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A Quiet Revolution A quiet revolution The moral economies shaping journalists’ use of NGO-provided multimedia in mainstream news about Africa Katherine Wright Goldsmiths, University of London A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD in Media and Communications 2014 1 Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text. 2 Acknowledgements With grateful thanks to my study participants for their time, trust and candour - without you there would be no study. I also want to thank my supervisor, Natalie Fenton, who manages to combine the sharpest of minds with the warmest of hearts. Your support has meant so much to me over the past few years. The encouragement and constructive criticism of others at Goldsmiths has also been invaluable, especially Aeron Davis, Des Freedman and Gholam Khiabany, who all kindly read drafts of chapters for me. Next, I want to note my debt to my dear colleagues in Journalism at the University of Roehampton. I especially want to thank Ros Coward, whose passionate belief that practitioners should ‘get into’ research started me off down this route in the first place. In addition, the words of advice and support from colleagues at other institutions have been really helpful, especially those of Mel Bunce, Lilie Chouliaraki, Glenda Cooper, Nick Couldry, Shani Orgad, Chris Paterson, Martin Scott, Helen Yanacopulos and Silvio Waisbord. Finally, I want to thank my husband for the red wine and hugs, and last (but never least) my thanks to our darling boy, Fergus, for regularly reminding me that it’s important to play as well as work. 3 Abstract Mainstream news coverage of Africa relies increasingly on material provided by NGOs, who stand to gain in political influence as a result of becoming ever-more media savvy in a digital age. But at a time of widespread cost- cutting in mainstream journalism, is it appropriate for NGOs to ‘make news’ by providing audio, photographs and video to increasingly time and resource- poor journalists or does this diminish what news should be? Building a body of empirical evidence about why and how journalists use such multimedia and the consequences of this for journalism, NGO-work and those represented, is the central focus of this thesis. Unlike previous research on news coverage of Africa and journalists’ use of NGO-provided multimedia that tends to focus on the coverage of ‘disasters’ or ‘humanitarian emergencies’, this study analyses journalists’ use of NGO-provided multimedia about Africa during a very different news-making period – what journalists call a ‘quiet news week’. The research involved sixty semi-structured interviews with those whose decisions shaped the production of six media items, which were also subject to qualitative content analysis. These items were about a range of topics and African countries: all of which were published or broadcast in news readily available to British audiences. But why and how journalists used NGO- 4 provided multimedia was shaped most powerfully by the ‘moral economies’ (Sayer 2007) structuring each news outlet. These moral economies were found to have brought about a ‘quiet revolution’: leading to the emergence of a number of heterogeneous, normatively-laden coalitions between NGOs and news outlets, often hidden from the view of audiences. Consequently, journalists’ use of NGO-provided multimedia was found to have limited progressive potential: for it inhibited collective reasoning by preventing critical scrutiny, as well as systematically excluding the political value of ‘voice’ in ways which further marginalised the disadvantaged and powerless (Sen 2010). 5 CONTENTS Declaration ..................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... 3 Abstract .......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................... 11 1.1: ‘Churnalism’ ............................................................................................ 16 1.2: ‘Networked journalism’ ............................................................................ 26 2: Why NGOs? ............................................................................................... 32 3.1: Mediated ‘advocacy’ ............................................................................... 40 3.2: Interpretative control, ‘media logic’ and ‘news cloning’ ........................... 44 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 51 Chapter 2: ‘Good’ news journalism about ‘Africa’ .................................... 55 1.1: The coverage of Africa and ‘information subsidies’ ................................ 58 1.2: Critiques of news about ‘Africa’ ........................................................... 63 2.2: The need for normativity ......................................................................... 74 3: Towards a critical moral economy of international journalism .................... 81 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 90 6 Chapter 3: Critical Realism as approach and method .............................. 92 1.1: Why Critical Realism suits Journalism Studies ...................................... 96 2.1: Key terms - ‘news’ and ‘mainstream’ news organisations ..................... 105 2.2: ‘NGOs’ and ‘NGO-provided’ material ................................................... 108 Figure 1: Table defining NGOs .................................................................... 111 3.1: Production practice, demi-regularities and contrasting case studies ..... 112 3.2: Sampling ............................................................................................... 116 Figure 2: Table of Sample Frame ................................................................ 120 3.3: Selecting media items ........................................................................... 122 4.1: The relevance of CR to interviewing ..................................................... 130 4.2: Selecting interviewees and conducting semi-structured interviewing .... 136 Figure 3: Table of case studies and study participants ................................ 141 Figure 4: Research questions mapped onto interview questions ................. 147 5: Analysing and presenting data ................................................................. 149 Figure 5: Diagram of the relationships between key research themes ......... 153 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 154 7 Chapter 4: ‘Professionalism’ and ‘charity’ at The Independent newspapers;‘dialogue’ and ‘development’ at The Guardian/Observer 156 1: The impact of organisational cuts on photojournalism ............................. 160 Figure 6: Circulation figures for print editions 2000-2012 ............................. 161 2.1: ‘Efficiency’ and the erosion of inter-collegial trust at The Independent newspapers.................................................................................................. 166 2.2: ‘Professionalism’ ................................................................................... 172 2.3: Complete ‘news cloning’ ....................................................................... 177 3.1: The ‘web-first’ strategy at The Guardian/Observer ............................... 183 3.2: The ‘Global Development’ section ........................................................ 190 3.3: News-related NGOs and ‘these grey areas’ ......................................... 197 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 204 Chapter 5: BBC News Online: public-commercial hybridity, international aid organisations and African collectives ......................... 208 1: Public-commercial hybridity ..................................................................... 211 2.1: International aid agencies and ‘impartiality’........................................... 218 2.2: ‘Selling in’ .............................................................................................. 226 3: African collectives and the ‘cannibalisation’ of World Service Radio ........ 231 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 241 8 Chapter 6: ‘Attached journalism’ and ‘human rights’ at Channel 4 News ......................................................................................... 245 1.1: Conflicting pressures ............................................................................ 249 1.2: ‘Persistent journalism’, ‘attached journalism’, ‘human rights journalism’ ..................................................................................................................... 253 2.1: A ‘direct deal’ with freelancers? ............................................................ 259 2.2: Importing HRW’s interpretative frame via freelance work ....................
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