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Elements in Rice on the Swedish Market: 2

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Elements in Rice on the Swedish Market: 2 Elements in rice on the Swedish market: 2. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc Lars O. Jorhem, Christina Åstrand, Birgitta Sundström, Malcolm Baxter, Penny Stokes, John Lewis, Kierstin Grawé To cite this version: Lars O. Jorhem, Christina Åstrand, Birgitta Sundström, Malcolm Baxter, Penny Stokes, et al.. Elements in rice on the Swedish market: 2. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc. Food Additives and Contaminants, 2008, 25 (07), pp.841-850. 10.1080/02652030701701058. hal-00577412 HAL Id: hal-00577412 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00577412 Submitted on 17 Mar 2011 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Food Additives and Contaminants For Peer Review Only Elements in rice on the Swedish market: 2. chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc Journal: Food Additives and Contaminants Manuscript ID: TFAC-2007-062.R2 Manuscript Type: Original Research Paper Date Submitted by the 30-Aug-2007 Author: Complete List of Authors: Jorhem, Lars; National Food Administration, R&D Åstrand, Christina; National Food Administration, R&D Sundström, Birgitta; National Food Administration, R&D Baxter, Malcolm; Central Science Laboratory Stokes, Penny; Central Science Laboratory Lewis, John; Central Science Laboratory Grawé, Kierstin; National Food Administration, R&D Methods/Techniques: Metals analysis - AAS, Metals analysis - ICP Additives/Contaminants: Metals, Metals - nutritional, Metals - selenium, Trace elements Food Types: Rice http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tfac Email: [email protected] Page 1 of 24 Food Additives and Contaminants 1 2 3 2007-07-06 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Elements in rice on the Swedish market: Part 2. Chromium, 13 14 copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, selenium and zinc 15 16 For Peer Review Only 17 1 1 1 2 2 18 Lars Jorhem , Christina Åstrand , Birgitta Sundström , Malcolm Baxter , Penny Stokes , 19 2 1 20 John Lewis , Kierstin Petersson Grawé 21 22 23 1National Food Administration 24 25 Box 622 26 27 SE-751 26 Uppsala 28 29 Sweden 30 31 32 2Central Science Laboratory 33 34 Sand Hutton 35 36 York YO41 1LZ 37 UK 38 39 40 41 Keywords: Rice, trace elements, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, platinum, rubidium, 42 43 selenium, zinc 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tfac Email: [email protected] Food Additives and Contaminants Page 2 of 24 1 2 3 Abstract 4 5 A survey of the levels of some essential and non-essential trace elements in different types of 6 7 rice available on the Swedish retail market was carried out in 2001 – 2003. The types of rice 8 9 included long and short grain, brown, white and parboiled white rice. The mean levels found 10 were; Cr: 0.008 mg kg -1, Cu: 1.9 mg kg -1, Fe: 4.7 mg kg -1, Mn: 16 mg kg -1, Pt: < 0.0003 mg 11 12 kg -1, Rb: 3.3 mg kg -1, Se: 0.1 mg kg -1 and Zn: 15 mg kg -1. ICP-MS was used for the 13 14 determination of Pt, Rb and Se, after acid digestion. All other elements were determined using 15 16 atomic absorptionFor spectrometry Peer (AAS) afterReview dry ashing . Intake Only calculations were performed 17 18 and it was concluded that rice may contribute considerably to the daily requirements of the 19 essential elements Cu, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn if the rice consumption is high. The levels of some 20 21 elements , e.g. Fe and Mn, were significantly higher in brown compared to white rice. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tfac Email: [email protected] Page 3 of 24 Food Additives and Contaminants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction 8 9 10 Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important food commodities on the international 11 12 market, with a world wide production of nearly 600 million tonnes in 2003, of which 13 14 approximately 90 % was produced in Asia, with China producing 166 million tonnes and 15 16 India 134 millionFor tonnes. AlthoughPeer the USAReview is not among the Onlymajor producers, it is 17 18 nevertheless one of the biggest exporters, ranking third, with an export of 2.6 million tonnes, 19 after Thailand (7.6 million tonnes) and Viet Nam (3.7 million tonnes) [FAO 2004]. 20 21 22 23 For some regions in the world rice is a dominating staple food. According to the GEMS/Food 24 25 Regional Diets [WHO, 2003] the average per capita daily consumption of raw polished rice 26 varies between 9 grams per day in Europe to 278 grams per day in the Far East. Thus in some 27 28 regions of the world rice is indeed an important staple food item. To emphasise the 29 30 importance of rice the UN General Assembly declared the year 2004 the International Year of 31 32 Rice, under the slogan “Rice is life” (FAO 2004). The content of trace elements and heavy 33 34 metals in rice is therefore of global interest, from a nutritional point of view. 35 36 37 As the consumption of rice has increased markedly in Sweden it was decided to carry out a 38 39 survey of the content of a number of different rice brands available on the Swedish market in 40 41 2001. The main purpose of the survey was to determine cadmium and lead, together with the 42 results for arsenic (total and inorganic), for which the results are presented in a separate paper 43 44 [Jorhem et al. 2007]. In addition there was an interest in determining the content of the 45 46 essential elements copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and 47 48 selenium (Se) in the different brands of rice. Furthermore the concentration of platinum (Pt) is 49 of interest from environmental concerns, and rubidium (Rb) as it is intriguing that the 50 51 concentration is so high of an element that has no known role in human nutrition. 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 3 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tfac Email: [email protected] Food Additives and Contaminants Page 4 of 24 1 2 3 4 5 Sweden is dependent on import of rice since the climate not allows domestic production. Rice 6 7 is imported to the Swedish market from different parts of the world, e.g. Far East, USA and 8 9 Europe. The occurrence data can be used to calculate the Swedish dietary intake of essential 10 elements from rice, but also by using the WHO/GEMS Regional Food Diets [WHO, 2003] 11 12 estimate the intake of essential elements from rice in other regions of the world. 13 14 15 16 The rice varietyFor as well as Peer the treatment Reviewof the rice may affect Onlyits elemental content. Brown 17 18 rice, with the bran layer intact, is considered more nutritious than white rice, in which the 19 bran layer is removed in a milling process. Much of the white rice on the market is parboiled 20 21 (i.e. soaked in water, steamed under pressure and dried) prior to the milling. One claimed 22 23 effect of the parboiling is that it modifies the starch and permits the retention of much of the 24 25 natural vitamins and minerals in the kernels. In this way the nutritional value of the polished 26 white rice is maintained when compared to the brown rice. 27 28 29 30 Sampling and analysis 31 32 Forty-nine samples of imported rice were collected from retail stores in Uppsala, Sweden in 33 34 2001. These samples represent the major brands on the Swedish market. The details of the 35 samples are shown in Table 1. The area of production was often only vaguely described, e.g. 36 37 just stated as being of USA, Thai, Italian, Himalayan or Australian origin. In some cases no 38 39 indication was given regarding the area of production. The types of rice sampled comprised 40 41 long grain ( Indica ) and short grain ( Japonica ). 42 43 44 The different samples of rice are primarily grouped according to the EU customs tariff system 45 46 (Taric), i.e. after grain type and treatment, as shown in Table 1. The labelling on the packages 47 48 was often incomplete regarding the treatment of the rice, but it was nevertheless possible to 49 deduce some information from the packages. It should be noted that wild rice mix only 50 51 contains about 15 % wild rice. 52 53 54 55 Sample preparation 56 57 Preparation of samples for the analysis of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn 58 An aliquot of sample (10 g) was dry ashed at 450°C and quantitatively diluted to 30 ml. For 59 60 details see: Preparation of samples for the analysis of Cd and Pb, in Jorhem et al.
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