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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Die Medienkommunikation und -rezeption der Native Americans am Beispiel des indigenen TV-Senders First Nations Experience (FNX) Verfasserin Stephanie Verena Scholz, Bakk. phil. angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Diplomstudium Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. habil. Ramón Reichert II Eidesstattliche Erklärung Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides Statt, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe. Die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Ich habe mich bemüht, sämtliche InhaberInnen der Bildrechte ausfindig zu machen und ihre Zustimmung zur Verwendung der Bilder in dieser Arbeit eingeholt. Sollte dennoch eine Urheberrechtsverletzung bekannt werden, ersuche ich um Meldung bei mir. Wien, im März 2014 Stephanie Scholz III IV Inhalt Inhalt Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................... VII Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................................... VIII Vorwort und Danksagung ................................................................................................. XI 1 Einleitung .................................................................................................................. 1 2 Die mediale Kommunikation und Rezeption der Native Americans .............................. 3 2.1 Native Americans oder American Indians – Schwierigkeiten bei der Namensgebung ...... 3 2.2 Die Wegbereitung von „American Indian Law“ und „Indian Country“ ............................. 6 2.3 Die San Manuel Band of Serrano Mission Indians ........................................................ 15 2.4 Die Medienlandschaft in den USA: Public Broadcasting Service .................................... 22 2.5 Entwicklung indigener Medien in Nordamerika ........................................................... 28 2.5.1 Indigene Stereotype in Film und Fernsehen .................................................................................. 30 2.5.2 Indigene Zeitungen und Publikationen .......................................................................................... 38 2.5.3 Das Indian Country Today Magazine and Network ....................................................................... 49 2.5.4 Indigener Film und der First Nations in the Arts Award ................................................................ 52 2.5.5 Das National Museum of the American Indian.............................................................................. 59 2.5.6 „Signals in the Air“: Radio in den Reservaten ................................................................................ 63 2.6 Die Medienlandschaft der American Indians im Jahr 2012 ........................................... 65 2.7 Indigenes Fernsehen in den USA ................................................................................. 70 3 FNX – First Nations Experience ................................................................................. 74 3.1 Methoden der Fernsehwissenschaft und Programmstrukturanalyse ............................ 74 3.2 Methoden der Interviewführung und Experteninterviews ........................................... 77 3.3 Entstehungsgeschichte und -voraussetzungen ............................................................. 78 3.3.1 Der FNX Business Plan und geschichtliche Hintergründe zu Indian Country ................................. 81 3.3.2 Kasinos in den USA ........................................................................................................................ 87 3.3.3 Rechtliche Grundlagen der Nationen in den USA .......................................................................... 87 3.3.4 Kasinostämme und „Indian Gaming“ ............................................................................................ 93 3.3.5 Glücksspiel in Kalifornien ............................................................................................................. 104 3.4 Struktur des Senders................................................................................................. 108 3.4.1 Selbstdarstellung ......................................................................................................................... 109 V Inhalt 3.4.2 Eigenproduktionen ...................................................................................................................... 112 3.4.3 Bildungsauftrag ............................................................................................................................ 122 3.4.4 Programmstruktur ....................................................................................................................... 128 3.4.5 Formate und Sendungen: A week in the Life of FNX ................................................................... 130 3.5 Sendungsanalyse regelmäßiger Sendungen ................................................................ 133 3.5.1 News ............................................................................................................................................ 134 3.5.2 Prime Time/ Entertainment (Fiction) ........................................................................................... 142 3.5.3 Documentaries (non-Fiction) ....................................................................................................... 149 3.5.4 Cooking ........................................................................................................................................ 152 3.5.5 Reality Shows ............................................................................................................................... 154 3.5.6 Feature Films................................................................................................................................ 156 3.5.7 Kids ............................................................................................................................................... 159 3.5.8 Lifestyle ........................................................................................................................................ 173 3.5.9 Trailer und Teaser ........................................................................................................................ 180 3.6 Weiterentwicklung des Senders ................................................................................ 184 3.6.1 Verwendung neuer Medien ......................................................................................................... 184 3.6.2 Publikumsforschung: Focus Groups und Feedback ..................................................................... 185 3.6.3 Weiterentwicklung des Senders .................................................................................................. 190 3.6.4 Ziele des Senders ......................................................................................................................... 191 3.6.5 Vergleich mit kanadischem indigenen Sender APTN ................................................................... 194 4 Conclusio ............................................................................................................... 198 5 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................... 205 Glossar: A bis Z der American Indians ............................................................................ 221 Abstract (Deutsch) ......................................................................................................... 230 Abstract (English) .......................................................................................................... 231 Lebenslauf .................................................................................................................... 232 Anhang: FNX Programmstruktur ................................................................................... 234 Anhang: FNX Interviews Transkriptionen ....................................................................... 238 VI Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis1 AIM American Indian Movement AIPA American Indian Press Association AIROS American Indian Radio on Satellite APR American Public Radio APRN Alaska Public Radio Network APTN Aboriginal Peoples Television Network BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CPB Corporation for Public Broadcasting CRTC Canadian Radio and Television Commission DOI Department of the Interior FCC Federal Communications Commission GAA General Allotment Act ICA Indigenous Communications Association ICWA Indian Child Welfare Act IGRA Indian Gaming Regulatory Act NAB National Association of Broadcasters NAJA Native American Journalist Association NAPT Native American Public Telecommunications NCA National Congress of American Indians NIGA National Indian Gaming Association NFCB National Federation of Community Broadcasters NMAI National Museum of the American Indian NPR National Public Radio NTIA National Telecommunications Information Agency PBS Public Broadcasting Service UNDRIP United
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