Bibliography

Abraham, J. H., Origins and Growth of Sociology, London: Penguin, 1973. Akenson, Donald, Small Differences: Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants 1815–1922, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1991. Alder, Ken, The Measure of All Things, London: Abacus, 2004. Alexander, Jeffrey, Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies, Cambridge: CUP, 1988. Alexander, Jeffrey (ed.), Real Civil Societies, London: Sage, 1998. Alpert, H., Durkheim and His Sociology, New York: Free Press, 1961. Alter, Peter, Nationalism, London: Edward Arnold, 1989. Anderson, Benedict, Imagined Communities, London: Verso, 1991. Anderson, M. S., War and Society in Europe of the Old Regime, 1618–1789, London: Fontana, 1986. Anderson, Malcolm and Bort, Eberhard (eds), The Irish Border: History, Politics and Culture, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1999. Anderson, Perry, ‘Components of the National Culture’, in Cockburn, Alexander and Blackburn, Robin (eds), Student Power, Penguin: London, 1969. Anderson, Perry, English Questions, London: Verso, 1992. Anderson, Perry, Origins of Postmodernity, London: Verso, 1998. Aron, Raymond, German Sociology, New York: Free Press, 1964. Aron, Raymond, Main Currents in Sociological Thought 2, London: Penguin, 1967. Augusteijn, Joost, The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923, London: Palgrave, 2002. Balfour, M., The Kaiser and His Times, London: Pelican, 1975. Beckett, J. C., The Making of Modern Ireland, 1603–1923, London: Faber, 1969. Belfast Agreement, Belfast: HMSO, 1998. Bellah, Robert, Emile Durkheim on Morality and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. Berdahl, R. M., ‘New Thoughts on ’, American Historical Review, vol. 77, pp. 65–80, 1972. Berger, Peter and Luckman, Thomas, The Social Construction of Reality, London: Penguin, 1966. Berlin, Isaiah, The Crooked Timber of Humanity, London: Fontana, 1991. Berlin, Isaiah, The Sense of Reality, London: Pimlico, 1996. Berlin, Isaiah, The Roots of , London: Pimlico, 2000. Berlin, Isaiah, Three Critics of the Enlightenment, London: Pimlico, 2000. Bew, Paul, Ideology and the Irish Question, Oxford: Clarendon, 1998. Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter and Patterson, Henry, The State in Northern Ireland, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1979. Bew, Paul, Gibbon, Peter and Patterson, Henry, Northern Ireland 1921–1996: Political Forces and Social Class, London: Serif, 1996. Bew, Paul, Hazelkorn, Ellen and Patterson, Henry, The Dynamics of Irish Politics, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1989. Bew, Paul, Patterson, Henry and Teague, Paul, Between War and Peace: The Political Future of Northern Ireland, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1997.

222 Bibliography 223

Bhaba, Homi, Nation and Narration, London: Routledge, 1990. BICO (British and Irish Communist Organisation), On the Democratic Validity of the Northern Ireland State, Belfast: BICO, 1971. BICO, The Economics of Partition, Belfast: BICO, 1972. Billington, Rosamund, Strawbridge, Sheelagh, Greensides, Leonore and Fitzsimons, Annette, Culture and Society, London: Macmillan, 1991. Blackbourn, David, The Fontana History of , London: Fontana, 1997. Bogdanor, Vernon, Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Institutions, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987. Bottomore, Tom and Nisbet, Robert, A History of Sociological Analysis, London: Heinemann, 1979. Bowler, Peter and Whyte, Nicholas (eds), Science and Society in Ireland, 1800–1950, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, 1997. Bowler, Peter and Whyte, Nicholas (eds), Science and Society in Ireland, 1800–1950, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1997. Boyce, George, Nationalism in Ireland, London: Routledge, 1991, 3rd edition, London: Routledge, 1995. Boyce, George (ed.), The Revolution in Ireland, 1879–1923, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1988. Boyce, George (ed.), Nineteenth Century Ireland: The Search for Stability, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1990. Boyce, George and O’Day, Alan (eds), The Making of Modern Irish History, London: Routledge, 1996. Boyce, George and O’Day, Alan (eds), Defenders of the Union, London: Routledge, 2001. Brady, Ciaran (ed.), Interpreting Irish History, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1999. Brewster, Scott, Crossman, Virginia, Becket, Fiona and Alderson, David (eds), Ireland in Proximity: History, Gender and Space, London: Routledge, 1999. Brett, David, The Plain Style, Belfast: Black Square, 1999. Breuilly, John, ‘State Building, Modernization and from the Late Eighteenth Century to Unification: German Peculiarities’, European Historical Quarterly, vol. 22, pp. 257–84, 1992. Breuilly, John, Nationalism and the State, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993. Breuilly, John (ed.), The State of Germany, London: Longman, 1992. Brooke, John, Science and Religion, Cambridge: CUP, 1991. Brooke, Peter, Ulster Presbyterianism, Belfast: Athol, 1994. Brown, David and Harrison, Michael, A Sociology of Industrialisation, London: Macmillan, 1978. Brown, Terence, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History, London: Fontana, 1981. Bruce, Steve, God Save Ulster, Oxford: OUP, 1989. Bruce, Steve, The Red Hand, Oxford: OUP, 1992. Bruce, Steve, The Edge of the Union, Oxford: OUP, 1994. Bryson, Lucy and McCartney, Clem, Clashing Symbols, Belfast: Institute for Irish Studies (QUB), 1994. Buckland, Patrick, Irish Unionism, 1885–1923, Belfast: HMSO, 1973. Buckland, Patrick, A History of Northern Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981. Buckley, Anthony (ed.), Symbols in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies,1998. Bull, Philip, Land, Politics and Nationalism, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1996. Burke, Peter, History and Social Theory, Cambridge: Polity, 1992. Burke, Peter, A Social History of Knowledge, Cambridge: Polity, 2000. Campbell, T. D., Adam Smith’s Science of Morals, London: Allen and Unwin, 1971. 224 Bibliography

Carr, E. H., What Is History, London: Penguin, 1964. Clark, Samuel, Social Origins of the Irish Land War, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979. Clark, T. N., Prophets and Patrons, Harvard: University of Harvard Press, 1973. Clifford, Brendan, The Economics of Partition, Belfast: Athol, 1992. Colley, Linda, Britons, Forging the Nation 1707–1837, London: Vintage, 1996. Comerford, R. V., The Fenians in Context, Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82, Dublin: Wolfhound, 1998. Connolly, Sean, Religion and Society in Nineteenth Century Ireland, Dundalk: Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, 1985. Corrish, Peter, The Irish Catholic Experience, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1985. Coulter, Colin, Contemporary Northern Irish Society, London: Pluto, 1999. Cronin, Mike, ‘Golden Dreams, Harsh Realities: Economics and Informal Empire in the Irish Free State’, in Cronin, Mike and Regan, John (eds), Ireland, the Politics of Independence, London: Macmillan, 2000. Cronin, Mike and Regan, John (eds), Ireland: The Politics of Independence, 1922–49, London: Macmillan, 2000. Crozier, Maurna (ed.), Varieties of Irishness, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1989. Crozier, Maurna and Froggatt, Richard (eds), Cultural Diversity in Contemporary Europe, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1998. Darby, John, Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland, Syracuse: Syra- cuse University Press, 1986. Deane, Seamus, Strange Country, Oxford: Clarendon, 1997. Delaney,Enda,Demography,StateandSociety,Liverpool:LiverpoolUniversityPress,2000. De Paor, Liam, The Peoples of Ireland, London: Hutchinson, 1986. Dodd, Nigel, Social Theory and Modernity, Cambridge: Polity, 1999. Durkheim, Emile, Socialism, New York: Collier, 1962. Durkheim, Emile, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, London: Routledge, 1970. Durkheim, Emile, Moral Education, New York: Free Press, 1973. Durkheim, Emile, Sociology and Philosophy, New York: Free Press, 1974. Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, London: Macmillan, 1982. Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labour in Society, New York: Free Press, 1964, London: Macmillan, 1984. Durkheim, Emile, Professional Ethics and Civic Morals, London: Routledge, 1992. Durkheim, Emile, Ethics and the Sociology of Morals, New York: Prometheus, 1992. Durkheim, Emile, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, London: Allen and Unwin, 1976, New York: Free Press, 1995. With introduction by Karen Fields (ed. and translator) Emile Durkheim, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, New York: Free Press, 1995. Durkheim, Emile and Mauss, Marcel, Primitive Classification, London: Cohen and West, 1970. Eagleton, Terry, Scholars and Rebels in Nineteenth Century Ireland, Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. Eriksen, Thomas Hylland, Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives, London: Pluto, 1993. Erskine, John and Lucy, Gordon (eds), Varieties of Scottishness, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1997. Eyck, F. G., ‘Political Theories and Activities of the German Academic Youth Between 1815 and 1819’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 27, pp. 27–38, 1955. Fahrmeir, Andreas, ‘Nineteenth Century German Citizenships: A Reconsideration’, The Historical Journal, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 721–52, 1997. Bibliography 225

Farrell, Michael, Northern Ireland: The Orange State, 1st edition, London: Pluto, 1976, 2nd edition, 1980. Fennell, Desmond, Heresy: The Battle of Ideas in Modern Ireland, Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993. Fitzpatrick, David, The Two Irelands, 1912–1939, Oxford: Opus, 1998. Foley, Tadhg and Ryder, Sean (eds), Ideology and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century, Dublin: Four Courts, 1998. Foster, Finlay, The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, Dublin: Columbia Press, 2000. Foster, R. F., Modern Ireland, 1600–1972, London: Penguin, 1989. Foster, R. F. (ed.), Varieties of Irishness, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1989. Foster, R. F. (ed.), The Oxford History of Ireland, Oxford: OUP, 1992. Fulbrook, Mary, A Concise , Cambridge: CUP, 1992. Galbraith, J. K., A History of Economics, London: Hamish Hamilton, 1987. Gallagher, Tom and O’Connell, James (eds), Contemporary Irish Studies, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983. Garvin, Tom, The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1981. Gellner, Ernest, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1983. Gellner, Ernest, Reason and Culture, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Gellner, Ernest, Encounters with Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Gellner, Ernest, Nationalism, London: Phoenix, 1997. Gibbon, Peter, The Origins of Ulster Unionism: The Formation of Popular Protestant Politics and Ideology in Nineteenth Century Ireland, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975. Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, Cambridge: CUP, 1971. Giddens, Anthony, The Nation-State and Violence, Cambridge: Polity, 1987. Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim, London: Fontana, 1978, Glasgow: Fontana, 1988. Giddens, Anthony, Politics, Sociology and Social Theory, Cambridge: Polity, 1995. Giddens, Anthony, Durkheim on Politics and the State, Cambridge: Polity, 1996. Gildea, Robert, Barricades and Borders, Europe 1800–1914, Oxford: OUP, 1987. Girvin, Brian, From Union to Union, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2002. Glenny, Misha, The Fall of Yugoslavia, London: Penguin, 1992. Goddard, Victoria, Llobera, Josep and Shore, Chris (eds), The Anthropology of Europe: Identities and Boundaries in Conflict, Oxford: Berg, 1994. Graham, Brian (ed.), In Search of Ireland, London: Routledge, 1997. Greenfeld, Liah, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. Greiffenhagen, Martin, ‘The Dilemma of in Germany,’ Journal of Contem- porary History, vol. 14, pp. 611–25, 1979. Hall, John, The State of the Nation, Cambridge: CUP, 1998. Hamerow, Theodore, The Social Foundations of German Unification, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972. Hamilton, P., ‘Emile Durkheim and the Philosophy of Nationalism’, in Hamilton, P. (ed.), Emile Durkheim, Critical Assessments, London: Routledge, 1990. Harris, Mary, The and the Foundation of the Northern Irish State, Cork: Cork University Press, 1993. Hart, Peter, The IRA and Its Enemies, Oxford: OUP, 1999. Hastings, Adrian, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism, Cambridge: CUP, 1997. Hennessey, Thomas, A History of Northern Ireland, 1920–1996, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1997. Herbison, Ivan, Presbyterianism, Politics and Poetry in Nineteenth Century Ulster, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 2000. 226 Bibliography

Herman, Arthur, The Scottish Enlightenment, London: Fourth Estate, 2003. Heskin, Ken, Northern Ireland: A Psychological Analysis, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1980. Heslinga, M. W., The Irish Border as a Cultural Divide, Assen: van Gorcum, 1979. Hickox, Stephen, The Ideology of Intellectual Elites and Its Implications for the Sociology of Knowledge, PhD thesis, University of London, 1976. Hill, Myrtle and Barber, Sarah (eds), Aspects of Irish Studies, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1990. Hobsbawm, E. J., The Age of Revolution, London: Cardinal, 1973. Hobsbawm, Eric, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge: Canto, 1992. Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, The Invention of , Cambridge: Canto, 1992. Hoppen, Theodore, Ireland Since 1800, London: Longman, 1999. Howe, Stephen, Ireland and Empire, Oxford: OUP, 2000. Hughes, Michael, Nationalism and Society: Germany 1800–1945, London: Arnold, 1988. Hughes, Stuart, Consciousness and Society, New York: Vintage, 1961. James, Paul, Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community, London: Sage, 1996. Jardin, Andre, Tocqueville: A Biography, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1988. Jarman, Neil, Material Conflicts, Oxford: Berg, 1997. Jenkins, Brian, Nationalism in France – Class and Nation Since 1789, London: Routledge, 1990. Jenks, Chris, Culture, London: Routledge, 1993. Jones, Susan Stedman, Durkheim Reconsidered, Cambridge: Polity, 2001. Kearney, Richard (ed.), The Irish Mind, Dublin: Wolfhound, 1985. Kedourie, Elie, Nationalism, Oxford: Blackwell, 1993. Kellas, James, The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity, London: Macmillan, 1991. Kennedy, Liam, Colonialism, Religion and Nationalism in Ireland, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1996. Kennedy, Liam and Ollerenshaw, Philip (eds), An Economic History of Ulster, 1820–1939, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985. Keogh, Dermot and Haltzel, Michael (eds), Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconcili- ation, Cambridge: CUP, 1994. Kingsley, Paul, Londonderry Revisited, Belfast: Belfast Publications, 1989. Knox, Israel, Aesthetic Theories of Kant, Hegel and Schopenhauer, Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1979. Kocka, Jurgen, ‘German History Before Hitler: The Debate About the German Sonderweg’, Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 23, pp. 3–16, 1988. Laffan, Michael, The Partition of Ireland, 1911–1925, Dublin: Dublin Historical Association, 1983. Lee, J. J., The Modernisation of Irish Society, 1848–1918, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1989a. Lee, J. J., Ireland, 1912–1985, Politics and Society, Cambridge: CUP, 1989b. Lehmann, Jennifer, Deconstructing Durkheim, London: Routledge, 1993. Llobera, Josep, The God of Modernity: The Development of Nationalism in Western Europe, Oxford: Berg, 1996. Llobera, Josep, ‘Concept of Nation in French Social Theory’, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 4, no. 1, January, 1998. Loftus, Belinda, Orange and Green, Dundrum: Picture Press, 1994. Loughlin, James, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885, London: Pinter, 1995. Bibliography 227

Lucy, Gordon, The Great Convention, Lurgan: Ulster Society, 1995. Lukes, Steven, Emile Durkheim, His Life and Work: A Historical Study, London: Peregrine, 1975. Lutz, R. R., ‘The German Revolutionary Student Movement, 1819–33’, Central European History, vol. 4, pt 3, pp. 215–41, 1971. Lux, Kenneth, Adam Smith’s Mistake, Boston: Shambhala, 1990. Lyons, F. S. L., Ireland Since the Famine, London: Fontana, 1973. Lyons, F. S. L., Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939, Oxford: OUP, 1982. Lyon, Judson, ‘The Herder Syndrome: A Comparative Study of Cultural Nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 224–37, 1994. MacCulloch, Diarmaid, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided, 1490–1700, London: Penguin, 2004. MacDonagh, Oliver, States of Mind: A Study of Anglo-Irish Conflict 1780–1980, London: Allen and Unwin, 1983. Magraw, Roger, France 1815–1914: The Bourgeois Century, Oxford: OUP, 1983. Malcolm, Noel, Bosnia: A Short History, London: Macmillan, 1994. Malcolm, Noel, Kosovo: A Short History, London: Papermac, 1998. Mauss, H., A Short History of Sociology, London: Routledge, 1965. Mayer, Arno, ‘The Lower Middle Class as Historical Problem’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 47, September, pp. 409–36, 1975. McCann, Eamon, War and an Irish Town, 1st edition, London: Penguin, 1974, 2nd edition, London: Pluto, 1980. McCrone, David, The Sociology of Nationalism, London: Routledge, 1998. McGarry, John and O’Leary, Brendan, Explaining Northern Ireland, Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. McLaughlin, Jim, ‘Industrial Capitalism, Ulster Unionism and Orangeism – An Histor- ical Reappraisal’, Antipode, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 15–28, 1980. Mellor, Philip, ‘Sacred Contagion and Social Vitality: Collective Effervescence’, Durkheimian Studies, vol. 4, n.s., 1998. Merton, Robert, The Sociology of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. Mestrovic, Stjepan, Durkheim and Postmodern Culture, New York: de Gruyter, 1992. Miller, David, Rethinking Northern Ireland, London: Longman, 1998. Milner, Andrew, Cultural Theory: An Introduction, London: UCL Press, 1994. Mitchell, A., The German Influence in France After 1870, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1979. Mitchell, Paul and Wilford, Rick (eds), Politics in Northern Ireland, Oxford: Westview, 1999. Mommsen, Wolfgang, Imperial Germany, 1867–1918, London: Arnold, 1996. Mommsen, Wolfgang, Max Weber and German Politics, 1890–1920, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974, reprint, 1990. Montgomery, Lord, A Concise History of Warfare, Ware: Wordsworth, 2000. Morgan, Austen, Labour and Partition, London: Pluto, 1991. Mosse, George, The Crisis of German Ideology, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Munck, Ronnie, Ireland: Nation, State and Class Conflict, Boulder: Westview, 1985. Murray, Dominic, Worlds Apart, Segregated Schools in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Appletree, 1985. Nairn, Tom, The Break-Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo-Nationalism, London: New Left Books, 1977. Needham, Rodney, Introduction to Emile Durkheim and Marcel Mauss, ‘Primitive Classi- fication’, London: Cohen and West, 1970. Nietzsche, Friedrich, The Twilight of the Idols, London: Penguin, 1968. 228 Bibliography

Nietzsche, Friedrich, Also Sprach Zarathustra, London: Penguin, 1969. Nietzsche, Friedrich, Beyond Good and Evil, London: Penguin, 1973. Nisbet, Robert, ‘The and the Rise of Sociology in France’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 49, September, pp. 156–64, 1943. Nisbet, Robert, Emile Durkheim, Greenwood: Connecticut, 1965. Nisbet, Robert, The Sociological Tradition, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1996. Nisbet, Robert, Tradition and Revolt, New Brunswick: Transaction, 1999. Nord, Philip, ‘Social Defence and Conservative Regeneration: The National Revival, 1900–14’, in Tombs, R. (ed.), Nations and Nationhood in France, London: Harper/Collins, 1991. Norman, Edward, A History of Modern Ireland, London: Penguin, 1971. O’Boyle, L., ‘The Problem of an Excess of Educated Men in Western Europe, 1800–1850’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 42, December, pp. 471–95, 1970. O’Brien, Conor, God Land, Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1988. O’Brien, Conor, Ancestral Voices, Dublin: Poolbeg, 1994. O’Connor, Arthur, The State of Ireland, Dublin: Lilliput, 1998. O’Dowd, Liam (ed.), On Intellectuals and Intellectual Life in Ireland, Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies (QUB), 1996. O’Grada, Cormac, Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780–1939, Oxford: OUP, 1995. O’Halloran, Clare, Partition and the Limits of Irish Nationalism, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1987. Paine, Tom, The Rights of Man, London: Penguin, 1969. Parsons, Gerald, Perspectives on Civil Religion, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002. Patterson, Henry, The Politics of Illusion, London: Hutchinson, 1989. Pearson, Geoffrey, The Deviant Imagination, London: Macmillan, 1975. Pickering, Bill, Durkheim: Essays on Morals and Education, London: Routledge, 1979. Pickering, Bill and Martins, H. (eds), Debating Durkheim, London: Routledge, 1994. Plamenatz, John, Man and Society, vols I, II and III, London: Longman, 1992. Porter, Roy, Enlightenment, London: Penguin, 2000. Probert, Belinda, Beyond Orange and Green: The Political Economy of the Northern Ireland Crisis, London: Zed, 1978. Ravetz, Jerry, Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems, London: Penguin, 1971. Ringer, F. K., Decline of the German Mandarins, Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1969. Roberts, J. M., The French Revolution, Oxford: OUP, 1978. Roebuck, Peter (ed.), Plantation to Partition, Belfast: Blackstaff, 1981. Roll, Eric, A History of Economic Thought, London: Faber, 1973. Ruane,JosephandTodd,Jennifer,TheDynamicsofConflictinNorthernIreland,Cambridge: CUP,1996. Russell, Bertrand, History of Western Philosophy, London: Routledge, 1996. Ryder, Chris and Kearny, Vincent, Drumcree, London: Methuen, 2001. Schmauss, Warren, Durkheim’s Philosophy of Science and the Sociology of Knowledge, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Schulze, Hagen, The Course of German Nationalism, Cambridge: CUP, 1991. Scruton, Roger, Kant, Oxford: OUP, 1982. Sennett, Richard, The Fall of Public Man, London: Faber, 1986. Shea, Patrick, Voices and the Sound of Distant Drums, Belfast: Blackstaff, 1983. Sheehan, James J., ‘What Is German History? Reflections on the Role of Nationalism in German History and Historiography’, Journal of Modern History, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1–23, 1981. Singer, Peter, Hegel, Oxford: OUP, 1983. Smith, Anthony, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986. Bibliography 229

Smith, Anthony, National Identity, London: Penguin, 1991. Smith, Anthony, Nations and Nationalism in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity, 1995. Southgate, G. W., English Economic History, London: Dent, 1962. Stace, W. T., The Philosophy of Hegel, New York: Dover, 1955. Stern, Fritz, The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of Germanic Ideology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974. Stewart, A. T. Q., The Narrow Ground, London: Faber, 1989. Stewart, A. T. Q., A Deeper Silence, Belfast: Blackstaff, 1993. Stringere, Peter and Robinson, Gillian (eds), Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Blackstaff, 1991. Swingewood, Alan, A Short History of Sociological Thought, London: Macmillan, 1984. Taylor, A. J. P., Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman, London: Penguin, 1995. Teague, Paul (ed.), Beyond the Rhetoric, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1987. Thompson, Kenneth, Emile Durkheim, London: Routledge, 1982. Thompson, Andrew and Fevre, Ralph, ‘The National Question: Sociological Reflections on Nations and Nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, vol. 7, no. 3, July, 2001. Tint, H., The Decline of French Patriotism, 1870–1940, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964. Tombs, Robert, Nationhood and Nationalism in France, London: Harper/Collins, 1991. Tombs, Robert, France 1814–1914, London: Longman, 1996. Tonge, Jonathan, Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, London: Prentice Hall, 1998. Turner, Bryan, Religion and Social Theory, London: Sage, 1991. Turner, J. H., Beeghley, L. and Powers, C. H., The Emergence of Sociological Theory, Wadsworth: Belmont California, 1969. Van der Veer, Peter and Lehmann, Hartmut (eds), Nation and Religion, Perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999. Weber, Eugen, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1976. Weber, Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation, New York: Free Press, 1964. West, David, An Introduction to Continental Philosophy, Cambridge: Polity, 1996. Whyte, John, Interpreting Northern Ireland, Oxford: Clarendon, 1991. Whyte, John, ‘Interpretations of the Northern Ireland Problem: An Appraisal’, Economic and Social Review, vol. 9. no. 4, July, 1978. Witcher, Sabine, Northern Ireland Since 1945, London: Longman, 1991. Walker, Graham, Intimate Strangers, Edinburgh: John Donald, 1995. Wolf, K. (ed.), Essays on Sociology and Philosophy by Emile Durkheim, London: Harper, 1964. Zamoyski, Adam, Holy Madness, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1999. Zeitlin, Irving, Ideology and the Development of Social Theory, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1994. Index

Alder, K., 20 Colley, L., 2, 6 Alpert, H., 32 Comte, Auguste, 16, 18, 33, 34 Alter, P., 22, 67, 73, 74 conscience collective, and Anderson, B., 63, 89 ceremonies/rituals, 97 Anderson, M.S., 48 creation of, 98 Anderson, P., 3, 4, 13, 14, 38 definition, 94–5 anomie, 99–100 and duality in man, 95 Aristotle, 14 and identity, 95–6 and knowledge, 97, 98–9 Balfour, M., 164 and religion, 97 Bentham, Jeremy, 14 and representations collective, 96 Berger, P., 120 and society as system, 97–9 Bergson, Henri, 30 and symbolic representations, 96–7 Berlin, I., 50, 56 and tradition, customs, history, 95 Bew, P., 206 and transcendental being, 98 Bismarck, Otto von, 70, 174–5 Blackbourn, D., 20, 57, 58, 167, 168, , 53, 62, 63, 124–5 171, 172, 176, 178–9, 182, 183, 186, De Paor, L., 199 187 division of labour, 17, 60, 62–3, 104, Bogdanor, V., 47 106–7, 112, 113, 116–17, 155 Bonald, Louis de, 16, 17, 33 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 21 Bottomore, T., 33–4, 42 Dreyfus, Alfred, 28, 31 Bowler, P., 75, 210 Durkheim, Émile, considers himself a Boyce, G., 197, 200, 208, 209, 211 Frenchman, 30 Brady, C., 211–12 Division of Labour, 40, 42, 88, 130 Breuilly, J., 20, 46, 48, 64, 69, 87, 115, and French inferiority, 32 180, 186, 191–2 French influences, 33–6 Buckland, P., 205 German/English influences, 33, Burke, Edmund, 14 36–44 Burke, P., 210 and importance of structural relations, 14 Campbell, T.D., 15 Jewish background/influences, 11–12, change, mechanical/organic, 105, 106 31–2 political society/state, 106–7 loyalty to France, 11 primitive/advanced, 105–6 milieu affecting, 12 and religion, 111 Nationalism and Patriotism, 81–2 sudden/lasting, 105 nationalism of, 23 and territoriality, 108–11 and new socio-political ideologies, 12 citizenship, 49 Patriotism and Militarism, 131 Clark, S., 196, 201, 202 and problem of nationalism, 12 Clark, T.N., 37 Professional Ethics and Civic Morals, 81

230 Index 231

and role of education, 14 Garvin, T., 57, 59 sociology of, 30–44 Gellner, E., 20, 46, 47, 59, 60, 66, 68, 70, Suicide, 127 71–2, 103, 116, 118 vested interest in Republic, 31 Germany, 29, 33 and Bismarck, 174–5, 177–8, 180 and collective consciousness, 168, education, 14, 67, 68–70, 100–1, 120, 186, 187–8, 192 149–50, 165–9, 171–2, 186 cultural awareness in, 163 Enlightenment, 15, 17, 18, 20, 21, 28, cultural /despair at 32, 40, 41, 51, 55, 56, 208 modernity in, 185 Eriksen, T.H., 61–2, 103 and economic/market freedoms, 177 ethics, 39–40 and education, 165–6, 167–8, 169, ethnicity, 61–2, 64, 67–8, 70, 79, 109, 171–2, 186 110–11, 151–2 and the Enlightenment, 165, 168–9 First world War and after, 189–92 Fashoda, 28 French influence on, 168–9, 172 Ferguson, Adam, 14 historical background, 162–4 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 39 and industrialisation, 170–1 Fichte, Johann, 40, 51–2 language, 163 Fields, 134 and liberty/opportunity, 177 Foley, T., 208 as major industrial power, 184 Fontane, Theodor, 185 and mass unemployment, 190 Foster, R.F., 197, 200, 201 militaristic tendencies, 187 France, 216 nationalist sentiments, 40–3, 50, and ‘enemies within’, 28 70, 169–70, 172–3, 174–5, and cultural/racial purity, 29–30 176–7, 178–9, 184, 186–7, Dreyfus case, 28 190–2 formation of Third Republic, 24–5 philosophic thought in, 36–44 fractured identity in, 79 and pietism, 166 and ideas of nationalism, 28–9 political development, 165 and internal colonialism, 25 political weakness/economic militarism/radicalism in, 24 stagnation in, 163–4, 167 Monarchists’/Church’s attachment to post-1815, 169–88 ancien regime, 25–6, 30 and the print revolution, 164, moral legacy in, 24 167, 171 mysticism in, 30 and process of standardisation in, 176 political instability/upheaval in, and rail network, 180 23–4 and the Reformation, 164 and problems of identity/place in, and religion, 164–5, 175–6 26–7 ruling elite in, 185–6 religious revival in, 27 and shared community, 176 revolutionary tradition, 23–30 territorial changes, 170–1 and Social Darwinism, 30 and Teutonic superiority, 191 social divisions in, 24, 26 trade/economic relations, 173–4, stability of, 27 175–6 universalist ideals, 27–8 and unification, 178–84, 185, 193 French Revolution, 15, 16, 17, 20, 23–30 and war, 180, 188, 189–90, 192 Freud, Sigmund, 21, 30 Gibbon, P., 199, 205 Fulbrook, M.A., 20, 162, 163, 169, 173, Giddens, A., 1, 12, 13, 21, 32, 39, 81, 90, 176, 178, 180–1, 182, 184, 188 105–6, 115, 119, 122, 125 232 Index

Gildea, R., 27 Jenks, C., 17 Glenny, M., 59 Jhering, Rudolf von, 38 Gobineau, Joseph, Comte de, 29 Greenfeld, L., 2, 13, 46, 50, 53, 56, 58, Kant, Immanuel, 33, 36, 37, 38–9, 40–1, 59, 140, 165, 175 43, 50–1, 78, 98, 130, 137, 166–7 Kearney, R., 210 Hamerow, T., 177 Kedourie, E., 46, 49, 50–2, 54, 55, 56, Hamilton, P., 43, 81 140 Hastings, A., 6, 13 Kellas, J., 103 Hegel, G.W.F., 37, 39, 40, 52–6, 78, 118, Kennedy, L., 196, 197, 201, 204 130, 160 knowledge, 215, 218, 220 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 16, 40, 56–7 causal, 141, 145 Hickox, S., 12, 13, 57 cognitive, 137 Hobbes, Thomas, 15 as collective representation, 136–50 Hobsbawm, E., 12, 20, 23, 24, 46–7, and conscience, 97, 98–9 48, 63, 65, 68, 89, 97, 116, 118 critiques of, 159–61 Hughes, M., 189, 190–1 and education, 149–50 Hughes, S., 21, 23, 30, 189, 190–1 and elites, 138 Hume, David, 14 empirical, 144–5 Hutcheson, Frances, 2 and experience, 142–4 functional, 139–41, 147 immigration, 216–17 impersonal, 147 individualism, 16, 18, 36, 40, 52–3, 107, and individualism, 148 114–15, 148, 221 and intellectual/moral consciousness, Industrial Revolution, 16 135, 136–7 Ireland, and arts, 211, 213–14 and language, 146, 153 and Catholic/loss-dispossession and mechanical/organic societies, view, 197 150–2 Catholic-Protestant differences, and mechanical , 152–8 197–213 and mental discipline/intellectual and culture, 195 rigour, 156, 157–8 divisions in, 193–4 and morality, 156–7 Durkheimian view, 194 and ordinary living, 137–8 and economics, 195–207 parochial, 145–6 and education, 203–4 as product of structure of society, and the Feminine, 200–2, 208 160–1 historical background, 197 rational, 143–4, 147–8 identity in, 194 rejection of, 159 and inevitability of partition, 196, and religion, 138–9, 140, 141, 142–3 207, 218 and Romantic nationalists, 140 and nationalism, 194, 195, 205–7, scientific, 141, 143, 144, 156, 158 209–10, 211–12 shared, 135–6 and new technology, 201, 203 social origins of, 136–50 Protestant/Planter view, 197 and social relationships, 151 and religion, 196, 199, 202 and specialisation, 144 revisionism in Irish studies, 201–13 transmission of, 150 and science, 204–5, 208–11 and truth, 141 universal, 147–9 Jardin, A., 19 and utilitarianism, 159 Jenkins, B., 23, 24 Knox, I., 55 Index 233

Lagarde, Paul, 20, 21, 185 nation/nationalism, 218–19 laissez-faire economics, 16, 79, 220 abnormal, 132 language, 146, 153, 163, 219–20 Anglo-Saxon view, 1–4, 13 Le Bon, Gustave, 42 and appeal of the traditional, 76 Lee, J.J., 195–6, 203, 207 and citizenship, 32 Lehmann, H., 6–7 and the collective, 54 Lehmann, J., 98, 118, 143, 147, and common identity, 78 159–60 and community, 70–1 Le Play, Pierre, 34 Continental view, 4–5, 13–14 List, Friedrich, 38, 69–70, 78 and culture, 62, 66, 67, 80 Llobera, J., 30 definitions, 9, 45–6 Locke, John, 15 as distinct/coterminous with society, Luckman, T., 120 1, 6, 9, 41, 81–2 Lucy, G., 210 and division of labour, 112, 113, Lukes, S., 11, 31, 35, 88, 94, 95, 97, 99, 116–17 100, 113, 120, 150, 160–1 dominance of academics in, 81 Lux, K., 15 Durkheimian view, 81–2 Lyon, F.S.L., 58 and economic development, 5–6 and education, 67, 68–70 MacDonagh, O., 206, 207 and establishment of Magraw, R., 20 academics/mandarins, 31, 37, Maistre, Joseph de, 16, 17, 33 39–40 Malcolm, N., 72 and ethnic identity, 61–2, 64, 67–8, Mann, Thomas, 185 70, 79 market economics, 17 formation of, 1 Martin, H., 31 German ideas on, 40–3, 50, 70 Marx, Karl, 21, 24, 33, 39, 66, 220 idea of nationalism, 46–7 Maurras, Charles, 29 and identity, 13 Mayer, A., 57 as imagined community, 63–4 mechanical/organic society, 92, 104, and the individual, 132 112–20, 194 and industrialisation, 66 and knowledge, 150–2 and inner colonialism, 13–14, 31 and mechanical solidarity, 152–4 and internal unity, 8–9, 23 and organic solidarity, 154–8 and liberalism, order, cohesion Merton, R., 136, 210 combination, 32–3 Mill, John Stuart, 40 and love of country, 107–9 Mitchell, A., 27–9 as mixture of artifice/natural Mommsen, W., 5, 8 development, 82 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de and the modern nation, 60–4 Secondat, 14, 15, 32 and morality, 55, 76–7 morality, 24, 34, 35, 39, 42, 55, 76–7, and need for nations, 64–71 86, 87, 91, 92–4, 112–13, 119–20, philosophic views on, 5, 50–7 121, 156–7 as political form of society, 1 Morgan, A., 204 and reality of society, 134 Mosse, G., 23 reified, 37 mysticism, 21–2, 23, 30 and religion, 6–8, 22–3, 54–5, 71–5, 116–17 rise of, 46 Nairn, T., 9 Romantic, 140 Napoleon Bonaparte, 16 separatist, 91–2, 116 234 Index nation/nationalism – continued and science, 72–3 social construction of nations, 57–60 and society, 73, 85 and sociology, 75–6 as source of knowledge, 133–4 and the state, 47–50, 128, 130–2 Renan, Ernest, 21, 29 theological principles, 32 Renouvier, Charles, 35–6, 40–1 theories, 79 Ringer, F.K., 23, 37, 38, 166 and unification, 76, 79–80 Roberts, J.M., 24 Needham, R., 137 Romantics, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 43, 56, 58, Nietzsche, F., 188 140, 209, 212 Nisbet, R., 7, 16, 18, 21, 22, 33–4, 41, Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 15 42, 66 Russell, B., 203 Ryder, S., 208 O’Boyle, L., 31, 57, 78 O’Brien, C., 75, 108 Saint-Simon, Henri, 16, 33–4, 38 O’Connell, Daniel, 74, 200 Schlegel, August, 16 O’Day, A., 211 Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 16 O’Dowd, L., 80 Schmoller, Gustav, 38 O’Halloran, C., 207 Schulze, H., 170, 171, 174–5 Ollerenshaw, P., 197, 204 science, 141, 143, 144, 156, 158, 204–5, 208–11, 215, 217 Parsons, Talcott, 217 Scruton, R., 167 Pearson, G., 16 Singer, P., 39 Peguy, Charles, 21 Smith, A., 111 Pickering, B., 31 Smith, Adam, 2, 14, 15, 40 Plamenatz, J., 14, 15 Social Darwinism, 30 Plato, 14 social realism, 40 Porter, R., 210 society, Anglo-Saxon view, 1–4 positivism, 33, 34, 80, 83–5 and anomie, 99–100 basis of social life, 85–94 Ranger, T., 23, 97 and the collective, 89–91 rationalism, 36, 80, 117 and conscience collective, 94–9 religion, 85, 92, 109, 221 Continental view, 4–6 and authority, 49 and culture, 87, 103, 121 and the collective, 92 as distinct/coterminous with nation, as communication/information 1, 6, 9, 41, 81–2 system, 73–4 and education, 100–1, 120 French revival, 27 and environment, 86–7, 134 German, 164–5, 175–6 and the family, 34 as higher moral authority, 93–4 and function, 92–3 importance of, 54–5 and the individual, 88–9, 114–15 international, 72 and institutions, 33 in Ireland, 196, 199, 202 and knowledge, 118–20 and knowledge, 138–9, 140, 141, and law/crime, 101–2 142–3 and morality, 34, 35, 39, 42, 86, 87, and nation/nationalism, 6–8, 22–3, 91, 92–4, 112–13, 119–20 54–5, 71–5, 116–17 and new organisation, 113–14 positive role, 74–5 organic/mechanical difference, 92, 104 problems posed by, 75 and the passing of the ancien regime, reality of, 134 35 role of, 92 political, 1, 106–7, 108, 110–11, 119 Index 235

positivist foundation, 83–5 Taine, Hippolyte, 29 and process of change, 34 territory, and borders, 109–10 and progress, 105, 112, 119 collective claims to, 109–10 and Protestant work ethic, 35 defence of, 109 and psychic level of existence, 103–4 and development of political and rationalism/scientific knowledge, society/state, 108 35–7, 38 and ethnic-separate consciousness, and the real, 134, 183 110–11 relationships, 85–6 and property rights, 108–9 and religion, 85, 92 and religion, 111 restructuring of, 113 and segmentation, 107–8, 110–11 and rise of the state, 87–8 the individual, 88–9 segmental, 107–11, 113, 123 and the state, 35, 38–9, 41–2, 121–32 and social cohesion, 219 the state, 47–50 social facts concerning, 84–5 and buffer/secondary organisations, and social order, 33–4 124–5 and solidarity, 103–4 and civilization, 122 and the state, 115–16 and collective needs, 129–30, 131 and state/individual relationship, 36, and democracy, 124–5 38–9, 41–2 and development of citizens, 130 sociology, and anti-intellectualism, 21 and economic relations, 127 assumptions concerning, 6 and education, 125–6 and concern for order/morals, and the individual, 36, 38–9, 41–2, 15–18 121–32 Continental, 13–14 and industrialisation, 123 Durkheimian, 30–44, 215–21 and inner morality, 130–1 economics, 8 interference of, 121 emergence of, 6 and the law, 126–7, 128–9 English model, 13, 38, 40, 43–4 and liberty/rights, 124, 125, 131 and forming of nation-states, 8–9 and national identity, 131 French influence, 33–6 and nationalism, 128, 130–2 German influence, 36–43 and nations, 122 and inner colonialism, 20 and passion/religion, 126 origins of, 14–23 and patriotism, 131 and religion/morality, 6–8, 22 and property rights, 127 and renascent mysticism, 21–2, 23 role of, 121–2, 124, 153 and revolutions, 15, 20–1 and suicide, 127–8 and ruled/rulers distinction, 47–8 and universal ideals/morality, 126 and sense of community, 21, 23 Thompson, A., 200 and social cohesion, 12 Thompson, K., 40–1 and society/nation conflation, 132 Tint, H., 29 and socio-economic/political change, Tocqueville, Alexis de, 11, 19, 24, 18–20 33, 35 Southgate, G.W., 201 Tombs, R., 23, 24, 25, 26 Tonnies, Ferdinand, 21, 41–2, 185 Spencer, Herbert, 40, 42 Turner, J.H., 15 Stace, W.T., 54 Stern, F., 20, 185 Stewart, A.T.Q., 197 utilitarianism, 16, 19, 40, 41, 42, 78, Swingewood, A., 14 79, 83 236 Index van den Bruck, Arthur Moeller, 20 Weber, Max, 21, 23, 36, 43, 185 Van der Veer, P., 6–7 Whyte, N., 75, 210 Vico, Giambattista, 14, 15 Wundt, Wilhelm, 38

Wagner, Adolf, 38 Young Ireland, 208 Wagner, Richard, 184 Weber, E., 13, 14, 19, 23, 24, 25, 36, Zamoyski, A., 140 69, 80 Zeitlin, I., 16, 17, 19