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Your Title Here! Master of Science Course.ISATEC M.Sc. Thesis in International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology Your title here! Presented by You! M.Sc. Thesis in International Studies in Aquatic Tropical Ecology Assessment of Global Marine Biodiversity Indicators for the Global Environment Facility Resource Allocation Framework (GEF RAF) Presented by Gorch Detlef Bevis Fedder Presented to the University of Bremen, Faculty for Biology & Chemistry 1st supervisor : Dr. Hugh Govan 2nd supervisor : Dr. Andreas Kunzmann Bremen, August 2007 Statement according to § 6 (8) Final Examination Regulations of the University of Bremen for the Master's Degree "ISATEC" I herewith confirm that I have elaborated my masters thesis titled Assessment of Global Marine Biodiversity Indicators for the Global Environment Facility Resource Allocation Framework (GEF RAF) single-handed and without using other resources than mentioned therein. ________________________ _________________________ Place and Date Signature ii Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank many different people and organisations who made this thesis possible. First of all, I am infinitely grateful to both of my supervisors, Dr. Hugh Govan and Dr. Andreas Kunzmann. Their friendship, invaluable advices, clear thinking, and their readiness to always extent a 5 minute discussion to at least half an hour, provided the most important input. I couldn't think of any better supervisors. I am deeply indebted to Rex Horoi for providing valuable contacts and advice and to the whole team of FSPI for their organisational support and unlimited kindliness. Equal gratitude belongs to Coral Pasisi from PIFS and Kate Brown-Vitolio from SPREP for the excellent introduction into Pacific politics and support. Also, their close friendship made my stay in the Pacific an unforgettable one. I would like to thank the GEF Secretariat, especially Kiran Pandey as well as Piet Buys, for long interviews, many answered questions, patience, and the normalized scores of the GBIbio. I wish to also thank all persons that are related to the main datasets I have analysed and utilized. These are: Mark J. Costello and Daphne G. Fautin for important comments and advice on the OBIS datasets and KGSMapper, Mark Spalding for providing the MEOW dataset, and Benjamin S. Halpern for the NCEAS dataset and his trust. Furthermore, Reg Watson, Daniel Pauly, and William Cheung for information on the SAUP database, Suzanne Rachel Livingstone for support on the GMSA dataset and for being the most amicable contact via email, and Craig Pratt for the EVI dataset. Gratitude also belongs to many others for secondary data and fruitful discussions: Cristelle Pratt, Emily Artack, and Jens Krüger from SOPAC for Pacific GIS data; Alan Longhurst, Yabanex Batista and Scott Smith from TNC, Will Crosse from CI, Helen Fox, Louise Heaps, and Hervé LeFeuvre from WWF, Mark Fornwall, Daniel Afzal, Dorothy Manuel and the GEF-NGO network, and Werner Wosniok for mathematical discussions and advice. Although there are many more to list here, I want to say that everyone I have met this year in Fiji and during my travels has contributed to one of the greatest experiences of my life. Thanks to the DAAD for the kind provision of a scholarship. Special thanks go to my Fijian landlord Peter Thomas whose many invitations for dinner provided essential and very enjoyable brakes from work. Finally, I am very grateful to my parents and my beloved girl-friend, Zora, for one year of patience, her great efforts to review the drafts, endless hours of nightly discussions, and for providing a haven of peace and rest. iii Table of Contents Agreement...................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................................iii List of Figures.............................................................................................................................v List of Tables.............................................................................................................................vi List of Acronyms......................................................................................................................vii Abstract......................................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1: Introduction...............................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Background...............................................................................................................3 2.1 Introducing biodiversity...................................................................................................3 2.2 Comparing Sea and Land.................................................................................................9 2.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity........................................................................12 2.4 The Global Environment Facility...................................................................................14 Chapter 3: Resource Allocation Framework.............................................................................17 3.1 Methodology of the RAF for biodiversity......................................................................17 Chapter 4: Material and Methods..............................................................................................23 4.1 Exploration and selection of new marine datasets.........................................................23 4.2 Processing final marine datasets.....................................................................................24 4.3 Incorporation of final marine indicators into a new RAF..............................................30 Chapter 5: Results.....................................................................................................................36 5.1 Exploration of global datasets on marine biodiversity...................................................36 5.2 Incorporation of marine indicators into a modified RAF...............................................48 Chapter 6: Discussion...............................................................................................................51 6.1 Positive and negative aspects of current RAF................................................................51 6.2 Rationale of equal weighting..........................................................................................55 6.3 Analysis of results..........................................................................................................63 6.4 Analysis of proposed RAF.............................................................................................69 6.5 Analysis of datasets........................................................................................................71 6.6 Deterioration of biodiversity..........................................................................................77 Chapter 7: Conclusions.............................................................................................................78 7.1 General conclusions.......................................................................................................78 7.2 Revision of proposed RAF.............................................................................................80 7.3 Stakeholder engagement.................................................................................................82 Chapter 8: Bibliography............................................................................................................84 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Simplified structure of the GBIbio..............................................................................17 Figure 2: Terrestrial species range map of Acerodon celebensis..............................................18 Figure 3: Marine species range map of Ablabys taenianotus...................................................20 Figure 4: Simplified structure of the RAF................................................................................22 Figure 5: Determination of environmental variables influences within the KGSMapper........25 Figure 6: Determination of environmental variables for Acropora valida...............................26 Figure 7: Determination of marine ecoregion shares................................................................28 Figure 8: Number of species with location records within OBIS.............................................37 Figure 9: Comparison of modelled and published species ranges............................................38 Figure 10: Predicted distribution ranges by SAUP...................................................................40 Figure 11: GMSA raw distribution maps..................................................................................42 Figure 12: Marine ecoregions of the world...............................................................................44 Figure 13: Average RAF preliminary allocations for the sample.............................................64 Figure 14: Range map of A. valida...........................................................................................75 v List of Tables Table 1: Hierarchical Structure of Biodiversity Components.....................................................5
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