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RTEMENT D'histoire ET DE SCIENCES POLITIQUES Faculté Des Lettres Et Sciences Humaines Université De Sherbrooke

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RTEMENT D'histoire ET DE SCIENCES POLITIQUES Faculté Des Lettres Et Sciences Humaines Université De Sherbrooke DÉPARTEMENT D'HISTOIRE ET DE SCIENCES POLITIQUES Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines Université de Sherbrooke LES ENJEUX DES ÉTATS-UNIS DANS LA COURSE À L'ESPACE, 1953-1969 Par DOMINIC TESSIER r- : 7 .: 1 Mémoire présenté pour l'obtention de la MAITRISE Ès ARTS (HISTOIRE) Sherbrooke Le 12 janvier 2000 Biithèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services seivices bibliographiques The author has grantecl a non- L'auteur a accordé me licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant a la National Libraxy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. Ia forme de rnicrofiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve La propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial emcts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be priuted or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Composition du jury Les enjeux des États-Unis dans la course à l'espace, 1953-1969 Dominic Tessier Ce mémoire a été évalué par un jury compose des personnes suivantes : Monsieur Gilles Vandal, directeur de recherche (Département d'histoire et de sciences politiques, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines) Messieurs Pierre Binette et Jean-René Chotard, autres membres du jury (Département d'histoire et de sciences politiques, Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines) La course a l'espace entre les États-unis et I'URSS a amené les Américains a réaliser l'un des plus grands rèves de I'hunianité : celui d'envoyer des hommes sur la Lune. Avec la mise en orbite de Spoutnik 1. en octobre 1957. et en envoyant le premier homme dans l'espace. cn avril 1961. I'URSS a gagne les deux premières manches de la course a I'espücs. Ainsi. en mai 1961. dans l'esprit de la Nouvelle Frontière. le président Kennedy a lanci Ic ddï a sa nation d'envoyer un homme sur la Lune avant 1970. Le défi Kennedy a immédiatement enchant2 l'opinion publique et le Congrès. Toutefois. aprés la crise des Missiles. I'snthousiasme des Américains pour les programmes spatiaux perdait son ampleur. Les dcpenses exorbitantes du programme Apollo et l'enlisement des États-unis dans la gerrtt du Vietnam sont les principales raisons de cotte chute de la frenisie de la conqucte spatiale. Remerciements J'aimerais remercier les personnes qui m'ont aidé à réaliser ce projet de mémoire de maîtrise : - Mon directeur. M. Gilles Vandal. pour m'avoir guidé dans mon cheminement de recherche et de rtdaction. - Mme Catherine Harncl pour sa collaboration énergique à la réalisation de ce niémoire gricc à ses compétences professionnelles de réviseure-comctrice. Sommaire Remerciements 1 Sommaire 3 Table des tableaux et graphiaues 6 Lexiaue des abréviations 7 Introduction 8 Présentation de l'objet d'étude 8 L'émergence de la compétition technologique entre les Etats-unis et I'URSS 8 Les années cinquante : une genèse nébuleuse pour l'exploration spatiale américaine 9 Le défi de Kennedy 1O Problématique et hypothèse 11 Historiographie 12 Sources 15 Méthodologie t 6 Chapitre 1 : la genèse de la conauh de I'esmce par les ~tats-unis, 1953-1960 18 Les causes internationales 10 Les caractéristiques initiales de la Guerre froide La Conférence de Genève La Guerre froide après le Sommet de Genève La course aux armements Les projets de I'lntemational Geophysfcal Year (GY) L'URSS declenche la course A l'espace Les causes nationales La politique des engins balistiques sous Truman 28 La politique des engins balistiques sous Eisenhower avant Spoutnik 30 La politique spatiale américaine de 1958 à 1960 33 La période de transition entre Eisenhower et Kennedy 40 Bilan 42 Chapitre 2 : l'intensification de la politiaue spatiale sous l'administration Kennedv. 1961-1 962 44 Les événements internationaux entraînant le defi de Kennedy 44 Les transformations de la rivalité entre les Etats-Unis et I'URSS Le vol de Youri Gagarine La Baie des Cochons Ces événements nationaux entraînant le ddfi de Kennedy Le changement d'attitude de Kennedy vis-a-vis la politique spatiale 54 Le rapport Wiesner et la remise en cause du programme Mercury 56 L'apport de Lyndon B. Johnson en matière de politique spatiale 59 La contribution de James Webb, le nouvel administrateur de la NASA 61 Le défi de Kennedy 62 La révision du programme spatial américain ordonnbe par Kennedy 63 Le défi et sa portée politique 67 Bilan 70 Chapitre 3 : la course a la Lune après la crise des Missiles. 1962-1969 72 Le changement de la réalité internationale 72 La crise des Missiles La nouvelle réalité internationale Le frein de la guerre du Vietnam La course a la Lune entre les États-unis et I'URSS La course a la Lune sur la scène nationale Le rnéccntentement grandissant du Congres 85 L'opinion publique de moins en moins favorable au programme Apollo 89 Comment le programme Apollo a-t-il pu se rendre a terme? Bilan Conclusion 95 L'épilogue du défi Kennedy 97 Analyse theorique 101 Ouverture 103 Annexes 105 Biblioata~hie 119 Table des tableaux et graphiques Tableau 1. NASA Mission target dates Graphique 1. La course a l'espace entre les ctats-unis et l'URSS Tableau 2. Activités lunaires et interplanétaires aux Gtats-unis et en URSS Graphique 2. La course à la Lune entre les 6tats-~niset I'URSS, 1958-1969 Graphique 3. Demandes budgétaires versus le budget obtenu par la NASA, 1962-1973 Tableau 3. Les plus fortes coupures budgétaires de la NASA dans les années soixante Tableau 4. The United States Space Budget, 1959-69 (in $ millions) Graphique 4. Evolution de l'opinion publique envers les programmes spatiaux. 1965-1976 Lexique des abréviations CIA Central Intelligence Agency ICBM Inter Continental Ballistic Missile IGY International Geophysical Year IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile MRBM Medium Range Ballistic Missile NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautic NASA National Aeronautic and Space Administration NASM National Air and Space Museum ONU Organisation des Nations unies PSAC Presidential Science Advisory Committee SRAM Short Range Attack Missile TCP Technological Capabilities Panel Introduction Le XXe siécle est un siècle marqué par l'horreur des guerres mais aussi par la grandeur des réalisations huniriines. En effet. un vent de progrès indéniable a transformé I'humaniti lors de ce siècle. Les grands rêves de Jules Vernes au XIXS siècle se sont presque tous concrétisés au cours du XX' siècle. L'être humain a autant développé de moyens de transport pour faire le tour du monde en moins de quatre-vingts jours qu'exploré les profondeurs marines. Mais la réalisation la plus extraordinaire que Jules Vernes a imaginé 3 Sté d'envoyer des hommes sur la Lune. Dans son roman L)c Irr Terre Ir kr Lune. les Américains ont envoyé des hommes sur la Lune afin de montrer au monde les aptitudes scientifiques des États-unis. Le scénario de Vernes s'est réalisé un siécle plus tard lorsque le président Kennedy a décidé d'envoyer un homme sur la Lune pour rehausser le prestige américain terni par les aléas de la Guerre froide vers 1960. L'émerqence de la compétition technologique entre les États-unis et I'URSS A la suite de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. deux grandes puissances sont sorties victorieuses du grand conflit. soit les États-unis et I'URSS. Entre ces dew alliés. un conflit idéologique a émergé pour donner lieu à ce qu'on appelle la Guerre froide. Cette tension idéologique a entraîné un climat de méfiance entre ces anciens alliés de ia Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Ce climat a vite provoqué une bipolarité mondiale ferme. La politique américaine. en ce début de Guerre Froide, était de limiter l'expansion soviétique afin de contrer la réalisation du processus de révolution du communisme intemational. Mais. en 1949, la situation se compliquait pour les États-unis puisque l'URSS annonçait la mise au point d'une bombe atomique. La course aux armements entre les deux Goliath commençait. Les années cinquante : une cienése nébuleuse pour I'exoloration s~atiale américaine Dans les anndes cinquante. la défense nationale américaine reposait sur sa supériorité aux niveaux de la rapidité et de la force de tiappe nucléaire. Ainsi. avec une menace de représailles niassives. I'U~iionsoviitique n'envisagerait pas l'expansion du communisme. Vas Ia !in dcs années cinquante. cette avance semblait menacee lorsque les Soviitiques ont envoyi le premier satellite artiticiel au monde. c'est-à-dire Spoutnik 1. Bien que l'administration Eisenhower tentât de réduire l'impact psychologique de ce (< Pearl Harbor )) technologique, le peuple américain se sentait de plus en plus menacé. Pour la premiàe fois. les États-unis pouvaient être attaqués par des missiles nucléaires lancés à partir de IVRSS. Au niveau national. l'impact des Spoutnik a été accentué par les démocrates. Ces derniers y voyaient une opportunité d'abaisser l'administration républicaine. d'autant plus que I'ichec de Vanguard', en décembre 1957, confirmait la faiblesse des États-unis en matière d'exploration spatiale. En 1958. la fondation de la NASA démontrait le soucis du président Eisenhower de voir les ~tats-unisplus forts sur le plan de l'exploration spatiale. En fondant la NASA. Eisenhower attribuait un statut civil a l'exploration spatiale amiricaine permettant ainsi de concentrer les efforts scientifiques vers des fins pacifiques. Toutefois. le rendement de la NASA n'était pas au maximum de son potentiel puisque c'était l'avancement militaire qui préoccupait le plus le président.
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