Phase I Cultural Resources Study for the Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project Highland, San Bernardino County,

prepared for Charles Kiel 29772 Santa Ana Canyon Road Highland, CA 92346

prepared by Birdseye Planning Group 1354 York Drive Vista, CA 92084 www.birdseyeplanninggroup.com

May 2018

Mattingly, Scott A. 2018 Phase I Cultural Resources Study for the Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project, Highland, San Bernardino County, California. Report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... 1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources ...... 1 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains ...... 1 1 Introduction ...... 2 1.1 Regulatory Setting ...... 2 1.2 Personnel ...... 3 2 Setting ...... 7 2.1 Natural Setting ...... 7 2.1 Cultural Setting ...... 7 2.1.1 Early Man Horizon (ca. 10,000 – 6,000 B.C.) ...... 7 2.1.2 Milling Stone Horizon (6,000–3,000 B.C.) ...... 8 2.1.3 Intermediate Horizon (3,000 B.C. – A.D. 500) ...... 8 2.1.4 Late Prehistoric Horizon (A.D. 500–Historic Contact) ...... 9 2.1.5 Ethnographic Overview ...... 9 2.1.6 Historic Overview ...... 10 3 Background Research ...... 13 3.1California Historical Resource Information System ...... 13 3.1.1 Previous Studies ...... 13 Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Studies within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Site ...... 13 3.1.2 Previously Recorded Resources ...... 15 Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site ...... 15 3.2 Native American Scoping ...... 17 4 Fieldwork ...... 18 4.1 Survey Methods ...... 18 4.2 Results...... 18 5 Discussion ...... 21 6 Significance Evaluation ...... 23 6.1 Evaluation of CRHR Eligibility ...... 23 6.1.1 State Mandates ...... 23 6.1.2 Kiel Orchard ...... 23 7 Management Recommendations ...... 25 7.1.1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources ...... 25 7.1.2 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains ...... 25 8 References ...... 26

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Appendices

Appendix A Records Search Summary Appendix B Native American Scoping Appendix C Resource Record for Kiel Orchard

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Executive Summary

Birdseye Planning Group (BPG) was retained by Charles Kiel to conduct a Phase I cultural resources study for the proposed Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project located on the north side of Santa Ana Canyon Road in the City of Highland (APN 1210-371-06, 10 and 11). The proposed project is subject to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) with the City of Highland serving as lead agency. This study includes a cultural resources records search, Sacred Lands File search, pedestrian survey of the project site, evaluation of a historic orchard, and preparation of this technical report in compliance with the requirements of CEQA. The Kiel Orchard was identified as a historic resource but found not eligible for California Register of Historical Resources listing. Based on the results of the current study, BPG recommends a finding of no impact to historical resources under CEQA. The following measures are recommended in case of the unanticipated discovery of cultural resources during the project related ground disturbing activities. Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources If previously unidentified cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, work in the immediate area must halt and an archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for archaeology (National Park Service 1983) should be contacted immediately to evaluate the find. If the discovery proves to be significant under CEQA, additional work such as data recovery excavation may be warranted. Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains The discovery of human remains is always a possibility during ground disturbing activities. If human remains are found, California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the county coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. In the event of an unanticipated discovery of human remains, the county coroner must be notified immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the coroner will notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), which will determine and notify a most likely descendant (MLD). The MLD shall complete the inspection of the site within 48 hours of notification and may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.

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1 Introduction

BPG was retained by Charles Kiel to conduct a Phase I cultural resources study for the Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project in the City of Highland, San Bernardino County, California (Figures 1 and 2). Tentative Tract 20142 is a 56-unit single family residential development proposed on a 21.59 gross acre site located north of Santa Ana Canyon Road and west of Alta Vista in the City of Highland, California (APN 1210-371-06, 10 and 11). Density would be 2.59 units per acre. The site is currently used for citriculture and has historically been used for agricultural purposes. Project access would be via Santa Ana Canyon Road and a new loop street through the development. Additional access would be provided via an extension of Cabo del Oeste, which is located near the northeast corner of the site. The extension of this street through the property would provide secondary/alternative access to Alta Vista and then south to Santa Ana Canyon Road. Gated fire access would be provided near the northwest corner of the site via an extension to Cabo del Oeste. The project would require a boundary adjustment to create three parcels. Parcel A would accommodate an existing residence and garage, Parcel B would accommodate a stormwater retention basin and Parcel C would accommodate the 56-unit development. Architectural variations in elevations and finished color would be consistent with neighboring single-family residential developments to the west and east of the site. The site is bordered by existing single-family residential to the west and east and rural residential to the south. An undeveloped slope and single-family residential is located to the north. This cultural resources study includes a cultural resources records search, Native American scoping, pedestrian survey, evaluation of built environment resources for California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) eligibility, and the preparation of this report for compliance with the cultural resources requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). 1.1 Regulatory Setting

CEQA requires a lead agency to determine whether a project may have a significant effect on historical resources, including prehistoric or historic archaeological resources (Public Resources Code [PRC], Section 21084.1). If it can be demonstrated that a project will cause damage to a unique archaeological resource, the lead agency may require reasonable efforts be made to permit any or all of these resources to be preserved in place or left in an undisturbed state. To the extent that resources cannot be left undisturbed, mitigation measures are required (PRC, Section 21083.2[a], [b], and [c]). PRC, Section 21083.2(g) defines a unique archaeological resource as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria: A. Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information; B. Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type; or C. Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person. A historical resource is a resource listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing, in the CRHR, a resource included in a local register of historical resources or any object, building, structure, site,

2 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project area, place, record, or manuscript that a lead agency determines to be historically significant (State CEQA Guidelines, Section 15064.5[a][1-3]). Section 15064.5(a)(3) also states that a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be “historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR. California Assembly Bill 52 of 2014 (AB 52) added a new category of cultural resource to CEQA called “tribal cultural resource.” Tribal cultural resources are those sites, places, landscapes, or objects that have demonstrable significant heritage value to a California Native American tribe. 1.2 Personnel

BPG Cultural Resources Senior Archaeologist and Principal Investigator Scott A. Mattingly, M.A., Registered Professional Archaeologist (RPA), served as principal investigator for the study, conducted the cultural resources records search and Native American scoping, performed the pedestrian survey, prepared all figures, and was the primary author of this report and resource records. Mr. Mattingly meets the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for prehistoric and historic archaeology (National Park Service 1983). BPG Cultural Resources Specialist Kevin Hunt, B.A., coauthored this report.

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Figure 1. Project Vicinity

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Figure 2. Project Location

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Figure 3. Project Site

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2 Setting

2.1 Natural Setting

The proposed project site is a citrus orchard bordered by single-family residential developments to the east, west, and northwest, rural residential land to the south, and undeveloped open space to the northeast. Currently, the project site is 90 percent planted in citrus trees, with a small portion (approximately 8 percent) of non-native grasses along the northern boundary and a single-family residence and garage in the southeast corner occupying approximately 2 percent of the project site (Figure 3). The center of the proposed project site is at an elevation of approximately 457 meters (1500 feet) above mean sea level, with elevations as low as 445 meters (1460 feet) AMSL at the southern edge and as high as 488 meters (1600 feet) AMSL at the northern property line. The project site is generally situated at the southern base of the . 2.1 Cultural Setting

For nearly a century, archaeologists have developed chronological sequences to explain prehistoric cultural changes within all or portions of (c.f., Jones and Klar 2007; Moratto 1984). Wallace (1955, 1978) devised a prehistoric chronology for the southern California coastal region based on early studies and focused on data synthesis that included four horizons: Early Man, Milling Stone, Intermediate, and Late Prehistoric. Though initially lacking the chronological precision of absolute dates (Moratto 1984:159), Wallace’s (1955) synthesis has been modified and improved using thousands of radiocarbon dates obtained by southern California researchers over recent decades (Byrd and Raab 2007:217; Koerper and Drover 1983; Koerper et al. 2002; Mason and Peterson 1994). The prehistoric chronological sequence for southern California presented below is a composite based on Wallace (1955) and Warren (1968) as well as later studies, including Koerper and Drover (1983).

2.1.1 Early Man Horizon (ca. 13,000 – 6,000 B.C.) Numerous pre-8000 B.C. sites have been identified along the mainland coast and Channel Islands of southern California (c.f., Erlandson 1991; Johnson et al. 2002; Jones and Klar 2007; Moratto 1984; Rick et al. 2001:609). The Arlington Springs site on Santa Rosa Island produced human femurs dated to approximately 13,000 years ago (Arnold et al. 2004; Johnson et al. 2002). On nearby San Miguel Island, human occupation at Daisy Cave (SMI-261) has been dated to nearly 13,000 years ago and included basketry greater than 12,000 years old, the earliest on the Pacific Coast (Arnold et al. 2004). Although few Clovis or Folsom style fluted points have been found in southern California (e.g., Dillon 2002; Erlandson et al. 1987), Early Man Horizon sites are generally associated with a greater emphasis on hunting than later horizons. Recent data indicate that the Early Man economy was a diverse mixture of hunting and gathering, including a significant focus on aquatic resources in coastal areas (e.g., Jones et al. 2002) and on inland Pleistocene lakeshores (Moratto 1984). A warm and dry 3,000-year period called the Altithermal began around 6000 B.C. The conditions of the Altithermal are likely responsible for the change in human subsistence patterns at this time, including a greater emphasis on plant foods and small game.

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2.1.2 Milling Stone Horizon (6,000–3,000 B.C.) Wallace (1955:219) defined the Milling Stone Horizon as “marked by extensive use of milling stones and mullers, a general lack of well-made projectile points, and burials with rock cairns.” The dominance of such artifact types indicate a subsistence strategy oriented around collecting plant foods and small animals. A broad spectrum of food resources were consumed including small and large terrestrial mammals, sea mammals, birds, shellfish and other littoral and estuarine species, near-shore fishes, yucca, agave, and seeds and other plant products (Kowta 1969; Reinman 1964). Variability in artifact collections over time and from the coast to inland sites indicates that Milling Stone Horizon subsistence strategies adapted to environmental conditions (Byrd and Raab 2007:220). Lithic artifacts associated with Milling Stone Horizon sites are dominated by locally available tool stone and in addition to ground stone tools, such as manos and metates, chopping, scraping, and cutting tools, are very common. Kowta (1969) attributes the presence of numerous scraper-plane tools in Milling Stone Horizon collections to the processing of agave or yucca for food or fiber. The mortar and pestle, associated with acorns or other foods processed through pounding, were first used during the Milling Stone Horizon and increased dramatically in later periods (Wallace 1955, 1978; Warren 1968). Two types of artifacts that are considered diagnostic of the Milling Stone period are the cogged stone and discoidal, most of which have been found within sites dating between 4,000 and 1,000 B.C. (Moratto 1984:149), though possibly as far back as 5,500 B.C. (Couch et al. 2009). The cogged stone is a ground stone object that has gear-like teeth on the perimeter and is produced from a variety of materials. The function of cogged stones is unknown, but many scholars have postulated ritualistic or ceremonial uses (c.f., Dixon 1968:64-65; Eberhart 1961:367). Similar to cogged stones, discoidals are found in the archaeological record subsequent to the introduction of the cogged stone. Cogged stones and discoidals were often purposefully buried, or “cached.” They are most common in sites along the coastal drainages from southern Ventura County southward and are particularly abundant at some Orange County sites, although a few specimens have been found inland at Cajon Pass (Dixon 1968:63; Moratto 1984:149). Discoidals and cogged stones have been found together at some Orange County sites, such as CA-ORA-83/86/144 (Van Bueren et al. 1989:772) and Los Cerritos Ranch (Dixon 1975). Cogged stones have been collected as far east as Riverside County and their distribution appears to center on the basin (Eberhart 1961).

2.1.3 Intermediate Horizon (3,000 B.C. – A.D. 500) Wallace’s Intermediate Horizon dates from approximately 3,000 B.C.-A.D. 500 and is characterized by a shift toward a hunting and maritime subsistence strategy, as well as greater use of plant foods. During the Intermediate Horizon, a noticeable trend occurred toward greater adaptation to local resources including a broad variety of fish, land mammal, and sea mammal remains along the coast. Tool kits for hunting, fishing, and processing food and materials reflect this increased diversity, with flake scrapers, drills, various projectile points, and shell fishhooks being manufactured. Mortars and pestles became more common during this transitional period, gradually replacing manos and metates as the dominant milling equipment. Many archaeologists believe this change in milling stones signals a change from the processing and consuming of hard seed resources to the increasing reliance on acorn (e.g., Glassow et al. 1988; True 1993). Mortuary practices during the Intermediate typically included fully flexed burials oriented toward the north or west (Warren 1968:2-3).

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2.1.4 Late Prehistoric Horizon (A.D. 500–Historic Contact) During Wallace’s (1955, 1978) Late Prehistoric Horizon the diversity of plant food resources and land and sea mammal hunting increased even further than during the Intermediate Horizon. More classes of artifacts were observed during this period and high quality exotic lithic materials were used for small finely worked projectile points associated with the bow and arrow. Steatite containers were made for cooking and storage and an increased use of asphalt for waterproofing is noted. More artistic artifacts were recovered from Late Prehistoric sites and cremation became a common mortuary custom. Larger, more permanent villages supported an increased population size and social structure (Wallace 1955:223). Warren (1968) attributes this dramatic change in material culture, burial practices, and subsistence focus to the westward migration of desert people he called the Takic, or Numic, Tradition in Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino and western Riverside counties. This Takic Tradition was formerly referred to as the “Shoshonean wedge” (Warren 1968), but this nomenclature is no longer used to avoid confusion with ethnohistoric and modern Shoshonean groups (Heizer 1978:5; Shipley 1978:88, 90). Modern Serrano in San Bernardino County are generally considered by archaeologists to be descendants of these prehistoric Uto-Aztecan, Takic-speaking populations that settled within California during the Late Prehistoric Horizon. 2.1.5 Ethnographic Overview The project site is situated within a region traditionally occupied by the Serrano, though close to the boundary with the and Gabrielino (Kroeber 1925). The Serrano traditionally occupied an area in and around the San Bernardino Mountains between approximately 450 and 3,350 meters (1,500-11,000 feet) above mean sea level. Their traditional use area extended from the south in Highland and Yucaipa Valley to west of the Cajon Pass, east of Twentynine Palms, and north of Victorville. The is part of the Serran division of a branch of the Takic family of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock (Mithun 2006:539, 543). The two Serran languages, and Serrano, are closely related. The traditional Kitanemuk use area was northwest of the Serrano. Serrano was originally spoken by a relatively small group located within the San Bernardino and Sierra Madre mountains, and the term “Serrano” has come to be ethnically defined as the name of the people in the San Bernardino Mountains (Kroeber 1925:611). The Vanyume, who lived along the and associated areas and are also referred to as the Desert Serrano, spoke either a dialect of Serrano or a closely related language (Mithun 2006:543). Year-round habitation tended to be located on the desert floor, at the base of the mountains, and the foothills, with all habitation areas requiring year-round water sources (Bean and Smith 1978; Kroeber 1908). Serrano typically lived in small villages located near water sources (Bean and Smith 1978:571). Houses measuring 12 to 14 feet in diameter were domed and constructed of willow branches and tule thatching, and were occupied by a single extended family. Many of the villages had a ceremonial house, used both as a religious center and the residence of the lineage leaders. Additional structures within a village might include granaries and a large circular subterranean sweathouse. The sweathouses were typically built along streams or near pools. A village was usually composed of at least two lineages. The Serrano were loosely organized along patrilineal lines and associated themselves with one of two exogamous moieties or “clans”—the Wahiyam (coyote) or the Tukum (wildcat) moiety. Serrano subsistence economy was based on hunting and plant collecting, supplemented by fishing (Bean and Smith 1978:571). They hunted large and small animals, including mountain sheep, deer, antelope, rabbits, small rodents, and various birds, particularly quail. Plant staples consisted of seeds; acorn nuts of the black oak; piñon nuts; bulbs and tubers; and shoots, blooms, and roots of various

9 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project plants, including yucca, berries, barrel cacti, and mesquite. The Serrano used fire as a management tool to increase yields of specific plants, particularly chía. Exchange and trade were important aspects of Serrano economy. Those living in the lower-elevation, desert floor villages traded foodstuffs with people living in the foothill villages who had access to a different variety of edible resources. In addition to inter-village trade, ritualized communal food procurement events, such as rabbit and deer hunts and piñon, acorn, and mesquite nut-gathering events, integrated the economy and helped distribute resources that were available in different ecozones. Contact between Serrano and Europeans was relatively minimal prior to the early 1800s. By 1790, however, Serrano began to be drawn into mission life (Bean and Vane 2002). More Serrano were relocated to Mission San Gabriel in 1811 after a failed indigenous attack on that mission. Most of the remaining western Serrano were moved to an asistencia built near Redlands in 1819 (Bean and Smith 1978:573). In the 1860s, a smallpox epidemic killed many indigenous southern Californians, including many Serrano (Bean and Vane 2002). Oral history accounts of a massacre in the 1860s at Twentynine Palms may have been part of a larger American military campaign that lasted 32 days (Bean and Vane 2002:10). Surviving Serrano sought shelter at Morongo with their Cahuilla neighbors; Morongo later became a reservation (Bean and Vane 2002). Other survivors followed the Serrano leader Santos Manuel down from the mountains and toward the valley floors and eventually settled what later became the San Manuel Band of Reservation, formally established in 1891. By 2003, most Serrano lived either on the Morongo or San Manuel reservations (California Indian Assistance Program 2003). The Morongo Band of Mission Indians of the Morongo Reservation, established through presidential executive orders in 1877 and 1889, includes both Cahuilla and Serrano members. Established in 1891, the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Reservation included 84 Serrano tribal members in 2003. Both Morongo and San Manuel are federally recognized tribes. People of both reservations participate in cultural programs to revitalize traditional languages, knowledge, and practices.

2.1.6 Historic Overview The post-European Contact history of California is generally divided into three periods: the Spanish period (1769-1822), the Mexican period (1822-1848), and the American period (1848-present). Each of these periods is briefly described below.

2.1.6.1 Spanish Period (1769–1822)

In 1542, Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo led the first European expedition to observe what is now called southern California. For more than 200 years, Cabrillo and other Spanish, Portuguese, British, and Russian explorers sailed the Alta (upper) California coast and made limited inland expeditions, but they did not establish permanent settlements (Bean 1968; Rolle 2003). Gaspar de Portolá and Franciscan Father Junípero Serra established the first Spanish settlement in at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769. This was the first of 21 missions erected by the Spanish between 1769 and 1823. Spain deeded ranchos to prominent citizens and soldiers, though few in comparison to what was subsequently granted by the Mexican government. To manage and expand herds of cattle on these large ranchos, colonists enlisted the labor of the surrounding Native American population (Engelhardt

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1927a). The missions were responsible for administrating the local people as well as converting the population to Christianity (Engelhardt 1927b). Inevitably, this increased local population density and contact with diseases brought by Europeans greatly reduced the Native American population (McCawley 1996).

2.1.6.2 Mexican Period (1822–1848)

The Mexican period commenced when news of the success of the Mexican Revolution (1810-1821) against the Spanish crown reached California in 1822. This period saw extensive interior land grant development as well as exploration west of the Sierra Mountains by American fur trappers. The California missions declined in power and were ultimately secularized in 1834. The hallmark of the Mexican period was large ranchos deeded to prominent Mexican citizens, frequently soldiers, by the governor. These ranchos became important economic and social centers.

2.1.6.3 American Period (1848–Present)

The American Period officially began with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, in which the agreed to pay $15 million for the conquered territory, including California, Nevada, , and parts of Colorado, , , and . In 1850, California was admitted to the Union as the 31st state. The discovery of gold in northern California in 1848 led to the California Gold Rush, though the first significant California gold was discovered in Placerita Canyon near the San Fernando Mission in 1842 (Guinn 1977). After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, thousands more settlers and immigrants began to migrate to southern California at the urgings of land speculators and developers. San Bernardino County was established on April 26, 1853, and a year later the city of San Bernardino was incorporated as the county seat (County of San Bernardino 2008). A Mormon colony purchased Rancho San Bernardino and the Estancia in 1851 and began using Waterman Canyon and Mill Creek as logging areas. They established the city, and later the county, of San Bernardino in 1853 (San Bernardino County Museum 2012). The Mormons were recalled to Utah by Brigham Young in 1857, greatly reducing the lumber industry in San Bernardino County (Lech 1998). However, the discovery of gold and silver and the success of orange orchards in the late 1800s led to increased development of the valley (Lech 1998). San Bernardino County is associated with many historic figures. Jedediah Smith, an early explorer, visited the valley in 1826; Kit Carson and a group of trappers travelled through the area in 1830; in his teens, Wyatt Earp travelled with his family by wagon train to San Bernardino and arrived in 1864 (San Bernardino County 2008). The region played a significant role in the development of California’s citrus industry. In 1873 two seedless orange trees were planted by Eliza Tibbets; the oranges, later called the Washington Naval Orange, led to the rapid planting of citrus trees and stimulated interest in real estate.

2.1.6.4 Local History

The following local history is primarily derived from Beattie (1994). In 1856 John Henry Cram and six of his sons were the first Anglo settlers in the area that became known as Cramville. Henry Rable bought property to the west in 1857. Extending 12 miles from San Bernardino, in 1860 Santa Ana

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Canyon Road was the first in the region. The area was first called “Highland” with the formation of the Highland School District in 1883. By 1885 the last Serrano Indians living in the area were relocated onto the San Manuel . In 1892 the Santa Fe Railroad was extended through the region and included stops in West Highland, Highland, and East Highland. The railroad resulted in an agricultural and industrial boom for Highland. The area was already well known for its quality fruits and vegetables but with greater access to markets and the development of canals to ensure adequate supply of Santa Ana River water, the region developed its famed citriculture that continued expanding into the mid-twentieth century. Citriculture began diminishing post-World War II as, increasingly, orchards were converted into residential developments. The City of Highland was incorporated in 1987. The development trend continues while the city retains a historic district and associations with the citriculture industry that supported a boom, but became less profitable over the years.

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3 Background Research

3.1 California Historical Resource Information System

At the request of BPG, on April 11, 2018, the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) located at California State University, Fullerton, conducted a search of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS; summary in Appendix B). The search was conducted to identify all previous cultural resources work and previously recorded cultural resources within a 0.5- mile radius of the project site. The CHRIS search included a review of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), the California Points of Historical Interest list, the California Historical Landmarks list, the Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility list, and the California State Historic Resources Inventory list. The records search also included a review of all available historic USGS 7.5-, 15-, and 30-minute quadrangle maps. 3.1.1 Previous Studies The SCCIC records search identified 22 cultural resources studies that were conducted within a 0.5- mile radius of the project site (Table 1). Six of these studies are listed by SCCIC as within the project site; however, based on the shape of the polygons and the details of the reports, this appears to be a mapping error and the previous studies were actually adjacent to the north, outside of the project site.

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resource Studies within a 0.5-Mile Radius of the Project Site

Report Proximity to Number Author Year Title Project Site

SB-00219 Schlanger, Sarah H. 1974 Environmental Impact Evaluation: Archaeology of Adjacent to “East Highlands Ranch,” East Highlands, California north

SB-00715 Hearn, Joseph E. 1978 Cultural Resources Assessment of East Highland Ranch Adjacent to Property north

SB-01124 Lerch, Michael K. 1981 Cultural Resources Assessment of the East Highlands Adjacent to Ranch, San Bernardino County, California north

SB-01125 Lerch, Michael K. 1986 Cultural Resources Assessment of Tentative Tracts Adjacent to 13467, 13468, and 13469, East Highlands Ranch Phase north 3, San Bernardino County, California

SB-01410 East Highlands Ranch, 1983 East Highlands Ranch Photo Essay Adjacent to Inc. north

SB-01566 Brock, James, John 1986 Santa Ana River Upstream Alternatives, Cultural Outside F. Elliott, Benjamin Resources Survey Resnick, and William A. Sawyer

SB-01754 Hatheway, Roger G. 1987 Historical and Architectural Evaluation, Seven Oaks Outside Dam Bridges

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Report Proximity to Number Author Year Title Project Site

SB-01783 Hornbeck, David and 1988 Seven Oaks Dam Project: Water Systems Outside Howard Botts

SB-01754 Hatheway, Roger G. 1987 Historical and Architectural Evaluation, Seven Oaks Outside Dam Bridges

SB-01808 Hampson, R. Paul, 1988 Cultural Resources Survey, Upper Santa Ana River, Outside Jerrel Sorensen, Susan California K. Goldberg, Mark T. Swanson, and Jeanne E. Arnold

SB-01878 Hampson, R. Paul 1989 Cultural Resource Survey for a Proposed Storm Drain Outside Channel, Near East Highlands, San Bernardino County, California

SB-02652 McKenna, Jeanette A. 1992 Results of an Archaeological Monitoring Program for Outside the Greenspot Road Pipeline along Greenspot Road, East Highlands, San Bernardino County, California

SB-02685 McKenna, Jeanette A. 1992 Archaeological Testing and Mitigation of Adverse Outside and Leta J. Franklin Impacts at CA-SBR-7166H, an Historic Habitation Site, East Highlands, San Bernardino County, California

SB-02853 Foster, John M., 1991 Cultural Resource Investigation: Inland Feeder Project, Outside James J. Schmidt, MWD of Southern CA Carmen A. Weber, Gwendolyn R. Romani, and Roberta S. Greenwood

SB-03037 McLean, Deborah, 1995 Cultural Resources Assessment Adjacent to Mari Pritchard Parker, for 278.4 Acres within East north and Brad Sturm Highlands Ranch, San Bernardino County, CA

SB-04062 Budinger, Fred 2002 Proposed Wireless Device Monopalm and Equipment Outside Cabinet, East Highland Site near 29800 Greenspot Road, Highland, CA

SB-04831 Brunzell, David and 2005 Cultural Resource Assessment: Upper Santa Ana River Outside Curt Duke Wash Land Management and Habitat Conservation Plan, San Bernardino County, California

SB-06638 Janssen, Virginia 2010 Cultural Resource Survey Report: Greenspot Road Site, Outside San Bernardino County, CA

SB-06802 Heidelberg, Kurt 2010 Archaeological Survey Report for Southern Outside California Edison’s Deteriorated Pole Replacements in Redlands, San Bernardino County, California

SB-06997 Puckett, Heather R. 2010 East Highland, 29700 Greenspot Road, Outside Highland, CA 02346

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Report Proximity to Number Author Year Title Project Site

SB-07459 Tang, Bai “Tom”, 2012 Identification and Evaluation of Historic Outside Terri Jacquemain, Properties: Enhanced Recharge Facilities for Harry Quinn, Daniel Santa Ana River Water Diverted by Valley Ballester, and Nina Gallardo District and Western under Water Rights Permit Project (Phase 1 & 2), Cities of Highland and Redlands, San Bernardino County, California

SB-07569 McDougall, Dennis P. 2003 Inland Feeder Pipeline Project: Final Outside and Jill A. Onken Synthentic Report of Archaeological Findings, San Bernardino County, California

3.1.2 Previously Recorded Resources Eight (8) cultural resources were recorded within 0.5-mile of the project site (Table 2), two of which were identified adjacent to the project site: North Fork Canal (P-36-006544) and the Tract 16014 Water Conveyance System (P-36-007051).

Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within 0.5 Mile of the Project Site

NRHP/CRHR Primary Recorded By and Relationship Trinomial Description Eligibility Number Year to Project Site Status

36- CA-SBR- North Fork Canal Determined R. Porter and M. Adjacent to 006544 6544H ineligible for Hogan 2011; J. north NRHP listing, McKenna 1993; P. not evaluated for Sutton 1990; J. CRHR or local Elliott 1986; register

36- CA-SBR- Cram and Van Leuven Ditch Determined ECORP, Inc. 2006; Outside 006848 6848H ineligible for Eighmey et al, 1993; NRHP listing, McKenna et al, 1992; not evaluated for CRHR or local register

36- CA-SBR- Tract 16014 Water Conveyance Recommended K. Harper and P. Adjacent to 007051 7051H System (aka East Highland CRHR eligible Shattuck 2003; M. north Ranch); since destroyed and in 2003 but since Pritchard-Parker et redeveloped destroyed al, 1994; J. Schmidt et al, 1990;

36- CA-SBR- Plunge Creek Bridge Determined J. McKenna 1992; Outside 007165 7165H ineligible for R. Hatheway 1987 NRHP listing

36- CA-SBR- Historic period remains of single Insufficient J. McKenna 1992 Outside 007166 7166H family residential complex, information including water conveyance features

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NRHP/CRHR Primary Recorded By and Relationship Trinomial Description Eligibility Number Year to Project Site Status

36- N/A Baseline Road State Historical Unknown 1973 Outside 013497 Landmarks 1- 769 and Points of Historical Interest designated prior to January 1998 – Needs to be reevaluated using current standards.

36- CA-SBR- Single family residence with Not CRHR or C. Cotterman, K. Outside 031679 31679H citrus orchard and water NRHP eligible Lindgren, W. conveyance features (now Blumel, A. Myers, destroyed) and R. Mason 2015

36- CA-SBR- Historic era water conveyance Presumed not C. Cotterman, K. Outside 031680 31680H features (now destroyed) CRHR or NRHP Lindgren, W. eligible Blumel, A. Myers, (destroyed) and R. Mason 2015

36- CA-SBR- Single family residence with Presumed not C. Cotterman, K. Outside 031681 31681H citrus orchard and water CRHR or NRHP Lindgren, W. conveyance features (now eligible Blumel, A. Myers, destroyed) (destroyed) and R. Mason 2015

The North Fork Canal (P-36-006544) was originally a ditch constructed to bring water from Santa Ana Canyon to the East Highland area. The original North Fork portion of the ditch was constructed circa 1854 and fed the community of City Creek, while the South Fork brought water to the settlement of Timber. The Timber and North Fork canals were completely separate. In 1916 the North Fork Canal was improved again. Today, the North Fork Canal has been replaced as a water conveyance feature by a 36-inch diameter pipe operated by East Valley Water District, though the pipe was laid in the 1916 alignment. The North Fork Canal was previously determined not eligible for NRHP listing, though it undoubtedly played a significant role in the development of the local region. The Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project does not have the potential to impact this resource, which is located adjacent to the northern edge of the project site. The Tract 16014 Water Conveyance System (East Highland Ranch; P-36-007051) is an extensive water conveyance system with 16 linear features, one reservoir, and one pump serving more than 93 acres (Harper and Shattuck 2003). Harper and Shattuck recommended the resource CRHR eligible under Criteria 1 (association with significant events) and 3 (design/engineering); however, they further stated that the extensive historic documentation of the resource recorded in their study and previous studies were adequate mitigation for impacts caused by the demolition and redevelopment of the East Highland Ranch. The Tract 16014 Water Conveyance System has since been destroyed and the East Highland Ranch developed into numerous single-family residences.

16 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

3.2 Native American Scoping

BPG requested a review of the Sacred Lands File (SLF) by the Native American Heritage Commission on March 11, 2018. The NAHC sent a response on March 12, 2018 stating that a search of the SLF was completed with negative results. The NAHC also provided a list of 21 Native American contacts that may have knowledge regarding cultural resources of Native American origin within the project site. BPG prepared and mailed letters to each of these contacts on March 16, 2018. A summary of the Native American scoping is provided in Appendix C. On March 22, 2018, Jessica Mauck, Cultural Resources Analyst for the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians (SMBMI), responded via email that the project is within Serrano ancestral territory, approximately 3.5 miles from the SMBMI reservation and that the Band will request government-to- government consultation with the City of Highland. She further stated that the area is considered sensitive because the project site is near the ethnographic period village of Apinjaibit, and that the Applicant should be informed of the Band’s interest in the project. On March 23, 2018, Sarah Bliss, Tribal Cultural Specialist for the Twenty‐Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians responded via email that “the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) is not aware of any additional cultural resources or any Tribal Cultural Resources…within or adjacent to the project area…” On April 2, 2018, Katie Croft, Cultural Resources Manager for the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, replied that the project site is within the tribe’s traditional use area, but they defer consultation to SMBMI. No other replies have been received as of May 16, 2018.

17 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

4 Fieldwork

4.1 Survey Methods

BPG cultural resources specialist Scott Mattingly conducted a pedestrian survey of the project site on April 28, 2018. Mr. Mattingly surveyed the project site using transects spaced 5 to 10 meters apart and oriented east-west. The entire project site was surveyed. Mr. Mattingly examined all exposed ground surface for artifacts (e.g., flaked stone tools and tool- manufacture debris, ground stone tools, ceramic sherds, fire-affected rock), ecofacts (marine shell, bone), soil discoloration that could indicate the presence of a cultural midden, soil depressions, and features indicative of the former presence of structures or buildings (e.g., standing exterior walls, postholes, foundations) or historic debris (e.g., metal, glass, ceramic sherds, cut bone). Ground disturbances such as burrows and drainages were visually inspected. Mr. Mattingly also examined the subject property for historic period built-environment features including buildings, structures, water conveyance features, and landscapes. Photographs documenting the project site and survey are maintained at BPG’s Vista, California, office. 4.2 Results

The project site is a citrus orchard with historic era terracing, retaining walls, and irrigation features, as well as a single-family residence in the southeast corner. (Figures 4-7). The historic period orchard and associated built environment features have been identified as the “Kiel Orchard” and recorded on the attached California Department of Parks and Recreation Series 523 (DPR) forms (Appendix C). The residence will be subdivided from the orchard and not impacted by the current project. The Kiel Orchard is described in the following Discussion section as well as in Appendix C. No archaeological resources were identified during the survey.

Figure 4. Overview of project site, facing south.

18 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

Figure 5. View of flume (Feature 9), facing south.

Figure 6. View of water reservoir (Feature 6), facing southeast.

19 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

Figure 7. View of west end of retaining wall (Feature 1), facing north.

20 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

5 Discussion

The Kiel Orchard occupies the proposed project site. This historic period resource consists of a 23- acre citrus grove with multiple irrigation features and rock retaining walls on a three-tiered property. The irrigation features include four split-cobble and concrete flumes with flat bottoms, and one split- cobble and concrete reservoir foundation. There are also three split-cobble and concrete walls, and two stacked boulder retaining rock walls on the property. The house, barn, and outbuildings associated with the orchard are located in the southeastern corner of the property in a section of the parcel that will be subdivided and not affected by the proposed Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 project. The features comprising the Kiel Orchard are described below with a detailed sketch map presented in Appendix C. Feature 1 is a historic period, split cobble and mortar retaining wall located near the center or the site that bisects the western half of the orchard on an east-west axis. The wall measures approximately 15 feet high, 356 feet long, and 18 inches thick. It is constructed of 8 to 12-inch granite cobbles and boulders, and mortar. The wall separates the lower tier of the property from the upper, northwestern tier. According to the property owner, the wall was constructed in the 1930's and is visible in a 1938 aerial photograph. It appears that approximately 20 feet of the western end of the wall collapsed and was repaired, presumably in 1965 based on an etching in the mortar of the repaired section. It also appears that the upper five feet of the entire wall was either constructed later, or that the upper portion of the original wall collapsed and was re-constructed. This is evident by a subtle change in the relief of the mortar at approximately five feet below the top of the wall. Near the eastern end of the wall, railroad rails are being used as shoring. Feature 2 is another historic period, split cobble and mortar retaining wall located near the center of the site that bisects the eastern half of the orchard on an east-west axis. It is separated from Feature 1 by a dirt road leading to the upper portion of the orchard. This wall is approximately 8 feet high, 220 feet long, and 18 inches thick. Several large chunks of split-cobble and mortar are placed between the citrus trees in the lower portion of the orchard, to the south of Feature 2. It appears that these chunks are pieces of an earlier wall in the eastern half of the orchard that collapsed and was replaced, at least partially, by the current wall. Feature 3 is also a historic period, split cobble and mortar wall that separates the upper northwestern portion of the orchard from the upper northeastern section. This retaining wall also forms the western side of a split cobble and concrete flume with a flat bottom. The wall is 182 feet long, and 18 inches thick. The southern end of the wall is approximately 8 feet tall. The wall gradually lowers in elevation to the north until it is flush with the ground. The flume that is associated with the wall is approximately 20 inches wide and 12 inches deep. Feature 4 is a short, stacked granite boulder retaining wall in the northwestern portion of the property, measuring approximately 2 feet tall and 300 feet long. The wall appears to form the southern edge of a dirt access road leading from the western edge of the property into the center of the northern, upper tier of the orchard. Feature 5 is also a short, stacked granite boulder retaining wall in the northwestern portion of the property, measuring approximately 2 feet tall and 145 feet long. This wall forms the northern edge of a dirt access road leading from the western edge of the property into the center of the northern, upper tier of the orchard.

21 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

Feature 6 is the foundation of a former reservoir that held water for the orchard's irrigation system. The foundation is located in the northeastern portion of the property, at the highest elevation within the orchard. The foundation measures approximately 30 feet (east-west) by 15 feet (north-south). Its southern elevation is approximately 5 feet, while the northern side of the foundation is approximately 18 inches tall. It is constructed of split cobbles and mortar, similar to the retaining walls and flumes on the property. The walls are approximately 15 inches thick and have 2 inch by 6 inch milled planks bolted on top of them. Wire nails are protruding from the planks. The southern and western elevations are supported by concrete buttresses, the westernmost of which appears to be a much later addition. "12-54" is etched in a large piece of poured concrete on the southwestern corner of the foundation. The interior of the foundation is filled with dirt and cobbles. A corrugated steel pipe leads north from the foundation, up a steep hill that forms the northern edge of the property to the North Fork Canal, where water was once drawn to fill the reservoir before being distributed throughout the orchard through a system of flumes. Feature 7 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom on the eastern border of the property. In the northern, upper tier of the orchard, the flume is composed of two parallel channels that lead from the eastern side of the reservoir (Feature 6) south to a retaining wall (Feature 2). From there, the flume is a single channel that continues south where it ends on the northern side of the orchard residence. The northern portion of the feature, where there are two parallel channels, measures approximately 48 inches wide by 12 inches deep, and is approximately 450 feet long. The southern section of the flume, which is a single channel, measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep. Feature 8 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom on the western border of the property. The flume measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep, and is approximately 180 feet long from north to south. Feature 9 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom in the approximate center of the property. The majority of the flume measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep. However, the eastern side of the northern portion of the flume measures approximately 3 feet tall and acts as a retaining wall for the slightly elevated portion of the orchard. Toward the southern end of the flume, the feature turns slightly to the east, where it widens to approximately 40 inches wide by 36 inches deep and leads into a buried corrugated steel pipe that presumably runs south off of the property. Feature 10 is a concrete distribution box located near the center of the property. The box measures approximately five feet (north-south) by three feet (east-west), and is approximately 12 inches deep with a split cobble and concrete foundation. The concrete on the southern elevation of the distribution box is etched "W.S. R.S" and "1920 DEC 20". George Andrew MacLean and his family, Charles Kiel’s ancestors, came to Highland in April 1889 and bought property including the Kiel Orchard in 1892 (Folmer 2018). Known as MacLean Ranch, they originally planted Washington navels and Lisbon lemons, replacing existing apricots. Kiel stated that he and his father before him have maintained the orchard while always needing other jobs to supplement their income (Folmer 2018). The property is currently a functioning citrus orchard.

22 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

6 Significance Evaluation

One cultural resource, the Kiel Orchard, was identified and evaluated in this study. The basis and results of this evaluation are presented below, followed by project-specific recommendations. 6.1 Evaluation of CRHR Eligibility

This study is being conducted under the provisions of CEQA. Public Resources Code SS5024.1, Section 15064.5 of the Guidelines and Sections 21083.2 and 21084.1 of the Statutes of CEQA were used as the basic guidelines for the cultural resources study (Governor’s Office of Planning and Research 1998). Public Resources Code SS5024.1 requires evaluation of historical resources to determine their eligibility for listing on the CRHR. The purposes of the register are to maintain listings of the state’s historical resources and to indicate which properties are to be protected from substantial adverse change (California Department of Parks and Recreation 1995). The criteria for listing resources on the CRHR were expressly developed to be in accordance with previously established criteria developed for listing on the NRHP. 6.1.1 State Mandates Under CEQA Section 15064.5 a cultural resource is considered a significant “historical resource” if it meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR, defined as: A. Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage; B. Is associated with lives of persons important in our past; C. Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or D. Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

6.1.2 Kiel Orchard In addition to the general provisions identified previously for CRHR eligibility, the Kiel Orchard was evaluated using the guidelines provided in Water Conveyance Systems in California Historic Context Development and Evaluation Procedures (JRP Historical Consulting Services and California Department of Transportation 2000). The Kiel Orchard and its associated water storage and conveyance features are typical of the citrus orchards that defined the East Highlands area in the late nineteenth through the mid twentieth century. Undoubtedly, the adjacent North Fork Canal played a significant role in providing adequate water to grow the citriculture industry through this period. The canal and orchards that drew water from the canal have been extensively documented in cultural resources studies conducted for the development of adjacent and nearby parcels, as well as in newspaper and scholarly books and articles. An appropriate historic context for the evaluation of this resource includes American Settlement, Citriculture, and Water Conveyance Systems in California, c.1880-c.1930s. As noted previously, the Kiel Orchard’s retaining walls have been modified and reconstructed regularly since

23 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project their construction. The orchard is now virtually surrounded by single-family homes, as is proposed for this property. The orchard is no longer an economically viable business and the integrity of setting is completely lost given the piping of the North Fork Canal and surrounding residential development. As such, Birdseye Planning Group recommends the Kiel Orchard not eligible for CRHR listing.

24 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

7 Management Recommendations

The project has the potential to impact one cultural resource: the Kiel Orchard. This resource has been evaluated for CRHR eligibility and recommended not eligible. As such, impacts to this resource would not be significant under CEQA. Based on the results of the current study, BPG recommends a finding of no impact to historical resources under CEQA. The following measures are recommended in the case of the unanticipated discovery of cultural resources during project related ground disturbing activities. 7.1.1 Unanticipated Discovery of Cultural Resources If previously unidentified cultural resources are encountered during ground-disturbing activities, work in the immediate area must halt and an archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for archaeology (National Park Service 1983) must be contacted immediately to evaluate the find. If the discovery proves to be significant under CEQA, additional work such as data recovery excavation may be warranted. 7.1.2 Unanticipated Discovery of Human Remains The discovery of human remains is always a possibility during ground disturbing activities. If human remains are found, the State of California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the county coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to Public Resources Code Section 5097.98. In the event of an unanticipated discovery of human remains, the county coroner must be notified immediately. If the human remains are determined to be prehistoric, the coroner will notify the Native American Heritage Commission, which will determine and notify a Most Likely Descendant. The Most Likely Descendant shall complete the inspection of the site within 48 hours of notification and may recommend scientific removal and nondestructive analysis of human remains and items associated with Native American burials.

25 Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 Project

8 References

Arnold, Jeanne E., Michael R. Walsh, and Sandra E. Hollimon 2004 The Archaeology of California. Journal of Archaeological Research Vol. 12, No. 1.

Bean, Lowell J., and Charles R. Smith

1978 Serrano. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 570–574. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, ed. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Bean, Lowell J., and Sylvia Brakke Vane 2002 The Native American Ethnography and Ethnohistory of Joshua Tree National Park: An Overview and Assessment Study: Section IV. The Serrano. Electronic document accessed May 9, 2018, https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/jotr/history4.htm. Bean, Walton 1968 California: An Interpretive History. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Beattie, Kay 1994 A Brief History of Highland. On Highland Area Historical Society website: http://highlandhistory.org/ABriefHistoryofHighlandByKayBeattie(June1994).php Accessed May 9, 2018. Benedict, Ruth 1924 A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture. American Anthropologist 26(3):366–392. Byrd, Brian F., and L. Mark Raab 2007 Prehistory of the Southern Bight: Models for a New Millennium. In California Prehistory, edited by T. L. Jones and K. A. Klar, pp. 215-228. Altimira Press, New York.

California Indian Assistance Program 2003 2004 Field Directory of the California Indian Community. California Indian Assistance Program, Sacramento. Couch, Jeffrey S., Joanne S. Couch, and Nancy Anastasia Wiley 2009 Saved by the Well: The Keystone Cache at CA-ORA-83, the Cogged Stone Site. Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 21:147-156.

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Dillon, Brian D. 2002 California Paleo-Indians: Lack of Evidence, or Evidence of a Lack? In Essays in California Archaeology: A Memorial to Franklin Fenenga, edited by W. J. Wallace and F. A. Riddell, pp. 110–128. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 60, Berkeley.

Dixon, Keith A. 1968 Cogged Stones and Other Ceremonial Cache Artifacts in Stratigraphic Context at ORA-58, a Site in the Lower Santa Ana River Drainage, Orange County. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 4(3):57-68.

1975 New Evidence for the Most Important Archaeological Discovery in Long Beach: the Cogged Stones and Discs of Rancho Los Cerritos. Los Fierros 12(2):20–31.

Eberhart, Hal 1961 The Cogged Stones of Southern California. American Antiquity 26(3):361-370.

Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. 1927a San Fernando Rey, the Mission of the Valley. Franciscan Herald Press, Chicago.

1927b San Gabriel Mission and the Beginning of Los Angeles. Mission San Gabriel, San Gabriel, California.

Erlandson, Jon M. 1991 Early Maritime Adaptations on the Northern Channel Islands. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by J. M. Erlandson and R. Colten. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Erlandson, Jon M., Theodore Cooley, and Richard Carrico

1987 A Fluted Projectile Point Fragment from the Southern California Coast: Chronology and Context at CA-SBA-1951. Journal of California and Anthropology 9:120–128.

Folmer, James

2018 “Easy picking.” Highland Community News March 21, 2018. Accessed online May 9, 2018: https://www.highlandnews.net/easy-picking/article_2659d3de-2d52-11e8- 895c-afa6074c0287.html Glassow, Michael A, L. Wilcoxen, and J. M. Erlandson

1988 Cultural and Environmental Change during the Early Period of Santa Barbara Channel Prehistory. In The Archaeology of Prehistoric Coastlines, edited by G. Bailey and J. Parkington pp. 64–77. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

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Guinn, J. M. 1977 A History of California and an Extended History of Los Angeles and Environs, Vol.1. Historic Record Company, Los Angeles.

Heizer, Robert F. 1978 Introduction. In California, edited by R. F. Heizer, pp. 1–6. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, W.C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.

Jones, Terry L., Richard T. Fitzgerald, Douglas J. Kennett, Charles Miksicek, John L. Fagan, John Sharp, and Jon M. Erlandson 2002 The Cross Creek Site and Its Implications for New World Colonization. American Antiquity 67:213–230.

Jones, Terry L., and Kathryn A. Klar 2007 California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. AltaMira Press, New York.

Johnson, J. R., T. W. Stafford, Jr., H. O. Ajie, and D. P. Morris 2002 Arlington Springs Revisited. In Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium, edited by D. Browne, K. Mitchell, and H. Chaney, pp. 541–545. USDI Minerals Management Service and the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, California.

JRP Historical Consulting Services and California Department of Transportation 2000 Water Conveyance Systems in California Historic Context Development and Evaluation Procedures. Accessed May 16, 2018, online at: http://www.dot.ca.gov/ser/downloads/cultural/CanalsDitches.pdf

Koerper, Henry C., and Christopher E. Drover 1983 Chronology Building for Coastal Orange County: The Case from CA-ORA-119-A. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 19(2):1–34.

Koerper, Henry C., Roger D. Mason, and Mark L. Peterson 2002 Complexity, Demography, and Change in Late Holocene Orange County. In Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Terry L. Jones, pp. 63–81. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Vol. 6, Costen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Kowta, Makoto

1969 The Sayles Complex, A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from the Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of its Scraper Planes. University of California Publications in Anthropology 6:35–69. Berkeley, California.

Kroeber, Alfred J.

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1908 Ethnography of the Cahuilla. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(2):29–68.

1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 78. Originally published 1925, Smithsonian Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Unabridged reprint 1976, Dover Publications, Inc. New York.

Lech, Steve

2004 Along the Old Roads: A History of the Portion of Southern California that Became Riverside County, 1772-1893. Riverside, CA, pp. 902.

McCawley, William 1996 The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Malki Museum/Ballena Press Cooperative Publication, Banning or Novato, California.

Mason, Roger D., and Mark L. Peterson 1994 Newport Coast Archaeological Project: Newport Coast Settlement Systems–Analysis and Discussion, Volume 1, part 1 of 2. Prepared by The Keith Companies. On file, South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.

Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, .

Reinman, Fred M. 1964 Maritime Adaptations on San Nicolas Island, California. University of California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1963–1964:47–80.

Rick, Torben C., Jon M. Erlandson, and René Vellanoweth 2001 Paleocoastal Marine Fishing on the Pacific Coast of the Americas: Perspectives from Daisy Cave, California. American Antiquity 66:595–613.

Rolle, Andrew 2003 California: A History. Revised and expanded sixth edition. Harlan Davidson, Inc., Wheeling, Illinois.

San Bernardino, County of

2012 History. Electronic document: http://www.sbcounty.gov/main/history.asp. Accessed May 9, 2018. San Bernardino County Museum 2012 The “Asistencia.” Electronic document: http://www.co.san- bernardino.ca.us/museum/branches/asist.htm. Accessed May 9, 2018.

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Shipley, William F. 1978 Native Languages of California. In California, edited by R. F. Heizer, pp. 80–90. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.

True, Delbert L. 1993 Bedrock Milling Elements as Indicators of Subsistence and Settlement Patterns in Northern San Diego County, California. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 29(2):1–26.

Van Bueren, Thad M., Susan K. Goldberg, Michael J. Moratto, Portia Lee, and Jerrel H. Sorrenson 1989 Inventory and Evaluation of Cultural Resources: Bolsa Chica Mesa and Huntington Beach Mesa, Orange County, California. Prepared by Infotech Research, Inc. Report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.

Wallace, William 1955 Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11:214–230.

1978 Post-Pleistocene Archaeology, 9000 to 2000 B.C. In California, edited by R. F. Heizer, pp. 25–36. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.

Warren, Claude N. 1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by C. Irwin-Williams, pp. 1– 14. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology No. 1. Portales.

30

Appendix A Records Search Summary

South Central Coastal Information Center California State University, Fullerton Department of Anthropology MH-426 800 North State College Boulevard Fullerton, CA 92834-6846 657.278.5395 / FAX 657.278.5542 [email protected] California Historical R esources I nformation System Orange, Los Angeles, and Ventura Counties ______

4/11/2018 Records Search File No.: 18788.4853

Scott Mattingly Black Mountain Resource Consultants 32030 Corte Albano Temecula, CA 92592

Re: Record Search Results for Tentative Tract Map 20142

The South Central Coastal Information Center received your records search request for the project area referenced above, located on the Redlands, CA USGS 7.5’ quadrangle. The following reflects the results of the records search for the project area and a ½-mile radius:

As indicated on the data request form, the locations of resources and reports are provided in the following format: ☒ custom GIS maps ☐ shape files ☒ hand-drawn maps

Resources within project area: 0 None Resources within ½-mile radius: 8 SEE ATTACHED MAP or LIST Resources listed in the OHP Historic None Properties Directory within project area: 0 Resources listed in the OHP Historic None Properties Directory within ½-mile radius: 0 Resources listed in the Historic SEE ATTACHED LIST FOR INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY STATUS CODES Properties Directory that lack - These properties may or may not be in your project area or in specific locational information: 3 the search radius. Reports within project area: 6 SB-00219, SB-00715, SB-01124, SB-01125, SB-01410, SB-01783 Reports within ½-mile radius: 15 SEE ATTACHED MAP or LIST

Resource Database Printout (list): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Database Printout (details): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Digital Database (spreadsheet): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Database Printout (list): ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Database Printout (details): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Digital Database (spreadsheet): ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Resource Record Copies: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Report Copies: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed OHP Historic Properties Directory: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Archaeological Determinations of Eligibility: ☐ enclosed ☐ not requested ☒ nothing listed Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments ☐ enclosed ☒ not requested ☐ nothing listed Historical Maps: ☒ enclosed ☐ not requested ☐ nothing listed Ethnographic Information: ☒ not available at SCCIC Historical Literature: ☒ not available at SCCIC GLO and/or Rancho Plat Maps: ☒ not available at SCCIC Caltrans Bridge Survey: ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/structur/strmaint/historic.htm Shipwreck Inventory: ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://shipwrecks.slc.ca.gov/ShipwrecksDatabase/Shipwrecks_Database.asp Soil Survey Maps: (see below) ☒ not available at SCCIC; please go to http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx

Please forward a copy of any resulting reports from this project to the office as soon as possible. Due to the sensitive nature of archaeological site location data, we ask that you do not include resource location maps and resource location descriptions in your report if the report is for public distribution. If you have any questions regarding the results presented herein, please contact the office at the phone number listed above.

The provision of CHRIS Data via this records search response does not in any way constitute public disclosure of records otherwise exempt from disclosure under the California Public Records Act or any other law, including, but not limited to, records related to archeological site information maintained by or on behalf of, or in the possession of, the State of California, Department of Parks and Recreation, State Historic Preservation Officer, Office of Historic Preservation, or the State Historical Resources Commission.

Due to processing delays and other factors, not all of the historical resource reports and resource records that have been submitted to the Office of Historic Preservation are available via this records search. Additional information may be available through the federal, state, and local agencies that produced or paid for historical resource management work in the search area. Additionally, Native American tribes have historical resource information not in the CHRIS Inventory, and you should contact the California Native American Heritage Commission for information on local/regional tribal contacts.

Should you require any additional information for the above referenced project, reference the record search number listed above when making inquiries. Requests made after initial invoicing will result in the preparation of a separate invoice.

Thank you for using the California Historical Resources Information System,

Isabela Kott GIS Technician/Staff Researcher

Enclosures:

(X) Custom Maps – 3 pages

(X) Report Database Printout (list) – 3 pages

(X) Resource Record Copies – (all) 302 pages

(X) Report Copies – (project area only) 170 pages

(X) OHP Historic Properties Directory – 2 pages

(X) National Register Status Codes – 1 page

(X) Historical Maps – 3 pages

(X) Invoice #18788.4853

Appendix B Native American Scoping

March 11, 2018

Dr. Gayle Totton Associate Governmental Program Analyst California Native American Heritage Commission 1550 Harbor Boulevard, Room 100 West Sacramento, California 95691

Request for a Sacred Lands File Search: Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 in the City of Highland

Dear Dr. Totton:

The proposed Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 in the City of Highland would construct 54 single family residential units on a 21 acre lot on the north side of Santa Ana Canyon Road (see attached map). A storm water detention basin will be constructed along the southern site boundary. The project area is currently a citrus orchard. Two existing residences at the southeast corner of the property will remain.

We respectfully request a search of the Sacred Lands files for this project. A completed request form and a map showing the project area are attached for reference.

We also respectfully request that you provide us with a list of tribes and individuals that may have cultural resources information regarding the project area.

If you have any questions concerning this request, please contact me.

Sincerely,

Scott Mattingly, RPA Black Mountain Resource Consultants 32030 Corte Albano Temecula, CA 92592 (858) 527-2551 [email protected] Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request

Native American Heritage Commission 1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 916-373-3710 916-373-5471 – Fax [email protected]

Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search

Project: ______

County:______

USGS Quadrangle Name:______

Township:______Range:______Section(s):______

Company/Firm/Agency:______

Street Address:______

City:______Zip:______

Phone:______

Fax:______

Email:______

Project Description: Project Area

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, USGS, Intermap, INCREMENT P, NRCan, Esri

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

1:24,000 0 0.5 1 Kilometers Tentative Tract Map 20142 Santa Ana Canyon Road Highland, CA Í Redlands Quadrangle 0 0.25 0.5 1 Miles

March 16, 2018

Ms. Patricia Garcia-Plotkin Director Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians 5401 Dinah Shore Drive Palm Springs, CA 92264

RE: Tentative Tract Map 20142 in the City of Highlands

Dear Ms. Garcia-Plotkin:

Birdseye Planning Group (BPG) has been retained to prepare a Phase I Cultural Resources Study for the proposed Tentative Tract Map Number 20142 in the City of Highland. The proposed project would construct 54 single family residential units on a 21 acre lot on the north side of Santa Ana Canyon Road (please refer to the enclosed map). A storm water detention basin will be constructed along the southern site boundary. The project area is currently a citrus orchard. Two existing residences at the southeast corner of the property will remain.

As part of the process of identifying cultural resources issues for this project, BPG contacted the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) and requested a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search and a list of Native American tribal organizations and individuals who may have knowledge of sensitive cultural resources in or near the project area. BPG received a response from the NAHC on March 12, 2018 suggesting that we contact your office to discuss this project further.

If you have knowledge of cultural resources that may exist within or near the project site, please contact me in writing at the address below, at [email protected], or by telephone at (858) 527-2551. Thank you for your assistance.

Sincerely,

Scott Mattingly, M.A., RPA Principal Investigator/Senior Archaeologist Birdseye Planning Group 32030 Corte Albano Temecula, CA 92592

Enclosure: Project Location Map

Project Location Map

Gmail - TTM 20142 in Highland, CA https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=264cf4346d&jsver=uln...

Scott Mattingly

TTM 20142 in Highland, CA 1 message

Jessica Mauck Thu, Mar 22, 2018 at 4:48 PM To: "[email protected]"

Hello Scott,

Thank you for contacting the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians (SMBMI) regarding the above referenced project. SMBMI appreciates the opportunity to review the project documentation, which was received by our Cultural Resources Management Department on 20 March 2018. The proposed project area exists within Serrano ancestral territory approximately 3.5 miles from the SMBMI reservation and, therefore, is of interest to the Tribe. Much of the information related to the project area will only be shared during government-to-government consultation. However, please note that the project site is situated within the area of the village of Apinjaibit and that the likelihood of present subsurface cultural material is high, despite the existence of the citrus groves. In addition, after many of the Serrano people were killed and the survivors were displaced to the foothills of the mountains, these individuals often served as laborers in these fields, often with devastating results that have left their mark on the landscape. Please inform the applicant of the sensitivity of this project area to the Serrano people, so that they may be prepared for Tribe’s interest in the project.

Regards,

Jessica Mauck CULTURAL RESOURCES ANALYST O: (909) 864-8933 x3249 M: (909) 725-9054 26569 Community Center Drive, Highland California 92346

THIS MESSAGE IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY TO WHICH IT IS ADDRESSED AND MAY CONTAIN INFORMATION THAT IS PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL AND EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient or agent responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you have received this electronic transmission in error, please delete it from your system without copying it and notify the sender by reply e-mail so that the email address record can be corrected. Thank You

1 of 1 5/9/2018, 9:39 AM Gmail - TTM 20142 City of Highlands Twenty-Nine Palms Band of... https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?ui=2&ik=264cf4346d&jsver=-9j...

Scott Mattingly

TTM 20142 City of Highlands Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians

Sarah Bliss Fri, Mar 23, 2018 at 12:15 PM To: "[email protected]" Cc: TNP Consultation

Hello Mr. Mattingly,

In regards to Tentative Track Map 20142 in the City of Highlands, the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) is not aware of any additional cultural resources or any Tribal Cultural Resources, as defined California Public Resources Code § 21074 (a) (1) (A)-(B) within or adjacent to the project area that pertain to the Twenty-Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact the Tribal Historic Preservation Office at (760) 775-3259 or by email: TNPConsultation@29palmsbomi- nsn.gov.

Thank you,

Sarah Bliss Twenty‐Nine Palms Band of Mission Indians

Tribal Cultural Specialist 46-200 Harrison Place, Coachella, CA 92236

Ofc: (760) 863-2489

E-mail: [email protected]

Disclaimer Notice***This message is intended solely for the designated recipient(s). It may contain confidential or proprietary information and may be subject to confidentiality protections. If you are not a designated recipient you may not review, copy, distribute this message. If you receive this in error, please notify the sender by reply e-mail and delete this message. Thank you.***

1 of 1 3/23/2018, 4:56 PM April 02, 2018 03-074-2018-001

[VIA EMAIL TO:[email protected]] Birdseye Planning Group Mr. Scott Mattingly 32030 Corte Albano Temecula, CA 92592 Re: Tentative Tract Map 20142 in the City of Highlands

Dear Mr. Scott Mattingly,

The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians (ACBCI) appreciates your efforts to include the Tribal Historic Preservation Office (THPO) in the TTM 20142 project. The project area is not located within the boundaries of the ACBCI Reservation. However, it is within the Tribe’s Traditional Use Area. For this reason, the ACBCI THPO requests the following: *At this time ACBCI defers to the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians. This letter shall conclude our consultation efforts.

Again, the Agua Caliente appreciates your interest in our cultural heritage. If you have questions or require additional information, please call me at (760)699-6829. You may also email me at [email protected].

Cordially,

Katie Croft Cultural Resources Manager Tribal Historic Preservation Office AGUA CALIENTE BAND OF CAHUILLA INDIANS

Appendix C Resource Record for MacLean Ranch

State of California  The Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI # PRIMARY RECORD Trinomial NRHP Status Code

Other Listings Review Code Reviewer Date

Page 1 of 28 *Resource Name or #: (Assigned by recorder) Kiel Orchard P1. Other Identifier:

*P2. Location: Not for Publication  Unrestricted *a. County San Bernardino and (P2c, P2e, and P2b or P2d. Attach a Location Map as necessary.) *b. USGS 7.5' Quad Redlands Date 1996 T 1S; R 3W ; SW 1/4 of NW 1/4 of Sec 1 ; SB B.M. c. Address 29936 Santa Ana Canyon Road City Highland, CA Zip 92346 d. UTM: (Give more than one for large and/or linear resources) Zone 11S, NW Corner: 485964 mE/ 3775102 mN; NE Corner: 486167 mE/ 3775083 mN; SW Corner: 485968 mE/ 3774678 mN; SE Corner: 486168 mE/ 3774572 mN

e. Other Locational Data: APNs 1210-371-06, 1210-371-10, and 1210-371-11. Orchard is located on the north side of Santa Ana Canyon Road, between North Fork Road and Alta Vista in the city of Highland, California.

*P3a. Description: This historic resource consists of a 23-acre citrus grove with multiple irrigation features and rock retaining walls on a three-tiered property. The irrigation features include four split-cobble and concrete flumes with flat bottoms, and one split-cobble and concrete concrete reservoir foundation. There are also three split-cobble and concrete walls, and two stacked boulder retaining rock walls on the property. Refer to attached Archaeological Site Record and Continuation Sheets for details.

*P3b. Resource Attributes: (List attributes and codes) HP33, HP46, AH2, AH6 *P4. Resources Present: Building Structure Object Site District Element of District Other (Isolates, etc.) P5b. Description of Photo: (view, date, P5a. Photograph or Drawing accession #) Central flume facing south. Taken from top of Feature 1. *P6. Date Constructed/Age and Source:  Historic Prehistoric Both

*P7. Owner and Address: Privately owned

*P8. Recorded by: (Name, affiliation, and address) Scott Mattingly, Birdseye Planning Group, 1354 York Drive, Vista, CA 92084

*P9. Date Recorded: April 28, 2018

*P10. Survey Type: (Describe) Intensive pedestrian

*P11. Report Citation: (Cite survey report and other sources, or enter "none.") Mattingly, 2018 Phase I Cultural Resources Study for the Tentative Tract Map Number 21042 Project, Highland, San Bernardino County, California. Prepared by Birdseye Planning Group, Vista, California. Prepared for Charles R. Kiel, Applicant. _ ____ *Attachments: NONE Location Map Continuation Sheet Building, Structure, and Object Record Archaeological Record District Record Linear Feature Record Milling Station Record Rock Art Record Artifact Record Photograph Record Other (List):

DPR 523A (9/2013) *Required information

State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

LOCATION MAP Trinomial

Page 2 of 28 *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) Kiel Orchard

*Map Name: Redlands *Scale: 1:24,000 *Date of map: 1996______

DPR 523J (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) * Required information State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION Trinomial ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE RECORD Page 3 of 28 *Resource Name or #: Kiel Orchard

*A1. Dimensions: a. Length: 1,472 feet (449 meters) (N-S) × b. Width: 659 feet (201 meters) (E-W) Method of Measurement:  Paced  Taped  Visual estimate  Other: GIS Method of Determination (Check any that apply.):  Artifacts  Features  Soil  Vegetation  Topography  Cut bank  Animal burrow  Excavation  Property boundary  Other (Explain): Reliability of Determination:  High  Medium  Low Explain: Limitations (Check any that apply):  Restricted access  Paved/built over  Site limits incompletely defined  Disturbances  Vegetation  Other (Explain):

A2. Depth:  None  Unknown Method of Determination: *A3. Human Remains:  Present  Absent  Possible  Unknown (Explain): No prehistoric human remains have been found within half a mile of the property and no historic period burials are known to be on the property.

*A4. Features: This site is a historic-period citrus orchard with associated irrigation features and rock retaining walls referred to as the Kiel Orchard after the current owner, Charles Kiel. The house, barn, and outbuildings associated with the orchard are located in the southeastern corner of the property in a section of the parcel that will be subdivided and not affected by the proposed Tentative Tract Map Number 21042 project. Therefore, the house, barn, and outbuildings were not surveyed or recorded for the proposed project. The constituent features of the site are described on attached Continuation Sheets.

*A5. Cultural Constituents: Several deteriorated and severely corroded pieces of historic farm equipment are located to the east of southern end of Feature 9.

*A6. Were Specimens Collected?  No  Yes

*A7. Site Condition:  Good  Fair  Poor: Features 1 and 2, the most prominent features on the property, appear to have partially failed at some point in the past as evidenced by multiple repairs, one of which was most likely completed in 1965 based on an etching in the mortar on the west end of Feature 1. The reservoir has been demolished, except for its foundation. The flume on the western edge of the property appears to have been truncated by recent construction. The features do not appear to be in functioning condition.

*A8. Nearest Water: The North Fork Canal is adjacent and parallel to the northern edge of the property.

*A9. Elevation: 1,500 feet above mean sea level

A10. Environmental Setting: The property is located in the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains on a broad mesa overlooking the Santa Ana River and the city of Redlands to the south. The soil consists of sandy alluvial soil with many granitic cobbles. The only vegetation on the entire property is citrus, except for a few pepper trees in the northwest corner of the property. The northernmost 75 feet of the property is on a very steep slope, and is densely covered with invasive weeds.

A11. Historical Information: The citrus orchard and all associated retaining walls and irrigation infrastructure are associated with the Kiel property. According to the property owner, Charles Kiel, the property has been in the Kiel family for 126 years. The orchard and residence are visible in aerial photos as early as 1938.

*A12. Age:  Prehistoric  Protohistoric  1542-1769  1769-1848  1848-1880  1880-1914  1914-1945  Post 1945  Undetermined Describe position in regional prehistoric chronology or factual historic dates if known: See A11.

A13. Interpretations (Discuss data potential, function[s], ethnic affiliation, and other interpretations):

A14. Remarks: The residence and outbuildings in the southeastern corner of the property will not be disturbed by the proposed development.

A15. References: Kiel, Charles. 2018 Personal communication with Scott Mattingly, March 16, 2018.

A16. Photographs: Refer to Continuation Sheets. Original Media/Negatives Kept at: Birdseye Planning Group, 1354 York Drive, Vista, CA, 92084

*A17. Form Prepared by: Scott Mattingly Date: 4/29/2018 Affiliation and Address: Birdseye Planning Group, 1354 York Drive, Vista, CA, 92084

DPR 523C (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 2/2015)

State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary # DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI#

Trinomial SKETCH MAP

Page 4 of 28 *Resource Name or # Kiel Orchard

*Drawn by: Scott Mattingly *Date of map: 05/06/2018______

DPR 523K (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) NOTE: Include bar scale and north arrow. age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __5___ of __28__ *A4. Features (cont’d.):

Feature 1 is a historic period, split cobble and mortar retaining wall located near the center or the site that bisects the western half of the orchard on an east-west axis. The wall measures approximately 15 feet high, 356 feet long, and 18 inches thick. It is constructed of 8 to 12 inch granite cobbles and boulders, and mortar. The wall separates the lower tier of the property from upper, northwestern tier. According to the property owner, the wall was constructed in the 1930's. The wall is visible in a 1938 aerial photograph. It appears that approximately 20 feet of the western end of the wall collapsed and was repaired, presumably in 1965 based on an etching in the mortar of the repaired section. It also appears that the upper five feet of the entire wall was either constructed later, or that the upper portion of the wall collapsed and was re-constructed. This is evident by a subtle change in the relief of the mortar at approximately five feet below the top of the wall. Near the eastern end of the wall, railroad rails are being used as shoring.

Feature 2 is another historic period, split cobble and mortar retaining wall located near the center or the site that bisects the eastern half of the orchard on an east-west axis. It is separated from Feature 1 by a dirt road leading to the upper portion of the orchard. This wall is approximately 8 feet high, 220 feet long, and 18 inches thick. Several large chunks of split-cobble and mortar are placed between the citrus trees in the lower portion of the orchard, to the south of Feature 2. It appears that these chunks are pieces of an earlier wall in the eastern half of the orchard that collapsed and was replaced by the current wall. Feature 2 was constructed with much more mortar than Feature 1 (see photos in Continuation Sheets).

Feature 3 is also a historic period, split cobble and mortar wall that separates the upper northwestern portion of the orchard from the upper northeastern section. This retaining wall also forms the western side of a split cobble and concrete flume with a flat bottom. The wall is 182 feet long, and 18 inches wide. The southern end of the wall is approximately 8 feet tall. The wall gradually lowers in elevation to the north until it is flush with the ground. The flume that is associated with the wall is approximately 20 inches wide and 12 inches deep.

Feature 4 is a short, stacked granite boulder retaining wall in the northwestern portion of the property, measuring approximately 2 feet tall and 300 feet long. The wall appears to form the southern edge of a dirt access road leading from the western edge of the property into the center of the northern, upper tier of the orchard.

Feature 5 is also a short, stacked granite boulder retaining wall in the northwestern portion of the property, measuring approximately 2 feet tall and 145 feet long. This wall forms the northern edge of a dirt access road leading from the western edge of the property into the center of the northern, upper tier of the orchard.

Feature 6 is the foundation of a former reservoir that held water for the orchard's irrigation system. The foundation is located in the northeastern portion of the property, at the highest elevation within the orchard. The foundation measures approximately 30 feet (east-west) by 15 feet (north-south). Its southern elevation is approximately 5 feet, while the northern side of the foundation is approximately 18 inches tall. It is constructed of split cobbles and mortar, similar to the retaining walls and flumes on the property. The walls are approximately 15 inches thick and have 2 inch by 6 inch milled planks bolted

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __6___ of __28__ on top of them. Wire nails are protruding from the planks. The southern and western elevations are supported by concrete buttresses, the westernmost of which appears to be a much later addition. "12- 54" is etched in a large piece of poured concrete on the southwestern corner of the foundation. The interior of the foundation is filled with dirt and cobbles. A corrugated steel pipe leads north from the foundation, up a steep hill that forms the northern edge of the property to the North Fork Canal, where water was once drawn to fill the reservoir before being distributed throughout the orchard through a system of flumes.

Feature 7 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom on the eastern border of the property. In the northern, upper tier of the orchard, the flume is composed of two parallel channels that lead from the eastern side of the reservoir (Feature 6) south to a retaining wall (Feature 2). From there, the flume is a single channel that continues south where it ends on the northern side of the orchard residence. The northern portion of the feature, where there are two parallel channels, measures approximately 48 inches wide by 12 inches deep, and is approximately 450 feet long. The southern section of the flume, which is a single channel, measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep.

Feature 8 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom on the western border of the property. The flume measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep, and is approximately 180 feet long from north to south.

Feature 9 is a split-cobble and concrete irrigation flume with a flat bottom in the approximate center of the property. The majority of the flume measures approximately 20 inches wide by 12 inches deep. However, the eastern side of the northern portion of the flume measures approximately 3 feet tall and acts as a retaining wall for the slightly elevated portion of the orchard. Toward the southern end of the flume, the feature turns slightly to the east, where it widens to approximately 40 inches wide by 36 inches deep and leads into a buried corrugated steel pipe that presumably runs south off of the property.

Feature 10 is a concrete distribution box located near the center of the property. The box measures approximately five feet (north-south) by three feet (east-west), and is approximately 12 inches deep with a split cobble and concrete foundation. The concrete on the southern elevation of the distribution box is etched "W.S. R.S" and "1920 DEC 20".

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __7___ of __28__

Feature 1 facing northeast.

Repairs on western end of Feature 1. Facing northwest.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __8___ of __28__

Railroad rail used as shoring near eastern end of Feature 1. Facing northeast.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __9___ of __28__

Feature 2 facing east.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __10___ of __28__

Feature 2 facing northwest

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __11___ of __28__

Feature 3 facing north.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __12___ of __28__

Feature 3 facing south

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __13___ of __28__

Features 4 and 5, facing east. Feature 4 is on the right.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __14___ of __28__

Feature 6, facing southeast

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __15___ of __28__

North wall of Feature 6

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __16___ of __28__

Southwest corner of Feature 6

Feature 6, facing southwest

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __17___ of __28__

Feature 6, facing southeast

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __18___ of __28__

Northern section of Feature 7, facing south from eastern edge of Feature 6

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __19___ of __28__

Southern portion of Feature 7, facing north

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __20___ of __28__

Profile of western side of Feature 7, facing east

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __21___ of __28__

Feature 8, facing north

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __22___ of __28__

Northern portion of Feature 9, facing north. Feature 1 is in the background.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __23___ of __28__

Central portion of Feature 9, facing north.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __24___ of __28__

Detail of construction of Feature 9

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __25___ of __28__

Southern end of Feature 9, facing southeast

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __26___ of __28__

Feature 10, facing northwest

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __27___ of __28__

Feature 10, facing west. Rebuilt section of eastern end Feature 1 in background.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013) age of *Resource Name or # (Assigned by recorder) State of California  Natural Resources Agency Primary# DEPARTMENT*Recorded by:OF PARKS AND RECREATION HRI #*Date  Continuation  Update Trinomial

CONTINUATION SHEET Property Name: Kiel Orchard Page __28___ of __28__

Farm equipment in southern central portion of property, facing east.

Farm equipment in southern central portion of property, facing west.

DPR 523L (Rev. 1/1995)(Word 9/2013)