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Analiza Prirodnih Karakteristika Savskog Amfiteatra

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Analiza Prirodnih Karakteristika Savskog Amfiteatra izgradnju. Cilj ovog rada je utvrðivanje prirodnih Iva Maksimoviæ karakteristika reljefa Savskog amfiteatra. Geološka graða istraivanog prostora anali- zirana je na osnovu podataka iz osnovne geološ- Analiza prirodnih ke karte SFRJ, list Beograd, u razmeri 1 :100 000 (SGZ 1985), tumaèa za nju (Markoviæ et al. karakteristika Savskog 1985) i geološkog stuba bušotine B-1 (Pajiæ 2016). Takoðe, korišæenjem ovih podatka i to- amfiteatra pografske karte Beograd 2-4 u razmeri 1 : 25 000 (VGI 1990) izraðen je geološki profil Savskog amfiteatra korišæenjem standardne metodologije (Careviæ 2019). Geomorfološke karakteristike terena dobi- jene su analizom izraðenog geološkog profila, kao i komparativnom analizom topografske karte U svom donjem toku reka Sava meandriranjem (VGI 1990) i stare austro-ugraske karte iz 1916. izgraðuje erozivne i akumulativne oblike, meðu godine, u razmeri 1 : 300 000 (Elte 2019). Rezul- kojima je i Savski amfiteatar u Beogradu. S ob- tati analize su proveravani terenskim opservaci- zirom na to da je lokalitet Bara Venecija u jama. okviru Savskog amfitetra predstavljao najveæu neizgraðenu površinu u centru Beograda, poz- navanje njenih prirodnih uslova prethodi svim Rezultati i diskusija veæim planskim infrastrukturnim radovima. U Analizom topografskih karata i stanja na te- radu su analizirane geomorfološke i geološke renu jasno se izdvajaju dva veæa geomorfološka karakteristike terena Savskog amfiteatra. Ura- oblika, amfiteatralni odsek i aluvijalna ravan. ðena je komparativna analiza starih i novih Polukruni oblik amfiteatra upuæuje na to da je topografskih karata ovog dela Beograda. Koriš- reka slobodno meandrirala izmeðu Savskog æenjem podataka dobijenim iz geološkog stuba aftatra i Beanijske kose i potkopavala obalu bušotine B-1, uraðenim za potrebe izgradne pro- (slika 1). Desna obala predstavlja erozivnu terasu jekta „Beograd na vodi”, izraðen je geološki u matiènij steni, dok se na levoj obali nalazi aku- profil terena. Analizirane su i hidrološke kara- kteristike ovog terena. Rezultati izvršenih ana- mulativna terasa u lesolikim glinama (slika 2). liza ukuzuju, kako na nepovoljne karakteristike Meandriranje reke Save i oblici koji njime na- ovog terena, tako i na potencijale koji do sada staju se najbolje mogu videti na staroj karti (slika nisu iskorišæeni, poput toplih podzemnih voda. 1a), na kojoj je predstavljen ovaj teren bez kas- nije izgradnje naselja i zaštitnih bedema. Uvod Reka Sava je u svom srednjem i donjem toku ravnièarska reka èije je ušæe u Dunav upavo u prestonici Srbije. Kao ravnièarska reka, sklona je menadriranju i izlivanju, pri èemu Sava pravi ra- zlièite oblike reljefa svojom erozijom i akumu- lacijom. Iva Maksimoviæ (2001), Beograd, uèenica 3. Savski amfiteatar je primer fluvijalne erozije razreda Pete beogradske gimnazije i akumulacije. Ovo deo Beograda je veoma aktu- elan zbog izgradnje. Meðutim, vrlo retko se na- MENTOR: prof. dr Slobodan Kneeviæ, lazi odgovor kakve su prirodne karakteristike profesor Rudarsko-geološkog fakulteta reljefa i koliko je on pogodan za potencijalnu Univerziteta u Beogradu 440 • PETNIÈKE SVESKE 78 DEO II Slika 1. a) Stara austrougarska karta (adaptirano prema Elte 2019); b) Topografska karta Beograda (adaptirano prema VGI 1990) Figure 1. a) Old Austro-Hungarian map (adapted from Elte 2019); b) Topographical map of Belgrade (adapted from VGI 1990) Širina Save u zoni Savskog amfiteatra iznosi amfiteatru nosi naziv Bara Venecija. Na pod- oko 200 m. Srednji proticaj Save ovde iznosi ruèju Bare Venecije uraðena je geološka 3 1665.5 m /s. Nadmorska visina aluvijalne ravni bušotinaB-1(slika3).Onajeujednoiprvabu- je 73 m. Zbog skretanja reke matica je blia šotina raðena radi provere terena u okviru pro- desnoj obali koja je izloena boènoj fluvijalnoj jekta „Beograd na vodi” i bušena je do 95. metra eroziji (Gavriloviæ i Dukiæ 2014). dubine (Pajiæ 2016). Izmeðu 13. i 18. metra Meandriranje je karakteristièno za ravni- dubine nalaze se aluvijalni sedimenti facije ko- èarske reke poput Save, koje tee izlivanju i pra- rita. To znaèi da se korito reke Save nalazilo vljenju novih meandara, naroèito pri svom ušæu. neposredno ispod današnjeg oboda amfiteatra. Ovim procesom odnošenja materijala, ali i talo- Od 13. metra do površine nataloeni su aluvijalni enja mulja, peska i šljunka nastaje široka alu- sedimenti povodnja, što ukazuje na pomeranje vijalna ravan. Deo aluvijalna ravani u Savskom Save ka levoj obali. ZBORNIK RADOVA 2019 GEOGRAFIJA • 441 Slika 2. Iseèak geološke karte Beograd (adaptirano prema SGZ 1985) Figure 2. Section of a geological map of Belgrade (adapted from SGZ 1985) 3 2 K1 – bank limestones (17); M 3 – clayey marls, clays, sands, gravels (11); I-w – loess (9); ap – woody clays and sandy loam (6); a – sands and clayey sands (2); b – sands and siltstone (1). 442 • PETNIÈKE SVESKE 78 DEO II Slika 3. Geološki profil kroz Savski amfiteatar sa pozicijom geološke bušotine (B-1) Figure 3. Geological profile through the Sava amphitheater with the position of the geological column (B-1) o – construction waste; 1 – alluvial sediments – floods sediment; 2 – alluvial sediments – riverbed sediment; 3 – marls and clayey marls; 4 – shell limestone; 5 – Urgonian limestone. Geološki profil izmeðu korita Save i oboda komponenta reljefa za pojavu klizišta, u sluèaju Savskog amfiteatra (slika 3) jasno ukazuje na Savskog amfiteatra ima vanu ulogu. Veliku nastanak ovog dela Beograda. Prema geološkom ulogu, takoðe imaju i klimatske karakteristike. preseku terena, od obale reke Save do oboda Na našim prostorima, klizišta se najèešæe aktivi- Savskog amfiteatra geološki sastav èine peskovi raju u proleænom periodu, kada ima najviše vla- i glinoviti peskovi. Ovi aluvijalni sedimeti su ge. Sa poveæanjem vlage, površinski rastresiti prekriveni i uravnjeni sa nekoliko metara šuta, sloj postaje otean i lakše se pokrene. I èovek je koji su smešteni na vrhu geološke bušotine (Mar- velikim delom uzroènik nastanka klizišta. On koviæ et al. 1985; Pajiæ 2016). ovaj proces inicira razlièitim graðevinskim rado- Osnovu oboda Savskog amfiteatra èine orga- vima (od stambenih gradnji do veæih infrastruk- nogeni kreènjaci i pešèari, iznad kojih se nalaze turnih radova), na zemljištu sa predispozicijom. morsko-brakièni sedimenati sarmata i peskovito- Ne treba zaboraviti da biljni svet, koga u Savskom -laporoviti kreènjaci sive boje i male tvrdoæe (sli- afitatru gotovo i nema, znaèajno doprinosi spre- ka 2). Najveæi broj zgrada u centru Beograda, a èavanju pojave ovog procesa time i u delu oboda Savskog amfiteatra, ima Bara Venecija, slièno Makiškom polju, bo- temelje u glinovitim laporcima, glincima, pesko- gata je podzemnim vodama, koje èine nepo- vima i šljunkovima, koji se tu pojavljuju. uto- voljne uslove za gradnju. Zbog toga, ispod svih mrki laporci su skloni klienju, zbog taloenja veæih graðevina u Bari Veneciji, postoje pumpe lesa i infiltracijom vode obogaæene kalcijum- koje konstantno ispumpavaju vodu iz zemlje. Na -karbonatom. Zemljište postaje vodopropusno i desnoj strani korita Save u ovom potezu se mogu nastaju aktivna ili stabilizovana klizišta na sav- uoèiti mlazovi ispumpavane vode, koje se „uli- skoj podini od Zelonog venca do Ulice kneza Mi- vaju” u Savu. Voda je ute boje, što potvrðuje da loša (Markoviæ et al. 1985). je aluvijalna ravan bogata glinom. Izvlaèenjem Da bi došlo do samog klizišta, moraju biti ovih najfinijih èestica iz podloge, uzrokuje se isunjena barem dva od sledeæih faktora: geo- sleganje zemljišta. To æe potencijalno izazvati logija terena, reljef, klima, antropogeni uticaj i probleme u odravanju planirane infrastrukture biljni i ivotinjski svet. Geološki sastav je pri- buduæeg naselja „Beograd na vodi“. Meðutim, marni èinilac, jer se klizišta javljaju samo u slabo podzemne vode koje se nalaze ispod urgonskih vezanim, plastiènim stenama, ali bez delovanja kreènjaka imaju višu temperaturu (Pajiæ 2016) i drugih faktora, ona predstavlja samo predispo- mogu biti iskorišæenje slièno kao u Budimpešti, ziciju, ne i sigurnu pojavu klizišta (Dragiæeviæ i gde su mnoge podzemne vode iskorišæene u Filipoviæ 2016). Veæi nagib terena, kao osnovna svrhu izgradnje banja i kupališta. ZBORNIK RADOVA 2019 GEOGRAFIJA • 443 Pajiæ M. 2016. Geološke formacije Beograda i šire Zakljuèak okoline. Seminarski rad. Rudarsko-geološki fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Ðušina 7, 11000 Beograd Svojim meandriranjem reka Sava pravi ero- zivne i akumulacione oblike u reljefu, meðu SGZ (Savezni geološki zavod) 1985. Geološka karta kojima je i Savski amfiteatar. Na osnovu analiza 1:100 000, list Beograd K 34-113. Beograd: Savezni geološki zavod geomorfoloških, hidroloških i geoloških kara- kteristika, zakljuèuje se da je Savski amfiteatar VGI (Vojno-geografski institut) 1990. Topografska nastao izlivanjem i meandriranjem reke Save pre karta 1:25 000, listovi Beograd 2-3 i 2-4. Beograd: primene hidrotehnièkih mera. Glavni erozivni Vojno-geografski institut oblik predstavlja obod Savskog amfiteatra. Za- ravan koja èini dno amfiteatra kombinacija je delovanja erozivnih i akumulacionih procesa. Zemljište Savskog amfiteatra je nestabilno i sklono klienju, zbog znaèajnog nagiba oboda Iva Maksimoviæ amfiteatra i glinovitih lapraca i peskova od kojeg je teren saèinjen, kao i zbog velikog antropo- Analysis of the Natural genog uticaja i manjka vegetacije. Ispumpavanje Characteristics of the Sava podzemnih voda uzrokuje sleganje dela aluvijal- Amphitheater (Belgrade) ne ravni, što moe stvarati probleme u infrastruk- turnim radovima. Meðutim, tople podzemne In its lower reaches, the Sava River
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