. In subalpine brown-purple, checkered. Other species F. caucasica zones one can see Rhododendron caucasicum Pall.– it Adams and F. armena Boiss. also deserve to be intro- is a parent of old hardy hybrids widely used in horticul- duced to horticulture. The genus Tulipa L. is not very ture, while the other Rhododendron – R. luteum Sweet is numerous in Azerbaijan, however, these species are deciduous species, well-known fragrant azalea. Strong very beautiful. Thus T. eichleri Regel (section Leioste- fragrance is also recorded for Philadelphus caucasicus mones) is a classical tulip with bright red flowers - it is Koehne – shrub 3 m high, with large flowers produced the best in Azerbaijan. Others are nice as well: T. floren- in clusters of 7-11. Species is almost unknown in hor- skyi Woronow, T. julia K. Koch. The flowers of these ticulture. This short list includes only a small part of three species are beautiful but T. eichleri is the best. Azerbaijan woody plants; however it shows that there Many other monocot species deserve special attention are great possibilities for horticulture to choose new [Ibadli, 2002]. Among them local endemics (Ornithog- ornamental species for different environmental condi- alum hyrcanum Grossh.–Talysh) and species that occur tions. A number of trees and shrubs have been studied widely in the Caucasus (Scilla caucasica Miscz., Mus- in the Botanical Garden and Arboreta. The introduction cari neglectum Guss., Sternbergia fischeriana (Herb.) activity might be illustrated by numbers. The first num- M. Roem., Allium paradoxum (Bieb.) G.Don fil.) and ber – 223 shows how many woody plants were grown many others. in the park and gardens in the capital city – in Baku in Ornamental dicots are very numerous within the flo- the middle of the last century. This set consists of native ra of Azerbaijan. Unknown and poorly known species plants and species from all over the World. There were can be recorded even within famous garden genera such 40 species from Asia (mostly from Japan and China) as Campanula L., Geranium L., Paeonia L., Primula and 23 species from North America [Agamirov 1977]. L., Saxifraga L. Let us take Paeonia- the famous and Right now the number of introduced species originated favorite garden plant. As is known that almost all va- from Asia is 187 and the number North American spe- rieties of garden Paeonia originated from one species cies was doubled. – Paeonia lactiflora Pall. that occurs in the Far East Herbaceous plants of the Caucasus are enormously (Russia, Manchuria, Korea, China, Tibet). Just a few diverse and many genera well-known in horticulture cultivars originated from European species P. officina- have representatives in the flora of Azerbaijan. Among lis L. Selection in Paeony needs fresh blood and the monocots one of the richest genus is Iris. Name just Caucasus can help in it. In Talysh forests one can see a few: I. caucasica Hoffm., I. schischkinii Grossh., I. a wonderful plant – Paeonia tomentosa (Lomak.) N. pseudocaucasica Grossh., I. atropatana Grossh., I. Busch having unusual light yellow flowers with dark reticulata Bieb., I. hyrcana Woronow ex Grossh., I. red stamen stalk. This color is new for the genus – demetri Achv. & Mirzoeva, I. musulmanica Fomin, I. therefore it will be a horticultural discovery. Another cartaliniae Fomin, I. paradoxa Steven, I. alexeenkoi yellow-flowered species – P. mlokosewitschii Lomak. Grossh., I. imbricata Lindl. Not many species of this list occurring in northwestern region of Azerbaijan, in Za- were taken in horticulture; it will be done in future. The gatala reserve was more successful in introduction and genus Crocus L. belongs to the same family Iridaceae now it presents in some botanical gardens in Europe and

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USA. Both species are gems of the genus. A wonderful impacts will interact with various environmental fac- plant from rocky places in Southern Caucasus is stone- tors. Caucasus ecoregion, including Azerbaijan is also cress – Aethionema edentulum N. Busch– it is an ever- the “hotspot” – area to a great diversity of species and green subshrub (20-30 cm) with blue-green foliage and a globally significant ecosystems, where many species with numerous pink flowers. A flowering period lasts are dissappeared [Red Book of Azerbaijan, 2013]. for two months that makes this species a very valuble The Caucasus is the first and only one area within for horticulture. Some new species of Primula might the former Soviet Union identified as a “biodiversity be taken to horticulture such as P. heterochroma Stapf. hotspots” among 25 other areas worldwide. Recent Bellflowers are mostly known from alpine zone (Cam- publication of the new geographical map confirmed the panula aucheri A.DC.), some are recorded from steppe Caucasus as a part of Europe. Among southern Cau- and hills (C. stevenii Bieb.). casus countries Azerbaijan is a country with the most Many Azerbaijan botanists paid attention to orna- botanical riches possesing the extremely diverse native mental promising plants. Some of them have named flora – a wonderful source for horticulture needs that the most valuable ones. Thus H. Safarov [2009] offered is provided by each of types of vegetation with valu- to taste in cultivation: Allium lenkaranicum Miscz. ex able ornamental plants. The list of important ornamen- Grossh., Muscari grosshemii Schchian, Epimedium tal plants that there are great possibilities for introduc- pinnatum Fisch., Papaver chelidoniifolium Boiss. & tion activity in different environmental conditions and Buchse, Alchemilla hyrcana (Bus.) Juz., Alcea hyr- short analysis their origin and distribution in Azerbai- cana (Grossh.) Grossh., Primula heterochroma Stapf, jan have been shown in the article.Trees, shrubs and Scrophularia clausii Boiss. & Buhse. herbaceous species, growing in the regions of Azer- The family is one of the dominated baijan, many of which are promising for gardering are families within the Caucasian flora. The representa- unknown or poorly known in horticulture. It was em- tives from the family were the objects of special studies phasized the Talysh herbaceous endemics are of consid- (Aghayeva et al., 2018). Plants were collected in Quba erable horticulture interest because of highly attractive and Qusar. Collection covers 28 genera (belonging to nature. Some species are extremely rare in nature and in 11 tribes) and 49 species. New localities were recorded cultivation. It is noted, that the large collections of the for Callicephalus nitens (Bieb.) C.A. Mey., Centaurea ornamental plant species are under investigation in the cheiranthifolia Willd., Leontodon danubialis Jacq. Life Central Botanical Garden and arboretum in Baku. Some forms and rhythm of vegetation were studied. It was plants from this collection are promising ornamentals shown that life form and longevity of life depend on and might be successfully grown in the gardens. Azer- environmental conditions of the place of origin. One baijan is country where many species are dissappeared and the same plant species might grow as annual, bien- because of ongoing perils such as habitat loss, over col- nial, or perennial. Thus, Erigeron acris L., Lactuca ser- lection, new roads and industrial developments, etc. riola L., and vernalis Walds. & Kit. may grow There are powerful reasons to protect this great diver- as both annual or biennial, (S. vernalis sometimes as sity of species from increasing pressures, given its ex- perennial), while Carduus nutans L. is mainly peren- ceptional importance for endangered wildlife. nial. Some plants from this collection are promising ornamentals and might be successfully grown in the REFERENCES gardens. Agamirov, U.M, (1977) Novie drevesniye porodi dlya This short analysis has a goal to show that the flora of ozeleneniya Apsherona. Elm, Baku. 112 p. (In Rus- Azerbaijan is a wonderful source for ornamental plants. sian) New evergreen and deciduous woody plants might be Aghayeva P.N., Garakhani P.X., Huseynova A., Ali- added to horticulture. New perennials will beautify the zade V.M. (2018) Wild ornamental plants of the fam- current set of herbaceous plants. What is of importance ily Asteraceae from the northeastern part of Azerbai- is the fact that many of them are dry resistant. The terri- jan. Чoрноморський ботанiчний журнал. tory of Azerbaijan is situated from climate zone 5 (high 14(3): 204-212. mountains area) until zone 7 in Lenkaran region. There- Ali-zade V.M., Hajiev V.C., Kerimov V., Musaev S., fore most species will be successful in Midwest and in Abdiyeva R. (2013) Azerbaijan. P. 73-108 In: J. Sol- the West Coast regions in the USA. omon, T. Shulkina, J. Schatz (editors), Red List of Next climate change and increasing anthropogenic the Endemic Plants of the Caucasus. MBG Press,

6 Ali-zade and Shulkina: Flora of Azerbaijan

St. Louis, USA Sokolov S.Y., Sviazeva O. A. (1965) Khorologia Bohn U., Neuhausl R. (2003) Map of the Natural Veg- drevesnykh rastenii SSSR. Moskwa: Nauka, 39s. etation in Europe. Teil 3, Karten. Landwirtschaufts- (In Russian) verlag, Munster. Solomn J., Shulkina T., Schatz G. (2013) Red List of the Borsch T. (2014) Caucasus. Plant diversity between the Endemic Plants of the Caucasus. , Azerbai- Black and Caspian Seas. Eds. G. Parolly, K. Grotz, jan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, and . MBG, St. W. Lack. 232 p. Louis, USA Flora Azerbaidjana (1950-1961) Ed.: I.I. Kojagin.Baku: Vavilov N.I. (1958-1964) Izbrannye sochinenia. Mos- AN Azerb. SSR, 1-8. (In Russian) cow, I-IV: 1200s. (In Russian) Gadjiyev V., Guliyeva Kh., Vagabov Z. (1979) Flora i rastitelnost visokoqoriy Talysha. Baku: Elm, 159 p. Azərbaycan florası dünya bağçılığında (In Russian) Grossheim A.A. (1952) Flora of the Caucasus, 5. Validə M. Əli-zadə İzdadelstvo Akademiya Nauk, Moskva. 453 pp. (In AMEA Botanika İnstitutu, Badamdar şossesi 40, Bakı, Russian) AZ1004, Azərbaycan Grossheim A.A. (1948) V qorax Talysha. Izdadelstvo Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Moskva, 122 p. (In Rus- Tatyana Şulkina sian) Təbii Tarixi Çöl Muzeyi, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Çi- Hillier J., R. (1981) Manual of Trees and Shrubs. Red- kaqo, Illinoys 60605, ABŞ wood Burn Ltd, Trowbridge, Wilt, UK. Ibadli O. (2002) Qafqazın geofitləri. Baku: Elm, 271 p. Keçmiş Sovet İttifaqında Qafqaz ilk və yeganə ərazidir Iskenderov A.T., Gafarova O.O., Farzaliyev V.S. (2017) ki, dünyada “biomüxtəliflik üzrə qaynar nöqtə”lər kimi Rezultati i perspektivi seleksii sadovix roz v Sentral- tanınan 25 ərazidiən biridir. Yeni coğrafi xəritənin son nom Botanicheskom Sadu NAN Azerbaidjana. Bul- nəşrində Qafqaz Avropanın bir hissəsi kimi təsdiq ed- leten Qlavniqo Botanicheskoqo Sada, RAN 3: 194- ilib. Cənubi Qafqaz ölkələri arasında Azərbaycan old- 198. (In Russian) uqca rəngarəng təbii floraya və bitkiliyə malik – bağçılıq Konspekt Flori Kavkaza (2003-2006) Ed. A.L. Takhta- ehtiyacları üçün qiymətli hər tip dekorativ bitkilərin fü- jan, 1, 2, 3. St. Petersburg University Press, St. Pe- sunkar mənbəyini təmin edən ölkədir. Məqalədə müxtəlif tersburg. (In Russian) ətraf mühit şəraitinə introduksiya üçün böyük imkanları Musaev S., Farzaliev V., Abdiyeva R., Ali-zade V. olan mühüm dekorativ bitkilərin siyahısı, Azərbaycanda (2009) Obzor i otsenka statusa potetsialno ischeza- onların mənşəyi və yayılmasının qısa təhlili verilmişdir. yushikh vidov Pyrus L. v Azerbaidjane. Trudi Insti- Azərbaycanın müxtəlif bölgələrində bitən və əksəriyyəti tuta Botaniki Natsionalnoy Akademii Nauk Azerbai- bağçılıq üçün münasib olan ağaclar, kollar və otlar djana. Baku: Elm, 29: 9-15. (In Russian) bağçılıq üçün ətraflı araşdırılmayıb və ya az öyrənilib. Raven P.H. (2013) Foreword. In: Solomon J., Shulkina Qeyd edilib ki, Talışın ot endemləri yüksək cəlbedici T., Schatz G. Red list of the Endemic Plants of the xüsusiyyətlərinə görə bağçılıqda böyük maraq doğurur. Caucasus. MBG, St. Louis, USA, 451 pp. Bəzi növlər təbiətdə və əkinlərdə olduqca nadir halda Red book of Azerbaijan. (2013) Rare and endangered rast gəlinir. Qeyd edilir ki, dekorativ bitki növlərinin plant and fungi species. Second edition., Baku, 676 böyük kolleksiyaları Mərkəzi Botanika Bağında və pp. Bakıda yerləşən dendraridə araşdırılır. Bu kolleksiyada Rozy v Tsentralnom Botanicheskom Sady Sibirskogo bəzi bitkilər potensial dekorativ xüsusiyyətlərə malikdir Otdelenia RAN, Bull. GBS, 3: 194-198. (In Russian) və bağlarda uğurla yetişdirilə bilər. Azərbaycanda bir Safarov H. (2009) Rare and Endangered Plant Species çox bitkilər təbii yaşayış mühitinin itirilməsi, ziyadə to- in Hircan National Park and its Environs. In: “Status plama, yeni yollar, sənayenin inkişafı və s. kimi davam and protection of globally threatened species in the edən təhlükələr səbəbindən yox olmaq üzrədir. Təhlükə Caucasus” p.193-198. Eds. N. Zazanashvili and D. altında olan bu böyük növ müxtəlifliyinin yabanı təbiət Mallon, Tbilisi 205 pp. üçün müstəsna əhəmiyyətini nəzərə alaraq onu artan Shulkina T. (2004) Ornamental Plants from Russia and təzyiqlərdən qorumaq üçün əsaslı səbəblər vardır. adjacent states of the former Soviet Union. Rostok, Açar sözlər: dekorativ bitkilər, yabanı növlər, mənşə, St. Petersburg. 316 pp. yayılma, introduksiya, Qafqaz

7 Plant & Fungal Research

Флора Азербайджана для мирового садоводства кий анализ их происхождения и распространения в Азербайджане. Деревья, кустарники и травянистые Валида М. Али-заде виды, произрастающие в регионах Азербайджана, Институт Ботаники НАНА, Бадамдар 40, Баку, многие из которых являются перспективными для AZ1004, Азербайджан озеленения, неизвестны или малоизвестны в садо- водстве. Подчеркивается, что эндемичные травы- Татьяна Шулькина Талыша представляют значительный интерес для Полевой музей естествознания, 1400 S. Lake Shore садоводства из-за их крайне привлекательной при- Drive, Чикаго, Иллинойс 60605, США роды. Некоторые виды чрезвычайно редки в при- роде и в посадках. Отмечается, что большие кол- Кавказ - это первая и единственная область в быв- лекции видов декоративных растений исследуются шем Советском Союзе, определенная как «горяч в Центральном ботаническом саду и дендрарии в точка биоразнообразия» среди 25 других районов Баку. Некоторые растения из этой коллекции явля- мира. Недавняя публикация новой географической ются перспективными декоративными растениями карты подтвердила,что Кавказ - часть Европы. Сре- и могут успешно выращиваться в садах. Азербайд- ди стран Южного Кавказа Азербайджан – страна, жан является страной, где многие виды исчезают из- обладающая наибольшим ботаническим богат- за постоянных опасностей, таких как потеря среды ством и чрезвычайно разнообразной природной обитания, чрезмерный сбор, новые дороги и про- флорой - прекрасный источник для нужд садовод- мышленное развитие и т. д. Это весомые причины ства, который обеспечивается каждым из видов рас- для охраны этого огромного разнообразия видов от тительности ценными декоративными растениями. растущих давлений, учитывая их исключительную В статье приводится перечень важных декоратив- важность для исчезающей дикой природы. ных растений, которые открывают превосходные Ключевые слова: декоративные растения, дикие возможности для интродукционной деятельности виды, происхождение, распространение, интродук- в различных условиях окружающей среды и крат- ция, Кавказ

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