DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Assessment of the Sudan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Assessment of the Sudan ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SUDAN LOCUST CONTROL PROJECT 650 - 0087 United States Agency for International Development Mission to Sudan Khartoum, Sudan August, 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBR3EVIATIONS SECTION 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Purpose of Assessment 2.1 AID Environmental Procedures 2.2 Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Locust Control 2.3 Environmental and Pesticide Legislation/Sudan 3.0 Scoping Procedure 4.0 Proposed Action and Alternatives 4.1 Elack.ground 4.2 Project Goals, Purpose and Output 4.3 Other Donor Activities 4.4 Analysis of Alternatives 4.4.1 Economical 4.4.2 Political 4.4.3 Environmental 5.0 Environment to be Affected by Action 5.1 Human Population 5.2 Farks. Reserves and Sanctuaries 5.3 Rare, Endangered and Migratory Species 5.4 Agricultural Resources 5.4.1 Mechanized Rainfed Sector 5.4.2 Rainfed Traditional Sector 5.4.3 Pastoralists 6.0 Environmental Assessment of Action 6.1 Selection of Insecticides for Locust/Grasshopper Control 6.1.1 USEPA Registration Status of Selected Insecticides and Recommendations of the L/G PEA 6.1.2 Field Testing of Selected Insecticides 6.1.3 Selection of Pesticides for Sudan Program 2 6.3 Application Methods and Equipment 6.3.1 Aerial 6.3.2 Ground C.14 Acute and Long Term Environmental Tox.icological Hazards 6.5 Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for L/G Control 6.6 Effect of Selected Insecticides on Non- Target Organisms and the Natural Environm 6.7 Conditions Under Which Insecticides are to Used 6.8 Availability and Effectiveness of Other Insecticides and/or Non-Chemical Measures 6.9 Ability of GOS to Regulate or Control the Destruction, Storage, Use and Disposal of Selected Insecticides 6.10 Provisions for Training Applicators and Users of Selected Insecticides 6.11 Provisions for Monitoring the Use and Effectiveness of the Selected Insecticides 7.0 Environmental Impact of Action 7.1 Adverse Environmental Effects 7.2 Relationship Between Short Term Impacts and Long Term Benefits 8.0 Mitigation of Environmental Impact 8.1 Environmental/Health and Safety Monitoring 8.1.1 Environmental Monitoring (Residue) 8.1.2 Environmental Monitoring (Non-Target Organisms) 8.1.3 Health and Safety Monitoring 8.1.4 Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment 8.2 Insecticide Application in Ecologically Sensitive Areas 8.3 Management of Locust and Grasshopper Insecticide Containers 9.0 List of Preparers 10.0 References 10.1 People Contacted 10.2 Documents Utilized APPENDICES A. Recommended Technical Assistance and Commodities for Mitigation of Environmental and Health/Safety Impacts 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS- AID/W Agency for International Development, Washington CFR U.S. Code of Federal Regulations CICP Consortiim for International Crop Protection DLCOEA Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa EA Environmental Assessment EEC European Economic Community EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GOS Government of Sudan IPM Integrated Pest Management L/G Locust and Grasshopper MOANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources MOFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning PEA Programmatic Environmental Assessment PPD Plant Protection Department RRC Regional Rehabilitation Commission TA Technical Assistance TAMS TAMS, Inc. ULV Ultra Low Volume UNESCO United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization USAID Agency for International Development, Khartoum, Sudan. WHO World Health Organization 4 1.0 Executive Summary USAID/Sudan intends to develop and implement a project to strengthen the capabilities of the Government of Sudan (GO) Plant Protection Department' (PPD) to predict and control locust and grasshopper outbreaks and to develop a structure within PPD for the safe handling, storage and use of pesticides. USAID's assistance in this multi-donor Medium Term Locust Project will be in the for njof provisions of pesticides and technical assistance for the Core Locust Control Activity and decontamination and destruction of pesticides and contaminated soil in the Pesticide Disposal Ativity. This assistance will contribute to increased food availability by establishing the institutional capacity of the GO to effectively implement locust and grasshopper control activities and to maintain safe handling, storage and use of pesticides. The Environmental Assessment (EA) was prepared as a critical element of the project design, in compliance with AID's environmental procedures at 22 CFR 216. The EA identifies and analyses the environmental and health/safety issues of the proposed. projects. The Programmatic Environmental Assessment (PEA) of Locust and Grasshopper Control in Africa and Asia (TAMS/CICP, 1988) forms the technical basis for the findings and recommendations of the EA, including a determination of the scope of the technical and policy issues to be examined in assessing the environmental impacts of large-scale use of insecticides for control of locust in Sudan (2.0 and 3.0). As the Medium Term Locust Control Project also includes the Pesticide Disposal. Activity, this is a phased EA, and this portion deals only with the Core Locust Control Activity. The EA will be amended in the future to include the disposal activity. After careful analysis of-the alternatives for control, it was determined that a chemical program utilizing primarily ULV insecticides applied in a judicial and well managed program is the most efficaceous, economical and environmentally sound approach. Due to its previous good results in Sudan. Fenitrothion will be the primary insecticide used initially in the Medium Term Locust Project. Alternatives such as Malathion, Carbaryl, Chlorpyritos, Bendiocarb, Lambda-cyhalothrine and tralomethrine will be introduced and field tested to gain experience with their use (6.1). These recommendations are subject to final approval of the L/G PEA (TAMS/CICP. 198R). Sudan is a large Country with a very diverse environment. The ma.jority of the locust outbreaks take 1 place in the northern two-thirds of the country. Included in this area are several national parks, refuges and sanctuaries. These institutions must receive detailed consideration before a decision is made for locust control in or near their boundaries (5.2 and 5.3). Through the efforts of the multi-donor Medium Term Locust Control Program and the efforts of the GOS, PPD, an active, viable and responsive Locust Control Unit will be established. This Unit will be able to function independently in times of recession and expand to meet the needs in times,oT emergency. Throughout the Medium Term Project, the Unit will be enhanced by Specialized Technical Assistance provided by FAO. Regional environmental mitigation measures under this project include provisions for technical expertise in the areas of environmental monitoring, pesticide safety and health. Mitigation methods also include special procedures for locust control in ecologically sensitive areas. Physical procurements will include test kits and supplies for cholinesterase monitoring. 2.0 Purpose of Assessment 2.1 AID Environmental Procedures It is AID policy to ensure that the environmental consequences of AID-financed activities are identified and considered by AID and the host country prior to a final decision to proceed and that appropriate environmental safeguards are adopted (AID 1980). This policy is embodied in the legal requirements set forth at Title 22 of the Code of Federal Regp.lations, Part 216, "AID Environmental Procedures" (22 CFR 216). The EA for the Sudan Medium Term Locust Control Program is based on the reauirements of 22 rFP r'IA­ 2.2 Programmatic Environmental Assessment for Locust Control In early 1967 AID/W initiated a number of activities related to implementation cf its commitment to the use of environmentally acceptable pesticides in locust and grasshopper (L/G) control programs in Africa and Asia, including preparation of a F'EA per 22 CFR 216.6 (d) of L/G control in Africa and Asia; and staging of field testing programs to study the efficiency and environmental impact of certain pesticides for the control of locusts and grasshoppers in Africa (AID, 19B7). Reports resulting from these activities were available at the time of preparation of this EA, and provided the technical background for many of the findings and recommendations contained herein. 2.3 Sudan: Environmental and Pesticide Legislation A global environmental legislation in Sudan is non-existent up to this date. Certain legislation concerning the different environmental components are present in a general form especially in the punitive section where violation on forests, water, sanitation, etc. are being discussed and indemnities are set. The first legislation ever to be set by the PPD was that established in 1920. Evidently, pesticides were not used then and it concerned organizing the population for manual control of grasshoppers/locusts. It also punished farmers for not announcing the presence of swarms in their localities. The pesticide legislation in Sudan was drafted-., in 1974. This Act is entitled "The Pesticide Act of 1974", and deals wholly with registration, manufacturing and importation of pesticides. An amendment to this law has been drawn in 1987 enlargirg the parts concerned with trade and distribution of pesticides. A draft Environmental Law is presently undergoing revision by assigned personnel in the Attorney General's Office whereby a global law for the protection of the environment is sought. 3.0 Scopina Procedure AID/W Environmental
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 'When Will This End and What Will It Take?'
    ‘When will this end and what will it take?’ People’s perspectives on addressing the Lord’s Resistance Army conflict Logo using multiply on layers November 2011 Logo drawn as seperate elements with overlaps coloured seperately ‘ With all the armies of the world here, why isn’t Kony dead yet and the conflict over? When will this end and what will it take?’ Civil society leader, Democratic Republic of Congo CHAD SUDAN Birao Southern Darfur Kafia Kingi Sam-Ouandja Western Wau Zemongo Game Bahr-El-Ghazal CENTRAL Reserve AFRICAN SOUTH SUDAN REPUBLIC Haut-Mbomou Djemah Bria Western Equatoria Bambouti Ezo Obo Nzara Juba Zemio Yambio Bambari Mbomou Mboki Maridi Rafai Central Magwi Bangassou Bangui Banda Equatoria Bas-Uélé GARAMBA Yei Nimule Ango PARK Lake Doruma Kitgum Turkana Niangara Dungu Duru Arua Faradje Haut Uélé Gulu Lira Bunia Soroti LakeLake AlbertAlbert DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO UGANDA Kampala LRA area of operation after Operation Lightning Thunder LakeLake VictoriaVictoria end of 2008–11 LRA area of operation during the Juba talks 2006–08 RWANDA LRA area of operation during Operation Iron Fist 2002–05 0 150 300km BURUNDI TANZANIA © Conciliation Resources. This map is intended for illustrative purposes only. Borders, names and other features are presented according to common practice in the region. Conciliation Resources take no position on whether this representation is legally or politically valid. Disclaimer Acknowledgements This document has been produced with the Conciliation Resources is grateful to Frank financial assistance of the European Union van Acker who conducted the research and and the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Uganda. contributed to the analysis in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Locusts in Queensland
    LOCUSTS Locusts in Queensland PEST STATUS REVIEW SERIES – LAND PROTECTION by C.S. Walton L. Hardwick J. Hanson Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the many people who provided information for this assessment. Clyde McGaw, Kevin Strong and David Hunter, from the Australian Plague Locust Commission, are also thanked for the editorial review of drafts of the document. Cover design: Sonia Jordan Photographic credits: Natural Resources and Mines staff ISBN 0 7345 2453 6 QNRM03033 Published by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Qld. February 2003 Information in this document may be copied for personal use or published for educational purposes, provided that any extracts are fully acknowledged. Land Protection Department of Natural Resources and Mines GPO Box 2454, Brisbane Q 4000 #16401 02/03 Contents 1.0 Summary ................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 History ....................................................................................................................... 3 3.1 Outbreaks across Australia ........................................................................................ 3 3.2 Outbreaks in Queensland........................................................................................... 3 4.0 Current and predicted distribution ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Impact of Desert Locust to Nutrition Security in SOMALIA
    POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DESERT LOCUST Emma Apo Ouma TO NUTRITION SECURITY IN SOMALIA WHAT IS THE CURRENT SITUATION? •Triple threat of Desert Locust, Gu flooding and COVID-19, •April and June 2020, an estimated 2.7 million people across Somalia are expected to face Crisis and deteriorate to 3.5 million between July and September 2020 WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR NUTRITION SECURITY? CROP AND PASTURE DAMAGE Threat to current Gu season crop production and may also threaten pasture availability and crop cultivation across Somalia through the following 2020 Deyr (October-December A swarm can eat enough food in one day to feed 34 million people. FALLING LIVESTOCK PRICES •Livestock diseases •Poor livestock nutrition; increased price of livestock feed •Reduced quality of livestock products eg milk, meat LOSS OF LIVELIHOODS •Disruption of food systems; critical value chains have been affected e.g. livestock, cereals such as sorghum, maize •Loss of wage and employment opportunities e.g. labor in the fields, value chain actors •Increase in livelihood based coping strategy: eg selling last breeding animal, spent savings, begging, reduced expenditure on livestock and agriculture •Reduced spending on non-food needs health care, education FOOD CONSUMPTION AND DIETARY DIVERSITY •With poor harvests, there is likelihood of poor food consumption at hhd level •Depletion of food stocks •Food Prices have increased •A majority if households rely on markets for food: increased reliance on purchased and processed foods •Compromise the nutrition of the most vulnerable: children less than 5, PLW, elderly, adolesents •Increased rates of acute malnutrition ONGOING EFFORTS Household Level Screening and referral of acute malnutrition cases Targeting of the most vulnerable (UCT) Community level ▪Burying locusts, setting fires, and making noise to scare them off.
    [Show full text]
  • WAR and PROTECTED AREAS AREAS and PROTECTED WAR Vol 14 No 1 Vol 14 Protected Areas Programme Areas Protected
    Protected Areas Programme Protected Areas Programme Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 Parks Protected Areas Programme © 2004 IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 ISSN: 0960-233X Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS CONTENTS Editorial JEFFREY A. MCNEELY 1 Parks in the crossfire: strategies for effective conservation in areas of armed conflict JUDY OGLETHORPE, JAMES SHAMBAUGH AND REBECCA KORMOS 2 Supporting protected areas in a time of political turmoil: the case of World Heritage 2004 Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo GUY DEBONNET AND KES HILLMAN-SMITH 9 Status of the Comoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire and the effects of war FRAUKE FISCHER 17 Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan WOUTER VAN HOVEN AND MUTASIM BASHIR NIMIR 26 Threats to Nepal’s protected areas PRALAD YONZON 35 Tayrona National Park, Colombia: international support for conflict resolution through tourism JENS BRÜGGEMANN AND EDGAR EMILIO RODRÍGUEZ 40 Establishing a transboundary peace park in the demilitarized zone on the Kuwaiti/Iraqi borders FOZIA ALSDIRAWI AND MUNA FARAJ 48 Résumés/Resumenes 56 Subscription/advertising details inside back cover Protected Areas Programme Vol 14 No 1 WAR AND PROTECTED AREAS 2004 ■ Each issue of Parks addresses a particular theme, in 2004 these are: Vol 14 No 1: War and protected areas Vol 14 No 2: Durban World Parks Congress Vol 14 No 3: Global change and protected areas ■ Parks is the leading global forum for information on issues relating to protected area establishment and management ■ Parks puts protected areas at the forefront of contemporary environmental issues, such as biodiversity conservation and ecologically The international journal for protected area managers sustainable development ISSN: 0960-233X Published three times a year by the World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) of IUCN – Subscribing to Parks The World Conservation Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidance for POP Pesticides
    Guidance for POP pesticides 1. Background on POP pesticides POPs Pesticides originate almost entirely from anthropogenic sources and are associated largely with the manufacture, use and disposition of certain organic chemicals. Of the initial 12 POPs chemicals, eight are POPs pesticide. In the new POP list, five chemicals may be categorised as pesticides. These are alpha hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-HCH), beta hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), Chlordecone, Lindane (gamma, 1,2,3,4,5,6- hexaclorocyclohexane) and Pentachlorobenzene. This module addresses baseline data gathering and assessment of POPs pesticides. Particular care is required to address DDT due to its use for vector control and Lindane due to its use for control of ecto-parasites in veterinary and human application, which may be under the responsibility of authorities other than those responsible for primarily agricultural chemicals. In addition, it is important that all uses of HCB, alpha hexachorocyclohexane, beta hexachlorocyclohexane and pentachlorobenzene (industrial as well as pesticide) be properly addressed. Specialists with knowledge of each of these areas might be included in the task teams. 2. Objective To review and summarize the production, use, import and export of the chemicals listed in Annex A and Annex B of the Convention (excluding other chemicals listed under Annex A and B which are not considered as pesticides). To gather information on stockpiles and wastes containing, or thought to contain, POPs pesticides. To assess the legal and institutional framework for control of the production, use, import, export and disposal of the chemicals listed in Annex A and Annex B (excluding other chemicals which are not classed as pesticides) of the Convention.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodical Cicadas SP 341 3/21 21-0190 Programs in Agriculture and Natural Resources, 4-H Youth Development, Family and Consumer Sciences, and Resource Development
    SP 341 Periodical Cicadas Frank A. Hale, Professor Originally developed by Harry Williams, former Professor Emeritus and Jaime Yanes Jr., former Assistant Professor Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology The periodical cicada, Magicicada species, has the broods have been described by scientists and are longest developmental period of any insect in North designated by Roman numerals. There are three 13-year America. There is probably no insect that attracts as cicada broods (XIX, XXII and XXIII) and 12 17-year much attention in eastern North America as does the cicada broods (I-X, XIII, and XIV). Also, there are three periodical cicada. Their sudden springtime emergence, distinct species of 17-year cicadas (M. septendecim, filling the air with their high-pitched, shrill-sounding M. cassini, and M. septendecula) and three species of songs, excites much curiosity. 13-year cicadas (M. tredecim, M. tredecassini, and M. tredecula). Two races of the periodical cicada exist. One race has a life cycle of 13 years and is common in the southeastern In Tennessee, Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada had a United States. The other race has a life cycle of 17 years spectacular emergence in 2011 (Map 1). In 2004 and and is generally more northern in distribution. Due 2021, Brood X of the 17-year cicada primarily emerged to Tennessee’s location, both the 13-year and 17-year in East Tennessee (Map 2). Brood X has the largest cicadas occur in the state. emergence of individuals for the 17-year cicada in the United States. Brood XXIII of the 13-year cicada last Although periodical cicadas have a 13- or 17-year cycle, emerged in West Tennessee in 2015 (Map 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Grasshoppered: America's Response to the 1874
    Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Grasshoppered: America’s Response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain Locust Invasion Full Citation: Alexandra M Wagner, “Grasshoppered: America’s Response to the 1874 Rocky Mountain Locust Invasion,” Nebraska History 89 (2008): 154-167 URL of article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/NH2008Grasshoppered.pdf Date: 2/11/2014 Article Summary: It was a plague of biblical proportions, influencing generations of federal agricultural policy . and foreshadowing today’s expectations about the government’s role during natural disasters. Cataloging Information: Names: Swain Finch, Solomon Butcher, H Westermann, Robert W Furnas, Thomas A Osborn, E O C Ord, N A M Dudley, Jeffrey Lockwood, John S Pillsbury, John L Pennington Keywords: Swain Finch, H Westermann, Robert W Furnas, Thomas A Osborn, Rocky Mountain locust (Melanoplus spretus), Nebraska Relief and Aid Association,
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Wild and Domestic Animals in Radom National Park; South Darfur State , Sudan
    Investigation of gastrointestinal parasites in wild and domestic animals in Radom National Park; South Darfur State , Sudan . Abuessailla, A. A. 1; Ismail, A. A. 2 and Agab , H. M. 3 1- Ministry of Animals Resources and Fisheries, South Darfur State. E.mail: [email protected]. 2- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology. 3- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Science, College of Animal Production Technology, Sudan University of Science and Technology. ABSTRACT: This paper describes the results of a survey of the gastrointestinal helminth parasites in the faecal matters of fourteen wildlife species and four domestic animal species collected from five sites in Radom National Park (R.N.P), South Darfour State, Sudan, namely: Radom area, Alhufra, Titrbi, Kafindibei and Kafiakingi. Out of the 1179 faecal samples examined 244 (20.7%) contained eggs of helminth parasites. Donkeys had the highest overall infection rate of helminth eggs (47.9%), while Phacochoerus aethiopicus (warthog ) showed the lowest prevalence (2.7%). Prevalence of the parasites was highest (30.2%) in domestic animals and lowest (10.9%) in the wild ones. Kafindibei area showed the highest prevalence of 25.3%, followed by Radom area with a prevalence of 20.5%. Alhufra area showed the lowest prevalence (18.6%). The main prevalent helminth parasites were Trichostrongylus ( 13.5%) and Strongyloides (7.3%). KEY WORDS: Internal parasites, wild life, domestic animals, radom, south darfur . lumbricoides in the wild pig; Strongyloid INTRODUCTION spp ., in the gazelle; Ascaris pythonis in The available information on parasitic infection among wildlife species, the python and Toxascaris leonina in the particularly in the Sudan, is scanty as only Panthera leo (lion).
    [Show full text]
  • Grasshoppers
    Grasshoppers Orthoptera: Acrididae Plains Lubber Pictured grasshoppers Great crested grasshopper Snakeweed grasshoppers Primary Pest Grasshoppers • Migratory grasshopper • Twostriped grasshopper • Differential grasshopper • Redlegged grasshopper • Clearwinged grasshopper Twostriped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus Redlegged Grasshopper, Melanoplus femurrubrum Differential Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Clearwinged Grasshopper Camnula pellucida Diagram courtesy of Alexandre Latchininsky, University of Wyoming Photograph courtesy of Jean-Francoise Duranton, CIRAD Grasshoppers lay pods of eggs below ground Grasshopper Egg Pods Molting is not for wimps! Grasshopper Nymphs Some grasshoppers found in winter and early spring Velvet-striped grasshopper – a common spring species Grasshopper Controls • Weather (rainfall mediated primarily) • Natural enemies – Predators, diseases • Treatment of breeding areas • Biological controls • Row covers Temperature and rainfall are important mortality factors Grasshoppers and Rainfall Moisture prior to egg hatch generally aids survival – Newly hatched young need succulent foliage Moisture after egg hatch generally reduces problems – Assists spread of diseases – Allows for plenty of food, reducing competition for rangeland and crops Grasshopper predators Robber Flies Larvae of many blister beetles develop on grasshopper egg pods Blister beetle larva Fungus-killed Grasshoppers Pathogen: Entomophthora grylli Mermis nigrescens, a nematode parasite of grasshoppers
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Biopesticides in Desert Locust Management
    THE FUTURE OF BIOPESTICIDES IN DESERT LOCUST MANAGEMENT REPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP HELD IN SALY, SENEGAL 12-15 FEBRUARY 2007 i The workshop was organized with support from: International Fund for Agricultural Development International Organization of the Francophonie World Bank Rapporteur: Joyce Magor FAO/AGPP Documents: The workshop documents are available on CD. The CD’s as well as hardcopies of the report can de obtained from FAO/AGPP Please send your requests to: James Everts FAO/AGPP. Via delle terme di Carracalla 00150 Rome, Italy e-mail: [email protected] tel: +39 5705 3477 Correspondence on the workshop and the report should be directed at James Everts The opinions expressed in this document represent those of the participants of the Workshop and do not necessarily reflect an official position of the FAO, the Worldbank, OIF, IFAD or the Government of Senegal. ii The Future of Biopesticides Acronyms and abbreviations AGRHYMET Centre de formation et d'information en agro-hydro-météorologie Centre for Training and information on Agrometeorology and Hydrology APLC Australian Plague Locust Commission BCP Biological Control Products SA (Pty) Ltd CABI CAB International CERES-Locustox Centre for Ecotoxicological Research in the Sahel CFA Coopération financière d'Afrique CILSS Comité permanent Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel CLCPRO Commission de lutte contre le Criquet Pèlerin dans la Région Occidentale Commission for controlling the Desert
    [Show full text]
  • ENTOMOPHAGY OUTLINE I. What Is It (SLIDE 2) II. Brief History Of
    ENTOMOPHAGY OUTLINE I. What is it (SLIDE 2) II. Brief History of Entomophagy (SLIDE 3) a. In the Middle East, as far back as the 8th century BC, servants were thought to have carried locusts arranged on sticks to royal banquets in the palace of Asurbanipal (Ninivé). b. The first reference to entomophagy in Europe was in Greece (SLIDE 4), where eating cicadas was considered a delicacy. Literature from ancient China also cites the practice of entomophagy. Li Shizhen’s Compendium of Materia Medica, one of the largest and most comprehensive books on Chinese medicine during the Ming Dynasty in China (1368– 1644), displays an impressive record of all foods, including a large number of insects. The compendium also highlights the medicinal benefits of the insects. c. The practice of eating insects (SLIDE 5) is cited throughout religious literature in the Christian, Jewish and Islamic faiths. d. The Bible speaks of locusts as food in the book of Leviticus, most probably in reference to the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. (SLIDE 6) Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon all four, which have legs above their feet, to leap withal upon the earth (Leviticus 11: 21) 1 Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind (Leviticus 11: 22) e. (SLIDE 7) There are 8 species of flying insects permitted to be eaten in the Torah … 2 grasshoppers, 2 crickets, and 4 locust.
    [Show full text]
  • Plague Locusts, Wingless Grasshoppers and Livestock Residues
    Plague locusts, wingless grasshoppers and livestock residues Photo courtesy APLC Australian plague locust swarm over cereal crop Locust numbers can periodically The most effective means of controlling build up and pose a significant threat these pests is to spray the nymph to grain, horticultural crops and stages, either by air or ground rig, with pastures. Wingless and small plague an appropriate insecticide. However, grasshoppers can also cause crop and the chemicals used have the potential pasture damage in some areas. to cause residues in grazing livestock – residues that can cause problems for Locusts can migrate hundreds of our export industry. kilometres. Depending on the nature and scale of locust activity, individual Control authorities use licensed ground landholders, state and territory and aerial operators to mix and apply government authorities and the control chemicals. Landholders must Australian Plague Locust Commission apply the same level of professional care. (APLC) may all be engaged in the control of locusts. Plague locusts, wingless grasshoppers and livestock residues National Vendor Declaration How do livestock become contaminated? It is essential that the National Vendor Declaration (NVD) is completed correctly, Livestock can be exposed to plague locust including the relevant question which relates and wingless grasshopper control to withholding periods (WHP) for fodder. chemicals by: The WHP question for fodder within the • direct over-spraying of livestock respective NVDs can be found as follows; • grazing of pastures or crops that have for Cattle – Question 7, Sheep and Lambs – been sprayed Question 5, Goats – Question 4, Bobby Calves – Question 3 and EU Cattle – • feeding fodder (hay, grain) that has been Question 6.
    [Show full text]