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Research Paper ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences The official scientific journal of Salahaddin University-Erbil https://zancojournals.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS ISSN (print ):2218-0230, ISSN (online): 2412-3986, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/zjpas RESEARCH PAPER Ethnobotanical study of some wild edible plants in Hujran Basin, Kurdistan Region of Iraq Ali M.K. Galalaey1,2&3 ,Mustafa A. Shaban1, Khadijah M.A. Rasul1&2 , Darwesh Tahir Darwesh4 , Alper UZUN5 , Sami M.A. Youssef6&7, M. Hakkı Alma8 1College of Agriculture, University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Ministry of Higher education and scientific research, Kurdistan Region Government KRG, Iraq. 2Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey. 3Hallgord Sakran National Park, Choman District, Erbil-Iraq. 1College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Ministry of Higher education and scientific research, Kurdistan Region Government KRG, Iraq. 1College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Ministry of Higher education and scientific research, Kurdistan Region Government KRG, Iraq. 2Department of Bioengineering and Sciences, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Turkey. 4Haji Omaran Quarantine, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources, Kurdistan region government KRG-Iraq 5Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, TURKEY 6AMAP (botAny and Modelling of Plant Architecture and vegetation), University of Montpellier / CIRAD / CNRS / INRA / IRD – AMAP, CIRAD TA A51/PS2, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France. 7Deptartment of Recreation and Ecotourism, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Duhok, Ministry of Higher education and scientific research, Kurdistan Region Government KRG, Iraq. 8Department of Forest Industry Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. A B S T R A C T: Ethnobotany is a cross-disciplinary science at the confluence of the natural sciences, social economics and ecological studies, all within political and society framework. Ethnobotanical activities are an important component in the natural resources and ecosystem services, and play a key role in the human life development. In this context, the traditional knowledge has always been transferred from generation to generation throughout the natural course of everyday life, and in most cases is not written down anywhere. The present study was carried out during seasons (spring, summer, and fall) at (2018), in order to investigate and record the local traditional knowledge about the wild plants used in the food and medicine of Erbil Hujran Basin and its surroundings, Because of that Hujran Basin locate inside the Zagros area. The site study is located to the right of the main Salahaddin-Shaqlawa road, around 40 km far from the Erbil city and surrounded by Sefin Mountain and Hujran hills. Here This study involved interviews of 68 individuals, those with, maximum possible divers age, education level and gender categories to cover the traditional knowledge of the wild edible plants uses in this Basin area. Interestingly, a wide variety of plant species (87), belong to genera (67), families (25), used as wild edibles in Hujran area. The most dominant plant families were Fabaceae (13 taxa), Asteraceae (12 taxa), Brassicaceae and Rosaceae 10 taxa). For all these wild edible plant species, we have provided there scientific and local names, frequency occurrences, part used, purposes use. Of these total plant species, 66 were herbaceous species while only 12 and 9 were shrubs and trees, respectively. Overall, these wild edible plants were harvested according to different part uses and stages (seedling stage, leaves, shoot, fruit, flowers, bulbs, gum). The most striking result to emerge from the data is that the wild edible plants were found to be used for various purposes (Dolma, spice, salad, boiled and fried with egg, jam, eaten raw, etc.). The findings of this research study have important implications for developing a global biological conservation strategy to preserve simultaneously the remarkable biodiversity and ethnobotanical heritages of the Kurdistan Region known by its high multicultural and multiethnic communities. KEY WORDS: Ecosystem services; biodiversity conservation; natural resources; traditional knowledge; natural heritage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.33.s1.3 ZJPAS (2021) , 33(s1);19-30 . * Corresponding Author: Ali M.K. Galalaey E-mail: [email protected] Article History: Published: 15/03/2021 Galalaey.A et al. /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 19-30 20 1.INTRODUCTION: Wild edible plant term is commonly referred to traditional knowledge (Cotton &Wilkie, 1996; the non-cultivated plant species that are found in Cunningham, 2014). Thousands of wild plants both natural and urbanized areas and they have parts are consumed as food in the world. People’s often nutritive and socio-cultural values (Kallas, livelihood don’t depend only on the agricultural 1996; de Cortes Sánchez-Mata & Tardío, 2006; and animal products, but also other natural Michael, 2008). In broad biological term, resources such as wild edible plants (Sundriyal & Heywood (1999) was generalized the wild edible Sundriyal, 2004; Cunningham, 2014). In most plant term to all plants that grow spontaneously in remote areas, a major part of local people don't self-maintaining populations in natural or semi- have enough food to reach their daily needs and natural ecosystems and can exist independently of they mainly depend on their cultures for nourish direct human action. In this wild food context, the diverse types of the wild food (Balemie & ethnobotanical approach is at the heart of our Kebebew, 2006; Reyes-García et al., 2006). Wild understanding of the indigenous plants and their edible plants provide basic food for locals, serve primary practical uses through the traditional as complementary food for indigenous people and knowledge of a particular local culture (Jones, offer an alternative source of cash for poor 1941; Hamilton et al., 2003). Therefore, the communities (Ju et al., 2013; Amente, 2017). ethnobotanical studies can be seen as a door into Nevertheless, the types of wild edible plants still cultural and traditional features as well as a way to largely neglected in land-use projection and better understand the future of human practice, economic development and biodiversity relationships with the nature (Heywood, 1999; conservation efforts. Hamilton et al., 2003). The traditional attributes and characteristics of the Wild edible plants have played a major role in plant species have always been transferred from human life and settlement since ancient times. generation to generation throughout the natural Traditionally, the human societies have always course of everyday life. This traditional ecological used the indigenous plant species not only as a knowledge in most cases is not written down food source but also for fuels, medicines, clothing, anywhere, but it remains a part of an oral tradition home-made, chemical productions and as a feed (Cotton & Wilkie, 1996; Hamilton et al., 2003). for domestic animals (Hamilton et al., 2003; Consequently, in recent years, the most Schulp et al., 2014). Despite the development of ethnobotanical studies focus on record the lists of the agriculture, the tradition knowledge of the wild edible plants and their culinary uses. wild food has not completely disappeared, their The present research study was carried out in harvesting continues worldwide mainly due to order to: - their nutritional values for the human health (1) to investigate and record the traditional benefits (Pardo-de-Santayana et al., 2007). From knowledge of the local people about the wild economical standpoint, the harvesting of these plants used in the food and medicine of Erbil wild edible plants can offer a source of income for Hujran Basin. This Basin area has a rich cultural the rural families and traditional markets heritage and a natural environment. (Hamilton et al., 2003; Lead et al., 2010). In (2) to raise the awareness of the harvesting effects addition, in time of human crises, the wild food on their natural population dynamic. has played a key role in the population’s survival (3) to supplementary information on the plants via maintenance of lives during the war, used for feeding animals was provided. particularly for the region under siege (Jman Redzic, 2006; Tomkins et al., 2019). 2. Material and Methods In forced migration situation, the natural 2.1 Study area resources gathering are important for establishing Hujran Basin is situated around 40 km in NE of connection between the new arrival migrants and Erbil city (latitudes = 36°22' to 36º24' N; host population (Gustafson, 2009; Peters et al., longitudes = 44°16' to 44°19' E.), between (750 to 2016). 1400) m. a.s.l., at the main road passing Recent developments in the field of ethnobotany Salahaddin (PirMam) to Shaqlawa (Figure 1). have led to renewed interest in the relationship From landscape standpoint, this basin area is between wild edible plants and particular enclosed by Sefin Mountain and Hujran hill ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2021 Galalaey.A et al. /ZJPAS: 2021, 33 (s1): 19-30 21 (locally called Talani-PerRash or Mizqaute and the vegetation period in this area is shorter Mountains). It is mainly characterized by their than those more wet and temperate areas situated deep valleys, cliffs, slides and
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