DOCSLIB.ORG

Towards Excellence in Aid Delivery

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Towards Excellence in Aid Delivery Towards Excellence in Aid Delivery A Review of New Zealand’s Official Development Assistance Programme Report of the Ministerial Review Team March 2001 Acknowledgement The review team would like to record its appreciation of the significant level of cooperation and generous support given to the reviewers by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in general, and the Development Cooperation Division in particular during the six months of the review process. At the outset of the Review, both Mr Gordon Shroff, Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs and Trade responsible for ODA, and Ms Rosemary Banks, Director of the Development Cooperation Division, encouraged staff to be open with the review team, and be supportive of the process. The unprecedented level of constructive discussion with individual staff at all levels of the Ministry in Wellington and overseas was of tremendous value to the team. The Ministry gave the team unimpeded access to publications, documentation, files, reports and staff throughout the review process. The team was impressed by the high levels of commitment and hard work by Ministry staff evidenced in both Wellington and overseas. This report includes some beliefs expressed by staff that are critical of NZODA, DEV and MFAT. The Team views the willingness of staff to be frank as a reflection of their high levels of dedication and professionalism and their desire for the best outcomes for NZODA. The review team is grateful to Mr David Shearer, the executive assistant to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Mr Shearer served as the liaison between the team, the ministers and the Ministry. His assistance to the team is greatly appreciated. Scope and Methodology Scope and Methodology Scope The Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Honourable Matt Robson, MP commissioned this review in September, 2000 with the support and cooperation of the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Honourable Phil Goff, MP. The Ministers called for a comprehensive independent review conducted by a team with expertise in development assistance. The team was identified and selected by the Ministers with support from MFAT. The review team consisted of: Joseph Grossman - Economist, Managing Director, Development Services International Ltd. Annette Lees - Development and conservation expert The Team was assisted by Dr Margaret Chung, a Suva based development specialist, during the field-based portion of the review. The last review of NZODA was carried out more than ten years ago by the Foreign Affairs and Defence Select Committee. Although assessments on aspects of NZODA’s work have occurred during that time the Ministers determined that an examination of New Zealand’s aid policies and practice was timely. Since the last review the needs within the Pacific, where the bulk of New Zealand’s aid is spent, have changed. Recent instability and challenges facing governments in the Pacific have added urgency to the need to focus attention more closely on the way aid policies might address the causes of these problems. Equally important, globalisation has dramatically changed development assistance over the past decade, which has become a much more specialised discipline requiring considerably higher levels of expertise and experience in order to contribute effectively to the challenge of poverty elimination. The goal of the review is to provide analysis and recommendations about the overall focus, priorities, objectives and institutional arrangements of ODA. In particular, the Team was asked to examine NZODA in light of how it can: • best contribute to the elimination of poverty and building of capacity • best assist in the development of just and equitable economic, social and environmental policies for present and future generations • best address the root causes of problems facing Pacific Island states given New Zealand’s close relationship with the region. The Terms of Reference for the review are found in Appendix A. For the purposes of this review, the team has focused attention on the portion of ODA managed and delivered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which accounts for approximately 91% of total NZODA. The remainder is administered mainly by New Zealand Defence Force (7%) and other Departments (2%). Methodology The Ministers asked the team to provide a vision for NZODA centred on excellence in aid delivery that effectively and strategically contributes to the elimination of poverty. This required a thorough analysis of the current policies, practices and structure of NZODA, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and the Development Cooperation Division based on a comprehensive understanding of current best practice in aid design and delivery. The team provided regular (every four to six weeks) updates to the Ministers on review progress to ensure that the team was implementing the TOR in approach and focus as the Ministers wished. Regular briefings were also provided to MFAT to ensure that they were fully appraised of review activities and progress. i Scope and Methodology The review was conducted over a relatively short period of time with resources which, while limited, were sufficient to provide a comprehensive outcome. To do so, the team ensured that it drew on the views of those most actively involved in the design and delivery of NZODA. The review team consulted extensively with MFAT staff, partners and stakeholders in New Zealand as well as overseas. The Minister called for public submissions, of which approximately 80 were received (these are listed in Appendix F), and a series of public consultations which were held in the three major cities (a list of attendees is found in Appendix E). This process was supplemented through meetings with NZODA staff, key stakeholders in New Zealand, including relevant Government Departments, representatives of the Asian Development Bank, development consultants, and academics. During the course of the review, the team was also invited by MFAT to attend several meetings that provided valuable insights into NZODA. These included: • Long Term Strategic Planning Consultations with the Asian Development Bank, representatives of Pacific Island countries and Australian government officials. • MFAT Workshop on Pacific Strategy and Policy • South Pacific Heads of Mission Meeting. An extensive series of interviews was held with individual staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, including the majority of management and professional staff of the Development Cooperation Division. These interviews, supplemented by document review, formed the core of the team’s insights into NZODA operations, policy and practice. In order to respect the confidentiality of staff, partners and stakeholders, quotes in this report are attributed to positions rather than individuals in an effort to maintain anonymity. Following interviews and meetings, team members would review and compare notes and quotes to ensure accuracy. Where any uncertainty existed, issues were referred back to those interviewed for clarification. While the team was interested in the views of all staff interviewed, it was careful to avoid any inclusion in the report of discussion with potentially disgruntled or biased staff that might not represent accurate views. Where reference in the report is made to staff perspective, this represents a critical mass of views expressed by many staff, generally across a range of positions within DEV and/or MFAT. The list of meetings and interviews held in New Zealand and overseas is found in Appendix D. A large volume of reports, materials, reviews and documents was drawn upon from a wide range of sources including MFAT, OECD, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, AusAID, DfID and other donors. The list of the main reference materials utilised by the team is found in Appendix G. The team was asked to travel to a limited number of Pacific Island countries and Australia to discover the views of aid recipients and partners. Due to political unrest in the Pacific, travel destinations were constrained. Following discussions with MFAT, a decision was made to visit Vanuatu and Samoa to meet with bilateral programme partners and stakeholders and to Fiji to meet with multilateral and regional partners. The Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade also invited a team member to accompany him on a trip to New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Tonga and Niue. This provided a valuable opportunity to meet with partners and stakeholders in these countries. The team spent four days in Vanuatu and five in Samoa meeting with Post staff and a wide range of senior bilateral government officials, politicians, line agencies and partners, representatives of civil society, NGOs, other donors and stakeholders. Approximately two days were spent in each of the countries visited with the Minister, which afforded an opportunity to meet with Post staff, some partners and stakeholders as well as visiting a small number of project sites. A team member spent several days in Fiji meeting with regional institutions. The team members took the opportunity of other private travel commitments to discuss relevant review matters and to gain additional insights into the operations and practices of NZODA, including a meeting with Advanced Dynamics, an Australian firm that recently conducted a management and operational review of MFAT. The team spent four days meeting with management and staff at AusAID to gain insight into their policies and operations, as our neighbour and other major donor in the Pacific. Australia underwent a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Zealand's Green Party and Foreign Troop Deployments: Views, Values and Impacts
    New Zealand's Green Party and Foreign Troop Deployments: Views, Values and Impacts By Simon Beuse A Thesis Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Political Science School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International Relations Victoria University of Wellington 2010 Content List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 3 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 2 New Zealand‘s Foreign Affairs .......................................................................................... 9 2.1 Public Perceptions ....................................................................................................... 9 2.2 History ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.3 Key Relationships ...................................................................................................... 11 2.4 The Nuclear Issue ...................................................................................................... 12 2.5 South Pacific .............................................................................................................. 14 2.6 Help in Numbers: The United Nations ...................................................................... 15 2.7 Defence Reform 2000
    [Show full text]
  • Paddling on One Side of the Canoe Nzadds Working Paper May 2011
    Paddling on one side of the canoe?: The changing nature of New Zealand’s development assistance programme NZADDs Working Paper1 Glenn Banks: [email protected] (corresponding author); Warwick E Murray: [email protected]; John Overton: [email protected]; Regina Scheyvens: [email protected] The direction and nature of New Zealand’s aid policy has undergone a near revolution under the National Party government elected in 2008. Prior to this, NZAID, a semi-autonomous unit of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, had evolved to manage the aid budget in line with internationally-agreed principles on aid practice, reflecting concepts of partnership and shared responsibility, concepts analogous to the notion of paddling on both sides of the canoe. Under the new National Government, NZAID was reincorporated into the Ministry, its focus was shifted from poverty and diversified livelihoods to economic growth, and the aid programme has been aligned more closely with the country’s foreign policy interests. We suggest that this is tantamount to paddling the canoe on only one side. This paper interprets these shifts in the context of the restructuring in New Zealand international aid policy between 1970 and 2010. The article has three broad aims: Firstly, to provide an overview of shifting themes and geographies of New Zealand’s aid policy over the four decades of concern; secondly, to explore the relationship between the global aid regime and national practice commenting on the factors that lead to alignment in these two imperatives or otherwise; and thirdly, to analyse the influence of politics, and of key individuals within political parties, in setting the direction of aid policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Coalition Traits That Affected New Zealand’S MMP Governments of 1996-2002
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Formation, Durability and Susceptibility Coalition Traits that Affected New Zealand’s MMP Governments of 1996-2002 A dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy Massey University Albany Campus, North Shore City, New Zealand Grant Marc Gillon 2007 Abstract This thesis explores the relevant impact of three influences - policy, personality and opportunity - on New Zealand governments since 1996. The Mixed Member Proportional electoral system (MMP) was adopted by New Zealand for the 1996 general election. The various coalition government arrangements since then have been analysed using a series of case studies of identified events during coalitions’ crucial pre-election, formation, duration and termination stages. The roles assumed by, or perceived of, small parties have been important as have the actions of the pivotal party in each government. My interest in this topic springs from my service as an Alliance MP. I was an Alliance party list Member of Parliament during the 45th and 46th Parliaments (1996-2002). Systems theory was relied upon as the methodology with which to study relevant political processes. Key informant interviews and participant observation were the main research methods. This research investigates the traits, apparent in the coalitions formed from 1996 until 2002, which contributed to each government’s continuation or termination. Each stage reflected the parties’ competing interests as argued by theorists such as Muller and Strøm.
    [Show full text]
  • Advertising and the Market Orientation of Political Parties Contesting the 1999 and 2002 New Zealand General Election Campaigns
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. ADVERTISING AND THE MARKET ORIENTATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES CONTESTING THE 1999 AND 2002 NEW ZEALAND GENERAL ELECTION CAMPAIGNS A THESIS PRESENTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICS AT MASSEY UNIVERSITY, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND. CLAIRE ELIZABETH ROBINSON 2006 i ABSTRACT This thesis proposes an alternative way of establishing a link between market orientation and electoral success, by focusing on market orientation as a message instead of as a management function. Using interpretive textual analysis the thesis examines the advertising messages of the highest polling political parties for evidence of voter orientation and competitor orientation in the 1999 and 2002 New Zealand general election campaigns. Relating manifest market orientation to a number of statistical indicators of electoral success the thesis looks for plausible associations between the visual manifestation of market orientation in political advertisements and parties’ achievement of their party vote goals in the 1999 and 2002 elections. It offers party-focused explanations for electoral outcomes to complement existing voter-centric explanations, and adds another level of scholarly understanding of recent electoral outcomes in New Zealand. While the thesis finds little association between demonstration ofcompetitor orientation in political advertisements and electoral success, it finds a plausible relationship between parties that demonstrated a voter orientation in their political advertisements and goal achievement.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Archivist Vol XII No 2 Winter/June 2001 ISSN 0114-7676 ABC of Archives: 'B' Is for Bears
    New Zealand Archivist Vol XII No 2 Winter/June 2001 ISSN 0114-7676 ABC of Archives: 'B' is for Bears Mary Monckton South Taranaki District Museum Volunteers met with Rosemary Collier, Consultant Archivist and President of the New Zealand Society of Archivists on 11 June for a 7-hour marathon training workshop, based on the Society's Edukit. Museum Curator Bridget Wellwood saw this as an excellent way to bring professional standards to the Archives located in the museum in Patea. But what do bears have to do with Archives? like. Rosemary gave out sample sheets of policies, Actually, teddy bears, stuffed toys, and toy cars forms, and lists of terms used. were used to give the group practice in arranging The ten people who attended felt the day was far a 'collection'. This proved a very graphic, fun way too short, but very valuable. We would recommend to make decisions based on Collection Development to other museums to make use of the Edukit from Policy, Weeding Policy, and Arrangement. the New Zealand Society of Archivists, and thank The day was full on, with many useful overhead Rosemary for the time and presentation, which was projection transparencies illustrating subjects such targeted at just the right level for us. Her reward, as who makes records, what archives look like in she said on leaving, was to have the beautiful view practice, and what the ideal arrangement could look of Mt. Taranaki appear at twilight as she left the museum. Rosemary's class action: how bears are arranged and described From left: Rosemary Collier, Bridget Wellwood (at rear), Livingston Baker, Kitty Parsons, Joan Thorstensen, Ena Baker The Role of Records in the Democratic State, and the Gisborne Cancer Inquiry Rosemary Collier In his report on the Inquiry into the disaster at Cave Creek, it was stated by Judge Noble to be in large part a records f'nure, because no-one had consulted the records of what was done previously, when the area was under the control of the Forest Service.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Electoral Systems on Immigrant Representation
    The Effect of Electoral Systems on Immigrant Representation Presented to the Department of Government in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree with honors of Bachelor of Arts Harvard College March 2016 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3 2. Representation, Incorporation, and Electoral Systems ..................................... 11 3. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems as a Quasi-Experiment .............................. 33 4. The Effect of Electoral Systems on Descriptive Representation ...................... 50 5. The Effect of Electoral Systems on Substantive Representation ...................... 84 6. In Search of Other Explanations: A Case Study of New Zealand’s Citizenship Amendment Act 2005 ......................................................................................... 109 7. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 125 Works Cited ........................................................................................................ 129 2 1. Introduction In 2015, Germany accepted over one million refugees to a country in which 13% of its eighty million people were already foreign-born (Chambers 2015; OECD 2015: 312). German Chancellor Angela Merkel has been lauded for her response to the migrant crisis, winning TIME Magazine’s Person of the Year in 2015. But one group’s voice has been notably absent from the conversation: immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jobs Letter DIARY
    The Jobs Letter No. 125 2 June 2000 Essential Information on an Essential Issue • With “business confidence” the talk of the country (see Diary), the need KEY to address skills shortages in the economy is becoming one of the key concerns of the government. WEBEDUCATION Example: Forestry. This industry generates $2.3 billion in export earnings and THE HOT JOBS FOR 2025 directly employs 23,000 people. But, while maturing forests mean that this SKILL SHORTAGES sector is poised to grow considerably over the next decade ... industry sources report that growth in this sector will be hampered by the lack of skilled MAYORS FOR JOBS workers available to log the trees. TAIRAWHITI TASKFORCE Speaking to a meeting at the Forestry Industries Training and Educa- TIME USE SURVEY tion Council last week, Employment Minister Steve Maharey noted CONFERENCES that forests are being locked up until enough skilled workers are available to maintain them. Maharey: “It would be a tragedy if this potential was nipped in the bud because we are not giving people the DIARY chance to be part of the skilled workforce...” But Maharey also says that the situation in the forestry sector is typical 11 May 2000 of many skilled industries in New Zealand. The Post Primary Teachers • What is the government going to do about the skills shortages? Maharey Association declares today Sam points to the recent announcements on the new Modern Apprentice- Parnell Day, after the man considered to be the founder of ships Programme, which will increase the numbers involved in on-the- the eight hour working day in NZ.
    [Show full text]
  • IMPORTANT NOTICE IMPORTANT NOTICE Labour Is Trying to Decimate the NZ Health Products Industry Labour Is Trying to Decimate the NZ Health Products Industry
    IMPORTANT NOTICE IMPORTANT NOTICE Labour is trying to decimate the NZ Health Products Industry Labour is trying to decimate the NZ Health Products Industry The Labour Government is trying to change the way in which all Natural Health Products (NHPs) The Labour Government is trying to change the way in which all Natural Health Products (NHPs) & medical devices are regulated. They plan to treat them as medicines and give the power to & medical devices are regulated. They plan to treat them as medicines and give the power to control them to the controversial Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) control them to the controversial Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) We know from the Australian experience that this would mean; We know from the Australian experience that this would mean; • Fewer products available - consumer choice reduced • Fewer products available - consumer choice reduced • Unnecessary bureaucracy and cost • Unnecessary bureaucracy and cost • Increased cost to consumers • Increased cost to consumers • Natural health products & medical devices all controlled like drugs • Natural health products & medical devices all controlled like drugs • Many NZ businesses forced to close - jobs lost • Many NZ businesses forced to close - jobs lost • There will be little NZ can do to protect itself – Australia would make decisions for NZ • There will be little NZ can do to protect itself – Australia would make decisions for NZ The Australian TGA (which would take over NZ’s health products industry) is known to use an The Australian TGA (which would take over NZ’s health products industry) is known to use an extremely heavy-handed approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Women, Politics and the Media
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Women, Politics and the Media: The 1999 New Zealand General Election A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Communication & Journalism at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Susan Lyndsey Fountaine 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to say thank you very much to my supervisors, Professor Judy McGregor and Dr Margie Comrie, from the Department of Communication & Journalism at Massey University. Their guidance, insight, on-going support and humour sustained me, and were always greatly appreciated. Thank you to all the women politicians who participated in the interviews, especially Marian Hobbs, who gave up valuable time during the election campaign. I also acknowledge the help of Associate Professor Marilyn Waring in gaining access to National women MPs. There are many other people who gave valuable advice and provided support. Thank you to Dr Ted Drawneek, Mark Sullman and Lance Gray fo r much-needed statistical help, and to Shaz Benson and Wendy Pearce fo r assistance with fo rmatting and layout. Thanks also to Doug Ashwell and Marianne Tremaine, "fellow travellers" in the Department of Communication & Journalism, and Arne Evans fo r codingvalidation. I would also like to acknowledge the assistance I received from Massey University, in the fo rm of an Academic Women's Award. This allowed me to take time off from other duties, and I must thank Joanne Cleland fo r the great work she did in my absence.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline for Restorative Justice in New Zealand and Beyond
    TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Purpose of This Paper 1 B. Acknowledgements 1 II. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN NEW ZEALAND 3 A. Restorative Justice Defined 3 B. Historical Sketch of Restorative Justice in New Zealand 6 C. Typology of Alternative Justice Programes in New Zealand 14 D. Issues in Alternative/Restorative Justice in New Zealand 22 III. RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AND PARTICIPARTORY DEMOCRACY 31 A. Civil Society and Participatory Democracy 31 B. Restorative Justice and Civil Society 32 C. Possibilities for Alternative/Restorative Justice 33 IV. CONCLUSIONS 33 REFERENCES 35 APPENDIX 1: PERSONS INTERVIEWED BY AREA/DATE 39 APPENDIX 2: HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ADULT RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN NEW ZEALAND 42 V. E. Jantzi -- Restorative Justice in New Zealand: Current Practise, Future Possibilities, August 2001 Page 0 I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of This Paper Socially, politically and economically New Zealand is influential in the world far beyond its size. Geologically, however, it is basically three sets of peaks rising from the South Pacific that give evidence of a much larger landmass in which they are anchored. A lot of the physical part of New Zealand is not visible. Much of the “hottest” activity churns far beneath the surface creating the energy for the ongoing geological evolution of the country. A university-sponsored sabbatical leave is much the same. Many events and people converge, often in unexpected ways, causing certain “visible” configurations to emerge above the “life mass” of the total sabbatical experience, but the real energy-producing forces often lie unidentified, buried somewhere in the realm of the unconscious or the mundane.
    [Show full text]
  • Divergence in International Relations
    New Zealand & Australia: Divergence in International Relations With Reference to the Howard & Clark Governments 1996/1999 – 2007 Regeena Kingsley INTP 591: Master of Arts Research Thesis in International Relations New Zealand & Australia: Divergence in International Relations With Reference to the Howard & Clark Governments 1996/1999 – 2007 By Regeena Kingsley A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations 5 October 2007 Abstract This thesis is an in-depth study into the New Zealand-Australian relationship and the two nations’ divergence in International Relations, with particular reference to the disparate foreign and security policies implemented under the Howard and Clark Governments from 1996/1999 respectively until the present time in 2007. The purpose of this study is to provide an accurate and up-to-date overview of the New Zealand-Australian relationship as it stands today, and to define the main areas of difference between the two countries which are driving trans-Tasman divergence in the international sphere. In pursuit of this goal, the subject-area is explored in the following ways. Chapter One provides a general overview of the trans-Tasman relationship, reflecting specifically on three abiding dynamics which together have contributed to the ‘strangeness’ of the trans-Tasman rapport from the mid-1800s until today. Chapter Two, defines in fuller detail the greatest areas of divergence between the two countries in their foreign and security policies, and then additionally outlines three important issues in the international sphere on which the Tasman pair have diverged most strikingly in recent years.
    [Show full text]
  • National Identity and Nuclear Disarmament Advocacy by Canada and New Zealand
    National Identity and Nuclear Disarmament Advocacy by Canada and New Zealand Lyndon Burford A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Politics and International Relations. The University of Auckland, New Zealand. September 2016 ii Lyndon Burford National Identity and Nuclear Disarmament Advocacy Abstract Nuclear disarmament dynamics are under-studied and under-theorised. Constructivists hold that identities determine interests and thus, policy preferences, but there has been virtually no investigation of national identity as a driver for nuclear disarmament policy. This thesis investigates the drivers of nuclear disarmament advocacy by Canada and New Zealand, focusing on the activation of anti-nuclear weapon national identities as a key explanatory factor. The thesis presents four comparative case studies—two each from Canada and New Zealand. Each case examines the dominant nuclear weapon-related national identity tropes of three constituencies—senior government ministers, bureaucrats and the public—and traces the processes through which various actors seek to have these identities expressed in policy. Since identities inform preferences but do not necessarily determine policy, the case studies also consider how contextual factors—alliance commitments, normative context, civil society activity and great power relations—affect the expression of anti-nuclear weapon identities. Canada’s decision not to acquire nuclear weapons, despite being able to, is a touchstone for a popular, pro-disarmament ‘peacemaker’ identity. However, security policymakers almost always prioritise the identity of Canada as a strong US ally and thus, supporter of nuclear deterrence. The Canadian cases represent attempts by two prominent norm entrepreneurs to break this pattern— the first, during a Cold War crisis in superpower relations, and the second, during the post-Cold War superpower rapprochement.
    [Show full text]