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Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology Editors: Damian Ballam MSc and Allister Vale MD

May 2014

CURRENT AWARENESS PAPERS OF THE MONTH Is oxygen required before atropine administration in organophosphorus or carbamate pesticide ? – A cohort study Konickx LA, Bingham K, Eddleston M. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.915411: Background Early and adequate atropine administration in organophosphorus (OP) or carbamate insecticide poisoning improves outcome. However, some authors advise that oxygen must be given before atropine due to the risk of inducing ventricular dysrhythmias in hypoxic patients. Because oxygen is frequently unavailable in district hospitals of rural , where the majority of patients with insecticide poisoning present, this guidance has significant implications for patient care. The published evidence for this advice is weak. We therefore performed a patient cohort analysis to look for early cardiac deaths in patients poisoned by anticholinesterase pesticides. Methods We analysed a prospective Sri Lankan cohort of OP or carbamate-poisoned patients treated with early atropine without the benefit of oxygen for evidence of early deaths. The incidence of fatal primary cardiac arrests within 3 h of admission was used as a sensitive (but non- specific) marker of possible ventricular dysrhythmias. Results The cohort consisted of 1957 patients. The incidence of a primary cardiac death within 3 h of atropine administration was 4 (0.2%) of 1957 patients. The majority of deaths occurred at a later time point from respiratory complications of poisoning. Conclusion We found no evidence of a high number of early deaths in an observational study of 1957 patients routinely given atropine before oxygen that might support guidance that

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units.

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England

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oxygen must be given before atropine. The published literature indicates that early and rapid administration of atropine during resuscitation is life-saving. Therefore, whether oxygen is available or not, early atropinisation of OP- and carbamate-poisoned patients should be performed. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.915411

National toxicovigilance for pesticide exposures resulting in health care contact – An example from the UK's National Poisons Information Service Perry L, Adams RD, Bennett AR, Lupton DJ, Jackson G, Good AM, Thomas SH, Vale JA, Thompson JP, Bateman DN, Eddleston M. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.908203: Background Although there are extensive systems in place for pharmacovigilance, similar systems for detecting adverse health effects relating to pesticide exposure are rare. In 2004, the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) pesticide surveillance study was implemented to identify cases requiring health care contact in the UK. This report describes the epidemiology of pesticide exposures reported to poison centres in the UK over a 9-year period. Methods Data on exposures were gathered through monitoring access to the NPIS's online clinical toxicology database TOXBASE® and through monitoring calls to the four NPIS units (Edinburgh, Cardiff, Newcastle and Birmingham). Severity was judged by both caller and NPIS staff. Results During the 9 years, 34,092 enquiries concerning pesticides were recorded; 7,804 cases of pesticide exposure were derived from these enquiries. Exposures were predominantly unintentional and acute (6,789; 87.0%); 217 (2.8%) and 755 (9.7%) were chronic unintentional and acute deliberate self-harm exposures, respectively. The majority of cases occurred in children, especially the 0-4 year age group The minimum incidence of pesticide exposure requiring health care contact was 2.0 cases/100,000 population per year. Reported numbers were 6- to 25-fold greater than those picked up through other UK pesticide toxicovigilance schemes. There were 81 cases of severe and 38 cases of fatal exposure. Deliberate self-harm accounted for 62.3% of severe cases and 79% of deaths. Aluminium phosphide, paraquat, diquat and glyphosate were responsible for most severe and fatal cases. Conclusions The data gathered from this pesticide surveillance study indicate that poison centre resources can usefully monitor pesticide exposures resulting in health care contact in the UK. The NPIS may usefully be one component of the UK's response to European legislation requiring surveillance of complications resulting from pesticide use. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.908203

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Organophosphate-pyrethroid combination pesticides may be associated with increased toxicity in human poisoning compared to either pesticide alone Iyyadurai R, Peter JV, Immanuel S, Begum A, Zachariah A, Jasmine S, Abhilash KPP. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.909933: Background Organophosphate (OP) poisoning results in significant toxicity while pyrethroid poisoning is associated with extremely low fatality. OPs can inhibit the detoxification of pyrethroid and increase the toxicity of the combination. We assessed whether mixed OP-pyrethroid poisoning impacted outcome in human poisoning. Methods Patients were identified from a prospectively collected institutional poisoning database that incorporates demographic and outcome data of patients presenting with poisoning. Results Of the 1177 poisoned patients admitted over 2 years, 32 presented with OP-pyrethroid (50% chlorpyrifos-5% cypermethrin mixture) poisoning (Group 1), 26 consumed 20% chlorpyrifos (Group 2), and 32 took 15% cypermethrin (Group 3). Seizures occurred in 15.6% (n = 5) with chlorpyrifos-cypermethrin poisoning, 18.8% (n = 6) with cypermethrin poisoning, and 3.9% (n = 1) with chlorpyrifos poisoning. Ventilatory requirements were 53.5% (17/32), 42.3% (11/26), and 15.7% (5/32) in Groups 1–3, respectively. Ventilator- free days (Mean ± SD) was significantly lower (p < 0.006) in Group 1 (20.9 ± 9.3 days) than those in Group 2 (26.1 ± 4.4 days) or 3 (27.8 ± 0.6). The median (inter-quartile range) hospital stay was 5.5 (4–19.5), 5 (5–6), and 1 (0.65–1.5) days, respectively, in the three groups. Four patients died in Group 1 (13%). None died in the other groups. Conclusion Although confounded by the varying quantity of chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in the different formulations, patients with mixed poisoning appear to have shorter ventilator-free days than patients poisoned by either of the pesticides alone. Further studies are required comparing patients poisoned by formulations with similar quantities of OP and pyrethroid or with analysis of blood pesticide concentration on admission. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.909933

Isopropanol poisoning Slaughter RJ, Mason RW, Beasley DMG, Vale JA, Schep LJ. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.914527: Introduction Isopropanol is a clear, colorless liquid with a fruity odor and a mild bitter taste. Most commonly found domestically as rubbing , isopropanol is also found in numerous household and commercial products including cleaners, disinfectants, antifreezes, cosmetics, solvents, inks, and pharmaceuticals. Aim The aim of this review is to critically review the epidemiology, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of isopropanol poisoning. Methods OVID MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science were searched to November 2013 using the words "isopropanol", "isopropyl alcohol", "2-propanol", "propan-2-ol", and "rubbing alcohol"

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combined with the keywords "poisoning", "poison", "toxicity", "ingestion", "adverse effects", "overdose", or "intoxication". These searches identified 232 citations, which were then screened via their abstract to identify relevant articles referring specifically to the epidemiology, toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of isopropanol poisoning; 102 were relevant. Further information was obtained from book chapters, relevant news reports, and internet resources. These additional searches produced eight non-duplicate relevant citations. Epidemiology The majority of isopropanol exposures are unintentional and occur in children less than 6 years of age. Although isopropanol poisoning appears to be a reasonably common occurrence, deaths are rare. Toxicokinetics Isopropanol is rapidly absorbed following ingestion with peak plasma concentrations occurring within 30 min. It can also be absorbed following inhalation or dermal exposure. Isopropanol is widely distributed with a volume of distribution of 0.45–0.55 L/kg. Isopropanol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetone, acetol and methylglyoxal, propylene glycol, acetate, and formate with conversion of these metabolites to glucose and other products of intermediary metabolism. The elimination of isopropanol is predominantly renal, though some pulmonary excretion of isopropanol and acetone occurs. In one case 20% of the absorbed dose was eliminated unchanged in urine, with the remainder excreted as acetone and metabolites of acetone. The elimination half-life of isopropanol is between 2.5 and 8.0 h, whereas elimination of acetone is slower with a half-life following isopropanol ingestion of between 7.7 and 27 h. Mechanisms of toxicity While the exact mechanism of action of isopropanol has not been fully elucidated, brain stem depression is thought to be the predominant mechanism. While the clinical effects are thought to be mostly due to isopropanol, acetone may also contribute. Clinical features The major features of severe poisoning are due to CNS and respiratory depression, shock, and circulatory collapse. The most common metabolic effects are an increased osmol (osmolal) gap, ketonemia, and ketonuria. Diagnosis Poisoning can be diagnosed using the measurement of isopropanol serum concentrations, though these may not be readily available. Diagnosis is therefore more typically made on the basis of the patient's history and clinical presentation. An osmol gap, ketonemia, and/or ketonuria without metabolic acidosis, along with a fruity or sweet odor on the breath and CNS depression support the diagnosis. Management Supportive care is the mainstay of management with primary emphasis on respiratory and cardiovascular support. Hemodialysis enhances elimination of isopropanol and acetone and should be considered in very severe poisoning. Conclusions Severe isopropanol poisoning results in CNS and respiratory depression and circulatory collapse. Treatment primarily consists of symptom-directed supportive care. Although hemodialysis increases the elimination of isopropanol and acetone substantially, it should only be considered in severe life-threatening . Patients usually make a full recovery provided they receive prompt supportive care. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.914527

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Poisonings requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit: a 5-year review Even KM, Armsby CC, Bateman ST. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.909601: Background Poisonings represent a significant number of preventable admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), but data about poisonings requiring PICU-level care are limited. Objectives To identify the demographics of patients admitted with poisonings and characterize their clinical courses related to their poisoning. Methods All poisonings over a 5-year period (2008–2012) at an academic medical center in New England were retrospectively reviewed using electronic medical records in an observational case series. Poisonings were identified using key search terms within an admissions database. Results There were 273 admissions for poisonings, which represent 8% of total PICU admissions over this time period. The poisonings were unintentional in 148 (54%) cases and intentional in 125 (46%). The vast majority of poisonings occurred in patients either 3 years or below (N = 121, 44%) or 13 years or above (N = 124, 45%). Most (96%) admissions were for less than 48 h and 41% were for less than 24 h. Mean PICU length of stay was 1.2 + 0.7 days. A total of 468 substances were ingested in 54 different classes, with analgesics and antidepressants being the most common. Eighty-five (31%) poisonings were polypharmaceutical. The most commonly used therapies were naloxone, activated charcoal, and . Twenty-seven patients (10%) received . There was one fatality, an adolescent with a polypharmacy overdose in a suicide attempt. Conclusion Pediatric poisonings are a significant percentage of admissions to the PICU. The majority of poisonings are non-fatal, require supportive care, close monitoring, and some specific treatment. Drug classes causing poisonings have changed to a higher percentage of in younger patients and atypical antidepressants in adolescents. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.909601

Epidemiological trends in electronic cigarette exposures reported to U.S. Poison Centers Vakkalanka JP, Hardison LS, Jr., Holstege CP. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.913176: Context The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported an increase in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use in both adults and adolescents. Poison Center calls provide data on exposures pertaining to e-cigarette devices and components (including nicotine-refill cartridges), potentially identifying epidemiological trends in reported exposures over time. Objective To characterize the trends in e-cigarette exposures reported to United States (U.S.) Poison Centers between 01 June 2010 and 30 September 2013.

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Methods We obtained data from the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) for all exposures involving e-cigarettes reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) by U.S. Poison Centers and described trends in exposures over time, demographics, geographical characteristics, clinical effects and outcomes, management site, and exposure route. Results A total of 1,700 exposures were reported to Poison Centers during this time. The most frequent age groups were children 5 years or below with 717 (42.2%) exposures and adults ages 20–39 years with 466 (27.4%) exposures. Temporal trends showed an increase of 1.36 exposures per month [95% CI: 1.16–1.56] from June 2010 through December 2012, after which exposures increased by 9.60 per month [95% CI: 8.64–10.55] from January through September 2013. The majority of patients who were followed reported that they had only minor effects. Conclusions The majority of exposures to e-cigarette devices and components occurred in children of 5 years or below due to accidental exposure. Based on the available data, the reported exposures have resulted in minimal toxicity. Calls to Poison Centers regarding these products have rapidly increased since 2010, and continued surveillance may show changes in the epidemiological trends surrounding e-cigarette exposures. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.913176

Electronic cigarettes: another pediatric toxic hazard in the home? Lowry JA. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.918998: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have recently gained attention in the media as an alternative to traditional smoking due to its increased use and lack of regulation. Originally marketed as a tobacco reduction or smoking cessation product, recreational use of e- cigarettes in adolescents and adults has doubled from 2010 to 2012. Current use in Great Britain rose from 2.7% of adult smokers studied in 2010 to 6.7% in 2012. Alternatively, adolescent data reveal that 9.3% of ever cigarette users had reported never smoking conventional cigarettes. This trend in increased use has been associated with increased calls to the U.S. Poison Control Centers as evident in the article by Vakkalanka et al. in this issue. In their study, unintentional exposures in children less than 6 years of age accounted for the most calls to poison control centers compared with other age groups. While the majority of patients followed had no more than minor effects reported, moderate, and major effects were found in this study. One fatality was reported, and, unfortunately, the clinical effects were not accounted for this age. Additionally, poison center data are unable to verify dose resulting in an incomplete account for the seriousness of these exposures. Parents and clinicians should be alarmed at these numbers and recognize the potential risk of harm to children and adolescents. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.918998

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Evaluation of therapy for sedation in patients with toxicological events at an academic medical center Mohorn PL, Vakkalanka JP, Rushton W, Hardison L, Woloszyn A, Holstege C, Corbett SM. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.913175: Introduction Although clinical use of dexmedetomidine (DEX), an alpha2- , has increased, its role in patients admitted to intensive care units secondary to toxicological sequelae has not been well established. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to describe clinical and adverse effects observed in poisoned patients receiving DEX for sedation. Methods This was an observational case series with retrospective chart review of poisoned patients who received DEX for sedation at an academic medical center. The primary endpoint was incidence of adverse effects of DEX therapy including bradycardia, , seizures, and arrhythmias. For comparison, vital signs were collected hourly for the 5 h preceding the DEX therapy and every hour during DEX therapy until the therapy ended. Additional endpoints included therapy duration; time within target Richmond Agitation Sedation Score (RASS); and concomitant sedation, analgesia, and vasopressor requirements. Results Twenty-two patients were included. Median initial and median DEX infusion rates were similar to the commonly used rates for sedation. Median heart rate was lower during the therapy (82 vs. 93 beats/minute, p < 0.05). Median systolic blood pressure before and during therapy was similar (111 vs. 109 mmHg, p = 0.745). Five patients experienced an adverse effect per study definitions during therapy. No additional adverse effects were noted. Median time within target RASS and duration of therapy was 6.5 and 44.5 h, respectively. Seventeen patients (77%) had concomitant use of other sedation and/or analgesia with four (23%) of these patients requiring additional agents after DEX initiation. Seven patients (32%) had concomitant vasopressor support with four (57%) of these patients requiring vasopressor support after DEX initiation. Conclusion Common adverse effects of DEX were noted in this study. The requirement for vasopressor support during therapy warrants further investigation into the safety of DEX in poisoned patients. Larger, comparative studies need to be performed before the use of DEX can be routinely recommended in poisoned patients. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.913175

Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to a tile coating product containing alkylsiloxanes. A clinical and toxicological evaluation Duch P, Nørgaard AW, Hansen JS, Sørli JB, Jacobsen P, Lynggard F, Levin M, Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P, Ebbehøj NE, Larsen ST. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.915412: Context Coating products are widely used for making surfaces water and dirt repellent. However, on several occasions the use of these products has been associated with lung toxicity.

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Objective In the present study, we evaluated the toxic effects of an aerosolized tile-coating product. Methods Thirty-nine persons, who reported respiratory and systemic symptoms following exposure to the tile-coating product, were clinically examined. The product was analysed chemically and furthermore, the exposure scenario was reconstructed using a climate chamber and the toxicological properties of the product were studied using in vivo and by in vitro surfactometry. Results The symptoms developed within few hours and included coughing, tachypnoea, chest pain, general malaise and fever. The physical examination revealed perihilar lung infiltrates on chest radiograph and reduced blood oxygen saturation. The acute symptoms resolved gradually within 1–3 days and no delayed symptoms were observed. By means of mass spectrometry and X-ray spectroscopy, it was shown that the product contained non- fluorinated alkylsiloxanes. The exposure conditions in the supermarket were reconstructed under controlled conditions in a climate chamber and particle and gas exposure levels were monitored over time allowing estimation of human exposure levels. Mice exposed to the product developed symptoms of acute pulmonary toxicity in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. The symptoms of acute pulmonary toxicity likely resulted from inhibition of the pulmonary surfactant function as demonstrated by in vitro surfactometry. Among these patients only a partial association between the level of exposure and the degree of respiratory symptoms was observed, which could be because of a high inter-individual difference in sensitivity and time-dependent changes in the chemical composition of the aerosol. Conclusion Workers need to cautiously apply surface coating products because the contents can be highly toxic through inhalation, and the aerosols can disperse to locations remote from the worksite and affect bystanders. Full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563650.2014.915412

DNA damage in internal organs after cutaneous exposure to sulphur mustard Batal M, Boudry I, Mouret S, Cléry-Barraud C, Wartelle J, Bérard I, Douki T. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.003:

Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.003

Intravenous cobinamide versus hydroxocobalamin for acute treatment of severe in a Swine (Sus scrofa) model Bebarta VS, Tanen DA, Boudreau S, Castaneda M, Zarzabal LA, Vargas T, Boss GR. Ann Emerg Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.02.009: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.02.009

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Glucarpidase intervention for delayed methotrexate clearance Cavone JL, Yang D, Wang A. Ann Pharmacother 2014; online early: doi: 10.1177/1060028014526159: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028014526159

A stepwise approach for the management of poisoning with extracorporeal treatments Ghannoum M, Roberts DM, Hoffman RS, Ouellet G, Roy L, Decker BS, Bouchard J. Semin Dial 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/sdi.12228: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12228

Trends in toxic alcohol exposures in the United States from 2000 to 2013: a focus on the use of and extracorporeal treatments Ghannoum M, Hoffman RS, Mowry JB, Lavergne V. Semin Dial 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/sdi.12237: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sdi.12237

Prenatal SSRI use and offspring with autism spectrum disorder or developmental delay Harrington RA, Lee L-C, Crum RM, Zimmerman AW, Hertz-Picciotto I. Pediatrics 2014; online early: doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3406: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3406

Pepper spray severity: ten-year case experience of a Poison Control System Kearney T, Hiatt P, Birdsall E, Smollin C. Prehosp Emerg Care 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/10903127.2014.891063: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2014.891063

Acute toxicity associated with analytically confirmed recreational use of methiopropamine (1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2- methylaminopropane) Lee HM, Wood DM, Hudson S, Archer JR, Dargan PI. J Med Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s13181-014-0399-y: Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13181-014-0399-y

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Bleeding following in patients with preenvenomation use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant Levine M, Ruha A-M, Padilla-Jones A, Gerkin R, Thomas SH. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21: 301-7. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.12333

Paracetamol toxicity: what would be the implications of a change in Australian treatment guidelines? Wong A, Graudins A, Kerr F, Greene SL. Emerg Med Australas 2014; 26: 183-7. Abstract and full text available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12200

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Dewalque L, Pirard C, Charlier C. TOXICOLOGY Measurement of urinary biomarkers of parabens, General benzophenone-3, and phthalates in a belgian population. Cohen J. BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 649314. Toxicology. 'Humanized' mouse detects deadly drug side effects. Iavicoli I, Leso V, Manno M, Schulte PA. Science 2014; 344: 244-5. Biomarkers of nanomaterial exposure and effect: current status. Jackson LS. J Nanopart Res 2014; 16: 2302. Toxicology and chemical food safety in the J Food Sci: 1936 – the present. Koutroulakis D, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis NM, Alegakis HA, J Food Sci 2014; 79: iv. Theodoropoulou E, Kavvalakis M, Kappou D, Tsatsakis MA. Dialkyl phosphates in amniotic fluid as a biomarker of fetal Knudsen LE, Nielsen JB, Mathiesen L, Tahti H, Heinonen T. exposure to organophosphates in Crete, Greece; Workshop of Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology association with fetal growth. (SSCT) 25-27 September 2013 in Denmark. Reprod Toxicol 2014; online early: Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.010: 10.1111/bcpt.12246:

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Cardiotixicity Salimi A, Okazi A, Sangsefidi J. Electrocardiographic findings in patients with acute Chou R, Weimer MB, Dana T. poisoning. Methadone overdose and cardiac arrhythmia potential: Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med 2014; 4: 11-6. findings from a review of the evidence for an American pain society and college on problems of drug dependence Sanaei-Zadeh H. clinical practice guideline. First degree AV block due to carbon monoxide or cyanide J Pain 2014; 15: 338-65. poisoning. Which of them? J Saudi Heart Assoc 2014; 26: 123-4. Çiçek Yilmaz D, Karabulut Ü, Gündes A, Çelik A. Rapidly progressive and reversible myocarditis after a Su JA, Tang W, Rivero N, Bar-Cohen Y. . Prenatal exposure to methyldopa leading to hypertensive Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: S133-S134. crisis and cardiac failure in a neonate. Pediatrics 2014; online early: doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-1438: Ertutrul I, Polat E, Yoldas T, Aksin S, Özgür S, Örün UA, Karademir S. Tong H, Rappold AG, Caughey M, Hinderliter AL, Graff Colchicine intoxication leading to complete AV block. DW, Berntsen JH, Cascio WE, Devlin RB, Samet JM. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: S144. Cardiovascular effects caused by increasing concentrations of diesel exhaust in middle-aged healthy GSTM1 null human Jalaludin B, Cowie C. volunteers. Particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease – It is Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26: 319-26. time to take it seriously. Rev Environ Health 2014; 29: 129-32. Dermal toxicity Anon. Jung Y-S, Lee J-S, Min Y-G, Park J-S, Jeon W, Park E-J, Toxic epidermal necrolysis and related syndromes: a Shin J-H, Oh S, Choi S-C. Spanish pharmacovigilance review. Carbon monoxide-induced cardiomyopathy. Prescrire Int 2014; 23: 46. Circ J 2014; online early: doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-13-1282: De D, Handa S. Kalcik M, Gursoy MO, Yesin M, Ocal L, Eren H, Karakoyun Relevance of plant series of allergens (Chemotechnique S, Astarcioglu MA, Özkan M. Diagnostics) in north Indian patients with suspected Coronary vasospasm causing acute myocardial infarction: occupational contact dermatitis to plants. an unusual result of wild . J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: AB70.

Herz 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00059-014-4071-8: Edwards A, Coman G, Blickenstaff N, Maibach H.

Dermatotoxicologic clinical solutions: hair dying in hair dye Kan AA, de Lange DW, Donker DW, Meulenbelt J. allergic patients? Management of prolonged QT interval and torsades de Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; online early: pointes in the intoxicated patient. doi: 10.3109/15569527.2014.894520: Neth J Med 2014; 72: 119-26. Glatstein MM, Rimon A, Danino D, Scolnik D. Langrish JP, Watts SJ, Hunter AJ, Shah ASV, Bosson JA, Severe allergic contact dermatitis from temporary "Black Unosson J, Barath S, Lundbäck M, Cassee FR, Donaldson Henna" coloring of the hair during religious cultural K, Sandström T, Blomberg A, Newby DE, Mills NL. celebrations: three different cases, same history. Controlled exposures to air pollutants and risk of cardiac Am J Ther 2014; online early: arrhythmia. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e318296f141: Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307337: Gorayski P, Pinkham MB, Muir JB, Pullar AP. Severe acute radiation dermatitis in a patient with . Lu H-C, Chen J-D, How C-K. Case Rep Oncol Med 2014; 2014: 154349. Periportal after cardiac arrest due to blocker overdose. Ji JS, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Hu H, Weisskopf MG. J Formos Med Assoc 2014; 113: 266-7. Occupational determinants of cumulative lead exposure: analysis of bone lead among men in the VA normative Mayr D, Fridrik MA. aging study. J Occup Environ Med 2014; 56: 435-40. Anthracycline cardiotoxicity and lymphoma.

Memo 2014; 7: 43-6. Kumar Das K, Khondokar S, Rahman A, Chakraborty A. Unidentified drugs in traditional medications causing toxic Miranda CH, Maio KT, Moreira HT, Moraes M, Custodio epidermal necrolysis: a developing country experience. VIDC, Pazin-Filho A, Cupo P. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53: 510-5. Sustained ventricular and cardiogenic shock due to envenomation. Sharma V, Mahajan V, Mehta K, Chauhan P. Case Rep Med 2014; 2014: 251870. Occupational contact dermatitis among construction workers: results of a pilot study. Raza A, Bellander T, Bero-Bedada G, Dahlquist M, Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2014; 80: 159-61. Hollenberg J, Jonsson M, Lind T, Rosenqvist M, Svensson L, Ljungman PLS. Swinnen I, Ghys K, Kerre S, Constandt L, Goossens A. Short-term effects of air pollution on out-of-hospital cardiac Occupational airborne contact dermatitis from benzo- arrest in Stockholm. diazepines and other drugs. Eur Heart J 2014; 35: 861-8. Contact Derm 2014; 70: 227-32.

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Developmental toxicology Schisterman EF, Silver RM, Lesher LL, Faraggi D, Barrett JR. Wactawski-Wende J, Townsend JM, Lynch AM, Perkins NJ, Mumford SL, Galai N. Apples to apples: comparing PM2.5 exposures and birth outcomes in understudied countries. Preconception low-dose and pregnancy outcomes: Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: A110. results from the EAGeR randomised trial. Lancet 2014; online early: Chen X-P, Chen W-F, Wang D-W. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60157-4: Prenatal organophosphates exposure alternates the cleavage plane orientation of apical neural progenitor in Sharma R, Mogra S. developing neocortex. Lead as a developmental toxicant: a review. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e95343. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2014; 5: 636-42.

Stingone JA, Luben TJ, Daniels JL, Fuentes M, Richardson Chou W-C, Chung Y-T, Chen H-Y, Wang C-J, Ying T-H, DB, Aylsworth AS, Herring AH, Anderka M, Botto L, Correa Chuang C-Y, Tseng Y-C, Wang S-L. A, Gilboa SM, Langlois PH, Mosley B, Shaw GM, Siffel C, Maternal arsenic exposure and DNA damage biomarkers, Olshan AF, and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. and the associations with birth outcomes in a general Maternal exposure to criteria air pollutants and congenital population from Taiwan. heart defects in offspring: results from the national birth PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e86398. defects prevention study.

Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: Desai A, Mark K, Terplan M. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307289: Marijuana use and pregnancy: prevalence, associated behaviors, and birth outcomes. Strøm M, Hansen S, Olsen SF, Haug LS, Rantakokko P, Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123 Suppl 1: 46S. Kiviranta H, Halldorsson TI. Persistent organic pollutants measured in maternal serum and Govarts E, Casas M, Schoeters G, Eggesbø M, Valvi D, offspring neurodevelopmental outcomes – A prospective Nieuwenhuijsen M, Bonde JP, on behalf of the ENRIECO, study with long-term follow-up. OBELIX, and CHICOS Consortia. Environ Int 2014; 68: 41-8. Prenatal PCB-153 exposure and decreased birth weight: the role of gestational weight gain. Verner M-A, Andersen ME, Clewell III HJ, Longnecker MP. Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: A89. Prenatal PCB-153 exposure and decreased birth weight: Verner et al. respond. Harrington RA, Lee L-C, Crum RM, Zimmerman AW, Hertz- Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: A89-A90. Picciotto I. Prenatal SSRI use and offspring with autism spectrum Warner M, Wesselink A, Harley KG, Bradman A, Kogut K, disorder or developmental delay. Eskenazi B. Pediatrics 2014; online early: doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3406: Prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and obesity at 9 years of age in the CHAMACOS study cohort. Kim E, Park H, Hong Y-C, Ha M, Kim Y, Kim B-N, Kim Y, Am J Epidemiol 2014; online early: Roh Y-M, Lee B-E, Ryu J-M, Kim B-M, Ha E-H. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwu046: Prenatal exposure to PM10 and NO2 and children's neurodevelopment from birth to 24 months of age: mothers Wright TE, Schuetter R, Sauvage L. and children's environmental health (MOCEH) study. Methamphetamines and birth outcomes. Sci Total Environ 2014; 481: 439-45. Obstet Gynecol 2014; 123 Suppl 1: 178S.

Konkel L. Zhang Y, Han S, Liang D, Shi X, Wang F, Liu W, Zhang L, Birth defects and mothers' proximity to natural gas Chen L, Gu Y, Tian Y. development: is there a connection? Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides and Environ Health Perspect 2014; 122: A109. neurobehavioral development of neonates: a birth cohort study in Shenyang, China. Koutroulakis D, Sifakis S, Tzatzarakis NM, Alegakis HA, PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e88491. Theodoropoulou E, Kavvalakis M, Kappou D, Tsatsakis MA. Dialkyl phosphates in amniotic fluid as a biomarker of fetal exposure to organophosphates in Crete, Greece; association Driving under the influence of alcohol with fetal growth. and other drugs Reprod Toxicol 2014; online early: Bogstrand ST, Gjerde H. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.03.010: Which drugs are associated with highest risk for being arrested for driving under the influence? A case-control study. Liu J, Gao D, Chen Y, Jing J, Hu Q, Chen Y. Forensic Sci Int 2014; online early: Lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy and neuro- doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.03.027: behavioral development of neonates. Neurotoxicology 2014; online early: Paulke A, Wunder C, Toennes SW. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.003: Sleep self-intoxication and sleep driving as rare zolpidem- induced complex behaviour. Papadopoulou E, Kogevinas M, Botsivali M, Pedersen M, Int J Legal Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00414- Besselink H, Mendez MA, Fleming S, Hardie LJ, Knudsen 014-0997-x: LE, Wright J, Agramunt S, Sunyer J, Granum B, Gutzkow KB, Brunborg G, Alexander J, Meltzer HM, Brantsæter AL, Salomonsen-Sautel S, Min S-J, Sakai JT, Thurstone C, Sarri K, Chatzi L, Merlo DF, Kleinjans JC, Haugen M. Hopfer C. Maternal diet, prenatal exposure to dioxin-like compounds Trends in fatal motor vehicle crashes before and after and birth outcomes in a European prospective mother- marijuana commercialization in Colorado. child study (NewGeneris). Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; online early: Sci Total Environ 2014; 484: 121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.008:

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Epidemiology Kuehn BM. Banerjee I, Tripathi SK, Roy AS. WHO: more than 7 million air pollution deaths each year. JAMA 2014; 311: 1486. Clinico-epidemiological profile of poisoned patients in emergency department: a two and half year's single hospital experience. Kumar MR, Vignan Kumar GP, Babu PR, Kumar SS, Subrahmanyam BV, Veeraprasad M, Rammohan P, Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2014; 4: 14-7. Srinivas M, Agrawal A.

A retrospective analysis of acute organophosphorus Blieden M, Paramore LC, Shah D, Ben-Joseph R. poisoning cases admitted to the tertiary care teaching A perspective on the epidemiology of acetaminophen hospital in South . exposure and toxicity in the United States. Ann Afr Med 2014; 13: 71-5. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 7: 341-8. Landen M, Roeber J, Naimi T, Nielsen L, Sewell M. Cha ES, Khang Y-H, Lee WJ. Alcohol-attributable mortality among American Indians Mortality from and incidence of in and Alaska Natives in the United States, 1999–2009. South Korea: findings from National Death and Health Am J Public Health 2014; online early: Utilization Data between 2006 and 2010. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301648: PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e95299. Lehloenya RJ, Kgokolo M. Chaitanya S, Deveraj P. Clinical presentations of severe cutaneous drug reactions A study of profile of poisoning cases in a medical college in HIV-infected Africans. hospital in Raichur, Karnataka. Dermatol Clin 2014; 32: 227-35. Indian J Public Health Res Dev 2014; 5: 1-3. Pal S. Chang ET, Adami H-O, Bailey WH, Boffetta P, Krieger RI, Prescription pain overdoses in the United States. Moolgavkar SH, Mandel JS. US Pharm 2014; 39: 26. Validity of geographically modeled environmental exposure estimates. Peiris-John R, Kool B, Ameratunga S. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44: 450-66. Fatalities and hospitalisations due to acute poisoning among New Zealand adults. Chippaux J-P, Postigo JR. Intern Med J 2014; 44: 273-81. Appraisal of snakebite incidence and mortality in Bolivia. Toxicon 2014; online early: doi: Ram P, Kanchan T, Unnikrishnan B. 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.007: Pattern of acute poisonings in children below 15 years  A study from Mangalore, South India. Chippaux JP. J Forensic Legal Med 2014; online early: About bites in children at the Fez University Hospital doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2014.04.001: (Morocco). Medicale et Sante Tropicales 2014; 24: 111. Razavi S, Weinstein SA, Bates DJ, Alfred S, White J. The Australian mulga snake (Pseudechis australis: Dehghani R, Mehrpour O, Shahi MP, Jazayeri M, Karrari P, ): report of a large case series of bites and review Keyler D, Zamani N. of current knowledge. Toxicon 2014; online early: Epidemiology of venomous and semi-venomous snakebites (Ophidia: , ) in the Kashan city of the doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.003: Isfahan province in Central Iran. Roca M, Miralles-Marco A, Ferré J, Pérez R, Yusà V. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19: 33-40. Biomonitoring exposure assessment to contemporary

pesticides in a school children population of Spain. Even KM, Armsby CC, Bateman ST. Environ Res 2014; 131: 77-85. Poisonings requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit: a 5-year review. See I, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Laskar SR, Budnitz DS. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: Emergency department visits and hospitalizations for doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.909601: toxicity United States, 2005 to 2010. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7: 28-34. Ghannoum M, Hoffman RS, Mowry JB, Lavergne V. Trends in toxic alcohol exposures in the United States Susalla M. from 2000 to 2013: a focus on the use of antidotes and Fatalities involving acetaminophen combination products extracorporeal treatments. reported to United States poison centers. Semin Dial 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/sdi.12237: J Emerg Med 2014; 46: 603.

Hashemnejad M, Fatehi R. Tsai S-S, Chen C-C, Yang C-Y. Epidemiological study of poisoning in patients of Karaj Short-term effect of fine particulate air pollution on daily Shariati hospital in 2011 to 2012. mortality: a case-crossover study in a Tropical City, Int J Med Toxicol Forensic Med 2014; 4: 17-22. Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2014; 77: 467-77. Jung KH, Liu B, Lovinsky-Desir S, Yan B, Camann D, Sjodin A, Li Z, Perera F, Kinney P, Chillrud S, Miller RL. Walter FG, Stolz U, French RNE, Chase PB, McNally J, Time trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure Shirazi F. in New York city from 2001 to 2012: assessed by repeat Epidemiology of the reported severity of cottonmouth air and urine samples. (Agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebite. Environ Res 2014; 131C: 95-103. South Med J 2014; 107: 150-6.

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Forensic toxicology Wong JYY, De Vivo I, Lin X, Christiani DC. Bastami S, Haage P, Kronstrand R, Kugelberg FC, Cumulative PM2.5 exposure and telomere length in workers Zackrisson A-L, Uppugunduri S. exposed to welding fumes. Pharmacogenetic aspects of pharmacokinetics J Toxicol Environ Health A 2014; 77: 441-55. and pharmacodynamics after a single oral dose. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 238C: 125-32. Hepatotoxicity Aritomi K, Ishitsuka Y, Tomishima Y, Shimizu D, Abe N, Deking J, Hargrove VM, Molina DK. Shuto T, Irikura M, Kai H, Irie T. Synovial fluid: an alternative toxicologic specimen? Evaluation of three-dimensional cultured HepG2 cells in a Am J Forensic Med Pathol 2014; online early: nano culture plate system: an in vitro human model of doi: 10.1097/PAF.0000000000000097: acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 124: 218-29. Jung H, Idor A, Bucur MD, Jung A, Keresztesi AA. A rare case of fatal materno-fetal poisoning. Bale SS, Vernetti L, Senutovitch N, Jindal R, Hegde M, Volatile congeners analysis as forensic evidence. Gough A, McCarty WJ, Bakan A, Bhushan A, Shun TY, Rom J Legal Med 2014; 22: 63-8. Golberg I, Debiasio R, Usta BO, Taylor DL, Yarmush ML. In vitro platforms for evaluating liver toxicity. McIntyre IM, Mallett P, Burton CG, Morhaime J. Exp Biol Med 2014; online early: Acute benztropine intoxication and fatality. doi: 10.1177/1535370214531872: J Forensic Sci 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12489: Boelsterli UA, Lee KK. Mechanisms of isoniazid-induced idiosyncratic liver injury: Moriya F. emerging role of mitochondrial stress. Concentrations of basic drugs in postmortem blood require J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29: 678-87. careful evaluation.

Leg Med 2014; 16: 178-9. Bucaretchi F, Fernandes CB, Branco MM, de Capitani EM,

Hyslop S, Caldas JP, Moreno CA, Porta G. Murrell MD, Cruz DA, Javors MA, Thompson PM. Acute liver failure in a term neonate after repeated Distribution of , o-desmethylvenlafaxine, and paracetamol administration. o-desmethylvenlafaxine to venlafaxine ratio in postmortem Rev Paul Pediatr 2014; 32: 144-8. human brain tissue.

J Forensic Sci 2014; 59: 683-9. Caldeira D, Barra M, Santos AT, De Abreu D, Pinto FJ,

Ferreira JJ, Costa J. Papoutsis I, Nikolaou P, Pistos C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Risk of drug-induced liver injury with the new oral Spiliopoulou C, Athanaselis S. anticoagulants: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stability of morphine, codeine, and 6-acetylmorphine in blood at different sampling and storage conditions. Heart 2014; 100: 550-6. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59: 550-4. Chalhoub WM, Sliman KD, Arumuganathan M, Lewis JH. Stevenson R, Tuddenham L. Drug-induced liver injury: what was new in 2013? Novel psychoactive substance intoxication resulting in Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: attempted murder. 10.1517/17425255.2014.909408: J Forensic Legal Med 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2014.04.007: Chomchai S, Lawattanatrakul N, Chomchai C. Acetaminophen Psi nomogram: a sensitive and specific clinical tool to predict hepatotoxicity secondary to acute Genotoxicity acetaminophen overdose. Alvarez-Moya C, Silva MR, Valdez C, Gallardo DG, Sánchez J Med Assoc Thai 2014; 97: 165-72. RL, Aguirre AC, Velasco AF.

Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro genotoxicity of Ellsworth MA, Anderson KR, Hall DJ, Freese DK, Lloyd RM. glyphosate isopropylamine salt in three different organisms. Acute liver failure secondary to niacin toxicity. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37: 105-10. Case Rep Pediatr 2014; 2014: 692530.

Batal M, Boudry I, Mouret S, Cléry-Barraud C, Wartelle J, Bérard I, Douki T. Fontana RJ. DNA damage in internal organs after cutaneous exposure Pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and to sulphur mustard. clinical perspectives. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; online early: Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 914-28. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.003: Gourishankar A, Navarro F, DebRoy AN, Smith KC. Marcon A, Fracasso ME, Marchetti P, Doria D, Girardi P, Isoniazid hepatotoxicity with clinical and histopathology Guarda L, Pesce G, Pironi V, Ricci P, De Marco R. correlate. Outdoor formaldehyde and NO2 exposures and markers of Ann Clin Lab Sci 2014; 44: 87-90. genotoxicity in children living near chipboard industries. Environ Health Perspect 2014; online early: Horning K, Schmidt C. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1307259: Azathioprine-induced rapid hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Technol 2014; 30: 18-20. Trevisan P, Da Silva JN, Da Silva AP, Rosa RFM, Paskulin GA, Thiesen FV, De Oliveira CAV, Zen PRG. James K, Forester S, Lambert J. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of benzene and its derivatives Effect of dietary (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in workers of gas stations. pretreatment on the hepatotoxicity of acute high dose EGCG. Environ Monit Assess 2014; 186: 2195-204. FASEB J 2014; 28: 270.3.

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Hepatotoxicity Peng X, Perkins MW, Simons J, Witriol AM, Rodriguez AM, Khalique S, Paccione R, Lo B. Benjamin BM, Devorak J, Sciuto AM. associated hepatotoxicity. Acute pulmonary toxicity following inhalation exposure to aerosolized VX in anesthetized rats. J Invest Med 2014; 62: 560. Inhal Toxicol 2014; online early:

doi: 10.3109/08958378.2014.899410: Kopec AK, Luyendyk JP.

Coagulation in liver toxicity and disease: role of hepatocyte tissue factor. Kinetics Thromb Res 2014; 133 Suppl 1: S57-S59. Basçi Z, Eraslan G. Toxicokinetic of flumethrin in rabbits. Kovacevic Z, Davidovic G, Vuckovic-Filipovic J, Janicijevic- Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; online early: Petrovic MA, Janicijevic K, Popovic A. doi: 10.3109/01480545.2014.910805: A toxic hepatitis caused the kombucha tea – Case report. Maced J Med Sci 2014; 7: 128-31. Gajewska M, Worth A, Urani C, Briesen H, Schramm K-W. Application of physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling

in oral-to-dermal extrapolation of threshold doses of Melamud B, Lurie Y, Goldin E, Levi I, Esayag Y. cosmetic ingredients. Methylprednisolone-induced liver injury: a diagnostic Toxicol Lett 2014; online early: challenge. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.013: Isr Med Assoc J 2014; 16: 180-1.

Meyer MR, Robert A, Maurer HH. Melchardt T, Magnes T, Weiss L, Grundbichler M, Strasser Toxicokinetics of novel psychoactive substances: M, Hufnagl C, Moik M, Greil R, Egle A. characterization of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) isoenzymes Liver toxicity during temozolomide chemotherapy caused involved in the phase II metabolism of 2C designer drugs. by Chinese herbs. Toxicol Lett 2014; online early: BMC Complement Altern Med 2014; 14: 115. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.010:

Nencini C, Galluzzi P, Pippi F, Menchiari A, Micheli L. Nyman A-M, Schirmer K, Ashauer R. Hepatotoxicity of Teucrium chamaedrys L. decoction: role of The importance of toxicokinetics for interspecies variation difference in the harvesting area and preparation method. in sensitivity to chemicals. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46: 181-4. Environ Sci Technol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1021/es5005126: Russmann S, Niedrig DF, Budmiger M, Schmidt C, Stieger B, Hurlimann S, Kullak-Ublick GA. Mechanisms of toxicity Rivaroxaban postmarketing risk of liver injury. El-Ansary AK, Kotb M, Rizk MZ, Siddiqi NJ. J Hepatol 2014; online early: Prooxidant mechanisms in toxicology. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.026: BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 308625.

Warner JV, Morton AP, Hall A-J, Henman MG, Pool LFS. Józwiak-Bebenista M, Nowak JZ. Internet slimming, thyrotoxicosis and the liver. Paracetamol: mechanism of action, applications and safety Med J Aust 2014; 200: 419-20. concern. Acta Pol Pharm 2014; 71: 11-23. Yu K, Geng X, Chen M, Zhang J, Wang B, Ilic K, Tong W. High daily dose and being a substrate of cytochrome P450 Medication errors are two important predictors of drug-induced Kirkendall ES, Kouril M, Minich T, Spooner S. liver injury. Analysis of electronic medication orders with large Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42: 744-50. overdoses: opportunities for mitigating dosing errors. Appl Clin Inform 2014; 5: 25-45. Inhalation toxicity Duch P, Nørgaard AW, Hansen JS, Sørli JB, Jacobsen P, Le A, Patel S. Lynggard F, Levin M, Nielsen GD, Wolkoff P, Ebbehøj NE, Extravasation of noncytotoxic drugs: a review of the Larsen ST. literature. Pulmonary toxicity following exposure to a tile coating Ann Pharmacother 2014; online early: product containing alkylsiloxanes. A clinical and toxicological doi: 10.1177/1060028014527820: evaluation. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: Metabolism doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.915412: Ramaley C, Leonard SC, Miller JD, Wilson DTM, Chang SY, Chen Q, Li F, Du C. Kanat S, Dinc Asarcikli L, Demir M, Ucar Elalmis O, Sahin In vitro metabolism of 3,4-methylenedioxymetham- D, Gursoy HT, Ileri M. phetamine in human hepatocytes. Transient heart block is a result of pepper gas inhalation J Anal Toxicol 2014; online early: as a chemical weapon. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku023: Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: S85. Nephrotoxicity Kiran Kumar CH, Mallikarjuna Reddy N, Singh MSB, Griebling TL. Krishna B, Sasikala P, ShravyaKeerthi G, Siva Kumar AV, Re: Haematuria and in elderly patients Kareem SK. admitted to hospital with supratherapeutic warfarin Deterioration of pulmonary function in stone quarry workers. anticoagulation. Biomed Res (India) 2014; 25: 261-8. J Urol 2014; 191: 386.

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Nephrotoxicity Iwamoto K, Ikeda K, Mizumura S, Tachiki K, Yanagihashi M, Iwasaki Y. Holmes I, Berman N, Domingues V. Acute renal failure and jaundice without met- Combined treatment of methylprednisolone pulse and hemoglobinemia in a patient with phenazopyridine hydrochloride prompts recovery from overdose: case report and review of the literature. neurological dysfunction and cerebral hypoperfusion in carbon monoxide poisoning: a case report. Case Rep Nephrol 2014; 2014: 845372. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23: 592-5. Pattharanitima P, Tasanarong A. Pharmacological strategies to prevent contrast-induced Mannou H, Ikemura M, Nakagawa Y, Nata M, Inoue H. acute kidney injury. An autopsy case of serotonin toxicity resulting from BioMed Res Int 2014; 2014: 236930. suicidal administrations of and lithium. Case report. Pourreau F, Pinsard M, Goyffon M, Plasse F, Desport E, Rom J Legal Med 2014; 22: 59-62. Thierry A, Touchard G, Bridoux F. Bilateral renal cortical with end-stage renal failure Nakamura M, Hachiya N, Murata KY, Nakanishi I, Kondo T, following envenoming by superciliaris : a case Yasutake A, Miyamoto KI, Ser PH, Omi S, Furusawa H, report. Watanabe C, Usuki F, Sakamoto M. Toxicon 2014; 84: 36-40. Methylmercury exposure and neurological outcomes in Taiji residents accustomed to consuming whale meat. Torrez PPQ, Said R, Quiroga MMM, Duarte MR, França FOS. Environ Int 2014; 68: 25-32. Forest (Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata) bite in the Brazilian Amazon with acute kidney injury and persistent Park RM, Bouchard MF, Baldwin M, Bowler R, Mergler D. . Respiratory manganese particle size, time-course and Toxicon 2014; online early: neurobehavioral outcomes in workers at a manganese doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.001: alloy production plant. Neurotoxicology 2014; online early: Trzeciakowski JP, Gardiner L, Parrish AR. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.03.015: Effects of environmental levels of cadmium, lead and mercury on human renal function evaluated by structural Prakash S, Gosai F, Brahmbhatt J, Shah C. equation modeling. Serotonin syndrome in patients with : Toxicol Lett 2014; online early: a diagnostic challenge. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.006: Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; online early:

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Dichlorvos Flumethrin Mishra M, Sharma A, Shukla AK, Kumar R, Dwivedi UN, Basçi Z, Eraslan G. Chowdhuri DK. Toxicokinetic of flumethrin in rabbits. Trail of genotoxicity of dichlorvos in Drosophila melanogaster. Drug Chem Toxicol 2014; online early: Mutat Res 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/01480545.2014.910805: doi: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.02.004: Rodenticides Paraquat and diquat Xiang L, Min Z, Alan Z, Yaohui W. Izumi Y, Ezumi M, Takada-Takatori Y, Akaike A, Kume T. Retrospective study of twenty-four patients with Endogenous dopamine is involved in the herbicide prolonged coagulopathy due to long-acting anti-vitamin K paraquat-induced cell death. rodenticide poisoning. Toxicol Sci 2014; online early: Am J Med Sci 2014; 347: 299-304. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu054: Sodium monofluoroacetate Li G, Li Y-M, Wei L-Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y-H. Kim JB, Jang JW, Kim JH. Comparison between kidney and continuous plasma Reversible leukoencephalopathy in sodium monofluoroacetate perfusion for paraquat elimination. intoxication. Am J Med Sci 2014; online early: Neurology 2014; 82: 1190-1. doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000235:

Long X, Shi B, Liu L, Liu X, Li Q, Wang T, Kong X, Xiong N. CHEMICAL WARFARE, Combined edaravone and D1-3-n-butylphthalide anti- oxidant therapy for paraquat poisoning. BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AND Eur J Emerg Med 2014; 21: 148-50. RIOT CONTROL AGENTS

Nguyen V, Malik DS, Howland MA. Biological warfare Methylene blue protects against paraquat-induced acute Anthrax lung injury in rats. Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, Bower WA, Cohn AC, Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 20: 358. Meaney-Delman D, Pavia AT, AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases and Disaster Preparedness Advisory Council. Prasanna L, Pasha SKA, Vijaykumar, Rao MN, Suhasini T. Pediatric anthrax clinical management: executive summary. Light at the end of the tunnel-Ulinastatin in paraquat Pediatrics 2014; 133: 940-2. poisoning–A case report. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18: S33. Bradley JS, Peacock G, Krug SE, Bower WA, Cohn AC, Meaney-Delman D, Pavia AT, AAP Committee on Infectious Wei T, Tian W, Liu F, Xie G. Diseases and Disaster Preparedness Advisory Council. Protective effects of exogenous -hydroxybutyrate on Pediatric anthrax clinical management. paraquat toxicity in rat kidney. Pediatrics 2014; 133: e1411-e1436. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.074: Chemical warfare Agent orange Wunnapuk K, Mohammed F, Gawarammana I, Liu X, Anon. Verbeeck RK, Buckley NA, Roberts MS, Musuamba FT. Commentary on "Post-Vietnam military herbicide Prediction of paraquat exposure and toxicity in clinically ill exposures in uc-123 Agent Orange spray aircraft". poisoned patients: a model based approach. Environ Res 2014; 131: 217-8. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1111/bcp.12389: Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam

Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides, Board on the Health Pyrethroid insecticides of Select Populations. General Veterans and Agent Orange: update 2012. Iyyadurai R, Peter JV, Immanuel S, Begum A, Zachariah A, Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2014. 986 p. Jasmine S, Abhilash KPP. Organophosphate-pyrethroid combination pesticides may Lurker PA, Berman F, Clapp RW, Stellman J. be associated with increased toxicity in human poisoning Response to commentary: Post-Vietnam military herbicide compared to either pesticide alone. exposures in UC-123 Agent Orange spray aircraft. Clin Toxicol 2014; online early: Environ Res 2014; 131C: 215-6. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2014.909933: Mustard gas Ostrea EM, Jr., Villanueva-Uy E, Bielawski D, Birn S, Batal M, Boudry I, Mouret S, Cléry-Barraud C, Wartelle J, Janisse JJ. Bérard I, Douki T. Trends in long term exposure to propoxur and pyrethroids DNA damage in internal organs after cutaneous exposure in young children in the Philippines. to sulphur mustard. Environ Res 2014; 131: 13-6. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.003: Trunnelle KJ, Bennett DH, Ahn KC, Schenker MB, Tancredi DJ, Gee SJ, Stoecklin-Marois MT, Hammock BD. Panahi Y, Ghanei M, Vahedi E, Ghazvini A, Parvin S, Concentrations of the urinary pyrethroid metabolite 3- Madanchi N, Bagheri M, Sahebkar A. phenoxybenzoic acid in farm worker families in the Effect of recombinant human IFN in the treatment of chronic MICASA study. pulmonary complications due to sulfur mustard intoxication. Environ Res 2014; 131: 153-9. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 11: 72-7.

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Nerve agents Zhang J, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Maberry D, Feng X, Bian P, Ma W, Wang C, Qin C. Pyridostigmine Experience of treatments of Amanita phalloides induced Nutter TJ, Cooper BY. fulminant liver failure with molecular adsorbent recirculating Persistent modification of Na v1.9 following chronic system and therapeutic plasma exchange. exposure to insecticides and pyridostigmine bromide. ASAIO J 2014; online early: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000083: doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.005: Salvia divinorum VX Winslow MR, Mahendran R. Graziani S, Christin D, Daulon S, Breton P, Perrier N, From divination to madness: features of acute intoxication Taysse L. with Salvia use. Effects of repeated low-dose exposure of the nerve agent VX Singapore Med J 2014; 55: e52-e53. on monoamine levels in different brain structures in mice. Neurochem Res 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s11064- 014-1286-2: Teucrium chamaedrys L (Wild germander) Peng X, Perkins MW, Simons J, Witriol AM, Rodriguez AM, Nencini C, Galluzzi P, Pippi F, Menchiari A, Micheli L. Benjamin BM, Devorak J, Sciuto AM. Hepatotoxicity of Teucrium chamaedrys L. decoction: role of Acute pulmonary toxicity following inhalation exposure to difference in the harvesting area and preparation method. aerosolized VX in anesthetized rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46: 181-4. Inhal Toxicol 2014; online early: doi: 10.3109/08958378.2014.899410: ANIMALS

Riot control agents Fish/marine poisoning Thottumkara AP, Parsons WH, Du Bois J. Kanat S, Dinc Asarcikli L, Demir M, Ucar Elalmis O, Sahin . D, Gursoy HT, Ileri M. Angew Chem (Engl) 2014; online early: Transient heart block is a result of pepper gas inhalation doi: 10.1002/anie.201308235: as a chemical weapon. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: S85. Ciguatera Kearney T, Hiatt P, Birdsall E, Smollin C. Gaboriau M, Ponton D, Darius HT, Chinain M. Pepper spray injury severity: ten-year case experience of Ciguatera fish toxicity in French polynesia: size does not a Poison Control System. always matter. Prehosp Emerg Care 2014; online early: Toxicon 2014; 84: 41-50. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2014.891063: Hymenoptera Casale TB, Burks AW. PLANTS Hymenoptera-sting hypersensitivity. General N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1432-9. De D, Handa S. Relevance of plant series of allergens (Chemotechnique Diagnostics) in north Indian patients with suspected Garcia-Bournissen F, Gonzalez N, Altcheh J. occupational contact dermatitis to plants. Studying neglected diseases in children: antiserum for J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: AB70. Indian red scorpion envenomation. Arch Dis Child 2014; online early: Mushrooms doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306077: Corazza M, Zauli S, Ricci M, Borghi A, Pedriali M, Mantovani L, Virgili A. Miranda CH, Maio KT, Moreira HT, Moraes M, Custodio Shiitake dermatitis: toxic or allergic reaction? VIDC, Pazin-Filho A, Cupo P. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; online early: Sustained ventricular tachycardia and cardiogenic shock doi: 10.1111/jdv.12505: due to scorpion envenomation. Case Rep Med 2014; 2014: 251870. Kalcik M, Gursoy MO, Yesin M, Ocal L, Eren H, Karakoyun S, Astarcioglu MA, Özkan M. Snake bites Coronary vasospasm causing acute myocardial infarction: Chippaux J-P, Postigo JR. an unusual result of wild mushroom poisoning. Appraisal of snakebite incidence and mortality in Bolivia. Herz 2014; online early: doi: 10.1007/s00059-014-4071-8: Toxicon 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.03.007: Llorente-Mirandes T, Barbero M, Rubio R, López-Sánchez JF. Occurrence of inorganic arsenic in edible Shiitake Chippaux JP. (Lentinula edodes) products. About snake bites in children at the Fez University Hospital Food Chem 2014; 158: 207-15. (Morocco). Medicale et Sante Tropicales 2014; 24: 111. Yin X, Feng T, Shang J-H, Zhao Y-L, Wang F, Li Z-H, Dong Z-J, Luo X-D, Liu J-K. Dehghani R, Mehrpour O, Shahi MP, Jazayeri M, Karrari P, Chemical and toxicological investigations of a previously Keyler D, Zamani N. unknown poisonous European mushroom Tricholoma Epidemiology of venomous and semi-venomous snakebites terreum. (Ophidia: Viperidae, Colubridae) in the Kashan city of the Chemistry 2014; online early: Isfahan province in Central Iran. doi: 10.1002/chem.201400226: J Res Med Sci 2014; 19: 33-40.

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Snake bites Walter FG, Stolz U, French RNE, Chase PB, McNally J, Ishita D, Solu MG, Pavan D, Prashant C, Deepak A. Shirazi F. Snakebite envenomation: a comprehensive evaluation of Epidemiology of the reported severity of cottonmouth severity, treatment and outcome; correlation between (Agkistrodon piscivorus) snakebite. timing of anti- administration and compli- South Med J 2014; 107: 150-6. cations in snakebite, a study of 100 cases in new civil hospital, Surat, Gujarat. Rattlesnake Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18: S29. Askari R, Farah V, Koshy SK, Weber KT. Heart, muscle and liver necrosis following envenomation Monzavi SM, Dadpour B, Afshari R. by timber rattle snake. Snakebite management in Iran: devising a protocol. J Invest Med 2014; 62: 445. J Res Med Sci 2014; 19: 153-63. Levine M, Ruha A-M, Padilla-Jones A, Gerkin R, Thomas SH. Paul T, Seenivasan R. Bleeding following rattlesnake envenomation in patients Targeting Mangrove species as an alternative for snake with preenvenomation use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant bite envenomation therapy with special reference to medications. phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity: a mini review. Acad Emerg Med 2014; 21: 301-7. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2014; 5: 1724-31. Viperinae (True vipers) Rahmani AH, Jalali A, Alemzadeh-Ansari MH, Tafazoli M, Mion G, Larréché S. Rahim F. Which antivenom for Cerastes envenoming? Dosage comparison of snake anti-venomon coagulopathy. Medecine et Sante Tropicales 2014; 24: 105-6. Iran J Pharm Res 2014; 13: 283-9.

Pourreau F, Pinsard M, Goyffon M, Plasse F, Desport E, Razavi S, Weinstein SA, Bates DJ, Alfred S, White J. Thierry A, Touchard G, Bridoux F. The Australian mulga snake (Pseudechis australis: Bilateral renal cortical necrosis with end-stage renal failure Elapidae): report of a large case series of bites and review following envenoming by Proatheris superciliaris : a case of current knowledge. report. Toxicon 2014; online early: Toxicon 2014; 84: 36-40. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.003:

Spiders Coral snake Çiçek Yilmaz D, Karabulut Ü, Gündes A, Çelik A. Sasaki J, Khalil PA, Chegondi M, Raszynski A, Meyer KG, Rapidly progressive and reversible myocarditis after a Totapally BR. spider bite. Coral snake bites and envenomation in children: a case series. Am J Cardiol 2014; 113: S133-S134. Pediatr Emerg Care 2014; 30: 262-5.

McKeown N, Vetter RS, Hendrickson RG. Crotalinae (Pit vipers) Verified spider bites in Oregon (USA) with the intent to Torrez PPQ, Said R, Quiroga MMM, Duarte MR, França FOS. assess hobo spider venom toxicity. Forest pit viper (Bothriopsis bilineata bilineata) bite in the Toxicon 2014; 84: 51-5. Brazilian Amazon with acute kidney injury and persistent thrombocytopenia. Tick bite Toxicon 2014; online early: Taraschenko OD, Powers KM. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.001: Neurotoxin-induced paralysis: a case of tick paralysis in a 2-year-old child. Pediatr Neurol 2014; online early: doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.01.041:

INDEX

Acetaminophen ...... 31 Anisodamine ...... 23 Acetylcysteine ...... 23 Anthracyclines ...... 26 Acrylamide ...... 35 Antibiotics ...... 26 Agent orange ...... 45 Anticholinergic drugs ...... 26 Air pollution ...... 33 Anticoagulants...... 26 Alcohol ...... 35 Anticonvulsants ...... 26 Alkylsiloxanes ...... 36 Antidepressants ...... 27 Alpha 2 agonists ...... 25 Antidotes ...... 23 Aluminium ...... 40 Antihypertensive drugs ...... 27 Aluminium phosphide ...... 43 Antimalarial drugs ...... 27 Amfetamines ...... 26 Antineoplastics ...... 27 Aminorex ...... 26 Antituberculous drugs ...... 27 Amlodipine ...... 28 Antivenom ...... 23 Anaesthetics ...... 26 Arsenic ...... 40 Analytical toxicology ...... 11 Asbestos ...... 36 Animals, general ...... 46 Atrazine ...... 43

48

Atropine ...... 27 Ephedrone ...... 29 Azathioprine ...... 30 Epidemiology...... 14 Baclofen ...... 27 Escitalopram ...... 32 Barbiturates ...... 27 Ethanol ...... 35 Batteries ...... 36 Ethnic remedies ...... 29 Benzene ...... 36 Ethylene glycol ...... 38 Benzodiazepines ...... 27 Exhaust fumes ...... 34 Benztropine ...... 26 Extracorporeal treatments ...... 24 Beta blockers ...... 28 Fish/marine poisoning ...... 46 Biological warfare...... 45 Flavonoids...... 38 Biomarkers ...... 11 Flumethrin ...... 45 Bisphenol A ...... 36 Fluvoxamine ...... 32 Brominated diphenyl ethers ...... 36 Forensic toxicology ...... 15 Bupivacaine ...... 26 Formaldehyde ...... 38 Bupropion ...... 27 Gamma hydroxybutyrate ...... 29 Cadmium ...... 41 Genotoxicity ...... 15 Caffeine...... 28 Glucarpidase ...... 24 Calciferol ...... 33 Glyphosate ...... 43 Calcium channel blockers...... 28 Haemoperfusion ...... 24 Cannabis ...... 28 Hazardous waste ...... 35 Carbamate insecticides ...... 43 Henna ...... 38 Carbamazepine ...... 26 Hepatotoxicity ...... 15 Carbon black ...... 36 Herbal medicines ...... 29 Carbon monoxide ...... 36 Herbicides ...... 43 Carcinogenicity ...... 11 Heroin ...... 30 Cardiotoxicity ...... 11 Hydroxocobalamin ...... 24 Cerium chloride ...... 37 Hymenoptera ...... 46 Chelating agents ...... 23 Hypnotics ...... 30 Chemical warfare, general ...... 45 Ibuprofen ...... 30 Chemicals, general ...... 35 Immunosuppressants ...... 30 Chlorpyrifos ...... 44 Infliximab...... 30 Cholinesterase inhibitors ...... 28 Inhalation toxicity ...... 16 Ciguatera ...... 46 Insecticides ...... 43 Cisplatin ...... 27 Insulin ...... 24 Citalopram ...... 32 Isoniazid ...... 27 Clarithromycin ...... 26 Isopropanol ...... 38 Clopidogrel ...... 30 Isoquercitrin ...... 38 Cobalt ...... 41 Ivabradine ...... 30 Cocaine ...... 28 Kerosene ...... 38 Codeine ...... 31 Ketamine ...... 30 Colchicine ...... 29 Kinetics ...... 16 Contrast media ...... 37 Kombucha tea ...... 38 Coral snake ...... 47 Lamotrigine ...... 27 Corticosteroids ...... 29 Lead ...... 41 Cosmetics ...... 37 Lindane...... 44 Crotalinae ...... 47 Lipid emulsion therapy ...... 24 Crystalline silica ...... 37 Lithium ...... 30, 42 Cyanide ...... 37 Magnesium sulphate ...... 24 Cyclophosphamide ...... 30 Magnets ...... 38 Dabigatran ...... 26 Management, general ...... 22 DDE ...... 43 Manganese ...... 42 DDT ...... 43 Marijuana ...... 28 Dermal toxicity...... 12 MARS...... 24 Designer drugs ...... 29 MDMA ...... 26 Developmental toxicology ...... 13 Mechanisms ...... 16 Dextromethorphan ...... 24 Medication errors ...... 16 Diacetylmorphine ...... 30 Mercury ...... 42 Dichlorvos ...... 45 Metabolism ...... 16 Diclofenac ...... 30 Metals, general ...... 40 Dieldrin ...... 44 Metalworking fluids ...... 38 Dietary supplements ...... 29 Methadone ...... 24, 31 Digoxin ...... 29 Methanol...... 38 Diisocyanates...... 37 Methiopropamine...... 29 Dioxin ...... 37 Methotrexate ...... 27 Diquat ...... 45 Methyldopa ...... 25 Diuron ...... 43 Methylene blue ...... 24, 30 Donepezil ...... 28 Methylene glycol...... 38 Driving under the influence ...... 13 Methylprednisolone ...... 29 Drugs, general ...... 25 Methylthioninium chloride ...... 24, 30 Dust ...... 37 Mineral fibres ...... 38 E-cigarettes ...... 37 Monoclonal antibodies ...... 30 Ecstasy ...... 26 Mushrooms ...... 46

49

Mustard gas ...... 45 Psychotropic drugs ...... 32 Nalbuphine ...... 31 Pyrethroid insecticides, general ...... 45 Naloxone ...... 24, 31 Pyridostigmine...... 46 Naltrexone ...... 25 Radiation ...... 39 Nanoparticles ...... 39 Rattlesnake ...... 47 Napropamide ...... 43 Reprotoxicity ...... 22 Naproxen ...... 30 Riot control agents ...... 46 Nephrotoxicity ...... 16 Risk assessment ...... 22 Nerve agents ...... 46 Rivaroxaban ...... 26 Neurotoxicity ...... 17 Rodenticides ...... 45 Niacin ...... 33 Salicylate ...... 32 Nicotine ...... 30 Salvia divinorum ...... 46 Nitrobenzene ...... 39 Scopolamine ...... 26 Nitrous oxide ...... 39 Scorpions ...... 46 NSAIDs ...... 30 Smoke ...... 39 Occupational toxicology ...... 17 Snake bites ...... 46 Ocular toxicity ...... 19 Sodium monofluoroacetate ...... 45 Opioids ...... 30 Spiders ...... 47 Organochlorine pesticides, general ...... 43 SSRIs...... 32 Organophosphorus insecticides, general ...... 44 Statins ...... 33 Oxycodone ...... 31 Substance abuse ...... 33 Oxygen ...... 39 Suicide ...... 22 Paediatric toxicology ...... 19 Suxamethonium ...... 33 Paracetamol ...... 31 Temozolomide ...... 27 Paraphenylenediamine ...... 39 Tetrahydrozoline ...... 33 Paraquat ...... 45 Teucrium chamaedrys ...... 46 Pentobarbital ...... 27 Tick bite ...... 47 Pesticides, general ...... 43 Tobacco ...... 39 Phenazopyridine ...... 32 Topiramate ...... 25, 27 Phenytoin ...... 27 Toxicology, general ...... 11 Phthalate esters ...... 39 Tramadol ...... 31 Pit vipers ...... 47 Trichloroethylene ...... 40 Plants, general ...... 46 Tricyclic antidepressants ...... 33 Plasma perfusion ...... 24 True vipers...... 47 PM10 ...... 35 Vanadium ...... 42 Pollution ...... 35 Venlafaxine ...... 32 polonium ...... 42 Viperinae ...... 47 Polonium ...... 42 Vitamins...... 33 Polychlorinated biphenyhls ...... 39 VX ...... 46 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ...... 39 Warfarin ...... 26 Polymorphisms ...... 22 Water pollution ...... 35 Pralidoxime ...... 24 White spirit ...... 40 Propranolol ...... 28 Wild germander ...... 46 Proton pump inhibitors ...... 32 Zolpidem ...... 30

Current Awareness in Clinical Toxicology is produced monthly for the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology by the Birmingham Unit of the UK National Poisons Information Service, with contributions from the Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Newcastle Units.

The NPIS is commissioned by Public Health England