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MUSIK MACHT GEISTIG FIT.Pdf Studium generale © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Fischer Musik macht geistig fit „Wer Musikschulen schließt, gefährdet die innere Sicherheit“ (Nida-Rümelin,.2005) in Kooperation mit der Memory-Liga e. V. Zell a. H. sowie dem Verband der Gehirntrainer Deutschlands VGD® und Wissiomed® Akademie Haslach (www.wissiomed.de) Die Unterlagen dürfen in jeder Weise in unveränderter Form unter Angabe des Herausgebers in nicht kommerzieller Weise verwendet werden! Wir sind dankbar für Veränderungsvorschläge, Erweiterungen, Anregungen und Korrekturen, die sie uns jederzeit unter [email protected] zukommen lassen können. © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Gliederung Herausgeber, Mitarbeiterinnen 8 Einleitung 9 Musik und Hirndurchblutung 31 Musik und Hirndurchblutung linkes Gehirn 33 Musik und Hirndurchblutung rechtes Gehirn 36 Musik und Hirnstoffwechsel 38 Musik und neurophysiologische Veränderungen 42 Musik und Immunlage 43 Musik und gewebliche Veränderungen im Gehirn 46 Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit 55 Musik, Emotion und emotionale Intelligenz 55 Musik fördert die Aufmerksamkeit 62 2 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Musik fördert die Wahrnehmung 66 Musik und Arbeitsgedächtnis 68 Musik und Langzeitgedächtnis 69 Musik als Rhythmusgeber I 73 Funktionen des präfrontalen Kortex 78 Musik als Rhythmusgeber II 83 Musik und Symmetrieverbesserung des Gehirns 86 Musik und Synchronisation von Atmung und Kreislauf 87 Musik und aktuelle geistige Leistungsfähigkeit 90 Musikerziehung und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit in Bezug auf allgemeine Intelligenz, Rechnen, abstraktes Denken, Kreativität, Emotion, soziale Kompetenz, schulische Erfolge incl. Singen 95 Musik: Langzeitstudie v. Bastian an Schulen Multiple Intelligenzen Singen und Lernen Räumliche Intelligenz und Musik Musik und psychosoziale Entwicklung in der Schwangerschaft, bei Frühgeburten bei Kindern 3 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit und Jugendlichen 110 Musik und Schlaf bei Kindern 114 Traum und Musik 115 Musik und Kreativität 116 Musik fördert den Spracherwerb 117 Anmerkungen zum Priming-Effekt in Bezug auf Sprache und Musik 124 Musik fördert motorische Fähigkeiten 130 Interaktion zwischen Hören und Motorik 133 Drei optimale Basisfunktionen in Bezug auf die Motorik sind bei einem Musiker unabdingbar 138 1. Genaueste zeitliche Abstimmung der motorischen Bewegungen in Bezug auf den musikalischen Rhythmus. („ Timing “) 138 4 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Spiegelneurone 146 Übungen zur Aktivierung des Stirnhirns 160 Gleichzeitige Aktivierung beider Gehirnhälften 164 Basalganglien 167 Übungen zur Aktivierung der Basalganglien 171 Kleinhirn 174 Übungen zur Aktivierung des Kleinhirns 184 2. Genaueste zeitliche Abstimmung der motorischen Bewegungen in Bezug auf die musikalische Tonfolge. („ Sequencing “) 213 3. Genaueste räumliche Abstimmung der motorischen Bewegungen bei der musikalischen Darbietung. („ Räumliche Organisation “) 215 Musik und ältere Personen 218 5 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Keine Musikuntermalung bei Filmen in Fernsehen während Dialogen 218 Musik und Schlaf bei älteren Personen 220 Befinden 221 Musik und Ängstlichkeit 221 Lebenserwartung 223 Musik und Lebenserwartung 223 Erkrankungen 225 Musik bei Autismus 226 Musik, Singen, Lebensqualität und Lungenerkrankung (COPD)228 Musik und Demenz 228 Musik und Herzerkrankung 258 Musik und Kinder mit Legasthenie, Dyslexie 260 Musiktherapie bei ADHS 272 Kinder mit Lerndefiziten 274 6 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Musik und Parkinsonsche Erkrankung 275 Musik und Schlaganfall 279 Musik und Maskierung von Schmerzen 283 Musik und Stress: Mozartmusik und Antistress 285 Musik und Trinkgewohnheiten 286 Rezept für Musik 287 Kinder 287 Erwachsene 290 Wie trommeln wir uns geistig fit? Stichworte 298 Glossar 312 Emotionen Emotional gestörte Kinder Emotionale Intelligenz Emotionale Kreativität Soziale Fähigkeiten und Kreativität Musik und Folter Zitate und Gedichte 325 Literaturhinweise, Korrespondenzadresse 332-351 7 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Fischer (Curriculum vitae: www.wissiomed.de) Hirnforscher und Begründer der wissenschaftlichen Methode des Integrativen/Interaktiven Hirnleistungstrainings IHT® und des Brainjogging® sowie Mitbegründer des Gehirnjoggings. Autor/Koautor von mehr als 60 Büchern und ca. 400 Veröffentlichungen. Chefarzt a. D. der ersten deutschen Memoryklinik. Träger des Hirt - Preises. Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des WissIOMed® Instituts. Präsident des Verbandes der Gehirntrainer Deutschlands VGD® und der Memory - Liga. Adresse: 77736 Zell. a. H., Birkenweg 19, Tel. : 07835-548070 www.wissiomed.de Mitarbeiterinnen: Dr. med. Uta Fischer Fachärztin für Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 20 Jahre Konsiliartätigkeit in der ersten deutschen Memoryklinik. Seit 1972 an der Entwicklung des Hirnleistungstrainings beteiligt. 2. Vorsitzende der Memory - Liga. Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des WissIOMed® Instituts. Adresse: 77736 Zell. a. H., Birkenweg 19, Tel. : 07835-548070 Hannjette Mosmann Gesundheitspädagogin. Fachfortbildungsleiterin des Verbandes der Gehirntrainer Deutschlands VGD®. Schriftführerin der Memory-Liga. Geschäftsführerin des WissIOMed® Instituts. IHT® - Ausbildungsleiterin für FachassistentInnen für Hirnleistungstraining für Gesunde FAH® , für Fachkräfte für Hirnfunktionstraining für Kranke FKH®, für Mini-Aging - /VitalitätstrainerInnen®. Trägerin des Memory-Preises. Adresse: 77716 Haslach i. K., Eichenbachstr. 15, Tel. : 07832- 5828 Fax: 07838-4804 © by B. Fischer, U. Fischer, H. Mosmann, Alle Rechte vorbehalten. All rights reserved. Tous droits réservés. in Kooperation mit der Memory-Liga e. V. Zell a. H. sowie dem Verband der Gehirntrainer Deutschlands VGD® und der Wissiomed-Akademie Die Unterlagen dürfen in jeder Weise in unveränderter Form in nicht kommerzieller Weise unter Angabe des Herausgebers verwendet werden! Wir sind dankbar für Veränderungsvorschläge, Erweiterungen, Anregungen und Korrekturen, die sie uns jederzeit unter [email protected] zukommen lassen können. Edition 18 Korrespondenzadresse : Prof. Dr. med. Bernd Fischer, Birkenweg 19, 77736 Zell a. H., Tel: 07835-548070 8 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Einleitung: Musik ist seit Jahrtausenden aus der Kultur der Menschheit nicht wegzudenken. Sie nimmt in jeder Gesellschaft einen hohen Stellenwert ein. Musizieren und Musikhören „Nach der antiken Mythologie brachte Apollo den Menschen die Musik, pflegte und veredelte sie und verteidigte sie gegen barbarische Einflüsse.“ (Altenmüller 2001) „Und manchmal, wenn wir singen, kann die Stimme andere Wesen verzaubern. So wie es Orpheus konnte. In kaum einer anderen Erzählung wird die Macht des Singens so eindringlich beschworen wie im ‚Mythos des Sängers Orpheus. Mit seiner Stimme und seiner Lyra konnte er Steine erweichen und Tiere zähmen, ja, er überwand sogar die Grenzen des Todes, als es ihm gelingt, in das Totenreich des Hades einzudringen.“ (Friedl. 2007) Die Musik ist schon immer über alle Kultur- und Sprachschranken hinweg ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Kommunikation, des Gemeinschaftslebens. (Cross 2001) 9 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Alle traditionellen Tonleitern (tiefster Ton, höchster Ton – Oktave) bilden ein sog. sternkonvexes Muster auf dem sog. Euler-Gitter. Möglicherweise ist dies eine transkulturelle gemeinsame Basis des Musikhörens. (Honingh, Bod 2011) Weiterhin aktiviert das Musizieren und das Hören von Musik die geistige Leistungsfähigkeit. Musik aktiviert gleichzeitig ganzheitliche Fähigkeiten, wie z. B. des Empfindens einer Gesamtmelodie (neurophysiologisch entspricht das einer sog. ganzheitlichen komplexbildenden Superierung) und besonders bei professionellen Musikern die Möglichkeit der Analyse der Tonfolgen. „Musikwahrnehmung beruht auf einem komplexen Zusammenspiel der Analyse von Tonhöhen- und Zeitstrukturen .“ (Altenmüller 2001) Musik regt das Gehirn bereits auf der Ebene der Wahrnehmung sehr stark an. Wem ist es noch nicht passiert, dass er nach ein paar Takten wusste, um welche Melodie es sich handelte, oder dass man nach dem ersten Wort am Telefon schon wusste, wer am anderen Ende der Leitung mit einem spricht. Auch beim Sprechen spielt die Sprachmelodie eine wesentliche Rolle für die Verständigung und die Sympathie. 10 © Herausgeber: B. Fischer, 77736 Zell a.H, Birkenweg 19 Tel: 07835-548070 www.wisiomed.de Musik und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit Somit vermitteln melodische Klänge im Wahrnehmungssystem Schätzungs- und Ergänzungsprozesse. Der Grund ist folgender: „Das Ohr ist das Sinnesorgan mit den wenigsten Sinneszellen. Den in jedem Innenohr
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