GP - ORF Series From Alpha Century to Viral World : The Raisina Young Fellows Speak From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak © 2021 Observer Research Foundation and Global Policy Journal. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Observer Research Foundation 20 Rouse Avenue, Institutional Area New Delhi, India 110002 [email protected] www.orfonline.org ORF provides non-partisan, independent analyses on matters of security, strategy, economy, development, energy and global governance to diverse decision-makers including governments, business communities, academia and civil society. ORF’s mandate is to conduct in-depth research, provide inclusive platforms, and invest in tomorrow’s thought leaders today. Editing: Preeti Lourdes John Design and Layout: Made of Us and Rahil Miya Shaikh Series Coordinators: Nicolás Albertoni, Utkarsh Amitabh and Suneera Madhok ISBN: 978-93-90494-47-7 Citation: From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak (New Delhi: ORF and Global Policy Journal, 2021). 1 FOREWORD 2 CLIMATE AND SUSTAINABILITY • A Sustainable Internet: Missing Pieces to a Healthy Future - Cathleen Berger • Water Scarcity in the Middle East: Beyond an Environmental Risk - Vali Golmohammadi • Security Implications of Climate Change: The Case of Permafrost Thaw - Sophie Briquetti • Defence Diplomacy and Environmental Security: Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific and Beyond - Mélissa Levaillant contents 3 4 NEW WORLD ORDER DEMOCRACY (AND POPULISM) • Why the Trading System Needs Even • The Complicated Relationship Between More Multilateralism Today - Ankai Xu and Liberalism And Democracy Nicolás Albertoni - Jan Hornat • Multilaterals as Catalysts for Private • Reversing the Wedge between Liberalism Sector Investment in Resilient and and Democracy in the Strongmen Sustainable Infrastructure - Juan-Pablo - Era Joanna Micah Eufemio Martinez-Molina Mercado • The Infiltration by New Right and the • Europe in the Post-COVID-19 World - Lucas Threats to Our Political Culture - Franziska Maurer Fislage • Battle of Development Narratives: EU- • The Borders That Bind Us - Mitali Africa Relations in the Multipolar World Mukherjee and Patrick Sandoval - Loes Debuysere • Long Live Multilateralism - Nasim Pourghazian 5 6 ABOUT THE AUTHORS TECHNOLOGY • Exploring the Prospects for Higher Education - Utkarsh Amitabh • Smart Working in the Way Ahead - Nicolo Andreula • Is Hydrogen the Answer to Global Electromobility Woes? - Krzysztof Michalski • Democracy: Debugging in Process - Suneera Madhok 1 FOREWORD From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak he Observer Research Foundation (ORF) and ZEIT-Stiftung are delighted to publish this compilation of essays titled, From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak. This is a result of the intellectual Tgenerosity of and contributions by the Raisina Young Fellows, class of 2020. They joined us from across the globe in January last year for a ten-day policy workshop in New Delhi, participated at the Raisina Dialogue, and became part of our Young Fellows community at a time when the world was still oblivious to the pandemic that was already upon it. This collection of essays has been scripted by the contributors while battling the COVID-19 pandemic, even as we were all grappling with its implications on our personal and professional lives and reconfiguring our future passions and future pursuits. This volume is motivated by the theme of Raisina Dialogue 2020, “Alpha Century”, and, in some ways, bookends the upcoming Raisina Dialogue 2021, titled, “#ViralWorld”. These thought-provoking 17 essays compel us to engage with four important spheres of our existence that seek urgent inquiry and dialogue—climate and sustainability, the new world order, democracy and pluralism, and technology and digital societies. With its wide scope, this publication puts forth ideas and themes that would be central to the post-pandemic era. From the future of liberalism and democracy to the insidious and increasingly overwhelming presence of technology in our daily lives, these thought pieces were written by young leaders of today, and they provoke us to appreciate that these disruptions implicate and announce the demise of the extant international order and signal the urgent need for a novel format of multi- stakeholderism and, indeed, multilateralism. These essays look beyond the rhetoric, the popular trends and hashtags, and help agitate ideas that allow us to re-invest in a world that works for all—across politics, sustainability and international relations. As part of the Raisina Young Fellows 2020 programme, the Dean and Chair, Dr Shashi Tharoor and Dr Samir Saran, had presented and released their co-authored book, titled, The New World Disorder and the Indian Imperative, motivated by the ten years of discussions and debates hosted at this programme. The book had highlighted the extent of the disorder and the failure of the global international system to detect, respond, and manage multiple crises since its establishment post the Second World Page 8 From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak War. COVID-19 was to brutally corroborate many of the conclusions of the book by exposing the incapacity of the world to respond to the pandemic, the weaponisation of global trade, the selfish and perverse hunt for medical devices and solutions, and, indeed, more recently vaccine nationalism. Most importantly, it told us the story of the incapability of the international system to hold bad actors to account. The current state of affairs and its early resolution is not just an “Indian imperative”, as the book suggests, we require a new global imperative and universal ambition to find solutions to the formidable challenges and planet-wide inadequacies that confront humankind. Can global institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO) redeem themselves and honour their mandate of serving the global community? Can we partner beyond borders and find solutions and pathways that serve us all? Can we truly aspire to the ideal of one “global village”? Can we finally devise an approach for the greater good of all when it comes to our well-being and progress—from climate change to healthcare, from technology to infrastructure, from employment to social protection for every individual? We have a chance to respond to these posers now. Can one humanity emerge intact and victorious from a pandemic that has ravaged us as a collective? But, most importantly, will the pandemic awaken us to the havoc ‘systemic risks’ pose? In October 2019, the Global Health Security Index (1) had projected the UK and US as the “most prepared countries” to tackle an epidemic or a pandemic; in 2020, we cruelly learnt reality differs from reports as both these countries lie in tatters. Similarly, our financial and credit systems prevent us from investing in climate mitigation efforts in the developing world. If we aim to preserve the integrity and viability of our planet, will we finally devise a system where climate risk supersedes the credit risk assessment of bankers in New York, Paris, and London as they invest in infrastructure for the future? The pandemic sounded not only a wakeup call, but it also was an early warning siren for the doomsday clock as it ticks towards midnight (2). The young leaders who have contributed to this volume have written with the intention of appealing to our individual and collective conscience, and, indeed, call upon us to halt the march of this doomsday clock. As we enter this Decade of Action, we, as residents of planet earth, have this last window to turn back time and save millions from climate-induced disasters and destruction; unlike the pandemic, we will have no vaccine to redeem us then. Page 9 From Alpha Century to Viral World: The Raisina Young Fellows Speak We, team ORF and team ZEIT-Stiftung, would like to acknowledge these important contributions made by Jan Hornát, Joanna Micah Eufemio, Franziska Fislage, Patrick Sandoval, Mitali Mukherjee, Utkarsh Amitabh, Nicolò Andreula, Krzysztof Michalski, Suneera Madhok, Ankai Xu, Nicholas Albertoni, Juan-Pablo Martinez-Molina Mercado, Lucas Maurer, Loes Debuysere, Nasim Pourghazian, Vali Golmohammadi, Sophie Briquetti, Mélissa Levaillant, and Cathleen Berger. It is our hope that this publication initiates conversations on these very important questions, guided by the adage of Per aspera, ad astra—through hardships to the stars. We are confident that the ideas contained in this compilation prove useful to students, practitioners, amateurs, aficionados, policy makers, and budding entrepreneurs alike to walk the motto Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam—the world is one family. SUNJOY JOSHI SHASHI SAMIR SARAN MICHAEL GORING THAROOR Chairman, Observer Chair, Asian Forum CEO and Chairman, Research Foundation Dean, Asian Forum on on Global Governance ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin Global Governance und Gerd Bucerius President, Observer Research Foundation TANOUBI SASCHA SUHRKE NGANGOM Director, Head of Chief of Staff and Politics and Society, Programmes, ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin Observer Research und Gerd Bucerius Foundation Endnotes (1) Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Nuclear Threat Initiative, The Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Health Security Index, Building Collective