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Satellite Constellations - 2021 Industry Survey and Trends
[SSC21-XII-10] Satellite Constellations - 2021 Industry Survey and Trends Erik Kulu NewSpace Index, Nanosats Database, Kepler Communications [email protected] ABSTRACT Large satellite constellations are becoming reality. Starlink has launched over 1600 spacecraft in 2 years since the launch of the first batch, Planet has launched over 450, OneWeb more than 200, and counting. Every month new constellation projects are announced, some for novel applications. First part of the paper focuses on the industry survey of 251 commercial satellite constellations. Statistical overview of applications, form factors, statuses, manufacturers, founding years is presented including early stage and cancelled projects. Large number of commercial entities have launched at least one demonstrator satellite, but operational constellations have been much slower to follow. One reason could be that funding is commonly raised in stages and the sustainability of most business models remains to be proven. Second half of the paper examines constellations by selected applications and discusses trends in appli- cations, satellite masses, orbits and manufacturers over the past 5 years. Earliest applications challenged by NewSpace were AIS, Earth Observation, Internet of Things (IoT) and Broadband Internet. Recent years have seen diversification into majority of applications that have been planned or performed by governmental or military satellites, and beyond. INTRODUCTION but they are regarded to be fleets not constellations. There were much fewer Earth Observation com- NewSpace Index has tracked commercial satellite panies in 1990s and 2000s when compared to com- constellations since 2016. There are over 251 entries munications and unclear whether any large constel- as of May 2021, which likely makes it the largest lations were planned. -
1. Budorcas Taxicolor Tibetanus Milne-Edwards.- a Horn of an Adult and Skins and Skulls of Two Very Young Animals, Tai-Pa-Shiang, August 16 and October 25
59.9(51.4) Article XXIX.- MAMMALS FROM SHEN-SI PROVINCE, CHINA. By J. A. ALLEN. A small collection of mammals from Mount Tai-pai, Shen-si Province, China, recently acquired by the Museum through Mr. Alan Owston of Yokohama, contains several species of interest. It comprises 55 specimens, representing 16 species, some of which appear to be undescribed. The material is rather poorly prepared, the skulls having been left in the skins, and when removed were found to be more or less mutilated, some of them lacking the whole of the postorbital portion. The collection is of interest as coming from a hitherto unexplored locality, the Tai-pa-shiang mountains, on the western border of Shen-si, which are said to reach an altitude of about 11,000 feet. The specimens are mostly labeled simply "Tai-pa- shiang," with the sex of the specimen and date of collection, but a few are labeled as from "Yumonko, foot of Tai-pa-shiang," and others are marked "Si-Tai-pa-shiang." In no case is the altitude indicated. 1. Budorcas taxicolor tibetanus Milne-Edwards.- A horn of an adult and skins and skulls of two very young animals, Tai-pa-shiang, August 16 and October 25. The two specimens are respectively male and female, and differ much in color, the male having the body, except the ventral surface and the dorsal stripe, pale yellowish, the dorsal stripe, the ventral surface and limbs dark dull reddish brown; top of nose and edge of ears blackish. The other has the body nearly white, with the underparts and limbs dark brown; the dorsal stripe is dark brown only over the shoulders, and black mixed with white on the top of the neck and posterior two-thirds of the dorsal line; black hairs are also appearing on the limbs. -
Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management
Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Use of Wildlife Damage Management Methods by USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services Chapter I Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management MAY 2017 Introduction to Risk Assessments for Methods Used in Wildlife Damage Management EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services (WS) Program completed Risk Assessments for methods used in wildlife damage management in 1992 (USDA 1997). While those Risk Assessments are still valid, for the most part, the WS Program has expanded programs into different areas of wildlife management and wildlife damage management (WDM) such as work on airports, with feral swine and management of other invasive species, disease surveillance and control. Inherently, these programs have expanded the methods being used. Additionally, research has improved the effectiveness and selectiveness of methods being used and made new tools available. Thus, new methods and strategies will be analyzed in these risk assessments to cover the latest methods being used. The risk assements are being completed in Chapters and will be made available on a website, which can be regularly updated. Similar methods are combined into single risk assessments for efficiency; for example Chapter IV contains all foothold traps being used including standard foothold traps, pole traps, and foot cuffs. The Introduction to Risk Assessments is Chapter I and was completed to give an overall summary of the national WS Program. The methods being used and risks to target and nontarget species, people, pets, and the environment, and the issue of humanenss are discussed in this Chapter. From FY11 to FY15, WS had work tasks associated with 53 different methods being used. -
The Social and Economic Roots of the Scientific Revolution
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ROOTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Texts by Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann edited by GIDEON FREUDENTHAL PETER MCLAUGHLIN 13 Editors Preface Gideon Freudenthal Peter McLaughlin Tel Aviv University University of Heidelberg The Cohn Institute for the History Philosophy Department and Philosophy of Science and Ideas Schulgasse 6 Ramat Aviv 69117 Heidelberg 69 978 Tel Aviv Germany Israel The texts of Boris Hessen and Henryk Grossmann assembled in this volume are important contributions to the historiography of the Scientific Revolution and to the methodology of the historiography of science. They are of course also historical documents, not only testifying to Marxist discourse of the time but also illustrating typical European fates in the first half of the twentieth century. Hessen was born a Jewish subject of the Russian Czar in the Ukraine, participated in the October Revolution and was executed in the Soviet Union at the beginning of the purges. Grossmann was born a Jewish subject of the Austro-Hungarian Kaiser in Poland and served as an Austrian officer in the First World War; afterwards he was forced to return to Poland and then because of his revolutionary political activities to emigrate to Germany; with the rise to power of the Nazis he had to flee to France and then America while his family, which remained in Europe, perished in Nazi concentration camps. Our own acquaintance with the work of these two authors is also indebted to historical context (under incomparably more fortunate circumstances): the revival of Marxist scholarship in Europe in the wake of the student movement and the pro- fessionalization of history of science on the Continent. -
Le Costellazioni
ASTRONOMIA VALLI DEL NOCE www.astronomiavallidelnoce.it [email protected] LE COSTELLAZIONI Una costellazione (dal latino constellatio, cum+stellatus) è un gruppo di stelle visibili che assumono una particolare forma sulla volta celeste. Queste forme sono date dalla pura immaginazione, nella realtà le stelle non hanno questa correlazione. Stelle che sulla volta celeste ci appaiono vicine tra loro, nello spazio tridimensionale potrebbero risultare più distanti rispetto a stelle di costellazioni diverse. Ciò che noi vediamo è solo la loro proiezione sulla volta celeste. Il raggruppamento delle costellazioni è essenzialmente arbitrario e può variare da cultura a cultura. Alcune forme più facili da identificare erano comuni a più culture. L'Unione Astronomica Internazionale (UAI) ha diviso il cielo in 88 costellazioni ufficiali con confini precisi, in modo che il cielo sia completamente diviso in settori univoci. Oggi col termine costellazione non si intendono più le figure formate dalle stelle, ma delle aree di cielo ben definite. Storia delle costellazioni Fin dal Paleolitico l'uomo ha guardato il cielo, sia per motivi pratici (orientamento, misurazione del tempo, agricoltura) che religiosi (culti di divinità astrali, interpretazione degli eventi). Nel Paleolitico Superiore (16000 anni fa), l’uomo aveva dato vita ad un sistema di 25 costellazioni, ripartite in tre gruppi, riconducibili metaforicamente alle tre dimensioni con cui tutti i popoli da sempre hanno rappresentato il mondo: il Paradiso, la Terra e gli Inferi: • Primo gruppo: costellazioni riferite al mondo superiore, ovvero dominate da creature aeree (ad es. Cigno, Aquila, Pegaso, ecc.), le quali avevano al culmine la maggior altezza sull’orizzonte; • Secondo gruppo: costellazioni legate alla Terra (ad es. -
Leiden Universieitsbibliothek
LEIDEN Leiden Universieitsbibliothek Voss lat 4° 79 Germanicus, Aratea (interspersed with sections from Avienus, Aratea) Lotharingia (Aachen ?) 2nd quarter 9th century The Leiden Aratea, as it is known is amongst the oldest and certainly the most widely-known and most intensively studied of the astronomical manuscripts. A product of the Carolingian Court of Louis the Pious (814-40), it is a sumptuous picture book of full-page, full-colour images of the constellations. The images are flanked by text drawn from the so-called ‘Z family’ of the Latin translation of the Phaenomena by Germanicus and are curiously interspersed with sections from the Avienus translation of the poem. The pictures also include representations of planets, the four seasons and a planetary diagram datable to April 816. Pictorially and, to a slightly lesser extent textually, the Leiden Aratea is very closely related to BOULGNE-SUR-MER 188 and BERN 88, though the exact relationship between these three manuscripts remains the subject of debate. text ff. 2r-97v Germanicus, Aratea (interspersed with sections from Avienus, Aratea) fol. 2r (in red) AB IOVE PRINCIPIUM MAGNO DEDUXIT ARATUS. (with initial capital in red and red black) CARMINIS AT NOBIS GENITOR TU MAXIMUS AUCTOR… (Germanicus, Aratea, cf. Breysig 1867, p. 1; note that there is a second version of the text that reads the same, but is written in black miniscule with initial capitals in black.) note: There is a transposition of lines on ff. 5v-9r [or v?]. The last line on fol. 5r is v. 64. This is followed on ff. 5v, 6r, 7r, 7v, 8r, 9r [which pages? 6v, 8v have pictures on them] with vv. -
Liley Et Al., 2006B)
Date: March 2010; Version: FINAL Recommended Citation: Liley D., Lake, S., Underhill-Day, J., Sharp, J., White, J. Hoskin, R. Cruickshanks, K. & Fearnley, H. (2010). Welsh Seasonality Habitat Vulnerability Review. Footprint Ecology / CCW. 1 Summary It is increasingly recognised that recreational access to the countryside has a wide range of benefits, such as positive effects on health and well-being, economic benefits and an enhanced understanding of and connection with the natural environment. There are also negative effects of access, however, as people’s presence in the countryside can impact on the nature conservation interest of sites. This report reviews these potential impacts to the Welsh countryside, and we go on to discuss how such impacts could be mapped across the entirety of Wales. Such a map (or series of maps) would provide a tool for policy makers, planners and access managers, highlighting areas of the countryside particularly sensitive to access and potentially guiding the location and provision of access infrastructure, housing etc. We structure the review according to four main types of impacts: contamination, damage, fire and disturbance. Contamination includes impacts such as litter, nutrient enrichment and the spread of exotic species. Within the section on damage we consider harvesting and the impacts of footfall on vegetation and erosion of substrates. The fire section addresses the impacts of fire (accidental or arson) on animals, plant communities and the soil. Disturbance is typically the unintentional consequences of people’s presence, sometimes leading to animals avoiding particular areas and impacts on breeding success, survival etc. We review the effects of disturbance to mammals, birds, herptiles and invertebrates and also consider direct mortality, for example trampling of nests or deliberate killing of reptiles. -
Prince Henry the Navigator, Who Brought This Move Ment of European Expansion Within Sight of Its Greatest Successes
This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com PrinceHenrytheNavigator CharlesRaymondBeazley 1 - 1 1 J fteroes of tbe TRattong EDITED BY Sveltn Bbbott, flD.B. FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD PACTA DUOS VIVE NT, OPEROSAQUE OLMIA MHUM.— OVID, IN LI VI AM, f«». THE HERO'S DEEDS AND HARD-WON FAME SHALL LIVE. PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR GATEWAY AT BELEM. WITH STATUE, BETWEEN THE DOORS, OF PRINCE HENRY IN ARMOUR. Frontispiece. 1 1 l i "5 ' - "Hi:- li: ;, i'O * .1 ' II* FV -- .1/ i-.'..*. »' ... •S-v, r . • . '**wW' PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR THE HERO OF PORTUGAL AND OF MODERN DISCOVERY I 394-1460 A.D. WITH AN ACCOUNr Of" GEOGRAPHICAL PROGRESS THROUGH OUT THE MIDDLE AGLi> AS THE PREPARATION FOR KIS WORlf' BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., F.R.G.S. FELLOW OF MERTON 1 fr" ' RifrB | <lvFnwn ; GEOGRAPHICAL STUDEN^rf^fHB-SrraSR^tttpXFORD, 1894 ule. Seneca, Medea P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Cbe Knicftetbocftet press 1911 fe'47708A . A' ;D ,'! ~.*"< " AND TILDl.N' POL ' 3 -P. i-X's I_ • •VV: : • • •••••• Copyright, 1894 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Entered at Stationers' Hall, London Ube ftntcfeerbocfter press, Hew Iffotfc CONTENTS. PACK PREFACE Xvii INTRODUCTION. THE GREEK AND ARABIC IDEAS OF THE WORLD, AS THE CHIEF INHERITANCE OF THE CHRISTIAN MIDDLE AGES IN GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE . I CHAPTER I. EARLY CHRISTIAN PILGRIMS (CIRCA 333-867) . 29 CHAPTER II. VIKINGS OR NORTHMEN (CIRCA 787-1066) . -
Namen Van Sterrenbeelden En Sterren
Prof. Dr. Ρ. Η. van Laer VREEMDE WOORDEN IN DE STERRENKUNDE en namen van sterrenbeelden en sterren Tweede herziene druk J. B. Wolters Groningen 1964 Uitgegeven met steun van het Prins Bernhardfonds Inhoud Blz. Voorrede van Prof. Minnaert 5 Verantwoording 7 Lijst van de gebruikte afkortingen en tekens 11 Het Griekse alfabet 12 Transcriptie en uitspraak van Arabische woorden . 13 Uitspraak van de Griekse en Latijnse woorden 14 EERSTE AFDELING Vreemde woorden in de sterrenkunde 19 TWEEDE AFDELING Namen van sterrenbeelden en sterren 71 Historische inleiding 71 Verklaring van de namen van sterrenbeelden en sterren ... 78 Planeten en hun manen 107 Planetoïden 112 De maan 114 Kometen 117 Meteoorzwermen 118 INDICES Nederlandse namen van sterrenbeelden 119 Lijst van de behandelde namen van sterren, planeten, planetoïden en manen 122 3 Voorrede van Prof \ Dr. M. G. /. Minnaert bij de eerste druk Het gebruik van vreemde woorden in de wetenschap heeft zijn kwade, maar ook zijn goede zijde. Het is een euvel, daar het de begrijpelijkheid van de tekst voor den niet-geschoolden lezer bemoeilijkt, de stijl onper- soonlijker en vlakker maakt. Anderzijds is het een voordeel, daar de vast- stelling van internationaal gangbare, nauwkeurig gedefinieerde termen de scherpe vastlegging der begrippen bevordert, en de betrekkingen verge- makkelijkt tussen de wetenschappelijke werkers over de gehele wereld. Het werk van Dr. van Laer nu is bij uitstek geschikt om tegemoet te ko- men aan de bezwaren, en de voordelen tot hun recht te laten komen. Hij brengt ons vooreerst een korte, heldere verklaring van wat elk vreemd woord in onze wetenschap betekent: een belangrijk hulpmiddel dus voor ieder, die zich in de Sterrekunde inwerken wil. -
The Argo Navis Constellation
THE ARGO NAVIS CONSTELLATION At the last meeting we talked about the constellation around the South Pole, and how in the olden days there used to be a large ship there that has since been subdivided into the current constellations. I could not then recall the names of the constellations, but remembered that we talked about this subject at one of the early meetings, and now found it in September 2011. In line with my often stated definition of Astronomy, and how it seems to include virtually all the other Philosophy subjects: History, Science, Physics, Biology, Language, Cosmology and Mythology, lets go to mythology and re- tell the story behind the Argo Constellation. Argo Navis (or simply Argo) used to be a very large constellation in the southern sky. It represented the ship The Argo Navis ship with the Argonauts on board used by the Argonauts in Greek mythology who, in the years before the Trojan War, accompanied Jason to Colchis (modern day Georgia) in his quest to find the Golden Fleece. The ship was named after its builder, Argus. Argo is the only one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy that is no longer officially recognised as a constellation. In 1752, the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille subdivided it into Carina (the keel, or the hull, of the ship), Puppis (the poop deck), and Vela (the sails). The constellation Pyxis (the mariner's compass) occupies an area which in antiquity was considered part of Argo's mast (called Malus). The story goes that, when Jason was 20 years old, an oracle ordered him to head to the Iolcan court (modern city of Volos) where king Pelias was presiding over a sacrifice to Poseidon with several neighbouring kings in attendance. -
Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research
RESEARCH The Simulated Sky: Stellarium for Cultural Astronomy Research Georg Zotti Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Vienna, Austria [email protected] Susanne M. Hoffmann Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Michael-Stifel-Center/ Institut für Informatik and Physikalisch- Astronomische Fakultät, Jena, Germany [email protected] Alexander Wolf Altai State Pedagogical University, Barnaul, Russia [email protected] Fabien Chéreau Stellarium Labs, Toulouse, France [email protected] Guillaume Chéreau Noctua Software, Hong Kong [email protected] Abstract: For centuries, the rich nocturnal environment of the starry sky could be modelled only by analogue tools such as paper planispheres, atlases, globes and numerical tables. The immer- sive sky simulator of the twentieth century, the optomechanical planetarium, provided new ways for representing and teaching about the sky, but the high construction and running costs meant that they have not become common. However, in recent decades, “desktop planetarium programs” running on personal computers have gained wide attention. Modern incarnations are immensely versatile tools, mostly targeted towards the community of amateur astronomers and for knowledge transfer in transdisciplinary research. Cultural astronomers also value the possibili- ties they give of simulating the skies of past times or other cultures. With this paper, we provide JSA 6.2 (2020) 221–258 ISSN (print) 2055-348X https://doi.org/10.1558/jsa.17822 ISSN (online) 2055-3498 222 Georg Zotti et al. an extended presentation of the open-source project Stellarium, which in the last few years has been enriched with capabilities for cultural astronomy research not found in similar, commercial alternatives. -
Ecological Consequences Artificial Night Lighting
Rich Longcore ECOLOGY Advance praise for Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting E c Ecological Consequences “As a kid, I spent many a night under streetlamps looking for toads and bugs, or o l simply watching the bats. The two dozen experts who wrote this text still do. This o of isis aa definitive,definitive, readable,readable, comprehensivecomprehensive reviewreview ofof howhow artificialartificial nightnight lightinglighting affectsaffects g animals and plants. The reader learns about possible and definite effects of i animals and plants. The reader learns about possible and definite effects of c Artificial Night Lighting photopollution, illustrated with important examples of how to mitigate these effects a on species ranging from sea turtles to moths. Each section is introduced by a l delightful vignette that sends you rushing back to your own nighttime adventures, C be they chasing fireflies or grabbing frogs.” o n —JOHN M. MARZLUFF,, DenmanDenman ProfessorProfessor ofof SustainableSustainable ResourceResource Sciences,Sciences, s College of Forest Resources, University of Washington e q “This book is that rare phenomenon, one that provides us with a unique, relevant, and u seminal contribution to our knowledge, examining the physiological, behavioral, e n reproductive, community,community, and other ecological effectseffects of light pollution. It will c enhance our ability to mitigate this ominous envirenvironmentalonmental alteration thrthroughough mormoree e conscious and effective design of the built environment.”