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Pilgrimages of Emperor Leopold I in Central Europe

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Pilgrimages of Emperor Leopold I in Central Europe Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 41/2017. (59–66) Szabolcs Serfőző: Pilgrimages of Emperor Leopold I in Central Europe Szabolcs Serfőző Museum of Applied Arts, Budapest Pilgrimages of Emperor Leopold I in Central Europe Review paper – Pregledni rad Received – Primljen 20. 2. 2017. UDK 2-57(4-191.2)]:7.044(430)”1640/1705” Summary The paper analyses the role of pilgrimage sites in Bavaria, Austria, and regions once constituting the Habsburg Empire, consequently the Bohemia, and Hungary in the representation of Emperor Leopold interdependence of historical and art historical research in and about I. This subject illustrates the strong relations between the kingdoms the different countries in Central Europe. Key words: sacral representation, pilgrimage, Emperor Leopold I, Central Europe, Altötting, Mariazell, Stará Boleslav, Ma- rianka (Marienthal, Máriavölgy) When it comes to medieval kings and princes, various as- al mission by God to protect the Holy Roman Empire and the pects of the sovereign’ s representation related to the sacred, Catholic Church from heresy. The Habsburgs obtained this the rites, and the ideology of sacral legitimisation of the mission owing to the merits of their ancestors, particularly monarchs have been in the focus of art historical and histo- those of the dynasty’ s founder, Rudolf IV. In order to fulfil rical-anthropological research for a longer period of time.1 this divine mission, Rudolf’ s successors were to follow his More recently, the same phenomena have been investigated example. Eucharistic piety and Marian devotion, the pietas concerning the early modern rulers. Sacral representation eucharistica and pietas mariana, made up the core elements of the Habsburg dynasty, its strategies of self-legitimisation of the pietas austriaca, but closely related to these forms of and the cult of the Virgin at the Habsburg court in Vienna devotion was the veneration of saints as well. The Immacu- have become particularly vibrant fields of study in the past late Conception of Mary received a particular emphasis, and decade.2 Yet, royal pilgrimages have remained somewhat ne- Mary became the patron saint who was supposed to lead the glected among the different manifestations of the Habsburg Habsburg forces to military victory. rulers’ representation.3 The purpose of this paper is to inve- Marian pilgrimages constituted one of the keystones of the stigate this question in a case study by analysing the role of pietas mariana. Through the dedication of the imperial house pilgrimage sites in Bavaria, Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary to these rituals, pilgrimages and pilgrimage sites acquired in the representation of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor political significance. Pilgrimages were seen as essential (1640–1705).4 for expressing the sacral legitimacy of the newly-crowned Anna Coreth has demonstrated how elements of religiosity rulers, their marriages, having a male heir, and achieving and spirituality, particularly those surrounding the Catholic military victories. Eucharistic and Marian cults, became part of the Habsburg The case of Emperor Leopold I analysed in this paper devotion and (sacral) representation.5 She has labelled the demonstrates the role of specific sanctuaries in his repre- religious-political ideology of the Habsburg dynasty in the sentation. I will focus on four pilgrimage sites: Altötting in Baroque era pietas austriaca and stated that the contempora- Bavaria, Mariazell in Austria, Stará Boleslav in Bohemia, and ries considered this piety as one of the cardinal virtues that a Máriavölgy (Marienthal, today’ s Marianka) in Slovakia, in ruler should have. The pietas austriaca was predicated on the the territory of the former Hungarian Kingdom. Leopold’ s assumption that the House of Austria had been given a speci- visits to these sacred places can be interpreted as mirroring 59 Szabolcs Serfőző: Pilgrimages of Emperor Leopold I in Central Europe Rad. Inst. povij. umjet. 41/2017. (59–66) four layers of his sacral representation in correlation with the Augsburg goldsmith Lukas Lang, can give a rough idea his four major monarchic titles: Holy Roman Emperor, Ar- what the Altötting lamp might have looked like.10 It had chduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary. been donated by Leopold a decade earlier, on the occasion of his wedding with his third wife, Eleonore Magdalena von Pfalz-Neuburg, which took place at the Mariahilf church in Altötting Passau on December 14, 1676. The Habsburgs appear to have made pilgrimages to Altötting Altötting in Upper-Bavaria, west of the Bavarian-Lower Au- only combined with a longer journey, the purpose of which strian border, had been a major Central European pilgrimage was official imperial business. In other words, the pilgri- site since the late 15th century, when miracles began to be mage site at Altötting was not an independent destination attributed to the Black Madonna statue.6 Soon afterwards, for them. The tradition of including pilgrimage to Altötting the chapel acquired a significant role in the representation when travelling through Bavaria even seems to have disappe- of the Wittelsbachs, who frequently visited the site. Prince ared in the 18th century. In fact, imperial travels to western Maximilian set the concept of pietas mariana in the focus of German lands declined in general. Charles VI travelled his idea of the state and became a zealous devotee and patron from Barcelona directly to Frankfurt for his election and of the Virgin at Altötting. For instance, in 1634 he placed a imperial crowning in October 1711, and then he journeyed letter in the Altötting chapel, written with his own blood and to Vienna without stopping in Altötting and never returned dedicating his country and himself to the Virgin. The pietas to Germany. (Nevertheless, before he left Spain, on July 7, bavarica, elaborated in the early 17th century, was followed 1711 he visited Montserrat to pray in front of the altar of the as a model in the shaping of the pietas austriaca, due to the Black Madonna and donated a sword with the inscription strong family links between the Wittelsbach and Habsburg Ad aram Virginis Mariae... quae Mater est ejus, per quem dynasties – it suffices to mention here that the mother of Fer- Reges regnant... advocata ad Deum pro me... Servus perpetuus 11 dinand II was the Wittelsbach Princess Maria of Bavaria. To Carolus.) Maria Theresia and Franz Stephan did not stop illustrate the parallel between the pietas bavarica and pietas in Altötting either when they travelled to Frankfurt for the austriaca, I refer to the Column of the Virgin Immaculate imperial coronation in 1745. on Vienna’ s Am Hof square, erected by Ferdinand III nine years after the Munich prototype. The Habsburgs’ visits to Altötting in the 17th century can be Mariazell interpreted in the context of this strong Bavarian influence: members of the Habsburg dynasty visited the Bavarian The long history of Habsburg relations to this pilgrimage pilgrimage site when they travelled to Regensburg to the site need not be discussed here in detail: the Habsburg dynasty had been closely related to Mariazell ever since the meeting of the Imperial Diet. In September 1658, Emperor th 12 Leopold stopped there with his retinue on his return to 14 century. Dynastic veneration of the Virgin at Mari- Vienna after his imperial coronation in Frankfurt. The fact azell, the Magna Mater Austriae as it was denominated at that Leopold included a visit to Altötting in his itinerary the time, flourished especially from 1620 to 1760. In this period, heads of the Habsburg dynasty travelled to Mariazell after the coronation underscored the significance of the on at least 38 different occasions. All of them donated costly place as an imperial pilgrimage site or a Reichsheiligtum, as liturgical objects, vestments, and objects of devotion ex voto Coreth calls it.7 According to a contemporary description, to the treasury at Mariazell. They all offered prayers for the Leopold entered the chapel preceded by the members of safety of their domains against both internal and external the confraternity of Our Lady of Altötting, carrying the enemies. They also prayed for the birth of male heirs and imperial insignia.8 Then he received the Holy Communion, the continuation of their dynasty. Consequently, Mariazell knelt humbly in front of the altar, and entrusted himself, his also became strongly associated with the Habsburg dynasty empire, and all his subjects to the protection of the Virgin. in the collective memory. The following day he donated an enamelled gold crucifix decorated with pearls and gems to the treasury and set off Unlike the Habsburg visits to Altötting and other pilgrimage to Vienna. Leopold again stopped in Altötting in 1689, on sites in Central Europe that were always attached to other the way to Augsburg for the election and coronation of his events, Mariazell was a final destination for Habsburg pilgri- 11 year-old son, Joseph I, as King of the Romans. He prayed mages and indeed an important and frequent one. Ferdinand for the success of the forthcoming Kurfürstentag and dona- II travelled to Mariazell four times and his son at least six. ted a silver lamp, the empress a chalice and a ciborium, and Leopold I travelled to Altötting four times and to Mariazell the young prince a monstrance – altogether worth of 4000 as many as ten. Nevertheless, Habsburg journeys to Maria- gulden. The following February, while returning to Vienna, zell lacked the scale and grandeur of other court trips, with the “imperial majesties” stopped again in Altötting to ren- their emphasis on large retinues, ceremonial receptions, der thanks to the Virgin for the successful outcome of the and banquets, and they were not recorded in engravings Augsburg diet.9 The above mentioned objects all fell victim for publication. to the Bavarian secularisation in 1802, but the so-called Ka- The importance of piety as a foundation of the Habsburg iserampel in the Mariahilf church in Passau, a lavish work of rule was especially underlined during the reign of Leopold I, 60 Rad.
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