NSS October to December 2017 Vol. 2

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 1 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Index/AZwH´$_oUH$m

01. Index/ AZwH´$_oUH$m ...... 01 02. Regional Editor Board / Editorial Advisory Board ...... 06/07 03. Referee Board ...... 08 04. Spokesperson ...... 10/11

(Science / ndkmZ)

05. Reduction in consumption of limestone by use of Portland Pozzolana Cement Using ...... 12

Mathematical Modeling (Dr. Sapna Shrimali, R.K. Mishra) 06. Common Fixed Point Theorems for in fuzzy metric spaces for Two mapping (Dr. Sangeeta Biley) .. 18 07. A Critical Analysis Of Perception Towards Semester System In Madhya Pradesh, India ...... 20

(Dr. Mamta Prajapati, Dr. Balram Pd. Prajapati) 08. Comparative Phytochemical Studies Of Ocimum Sanctum And Mentha Arvensis Ethanolic ...... 24 Leaf Extract (Dr. Prakash Solanki, Dr. Pramod Pandit, Anil Badore)

09. The Chemistry Of Cobalt In The Soil (Dr. S. K. Udaipure) ...... 27 10. Comparative Study Of Sirpur And Piplyapala Talab Water Quality, Indore (M.P.) ...... 29

(Malini Johnson, Saroj Mahajan) 11. Important Role Of Macrophytes In The Balancing Of Pond Ecosystem ...... 31

(Dr. Malini Johnson, Dr. D. K. Billore) 12. Ladder Brake Fern - Pteris Vitata Found In P.G.College Dhar (M.P.) India ...... 34

(Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki, Prof. S.C. Mehta) 13. Ethno-Medicinal Trees (Dr. Sarita Ghanghat) ...... 36 14. Benefit of Fiber (Dr. Rajesh Masatkar) ...... 38 15. The Study of weeds in the kota district, Rajasthan (Komal Modi) ...... 40 16. Status Of Avion Fauna At Rewa District Madhya Pradesh, India (Nidhi Jaiswal) ...... 42 17. Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness And Total Hardness (Dr. Manish Kumar Nirat) ...... 47 18. dV©_mZ oejm _{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m g_md{e -AmO H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm (S>m∞. e°b ]mbm gmßKr) ...... 49

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

19. Profile Of Khadi Bhandar Of Marwar (Dr. Usha Kothari, Karanjeet Kaur, Simerjeet Kaur) ...... 50 20. AmoXdmgr oH$em{a oH$em{na`m{ß _{ß am{OJma H{$ ‡oV ]XbVr YmaUmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z (emaXm o^ S{>, S>m∞. _ßOy e_m© ) ...... 52 21. C[Mma, g_m`m{OZ d CZH$r A›V: oH´$`m H$m gmßd{oJH$ AoÒWaVm [a ‡^md ( Í$oM gm{Zr, S>m∞. dßXZm Jw·m)...... 54 22. AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß d•’ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ AZw^dm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ amÓQ>≠> odH$mg _{ ghm`H$ (S>m∞. Í$[mbr g∑g{Zm) ...... 57

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

23. Implementation Of Poverty Alleviation Schemes By The Indian Government And Their ...... 58 Impact On Economic Development And Employment - An Analytical Study (Dr. Rajesh Jain) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 2 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

24. G.S.T. - Its Impact On India Economy (Dr. Deepali Behere) ...... 62 25. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eb. EZ. e_m©) ...... 66 26. _‹`‡X{e _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a A[dßMZ H$r oÒWoV (Ao_V dYdm) ...... 72 27. _‹`‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a oH´$`m›d`Z (Ao_V dYdm, ZraO amR>m°a ) ...... 77 28. ‡YmZ_ßÃr g•OZ H$m`©H´$_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm H$m AmoXdmog`mß{ H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^md - Pm]wAm oOb{ ...... 81 H{$ gßX©^ _{ß (Xr[H$ Hw$_ma R>mHw$a, S>m∞. S>r. H{$. ogßKb) 29. Ωdmob`a oOb{ H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg _{ß bKw d _‹`_ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. N>od Ia{)...... 84 30. dV©_mZ [na[{˙` _{ß dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a - EH$ A‹``Z [naM` (S>m∞. Agb_ gB©X) ...... 88 31. ^maVr` ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ _{ß H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. _m{oZH$m _mbdr`)...... 91 32. _‹` ‡X{e _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H$m `m{JXmZ (H$roV© g∑g{Zm, S>m∞. EZ. H{$. [mQ>rXma) ...... 94 33. ^maV H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß H$m°eb odH$mg (S>m∞. ‡roV AmZßX CX`[wa{)...... 97 34. ÒWmZr` Òdm`Œmm gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß ZdVH$ZrH$ j{Ã H$r ^yo_H$m (‡roV emh) ...... 99 35. _.‡. H{$ [oÌM_ oZ_m∂S> _{ß AOm Edß AOOm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw ZroV`m± Edß `m{OZmE± ...... 101 (S>m∞. EZ. Eb. Jw·m, aUOrV ogßh amdV) 36. [ßMdfu` `m{OZmAm| _| Amdmg oZ`m{OZ (S>m∞. EH$Vm H$∏$∂S>) ...... 103

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

37. The Impect of Economic Reforms on Social Sector Development of India ...... 106 (Dr. Aparna Devi Goswami) 38. GST And Its Impact On Indian Economy (Sujata Naik) ...... 109 39. gr_{ßQ> IoZO g{ gß[ﬁ ardm gß^mJ (XyaJm_r ‡^md) (S>m∞. H$roV© ew∑bm, S>m∞. E. H{$. [m S{>`) ...... 112 40. oejm gÂ]ßYr emgH$r` `m{OZmAm| H$m AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV [a ‡^md EH$ A‹``Z ...... 116 (amH{$e Hw$_ma oXbmda{, S>m∞. Cfm Hw$_R>) 41. _. [´. H{$ IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ H•$fH$m{ß H$r F$UJ´ÒVVm H{$ H$maU Edß gwPmd (ode{fH$a AZwgyoMV OZOmoV ...... 120 dJ© H{$ gÂ]ßY _{ß) (S>m∞. oÒ_Vm emh) 42. ^dZ oZ_m©U H$m`© _{ß _ohbm lo_H$m{ß H$r gh^moJVm Edß g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. ]r. Eb. S>mda, S>m∞. o_ga ZaJmd|) ... 124 43. J´m_rU odH$mg ‡oH´$`m _{ß ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (gw_Z ^ßda) ...... 127 44. ^maV _{ß H•$of CÀ[mXH$Vm - Yr_r JoV H{$ H$maU VWm ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw oH$E J`{ C[m` (S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma) ...... 130 45. ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ odŒm ‡mo· H{$ Ûm{V Edß F$UZroV H$m A‹``Z BßXm°a oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß ...... 133 (S>m∞. g[Zm gm{Zr, oÒ_Vm [mQ>rXma) 46. ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m ‡^md (]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{) ...... 136 (S>m∞. _h{e Hw$_ma Ywd}) 47. ]mßYm{ß g{ odÒWmo[V [nadmam{ß H$r odÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g H$r g_Ò`mE{ß (Jm{od›X _wd{b, gßJ´m_ ^yfU) ...... 139 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 3 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

48. S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß h{Vw MbmB© Om ahr gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZmE± Edß ‡^md H$m A‹``Z ...... 142 (S>m∞. AM©Zm Am`©) 49. J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ^yo_H$m ( _‹` ‡X{e H{$ gßX^© _{ß)(S>m∞. _h{e Hw$_ma _mbdr`) ...... 144 50. aVbm_ a{bd{ _ S>b H{$ H$_©Mmoa`m|$ H$m AmoW©H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. __Vm Hw$eJm{oV`m) ...... 146 51. _.‡. _{ß Am°fYr` \$gbm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ H$m EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Jm{am ]w›X{bm) ...... 148 52. XojU Eoe`mB© j{Ãr` gh`m{J gßJR>Z (S>m∞. O`am_ gm{bßH$r)...... 150

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ)

53. Adjournment Motion - An Analytical Study (Dr. Anvita Massad) ...... 152 54. Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah’s Political Career : A Study (Javaid Ahmad Bhat) ...... 155 55. [wobg ‡emgZ _{ß _mZd AoYH$ma H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z (]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) ...... 158 (S>m∞. VÍ$U Hw$_ma e{ S{>) 56. d°ÌdrH$ `wJ _{ß C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ma Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ (S>m∞. gß‹`m Am_Jm) ...... 161 57. Jm{[mbH•$ÓU Jm{Ib{ H$m amOZ°oVH$ CXmadmX (S>m∞. Ì`m_ gw›Xa d_m©) ...... 164 58. Yma oOb{ _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ obE CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß _‹`‡X{e am¡` H$r `m{OZmE± ...... 167 (amO{e ^m^a) 59. gm_moOH$ ›`m` Am°a ^maVr` gßodYmZ (S>m∞. [wÓ[{›– ogßh) ...... 170 60. _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU Edß gßdY©Z _{ß J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Z (S>m∞. gß‹`m Am_Jm) ...... 173 61. ^maV _{ß odo^›Z `wJm{ß _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ _mZdmoYH$ma - EH$ A‹``Z (Xr[oeIm g∑g{Zm) ...... 176 62. S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$r _ohbm geo∫$H$aU _{ß ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. hZw_mZ ‡gmX _rZm) ...... 179 63. Z∑gbdmX C›_ybZ h{Vw amOZroVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ ‡`mg (S>m∞. _rZmjr [ßdma) ...... 182 64. _ohbm _mZdmoYH$ma Am°a amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. oaVw ]Ãm)...... 184 65. ^maV N>m{∂S>m{ Am›Xm{bZ Am°a CŒmamI S (S>m∞. [yZ_ ^≈>) ...... 186 66. ]bmÀH$ma EH$ gm_moOH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a) ...... 188

(History / BoVhmg)

67. H$m°oQ>Î` H{$ am¡` gß]ßYr odMma (Z{hm Mm°hmZ) ...... 190 68. ehS>m{b gß^mJ H$r OZOmoV`m{ß H$r Ymo_©H$ ‡VrH$ Edß CZH$m ÒdÍ$[ (S>m∞. ‡roV e_m©) ...... 193 69. _wJbH$mb _{ß oÛ`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV - EH$ odd{MZ (B©Ìda ogßh)...... 196 70. amOÒWmZ H$r F$U ‡Umbr - EH$ Adbm{H$Z (17dt g{ 19dt eVm„Xr) (S>m∞. Hw$bd›V ogßh e{ImdV) ...... 199 71. amOZroVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ OZ-OmJaU _{ß g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. Xr[H$ Aoæhm{Ãr) ...... 201 72. _‹`‡m›V H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h (1930 g{ 1931 B©.VH$) ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ [na[{j _{ß (S>m∞. am_o]bmg _aH$m_) ...... 203 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 4 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

73. XobVm{’ma AmßXm{bZ (S>m∞. EH$Vm [mb)...... 205 74. [oÌM_r oZ_m∂S> H$m AmoW©H$ bm{H$ OrdZ (AoZb [mQ>rXma) ...... 207

(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)

75. ^maV _| gmB]a H´$mB_ (‡m{. AZmo_H$m ‡Om[oV) ...... 209 76. _wª`_ßÃr H$›`mXmZ `m{OZm H{$ bm^moW©`m{ß H$m{ oddmh H{$ Xm°amZ AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mE± (S>m∞. grVm ]m{amgr) ...... 212 77. Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh `m{OZm _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ odH$mg _{ß ghm`H$ EH$ gd}jUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ...... 214 - ode{fV: B›Xm°a oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. gw_m WH$mßMZ) 78. e°joUH$ JoVerbVm [a S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ odMma (S>m∞. gm{oZH$m ]K{b) ...... 216 79. ]XbVm [nad{e Am°a H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± (godVm bm°ar) ...... 218 80. [bm`Z H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H{$ _yb oZdmg ÒWmZ [a g_yh MMm© ¤mam A‹``Z (IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ ^JdmZ[wam, ...... 220 g{Jmßd Vhgrb H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. Ama. H{$. `mXd) 81. H•$of ZdmMma H$m OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV [a ‡^md (]∂S>dmZr oOb{ H{$ ode{f g›X^© _{ß) ...... 223 (S>m∞. `em{Xm Mm°hmZ)

(English Literature / AßJ{´Or gmohÀ`)

82. Mythical Elements In The Plays Of Girish Karnad (Twishampati De) ...... 226

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

83. 20dr gXr H{$ AßoV_ XeH$ H$r _ohbm H$hmZrH$mam{ß H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß AmoW©H$ em{fU (a{Im) ...... 229 84. hnaeßH$a [agmB© H{$ oZ]ßYm{ß _{ß VÀH$mbrZ, gm_moOH$ Edß amOZ°oVH$ `WmW© ]m{Y (S>m∞. gwZrVm `mXd) ...... 233 85. oZ_m∂S> H{$ H$]ra gßV A\$Ob (gm`Zm ImZ) ...... 236 86. gy`©H$m›V oÃ[mR>r oZambm - H$mÏ` Am°a Ûr oMÃU (_Zrfm Mm°oa`m)...... 239 87. dV©_mZ e°joUH$ Ï`dÒWm [a lrbmb ew∑b H$m AgßVm{f - Ï`ßΩ` H{$ Í$[ _{ß (S>m∞. AßOZr amOm°oa`m) ...... 242 88. H$bm[j H{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß _wo∑V]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` g•OZ (S>m∞. dmUr amR>m°a) ...... 245 89. oh›Xr oejU _ß{ gy˙_ oejU VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`m{J (gßXr[ og’)...... 248 90. ‡{_MßX H$r H$hmoZ`m|$ H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. c˙_rH$m›V MßX{bm) ...... 251 91. _ﬁw ^ S>mar H{$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` H$m A‹``Z - AmYwoZH$ OrdZ H{$ gß›X^© _{ß (S>m∞. Am{. Eg. [oahma) ...... 253 92. Za{›– H$m{hbr H{$ gm_moOH$ j{Ã _{ß Ï`ßΩ` ( g_J´ Ï`ßΩ` H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) (gwerbm gm{bßH$r, S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er) .... 255 93. _woZ j_mgmJa H$m H$mÏ` oM›VZ (S>m∞. Zrb_ O°Z) ...... 257 94. AÍ$U H$_b H$r ‡JoVerb H$odVmE{ß (S>m∞. gß‹`m Xw]{) ...... 259 95. AmoXdmgr gmohÀ` _| Zmar od_e© (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b) ...... 261 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 5 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

96. _°Ãr` [wÓ[m H$m Zmar-odf`H$ oM›VZ-Zmar AoÒVÀd H$m ‡ÌZ (S>m∞. aoÌ_ ‡roV JwÍ$) ...... 263 97. A_•Vbmb ZmJa H{$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß Zmar-MnaÃmßH$Z (S>m∞. [mag_oU Jw·m) ...... 265 98. _wo∫$ ]m{Y H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß odkmZ ]m{Y (S>m∞. _rZm ^mdgma) ...... 267 99. gmohÀ` H$m gm¢X`© Am°a gm¢X`© H$m gmohÀ` (S>m∞. oO›Xa ogßh _w S>m) ...... 269 100. bm{H$ X{dVm am_X{d [ra - EH$ [naM` (S>m∞. O`lr ^Q>ZmJa) ...... 271

( Education / $ oejm)

101. CÉVa _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa [a JoUV Edß odkmZ oejU h{Vw Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m g_rjmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ... 273 (aoÌ_ g∑g°Zm) 102. CÉ _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ e°br d YmaU j_Vm _{ß gÂ]ßY H$m A‹``Z (_Zrf amR>m°a, Z{hm Zadoa`m) ....278 103. e°ojH$ JwUdŒmm h{Vw Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m g•OZ (_{Km Ao^f{H$ Xw]{) ...... 281 104. ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV Am°a MnaÃ ‡YmZ X{e _{ß ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ao^`mZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm ...... 284 (oZem Hß$R>mob`m) 105. dV©_mZ oejU _{ß AßH$r` H$jm-H$j H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. ^ßda bmb ZmJXm, Zrb_ Hw$_mar) ...... 286

(Others / A›`)

106. Freedom of Speech and Expression: New Dimensions and Restrictions (Dr. Deepika Bhatnagar)....288 107. Consumer’s Awareness Survey Regarding Food Lable Information ...... 291

(Dr. Neeta Deshmukh, Raksha Goyal) 108. The Costumes Of Mahabharat: By The Modern Fashion Designer (Radhika Sarda, Rajeev Kumar)...294 109. Stress - A Silent Killer Of Human Body And Mind (Taruna Nath) ...... 297 110. OrdZ H$m AoYH$ma - g_Ò`mEß Edß g_mYmZ (S>m∞. gwa{Im a{J{) ...... 299 111. ‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea, Ï`o∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd (S>m∞. JU{e bmb O°Z, S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma ]°amJr) ...... 303 112. d°oXH$ Y_© Xe©Z H$m _yb ‡Ud ("›') (S>m∞. ‡o_bm `mXd) ...... 306 113. ]m°’ Y_© H{$ odH$mg Edß ‡gma _{ß ]m°’ gßJroV`m{ß H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. [yoU©_m e_m©) ...... 308 114. H$bm VH$ZrH$ (AM©Zm) ...... 310 115. Membership Cum Authors Bio Data Form ...... 312

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 6 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Regional Editor Board - International & National

1. Dr. Manisha Thakur - Fulton College, Arizona State University, America. 2. Mr. Ashok Kumar - Employbility Operations Manager, Action Training Centre Ltd. London, U.K. 3. Ass. Prof. Beciu Silviu - Vice Dean (Management) Agriculture & Rural Development, UASVM, Bucharest, Romania. 4. Mr. Khgendra Prasad Subedi - Senior Psychologist, Public Service Commission, Central Office, Anamnagar, Kathmandu, Nepal. 5. Prof. Dr. G.C. Khimesara - Former Principal, Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P.) India 6. Prof. Dr. Pramod Kr. Raghav - Research Guide, Jyoti Vidhyapeeth Women University, Jaipur (Raj.) India 7. Prof. Dr. N.S. Rao - Director, Janardhanrai Nagar Raj. Vidhyapeeth University, Udiapur (Raj.) India 8. Prof. Dr. Anoop Vyas - Former Dean, Commerce, Devi Ahilya University, Indore (India) India 9. Prof. Dr. P.P. Pandey - HOD, Commerce(Dean), Avadesh Pratapsingh University, Rewa (M.P.) India 10. Prof. Dr. Sanjay Bhayani - HOD, Business Management Deptt., Saurashtra University, Rajkot (Guj.) India 11. Prof. Dr. Pratap Rao Kadam - HOD, Commerce, Govt. Girls PG College, Khandwa (M.P.) India 12. Prof. Dr. B.S. Jhare - Professor, Commerce Deptt., Shri Shivaji College, Akola (Mh.) India 13. Prof. Dr. Sanjay Khare - Prof., Sociology, Govt. Auto. Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P.) India 14. Prof. Dr. R.P. Upadhayay - Exam Controller, Govt. Kamlaraje Girls Auto. PG College, Gwalior (M.P.) India 15. Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kr. Sharma - Professor, Govt. Hamidia Arts & Commerce College, Bhopal (M.P.) India 16. Prof. Akhilesh Jadhav - Prof., Physics, Govt. J. Yoganandan Chattisgarh College, Raipur (C.G.) India 17. Prof. Dr. Kamal Jain - Prof., Commerce, Govt. PG College, Khargone (M.P.) India 18. Prof. Dr. D.L. Khadse - Prof., Commerce, Dhanvate National College, Nagpur (Maharastra) India 19. Prof. Dr.Vandna Jain - Prof., Hindi, Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P.) India 20. Prof. Dr. Hardayal Ahirwar - Prof.,Economics, Govt. PG College, Shahdol (M.P.) India 21. Prof. Dr. Sharda Trivedi - Retd. Professor, Home Science, Indore (M.P.) India 22. Prof. Dr. Usha Shrivastav - HOD, Hindi Deptt., Acharya Institute of Graduate Study, Soldevanali, Bengaluru (Karnataka) India 23. Prof. Dr. G. P. Dawre - Professor, Commerce, Govt. College, Badwah (M.P.) India 24. Prof. Dr. H.K. Chouarsiya - Prof., Botany, T.N.V. College, Bhagalpur (Bihar) India 25. Prof. Dr. Vivek Patel - Prof., Commerce, Govt. College, Kotma, Distt., Anooppur (M.P.) India 26. Prof. Dr. Dinesh Kr. Chaudhary - Prof., Commerce, Rajmata Sindhiya Govt. Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P.) India 27. Prof. Dr. P.K. Mishra - Prof., Zoological, Govt. PG College, Betul (M.P.) India 28. Prof. Dr. Jitendra K. Sharma - Prof., Commerce, Maharishi Dayanand Uni. Centre, Palwal (Haryana) India 29. Prof. Dr. R. K. Gautam - Prof., Govt. Manjkuwar Bai Arts & Commerce College, Jabalpur (M.P.) India 30. Prof. Dr. Gayatri Vajpai - Professor, Hindi, Govt. Maharaja Autonomus College, Chhattarpur (M.P.) India 31. Prof. Dr. Avinash Shendare - HOD, Pragati Arts & Commerce College, Dombivali, Mumbai (Mh.) India 32. Prof. Dr. J.C. Mehta - Fr. HOD, Research Centre, Commerce, Devi Ahilya Uni., Indore (M.P.) India 33. Prof. Dr. B.S. Makkad - HOD, Research Centre Commerce, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) India 34. Prof. Dr. P.P. Mishra - HOD, Maths, Chattrasal Govt. PG College, Panna (M.P.) India 35. Prof. Dr. Sunil Kumar Sikarwar - Professor, Chemistry, Govt. PG College, Jhabua (M.P.) India 36. Prof. Dr. K.L. Sahu - Professor, History, Govt. PG College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) India 37. Prof. Dr. Malini Johnson - Professor, Botany, Govt. PG College, Mahu (M.P.) India 38. Prof. Dr. Vishal Purohit - M.L.B. Govt. Girls PG College, Kila Miadan, Indore (M.P.) India Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 7 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA

1. Prof. Dr. Narendra Shrivastav - Scientist , ISRO, Bengaluru (Karnataka) India 2. Prof. Dr. Aditya Lunawat - Director, Swami Vivekanand Career Guidance deptt. M.P. Higher Education, M.P. Govt., Bhopal (M.P.) India 3. Prof. Dr. Sanjay Jain - Former Controller, Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board Bhopal (M.P.) India 4. Prof. Dr S.K. Joshi - Former Principal, Govt. Arts & Science College, Ratlam (M.P.) India 5. Prof. Dr. J.P.N. Pandey - Fr. Principal, Govt. Auto.Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P.) India 6. Prof. Dr. Sumitra Waskel - Principal, Govt. Girls PG College, Moti Tabela, Indore (M.P.) India 7. Prof. Dr. P.R. Chandelkar - Principal, Govt. Girls PG College, Chhindwara (M.P.) India 8. Prof. Dr. Mangal Mishra - Principal, Shri Cloth Market, Girls Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) India 9. Prof. Dr. R.K. Bhatt - Former Principal, Govt. Girls College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) India 10. Prof. Dr. Ashok Verma - Former HOD, Commerce (Dean) Devi Ahilya University, Indore (M.P.) India 11. Prof. Dr. Rakesh Dhand - HOD, Student Welfare Deptt., Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) India 12. Prof. Dr. Anil Shivani - HOD, Commerce /Management Deptt. Shri Atal Bihari Vajpai Hindi University, Bhopal (M.P.) India 13. Prof. Dr. PadamSingh Patel - HOD, Commerce Deptt., Govt. College, Mahidpur (M.P.) India 14. Prof. Dr. Manju Dubey - HOD (Dean), Home Science Deptt. Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) India 15. Prof. Dr. A.K. Choudhary - Professor, Psychology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udiapur (Raj.) India 16. Prof. Dr. T. M. Khan - Principal, Govt. College, Dhamnod, Distt. Dhar (M.P.) India 17. Prof. Dr. Pradeep Singh Rao - Principal, Govt. College, Sailana, Distt. Ratlam (M.P.) India 18. Prof. Dr. K.K. Shrivastava - Professor, Eco., Vijaya Raje Govt. Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P.) India 19. Prof. Dr. Kanta Alawa - Professor, Pol. Sci., S.B.N.Govt. PG College, Badwani (M.P.) India 20. Prof. Dr. S.K. Jain - Professor, Commerce, Govt. PG College, Jhabua (M.P.) India 21. Prof. Dr. Kishan Yadav - Asso. Professor, Research Centre Bundelkhand College, Jhasi (U.P.) India 22. Prof. Dr. B.R. Nalwaya - Chairman,Commerce Deptt.,Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) India 23. Prof. Dr. Purshottam Gautam - Dean, Commerce Deptt.,Devi Ahilya University, Indore (M.P.) India 24. Prof. Dr. Natwarlal Gupta - HOD, Commerce Deptt.,Devi Ahilya University, Indore (M.P.) India 25. Prof. Dr. S.C. Mehta - Professor/HOD, Govt. Bhagat Singh PG College, Jaora (M.P.) India 26. Prof. Dr. Tapan Chore - HOD,Economics, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) India

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 8 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Referee Board

Maths - (1) Prof. Dr. V.K. Gupta, Director Vedic Maths - Research Centre, Ujjain (M.P.) Physics - (1) Prof. Dr. R.C. Dixit, Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Neeraj Dubey, Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) Computer Science - (1) Prof. Dr. Umesh Kumar Singh, HOD, Computer Study Centre, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) Chemistry - (1) Prof. Dr. Manmeet Kaur Makkad, Govt. Kalidas Girls College,Ujjain (M.P.) Botany - (1) Prof. Dr. Suchita Jain, Govt. Girls PG College, Kota (Raj.) (2) Prof. Dr. Akhilesh Aayachi, Govt. Adarsh Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.) Life Science - (1) Prof. Dr. Manjulata Sharma, M.S.J. Govt. College, Bharatpur (Raj.) - (2) Prof. Dr. Amrita Khatri, Mata Jijabai Govt. Girls PG College, Moti Tabela, Indore (M.P.) Statitics - (1) Prof. Dr. Ramesh Pandya, Govt. Arts - Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) Military Science - (1) Prof. Dr. Kailash Tyagi, Govt. Motilal Science College, Bhopal (M.P.) Biology - (1) Dr. Kanchan Dhingara, Govt. M.H. Home Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.) Geology - (1) Prof. Dr. R.S. Raghuvanshi, Govt. Motilal Science College, Bhopal (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Suyesh Kumar, Govt. Adarsh College, Gwalior (M.P.) Medical Science - (1) Dr.H.G. Varudhkar, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain (M.P.) Microbiology Sci. - (1) Anurag D. Zaveri, Biocare Research (I) Pvt. Ltd., Ahmedabad (Gujarat) ***** Commerce ***** Commerece - (1) Prof. Dr. P.K. Jain, Govt. Hamidia College, Bhopal (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Shailendra Bharal, Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Laxman Parwal, Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) ***** Management ***** Management - (1) Prof. Dr. Rameshwar Soni, HOD, Research Centre, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Anand Tiwari, Govt. Autonomus PG Girls Excellence College, Sagar (M.P.) Human Resources- (1) Prof. Dr. Harwinder Soni, Pacific Business School, Udaipur (Raj.) Business Administration - (1) Prof. Dr. Kapildev Sharma, Govt. Girls PG College, Kota (Raj.) ***** Law ***** Law - (1) Prof. Dr. S.N. Sharma, Principal, Govt. Madhav Law College, Ujjain (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Narendra Kumar Jain, Principal, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru PG Law College, Mandsaur (M.P.) ***** Arts ***** Economics - (1) Prof. Dr. P.C. Ranka, Sri Sitaram Jaju Govt. Girls PG College, Neemuch (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. J.P. Mishra, Govt. Maharaja Autonomus College, Chhattarpur (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Anjana Jain, M.L.B. Govt. Girls PG College, Kila Maidan, Indore (M.P.) Political Science - (1) Prof. Dr. Ravindra Sohoni, Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Anil Jain, Govt. Girls College, Ratlam (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Sulekha Mishra, Mankuwar Bai Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Jabalpur (M.P.) Philosophy - (1) Prof. Dr. Hemant Namdev, Govt. Madhav Arts, Commerce & Law College, Ujjain (M.P.) Sociology - (1) Prof. Dr. Uma Lavania, Govt. Girls College, Bina (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. H.L. Phulvare, Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Indira Burman, Govt. Home Science College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) Hindi - (1) Prof. Dr. Kala Joshi , ABV Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 9 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

(2) Prof. Dr. Chanda Talera Jain, HOD Research Centre, Devi Ahilya University, Indore (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Jaya Priyadarshini Shukla, Vansthali Vidyapeeth (Raj.) (4) Prof. Dr. Amit Shukla, Govt. Thakur Ranmatsingh College, Rewa (M.P.) English - (1) Prof. Dr. Ajay Bhargava, Govt. College, Badnagar (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Manjari Agnihotri, Govt. Girls College, Sehore (M.P.) Sanskrit - (1) Prof. Dr. Bhawana Srivastava, Govt. Autonomus Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Bhopal (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Balkrishan Prajapati, Govt. PG College, Ganjbasauda, Distt. Vidisha (M.P.) History - (1) Prof. Dr. Naveen Gidiyan, Govt. Autonomus Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P.) Geography - (1) Prof. Dr. Rajendra Srivastava, Govt. College, Pipliya Mandi, Distt. Mandsaur (M.P.) (2) Prof. Kajol Moitra, Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur (C.G.) Psychology - (1) Prof. Dr. Kamna Verma, Principal, Govt. Rajmata Sindhiya Girls PG College, Chhindwara (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Saroj Kothari, Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P.) Drawing - (1) Prof. Dr. Alpana Upadhyay, Govt. Madhav Arts-Commerce-Law College. Ujjain (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Rekha Srivastava, Maharani Laxmibai Govt. Girls PG College, Bhopal (M.P.) (3) Prof. Dr. Yatindera Mahobe, Govt. Girls College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) Music/Dance - (1) Prof. Dr. Bhawana Grover (Kathak),Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut (U.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Sripad Aronkar, Rajmata Sindhiya Govt. Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P.) ***** Home Science ***** Diet/Nutrition - (1) Prof.Dr. Pragati Desai, Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P.) Science (2) Prof. Madhu Goyal, Swami Keshavanand Home Science College, Bikaner (Raj.) (3) Prof. Dr. Sandhya Verma, Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) Human - (1) Prof. Dr. Meenakshi Mathur, HOD, Jainarayan Vyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) Development (2) Prof. Dr. Abha Tiwari, HOD, Research Centre, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur (M.P.) Family Resource - (1) Prof. Dr. Manju Sharma, Mata Jijabai Govt. Girls PG College, Moti Tabela, Management Indore (M.P.) (2) Prof. Dr. Namrata Arora, Vansthali Vidhyapeeth (Raj.) ***** Education ***** Education - (1) Prof. Dr. Manorama Mathur, Mahindra College of Education, Bangluru (Karnataka) (2) Prof. Dr. N.M.G. Mathur, Principal/Dean, Pacific EducationCollege, Udaipur (Raj.) (3) Prof. Dr. Neena Aneja, Principal, A.S. College Of Education, Khanna (Punjab) (4) Prof. Dr. Satish Gill, Shiv College of Education,Tigaon, Faridabad (Haryana) ***** Architecture ***** Architecture - (1) Prof. Kiran P. Shindey, Principal,School of Architecture,IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.) ***** Physical Education ***** Physical Education - (1) Prof. Dr. Joginder Singh, Physical Education, Pacific University, Udaipur (Raj.) ***** Library Science ***** Library Science - (1) Dr. Anil Sirothia, Govt. Maharaja College, Chhattarpur (M.P.)

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 10 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Spokesperson's

1. Prof. Dr. Davendra Rathore - Govt. PG College, Neemuch (M.P.) 2. Prof. Smt. Vijaya Wadhwa - Govt. Girls PG College, Neemuch (M.P.) 3. Dr. Surendra Shaktawat - Gyanodaya Institute of Management - Technology, Neemuch (M.P.) 4. Prof. Dr. Devilal Ahir - Govt. College, Jawad, Distt. Neemuch (M.P.) 5. Shri Ashish Dwivedi - Govt. College, Manasa, Distt. Neemuch (M.P.) 6. Prof. Manoj Mahajan - Govt. College, Sonkach, Distt. Dewas (M.P.) 7. Shri Umesh Sharma - Krishna Education College, Javi, Distt. Neemuch (M.P.) 8. Prof. Dr. S.P. Panwar - Govt. PG College, Mandsaur (M.P.) 9. Prof. Dr. Puralal Patidar - Govt. Girls College, Mandsaur (M.P.) 10. Prof. Dr. Kshitij Purohit - Jain Arts, Commerce & Science College, Mandsaur (M.P.) 11. Prof. Dr. N.K. Patidar - Govt. College, Pipliyamandi, Distt. Mandsaur (M.P.) 12. Prof. Dr. Y.K. Mishra - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) 13. Prof. Dr. Suresh Kataria - Govt. Girls College, Ratlam (M.P.) 14. Prof. Dr. Abhay Pathak - Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) 15. Prof. Dr. Malsingh Chouhan - Govt. College, Sailana, Distt. Ratlam (M.P.) 16. Prof. Dr. Gendalal Chouhan - Govt. Vikram College, Khachrod, Distt. Ujjain (M.P.) 17. Prof. Dr. Prabhakar Mishra - Govt. College, Mahidpur, Distt. Ujjain (M.P.) 18. Prof. Dr. Prakash Kumar Jain - Govt. Madhav Arts, Commerce & Law College, Ujjain (M.P.) 19. Prof. Dr. Kamla Chauhan - Govt. Kalidas Girls College, Ujjain (M.P.) 20. Prof. Abha Dixit - Govt. Girls PG College, Ujjain (M.P.) 21. Prof. Dr. Pankaj Maheshwari - Govt. College, Tarana, Distt. Ujjain (M.P.) 22. Prof. Dr. D.C. Rathi - Swami Vivekanand Career Gudiance Deptt., Higher Education Deptt., M.P. Govt., Indore (M.P.) 23. Prof. Dr. Anita Gagrade - Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P.) 24. Prof. Dr. Sanjay Pandit - Govt. M.J.B. Girls PG College, Moti Tabela, Indore (M.P.) 25. Prof.Dr. Rambabu Gupta - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore (M.P.) 26. Prof. Dr. Anjana Saxena - Govt. Maharani Laxmibai Girls PG College, Indore (M.P.) 27. Prof. Dr. Sonali Nargunde - Journalism & Mass Comm .Research Centre, D.A.V.V., Indore (M.P.) 28. Prof. Dr. Bharti Joshi - Life Education Department, Devi Ahilya University, Indore (M.P.) 29. Prof. Dr. M.D. Somani - Govt. M.J.B. Girls PG College, Moti Tabela, Indore (M.P.) 30. Prof. Dr. Priti Bhatt - Govt. N.S.P. Science College, Indore (M.P.) 31. Prof. Dr. Sanjay Prasad - Govt. College, Sanwer, Distt. Indore (M.P.) 32. Prof. Dr. Meena Matkar - Suganidevi Girls College, Indore (M.P.) 33. Prof. Dr. Mohan Waskel - Govt. College, Thandla Distt. Jhabua (M.P.) 34. Prof. Dr. Nitin Sahariya - Govt. College, Kotma Distt. Anooppur (M.P.) 35. Prof. Dr. Manju Rajoriya - Govt. Girls College, Dewas (M.P.) 36. Prof. Dr. Shahjad Qureshi - Govt. New Arts & Science College, Mundi, Distt. Khandwa (M.P.) 37. Prof. Dr. Shail Bala Sanghi - Maharani Lakshmibai Govt. Girls PG College, Bhopal (M.P.) 38. Prof. Dr. Praveen Ojha - Shri Bhagwat Sahay Govt. PG College, Gwalior (M.P.) 39. Prof. Dr. Omprakash Sharma - Govt. PG College, Sheopur (M.P.) 40. Prof. Dr. S.K. Shrivastava - Govt. Vijayaraje Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P.) 41. Prof. Dr. Anoop Moghe - Govt. Kamlaraje Girls PG College, Gwalior (M.P.) 42. Prof. Dr. Hemlata Chouhan - Govt. College, Badnagar (M.P.) 43. Prof. Dr. Maheshchandra Gupta - Govt. PG College, Khargone (M.P.) 44. Prof. Dr. Mangla Thakur - Govt. PG College, Badhwah, Distt. Khargone (M.P.) 45. Prof. Dr. K.R. Kumhekar - Govt College, Sanawad, Distt. Khargone(M.P.) 46. Prof. Dr. R.K. Yadav - Govt. Girls College, Khargone (M.P.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 11 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

47. Prof. Dr. Asha Sakhi Gupta - Govt. PG College, Badwani (M.P.) 48. Prof. Dr. Hemsingh Mandloi - Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P.) 49. Prof. Dr. Prabha Pandey - Govt. PG College, Mehar, Distt. Satna (M.P.) 50. Prof. Dr. Rajesh Kumar - Govt. College, Amarpatan, Distt. Satna (M.P.) 51. Prof. Dr. Ravendra singh Patel - Govt. PG College, Satna (M.P.) 52. Prof. Dr. Manoharlal Gupta - Govt. PG College, Rajgarh, Biora (M.P.) 53. Prof. Dr. Madhusudan Prakash - Govt. College, Ganjbasauda, Distt. Vidisha (M.P.) 54. Prof. Dr. Yuwraj Shirvatava - Dr. C.V. Raman Univeristy, Bilaspur (C.G.) 55. Prof. Dr. Sunil Vajpai - Govt. Tilak PG College, Katni (M.P.) 56. Prof. Dr. B.S. Sisodiya - Govt. PG College, Dhar (M.P 58. Prof. Dr. A. K. Pandey - Govt. Girls College, Satna (M.P.) 58. Prof. Dr. Shashi Prabha Jain - Govt. PG College, Agar-Malwa (M.P.) 59. Prof. Dr. Niyaz Ansari - Govt. College, Sinhaval, Distt. Sidhi (M.P.) 60. Prof. Dr. ArjunSingh Baghel - Govt. College, Harda (M.P.) 61. Dr. Suresh Kumar Vimal - Govt. College, Bansadehi, Distt. Betul (M.P.) 62. Prof. Dr. Amar Chand Jain - Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) 63. Prof. Dr. Rashmi Dubey - Govt. Autonomus Girls PG Excellence College, Sagar (M.P.) 64. Prof. Dr. A.K. Jain - Govt. PG College, Bina, Distt. Sagar (M.P.) 65. Prof. Dr. Sandhya Tikekar - Govt. Girls College, Bina, Distt. Sagar (M.P.) 66. Prof. Dr. Rajiv Sharma - Govt. Narmada PG College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) 67. Prof. Dr. Rashmi Srivastava - Govt. Home Science College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) 68. Prof. Dr. Laxmikant Chandela - Govt. Autonomus PG College, Chhindwara (M.P.) 69. Prof. Dr. Balram Singotiya - Govt. College, Saunsar, Distt. Chhindwara (M.P.) 70. Prof. Dr. Vimmi Bahel - Govt. College, Kalapipal, Distt. Shajapur (M.P.) 71. Prof. Aprajita Bhargava - R.D.Public School, Betul (M.P) 72. Prof. Dr. Meenu Gajala Khan - Govt. College, Maksi, Distt. Shajapaur (M.P.) 73. Prof. Dr. Pallavi Mishra - Govt. College, Mauganj Distt. Rewa (M.P.) 74. Prof. Dr. N.P. Sharma - Govt. College, Datia (M.P.) 75. Prof. Dr. Jaya Sharma - Govt. Girls College, Sehore (M.P.) 76. Prof. Dr. Sunil Somwanshi - Govt. College, Nepanagar, Distt. Burhanpur (M.P.) 77. Prof. Dr. Ishrat Khan - Govt. College, Raisen (M.P.) 78. Prof. Dr. Kamlesh Singh Negi - Govt. PG College, Sehore (M.P.) 79. Prof. Dr. Bhawana Thakur - Govt. College, Rehati, Distt. Sehore (M.P.) 80. Prof. Dr. Keshavmani Sharma - Pandit Balkrishan Sharma New Govt. College, Shajapur (M.P.) 81. Prof. Dr. Renu Rajesh - Govt. Nehru Leading College ,Ashok Nagar (M.P.) 82. Prof. Dr. Avinash Dubey - Govt. PG College, Khandwa (M.P.) 83. Prof. Dr. V.K. Dixit - Chhatrasal Govt. PG College, Panna (M.P.) 84. Prof. Dr. Ram Awdesh Sharma - M.J.S. Govt. PG College, Bhind (M.P.) 85. Prof. Dr. Manoj Kr. Agnihotri - Sarojini Naidu Govt. Girls PG College, Bhopal (M.P.) 86. Prof. Dr. Sameer Kr. Shukla - Govt. Chandra Vijay College, Dhindori (M.P.) 87. Prof. Dr. Anoop Parsai - Govt. J. Yoganand Chattisgarh PG College, Raipur (Chattisgarh ) 88. Prof. Dr. Anil Kumar Jain - Vardhaman Mahavir Open University, Kota (Rajasthan) 89. Prof. Dr. Kavita Bhadiriya - Govt. Girls College, Barwani (M.P.) 90. Prof. Dr. Archana Vishith - Govt. Rajrishi College, Alwar (Rajasthan) 91. Prof. Dr. Kalpana Parikh - S.S.G. Parikh PG College, Udaipur (Rajasthan) 92. Prof. Dr. Gajendra Siroha - Pacific University, Udaipur (Rajasthan) 93. Prof. Dr. Krishna Pensia - Harish Anjana College, Chhotisadri, Distt. Pratapgarh (Rajasthan) 94. Prof. Dr. Pradeep Singh - Central University Haryana, Mahendragarh (Haryana) 95. Prof. Dr. Smriti Agarwal - Research Consultant, New Delhi Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 12 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Reduction in consumption of limestone by use of Portland Pozzolana Cement Using Mathematical Modeling

* ** Dr. Sapna Shrimali R.K. Mishra

Abstract - Through this paper we draw attention of Limestone problem faced by cement industry. As per IBM survey we have observed limestone for 35-41 years by use of PPC cement we can save limestone from 16 % to 37 % and increase the reserve of limestone from 14187 to 33103 million tonnes against the production of OPC. By production of PPC Cement varying fly ash % 15 to 35 we increase our reserve from 47 to 56 which is maximum of 41 years. Key Words - OPC, PPC,Flyash,Clinker.

Introduction - Cement industry is one of major consumer Limestone relation with clinker & OPC cement of cement grade limestone. As per the survey of Indian It is theoretical Proof that for 1 ton production of clinker Bureau of Mines we have limestone for 35 to 41 years that 1.53 ton of limestone required is 89,862 million. We are the second largest producer of → CaCO3 Cao + CO2 ‘! cement in the world and accounts for 6.9 % of world’s 100 56 + 44 cement production. As per the report by ministry of We have limestone stock of 89,862 million tons for commerce and industry Govt. of India is going to invest on 35-41 years as per IBM report( base for our calculation) infrastructure approximate US $ 1 trillion. It is well known Total limestone for 41 year =89862 million tons that for 1 ton clinker average 1.53 tons of limestone is Limestone for 1 year = 89862\41 required. In other words for one ton cement we require 1.45 = 2191.75 million tons ton limestone. We have capacity to produce nearly 420 Clinker from 2191.75 limestone =2191.75\1.53 million tons of cement up to 2020 we increase our =1432.52 million ton clinker production capacity to 550 million tons. It is estimated that ( 1.53 = conversion factor from limestone to clinker) for the FY2017 we produce 280 million tons cement. OPC Cement production = 95 % Clinker + 5% Gyp. Materials & Method - We India is the second largest Cement production from 1432.52 million ton clinker = producer of cement in the world and accounts for 6.9 % of 1432.52+ (5*1507.91)\100 world’s production. During this financial year we are going = 1432.52+75.395 to produce approximate 280 million tons of cement. As Govt. =1507.915million ton OPC cement of India is going to invest a huge amount on infrastructure Case I that is US $1 trillion. If we use 15% fly ash Clinker requirement for1507.915 As per survey of IBM we have reserves for 35-41 years OPC cement = 1432.52 million ton clinker For PPC with and as per recent decision by Supreme Court of India seeing addition of 15% of 1507.915= (15*1507.915 )\100 the climate issues certain states do not use pet coke. BY = 226.187 million ton fly ash 2020 we increase our production capacity to 550 million Saving of 226.187 million ton clinker tons. In terms of limestone saving is =1.53*226.187 As per report of ENVIS we generate 200 million tons = 346.066 million ton limestone of fly ash and up to 2030 it is going to be 600 million tons. Formula for Saving ofLime stone on same PPC To mitigate both the issues the problem of limestone and production against OPC =(X% of Same production of OPC disposal of fly ash the best solution is production of PPC Cement*1.53) by this we can save the limestone reserves in million tons Where value of X varies from 15 % to 35 % and solve the problem of handling of fly ash. BIS allows Formula for % saving limestone by PPC production =(Fly addition of fly ash from 15 % to 35 % in cement production. ash consumed ×1.53)\Limestone used in OPC production (Digram see in the last page) Formula for increase in limestone reserve = {(Fly ash

* Associate Professor & HOD (Mathematics) Pacific Academy of Higher Education & Research University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA ** Research Scholar (Mathematics) Pacific Academy of Higher Education & Research University, Udaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 13 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II consumed×1.53) +Limestone reserve}\(Limestone 2025(centre for clean air policy), pp.1-43 (2006). consumed for production) (Table see in the next page) 3. Cao.J, Ho. M.S, and Jorgenson. D.W “Co-Benefits” Graph betweenlimestoneused in OPC V/S PPC On same of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Policies in China an production Integrated Top-Down and Bottom-Up Modeling (Table see in the next page) Analysis , Environment for Development, EfD DP 08- % Saving limestone on same production of PPC against 10, (2008). OPC 4. Ponssard.J.P and Walker.N , EU Emissions Trading (Table see in the next page) and the cement sector: A Spatial Competition We know that for 1507.915 million ton OPC we need Analysis.Climate Policy, 8, pp.467-493 (2008) 2191.755 million tons limestone 5. Gallagher.K.S , Acting In Time On Climate Change, Saving of limestone on different % of fly ash on Production Acting In Time On Energy Policy Conference , pp. 1- of PPC = X % 0f PPC Production × 24 (2008). 1.53×year Value of X vary from 15 to 35 and year vary from 6. TheLoreti Group, Green House Gas Emission 1 to 41 Let us take a case of 1507.915 million ton production. Reduction from Blended Cement Production, Prepared (Table see in the next page) by California Climate Action Registry, pp.1-33 (2008). As per government rule we have to pay Rs .80 per ton 7. Christopher. L, Arlington, Massachsetts ,Cement limestone royalty and other govt. taxes 32% of Rs.80 i.e Sector Green House Gas Emissions Reduction Case Rs.25.60 in total 105.60 . We have to pay govt. for 1 ton Studies, California Energy Commission,C EC- 600- limestone Rs. 105.60. 2009-005 (2009). Let us take a case plant producing OPC cement 10 8. Ishida .A, Araki .A, Yamamoto. K, Morioka . M, Hori. million ton if it produces same 10 million ton PPC cement A, Application of Blended Cement in Shotcrete to saving are as follows Reduce the Environmental Burden, XI Engineering For 10 million ton OPC cement clinker = 9.5 million Conferences International, pp.1-9 (2009). ton clinker 9 Chennoufi.L , Grey.H.H, Breisinger.M, Boulet.E and From 10 million ton PPC savings URS France,An Approach to Reconciling the Financing Actual Saving of Limestone by PPC production = (X% of Cement Manufacturing Plants with Climate Change of PPC production ×1.53×govt.taxes or mining cost)- (Fly Objectives, pp.1-17 ( 2010). ash Landed Cost) 10. Moesgaard.M, Yue.Y, Glass Particles as an Active and

Where 1.53 is conversion factor from Limestone to Co2 Reducing Component in Future Cement , Faculty Clinker (For 1 ton clinker how much limestone required) Of Engineering And Science, Aalborg University,pp1- Net Saving =( Cost of Limestone used in OPC- Actual -54 (2010). Saving from PPC production ) 11. Thomas .M, Kazanis.K, Cail.K, Delagrave.A, Blair.B, (Table see in the next page) Lafarge North America, Lowering the Carbon Footprint Conclusion - By use of mathematical model we are able of Concrete by Reducing the Clinker Content of to know that by varying percentage of fly ash we can Cement, Annual Conference of the Transportation reduce limestone consumption from 16 % to 37 % , Association of Canada Halifax, Nova Scotia, pp.1- 13 increase the life of reserve from 47 to 56 years ,Saving ( 2010). crore of rupees in govt.taxes in royalty and other taxes for 12. Sector Policies and Programs Division Office of Air cement plant. Saving in crore rupees in crushing cost. Quality Planning and Standards U.S. Environmental Use of million tons of thermal power plant waste that is fly Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, North ash. Available hectares of land for farming where these Carolina 27711, Available and Emerging Technologies ash are dump. Increase in production capacity. for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Acknowledgment - We are thankful to Shri A.K.Bartaria Portland Cement Industry, pp.1-45 (2010). (Sr. V.P.) UCWL for his guidance and support. 13. Mitsubishi Research Institute Inc, New Mechanism

References :- Feasibility Study on CO2 Abatement through Utilization 1. Prasad. P.S.R ,KumarA.V.P,Rao. K.B and Muthanna of Blast Furnace Slags as Blending Material for K.M., Experimental Cement in Viet Nam, New Mechanism Feasibility Investigation on Long Term Strength of Blended and Study, pp.1-24 (2011). O.P.C Concretes, National 14. Fukui .A and Krishna. S , IGES- TERI CDM Reform Conference on Recent Developments in Structural Paper: Linking Ground Experience with CDM Data in Engineering MIT, Manipal, pp. the Cement Sector in India, Institute for Global 384-390 (2005). Environmental Strategies (IGES) the Energy and 2. Ogonowski. M ,Houdashelt.M ,Schmidt. J , Lee. J Resources Institute (TERI), pp.1-16 ( 2011). andHelme. N.,Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in Brazil, 15 Gupta.A and Cullinen.M.S , The Carbon war Room , China and India:Scenarios and opportunities through Cement Primer Report, pp. 1-22 (2011). Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 14 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

16. Kargari.A and Ravanchi.M.T, Carbon Dioxide: Material and Building Hardware Sector (2013-17,2017- Capturing And Utilization, Greenhouse Gases- 2022), Government of India Ministry of Skill Capturing, Utilization and Reduction, pp.1-30 (2012). Development and Entrepreneurship. N.S.D.C National 17. Charkovska.N, Bun. R, Nahorski.Z, Horabik.J, Skill Development Corporation Transforming the Skill Mathematical Modeling and Spatial Analysis of Landscape, 6, pp. 1-57 ( 2014). Emission Processes in Polish Industry Sector: Cement, 22. Guynn .J and Kline. J, Maximizing SCM Content of Lime and Glass Production, Econtechmod: An Blended Cements, 2015-CIC-00043978-1-4799-5580- International Quarterly Journal, 01( 4 ), pp.17–22 0/14/IEEE. (2012). 23. Tsimas.S and Moutsatsou .A , Hydration of Cao 18. Ansari.N, Seifi.A, A System Dynamics Model for Present in Fly Ashes, National Technical University of

Analyzing Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission in Athens School of Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Iranian Cement Industry under Various Production and Inorganic & Analytical Chemistry , pp.1-74 ( 2015). Export Scenarios, Energy Policy 58, pp.75–89 ( 2013). 24. Ridhhi, Sustainable Materials in the Construction 19. Stripple.H ,Greenhouse Gas Strategies for Cement Industry, Sustainability Outlook , (2015). Containing Products, IVL Report B2024, pp.1-101 ( 25. Krishnan.M.R , Quality Of Life For All: A Sustainable 2013). Development Framework for India’s Climate Policy , 20. Mukherjee .S.P andVesmawala .G, Literature Review Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy on Technical Aspect of Sustainable Concrete, (CSTEP), (2015). International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 26. Lee .H.S and Wang.X.Y , Evaluation of the Carbon 2 (8), pp. 01-09 ( 2013). Dioxide Uptake of Slag-Blended Concrete Structures, 21. KPMG Advisory Services Pvt. Ltd. (KASPL), Human Considering the Effect Of Carbonation, Sustainability Resource and Skill Requirement in Construction 2016, 8, 312; pp.1-18 ( 2016).

OPC in Limestone in PPC in Fly Saving of % Saving Fly ash Saving of million Tons million Tons million ash % Limestone limestone utilization limestone for OPC Tons from PPC in against in smillion in 41 years million Tons OPC tons 1507.915 2191.755 1507.915 15 346.066 15.79 226.187 14188.706 1507.915 2191.755 1507.915 20 461.421 21.05 301.583 18918.261 1507.915 2191.755 1507.915 25 576.777 26.31 376.978 23647.857 1507.915 2191.755 1507.915 30 692.132 31.57 452.374 28377.412 1507.915 2191.755 1507.915 35 807.488 36.84 527.770 33107.008

PRODUCTION OF Limestone consumed Limestone consumed CEMENT in million in OPC production in in PPC production in tons million tons millions tons 1507.915 2191.755 1845.689 1507.915 2191.755 1730.334 1507.915 2191.755 1614.978 1507.915 2191.755 1499.623 1507.915 2191.755 384.267

OPC & PPC Saving of Limestone % Saving production in from PPC in million limestone million tons Tons against OPC 1507.915 346.066 15.79 1507.915 461.421 21.05 1507.915 576.777 26.31 1507.915 692.132 31.57 1507.915 807.488 36.84 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 15 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Production Different Saving of Saving in Present Present stock + Total stock in million % of fly limestone 41 years on stock of saving limestone in years tons ash on different different % limestoneIn 41 years in million % fly ash of fly ash million tons tons 1507.915 15 346.066 14188.706 89862 104050.706 47.47 1507.915 20 461.421 18918.261 89862 108780.261 49.63 1507.915 25 576.777 23647.857 89862 113509.857 51.79 1507.915 30 692.132 28377.412 89862 118239.412 53.95 1507.915 35 807.488 33107.008 89862 122969.008 56.10

Fly Limestone saving Saving royalty& Saving in mining ash % in million tons(X% other taxes in cost including all of PPC *1.53) (A) Rs.Crores upto crushing (A*105.60)=B (B* Rs240/ton) 15 2.295 24.235 55.08 20 3.06 32.313 73.44 25 3.825 40.392 91.80 30 4.59 48.470 110.16 35 5.355 56.548 128.52 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 16 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 17 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 18 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Common Fixed Point Theorems for in fuzzy metric spaces for Two mapping

* Dr. Sangeeta Biley

Abstract - Our aim of this paper is to obtain a common fixed point theorem for two self mappings of generalized S- fuzzy metric space, which generalize the result of singh and chauhan [4]. Key Words -S-Fuzzy metric space, common fixed point, t-norm. Introduction - Many attempts have been made for all x, y, z in X and for some o < p< t < r. proposing non additive models of uncertainty. Most radical Then attempt was initiated by L. Zadeh [5] in 1965. S(x,y, y, r) > S(x, y, y, 2r) Many authors have introduced the concept of fuzzy > S(x, y, y, p) * S(x, y, y, t) * S(y, y, y, 2r-t-p) metric spaces in different ways [1] [2], kramosil and =S(x, y, y, p) * S(x, y, y, t) michalek [3] is one of them. Recently singh and chouhan = S(x, y, y, t) [4] developed a new concept of generalized fuzzy metric or space (or s-fuzzy metric space) and proved Banach S(x, y, y, r) > S(x, y, y, t) contraction principle in this newly developed space. Which is a contraction. In this paper we establish a general common fixed point This completes the proof. theorem, which generalize the result of singh and chauhan Our result is. [4]. Theorem – 1Let (X, S,* )be a complete fuzzy metric space Preliminaries :- with the t-norm “*” defined by

Then {Mn} and {Tn} have a unique common fixed point in X. Proof :

Let be an arbitrary point in Xo , Define sequence {Xn} such that.

* Department of Mathematics, Swami VivekanandGovt. P.G. College Harda (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 19 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

References :- 1. Erceg, M.A., Metric spaces in fuzzy set theory, Jour. Math. Anal. Appl. 69 (1979), 205-230. 2. Keleva, O and seikkala, S. , On fuzzy metric spaces : fuzzy sets ans system, 12 (1984), 215-229. 3. Kramosil, O. and Michalek, J. , Fuzzy metric and statistical metric spaces, kybernetika 11 (1975), 336-344. 4. Singh, B. and Chauhan, M.S. , Generalized fuzzy metric spaces and fixed points theorem, Bul. Cal. math. Soc. 89 (1997), 457-460. 5. Zadeh, L.A. : Fuzzy sets Information and control, 8 (1965), 338-353. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 20 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II A Critical Analysis Of Perception Towards Semester System In Madhya Pradesh, India

* ** Dr. Mamta Prajapati Dr. Balram Pd. Prajapati

Abstract - Education is simply the soul of a society as it passes from one generation to another. Talking of the modern day education, one feels proud; of saying yes I am an educated person. Education is the equipping with knowledge. The overall development of mind, body and soul is the real education. Modern day education is aided with a variety of technology, computers, projectors, internet, and many more. In our country, particularly in the higher education sector, the government has practiced and introduced various systems from the very beginning in the name of ensuring quality education and producing quality human resources. Induction of the semester system in the college level education during 1970s was one of such moves. However, the could not sustain for long and was scrapped and replaced by the annual system in the year 1980. After years of exercising the annual system, the Higher Education of Madhya Pradesh introduced the semester system at its college level education inviting a fresh debate in the higher education sector. There is a vast difference in learning and teaching techniques in the process of evaluation under the annual and semester systems. While routine evaluation and frequent class tests are an integral part of the semester system, annual system does not have any such provision. Actually, the provision of frequent class tests and regular evaluation compels students to keep themselves updated all the time. As a result, the students become more study-oriented. Key Words - Education, annual and semester system , debate in higher education. Introduction - Education, as we all are aware, is vital to A. To educate the individual as a free individual; to the human resources development and empowerment in understand and use critical thinking skills. the stages of growth of a nation. In any education system, B. To educate the individual as a part of society – virtually higher education encompassing Management, Engineering, all our knowledge, our clothes, our food is produced Medicines etc., plays a major role in imparting knowledge, by others in our society, thus, we owe Society and have values, and developing skills and, in the process, increase responsibility to contribute back to Society. the growth and productivity of the nation. While the C. Through education, knowledge must continually be Government is committed to providing primary education renewed by ceaseless effort, if it is not to be lost. It and certain facilities/subsidies for higher education, given resembles a statute of marble which stands in the the higher cost involved in the establishment of higher desert and is continually threatened with burial by the education institutes. shifting sand. The hands of service must ever be at Why is India still a developing country and what is work, in order that the marble continue to lastingly shine stopping it from being a developed country? This particular in the sun. question strikes me every time when I think something about However, the role of institutions becomes more India’s education system. I see India’s education system challenging in the modern world with innovations and as a stumbling block towards its objectives of achieving technological developments. Investment in education and inclusive growth. Education has been a problem in our educational institutions should be viewed as an investment country and lack of it has been blamed for all sorts of evil for economic prosperity. In India, there are about 26,478 for hundreds of years. We have established IITs, IIMs, law institutions providing higher education which is 10 times schools and other institutions of excellence; students now higher than US but there is one area which needs reform routinely score 90% marks so that even students with 90+ is “education system”. percentage find it difficult to get into the colleges of their After years of exercising the annual system, the Higher choice; but we do more of the same old stuff. Education of Madhya Pradesh introduced the semester The famous philosopher Einstein while discussing the system at its college level education inviting a fresh debate need for education has projected the following in the higher education sector. Semester system has fundamentals- brought many changes in the life of college academia. * Asst. Professor (Chemistry) Pt. S.N.S. Govt. P.G. (Auto.) College, Shahdol (M.P.) INDIA ** Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School, Burhar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 21 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

The effective and successful implementation of semester burden. system depends upon a number of conditions:- ò In which system, students are continuously Evaluated ? ò Well-designed curriculum, ò To which system, teachers give consideration and ò syllabus coverage within limited time, concentration? ò Regularity of classes, ò Which system is better for learning? ò Timely and constructive feedback to students by the In order to achieve the objective of the study, a teachers; questionnaire, asking the students’ perception about the ò Accessibility of teachers to students outside the class; differences they have felt between both the systems ò Availability of information resources to students such especially in terms of their learning strategies, was as state-of-the-art library and computer facilities; distributed among a randomly selected sample of 160 ò Highest level of secrecy and confidentiality in students who have got the experience of both the examination; educational systems; and interviews with 50 teachers were ò Transparency in evaluation and grades; also conducted to record their perception towards both ò Timely declaration of semester results etc. systems of education. Objective of the Study - The main objectives of the study The data collected through questionnaire give a realistic is to understand and analyse the students and teachers view of both systems of examination. perception towards semester system with regards to- Researchers have personally collected data by face to-face (a) Curriculum; meeting with students as well contacted them telephonically. (b) Syllabus coverage and Regularity of Classes; This data is free from any bias and misinterpretation. (c) Evaluation and feedback and (d) Availability of Results - (see in the last page) Resources; As compared to Annual system, the Semester system (f) To identify the problems of teachers in semester offers students more productive learning environment and system; close interaction with teachers results in development of (g) To point out the difficulties of teachers in semester different skills of students, teachers are more active in system; Semester system. Presentations add to the confidence of (h) To analyze the different issues of teachers in the students. Similarly, assignments and frequently given class semester system; and tests in semester system flourish their reading and writing (i) To suggest the initiatives to remove the difficulties of skills. Semester system restricts students to only grasp their teacher in semester system. curriculum. The propensity of the teachers in semester (j) To suggest the restructuring of current syllabi. system is greater than of annual system to teach with proper (k) To correct the student - teacher ratio. road map, full consideration and attention. Limitedness (l) To remove the shortcomings of the present system. involved in learning objectives regarding an adopted course (m) To recognize the strength and drawbacks of teachers. and monotonousness involved with the teaching-learning (n) It will help the teachers and students to adopt new process. teaching and learning style. (B) Outcomes from Interviews of Teachers - This study (o) It will also help to design the effective strategies for was focused on problems faced by the teachers in semester teacher and students. system. 50 teachers were selected as sample of the study. Research Methodology - In this research, the main Main objectives were to know the specific problems related instrument for collecting primary data is questionnaire, to semester system. It was found that teachers feel Questionnaire, which consists the following questions and overburdened of teaching, prepare assignments, evaluate objectives. students’ papers, produce research papers, prepare exam ò Which system of examination Provides good grading results, take care of new admissions, and helping in other criteria? administrative duties. It was recommended that workload ò In which system of examination, students can obtain of the teachers may be reduced to enhance quality in the better marks. system. Semester system is not an education system. It is ò In which system of examination Students can get better rather an examination system. The main target of semester job opportunities system is to put emphasis on continuous, comprehensive ò Which system Provides thorough understanding of and in-depth learning aiming at capacity building of the concepts? students by developing required Knowledge, skills and ò Under which system academic goals are focused? attitude to become an efficient and effective citizen. The ò In which system students does found busier in educationists are agreed regarding the benefits of semester academic activities? system over the annual system but it is a challenging job ò In which system Students does tested through different for a college teacher to survive in the semester system. techniques? Most of the teachers have perceived that close ò Which system show better presentation skills? interaction develops between teachers and students in ò In which system Students are academically over Semester system which is highly beneficial for students’ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 22 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II learning. Itis learner centered system of education which students. It is believed that if a student is more informed lays more emphasis on building learning potential of the better will be his/her motivation and his/her ability to students rather than rigid system of instruction. Students study. It is, therefore, strongly recommended that proposed are continuously evaluated on the basis of presentations, learning objectives and learning strategies regarding quizzes, Projects and assignments .Students and teachers semester system ought to be communicated to students are always kept on their toes in semester system while and even to their teachers, they become more lazy and lethargic in Annual system. References :- Teachers are more authoritative in Semester system. He 1. Ernst & Young - EDGE 2011 Report. is not only instructor but at the same time the responsibility 2. C.P. Chandrasekhar and Jayanti Ghose , “The Hindu” of continuous evaluation also falls upon his shoulders. In ,2014. Annual system he just delivers lecture and has nothing to 3. Statistics of Higher Education 2014-15. do with evaluation and examination of students. Teachers 4. Pandey Ambika (2015), “The Himalayan Times , mostly rely on books and hard stuffs while teaching in Annual Semester vs anual system”, 14 Jan 2015. system but they are compelled to use internet and modern 5. Aggarwal, C.J. (1997). Essentials of examination technologies in semester system. Credit hours are strictly system evaluation, test and measurement. New Delhi: followed in universities while no such strict time table is Vikas Publications Pvt Limited. followed in an Annual system. 80% of the teachers have 6. Tribus, M. (1994). Total quality management on accounted less time and subjectivity as the demerit of education. In Geoffery D. D. (Ed.). Developing quality semester system while 20% are of the opinion that eighteen system in education. London: Routledge. weeks are also enough to master a subject. 80% of the 7. Malik et al. (2006). Comparative analysis of M.A English teachers are of the opinion that it is totally related to result under annual and semester system: Quality technicalities and, therefore, proper training for a teacher Assurance in Pakistan. is mandatory if he is switching over from an Annual to 8. Jadoon, Z. I. & Jabeen, N. (2006). Human resource Semester system while 20% do not think it to be mandatory. management and quality assurance in public sector Conclusion - The above findings show that both students universities of Pakistan: The case of Punjab University. and teachers view that Semester system is far better for Lahore: The University of Punjab. the students’ learning strategies and outcomes . However, 9. Bhattacharya, K. G. (2011), “Semester System in it was felt that owing to lack of proper resources like Student Undergraduate Courses”, Guwahati Vishwavidyalaya, -Teacher Ratio, Prolonged Admission Processes , and 90 Magazine of Post-graduate Classes 2010-11, 119-124. days are very less time to complete the syllabus of P.G. 10. Douglas, J., Douglas, A., & Barnes, B. (2006), classes. Along with this the syllabus should be revised “Measuring Student Satisfaction at a UK University. according to the requirement of time and updating should Quality Assurance in Education, 14 (3), 251-267. be done in the teaching methods. Semester system cannot 11. Jadoon, J.I., Jabeen, N., & Zeba, F. (2012), “Towards be a successful system in most of the governmental Effective Implementation of Semester System in institutes of Madhya Pradesh. Similarly, more importantly, Pakistan: Lessons from Punjab University, 2nd the teachers ought to keep objective outlooks and practices International Conference on Assessing Quality in in doing the formative and summative evaluations of their Higher Education. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 23 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Results - (A ) Results of the Questionnaire from students - Following main findings were formulated after descriptively analyzing the data got through questionnaire from students-

S.No. Question Students in the Students in the favour Both favour of Semester of Annual System System 1 Which system of examination 74% 20% 6% Provides good grading criteria? 2 In which system of examination, 84% 16% 00 students can obtain better marks. 3 In which system of examination 50% 26% 24% Students can get better job opportunities 4 Which system Provides thorough 70% 16% 14% understanding of concepts? 5 Under which system academic 45% 31% 24% goals are focused? 6 In which system Students does 92% 8% 00 tested through different techniques? 7 Which system show better 100% 00 00 presentation skills? 8 In which system Students are 16% 56% 28% academically over burden. 9 In which system, students are 84% 10% 6% continuously Evaluated ? 10 To which system, teachers give 90% 6% 4% consideration and concentration? 11 Which system is better for learning? 58% 20% 22%

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 24 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Comparative Phytochemical Studies Of Ocimum Sanctum And Mentha Arvensis Ethanolic Leaf Extract

* ** *** Dr. Prakash Solanki Dr. Pramod Pandit Anil Badore

Abstract - Ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum and Mentha arvensis was studied for their phytochemical investigation. Ethanolic extract was prepare using soxhlet extraction method. Phytochemical analysis of active extracts demonstrated the presence of common phyto-constituents like tannins, glycosides, flavonoids steroids and alkaloids. These phytochemical established a good support to the use of this plant in herbal medicine and as a base for the development new and more potent drugs of natural origin. Keywords - Ocimum sanctum, mentha arvensis, soxhlet extraction, phytochemical.

Introduction - Since, the medicinal value of plants has been The predominant cause of global mortality and known centuries. The plant as a whole, their juices and morbidity is lifestyle related diseases which can be extracts are used for various diseases among human addressed through Ayurveda with its focus on healthy beings by many systems of medicines. This has led many life style practices and regular consumption of adapt researchers to investigate the various activities of traditional genic herb. Medicinal plant would be the best source to plants. A variety of drugs could be obtained from medicinal obtain a variety of drug about 80% of individuals from plants. About 80 % individuals from developing countries developed countries use traditional medicine which rely on plant based preparations used in their traditional has compound derived from medicinal plant therefore medicinal system and as the basic needs for human primary such plant should be investigated to better understand health care. Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive their properties safety and efficiency . molecules, making them rich sources of different types of Phytochemical constituents such as steroids medicine. In recent years, drug resistance to human alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenol and several other pathogenic bacteria has been commonly and widely aromatic compound are secondary metabolites of plant reported in literature . that serve a defense mechanism against prediction by Because of the side effects and the resistance that many microorganisms insects and other herbivores . pathogenic microorganism build against antibiotics, many These secondary metabolites exert antimicrobial activity scientists have recently paid attention to herbal extracts through different mechanisms. The basil is cultivated all and biologically active compounds isolated from plant over India as culinary herbs and also as medicinal species used in herbal medicines. Natural products can be plant these are highly aromatic carminative diuretic and selected for biological screening based on ethno-medicinal stimulant flowers are present and the seed are use of plants, because many infectious diseases are known mucilaginous and are given in infusion to cure gonorrhea to have been treated with herbal remedies throughout the dysentery and chronic diarrhea, juice of leave is used history of mankind. Even today, plant materials continue to in cataract and bronchitis in order to stop ear ache it play a major role in primary early care as therapeutic drop in the ears. Leaf infusions are useful in gastric remedies in many developing countries. and liver disorder. Tulsi is a Sanskrit word which means “the incomparable Phytochemical have antioxidant or hormones like one” and has a very special place in the Hindu culture. effect which help in fighting against many diseases Several medicinal properties have been attributed to the including cancer heart disease diabetes high blood Tulsi plant not only in Ayurveda and Siddha but also in pressure and preventing the formation of carcinogens Greek, Roman and Unani systems of medicine. Mentha on their target tissues. Extracts of ocimum are believed arvensis belonging to the family Labiatae is a common to decrease lipid peroxidation and increase the activity edible and aromatic perennial herb which is cultivated of superoxide dismutase.The difference in antimicrobial throughout India. The aromatic leaves are used widely for potency of different tulsi species depends on season flavoring foods and beverages. botanical source storage condition harvesting and * Department of Chemistry, Govt. Autonomous HolkarScience College, Indore (M.P.) India ** Head (Chemistry) S.B.N. Govt. P.G. College, Barwani, K.B. State highway, Barwani (M.P.) INDIA *** Department of Chemistry, Govt. Autonomous Holkar Science College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 25 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II processing but mainly due to its chemical constituents Table – 1. Phytochemical analysis of Ethanol extract that may have biological activity including saponins of Ocimum santum leaves flavonoids triterpenoids and tannins. Scientifically tulsi S.no. Phytochemical Ethanol extract is known as ocimum sanctum is a time tested premier 1. saponins + medicinal herb of Indian origin. 2. Flavonoids + Materials and Methods: 3. Steroides + 1. Selection of studied plant species - In the present 4. Cardiac glycoside + investigation, Ocimum sanctum & Mentha arvensis. Plants 5. Alkaloids + were collected from the different areas of Indore city (M.P). 6. Phenols + 2. Extraction of plant material - The Extraction of 7. Tannins + Ocimum sanctum & Mentha arvensis Ethanolic Leaf Extract Table – 2. Phytochemical analysis of Ethanol extract using soxhlet extraction method. of Mentha arvensis leaves 3. Phytochemicals studies - The Phytochemical studies S.no. Phytochemical Ethanol extract methods described by Harborne were used to test for the 1. saponins - presence of the active ingredients in the test samples. 2. Flavonoids + 4. Test for Phlobatannins - The powdered sample was 3. Steroides - mixed with distill water in a test tube and shacked well after 4. Alkaloids + that it was filtered to take plant extract. Then to each plant 5. Tannins + extract, 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid was added and each 6. Phenols - plant sample was then boiled with the help of hot plate stirrer. 7. Cardiac glycoside - Formation of red colored precipitate confirmed a positive (+) represent the presence of compounds and (–) represent result. the absence of compounds 5. Test for reducing Sugar - 0.50 g of selected plant Results and Discussion - The recent work deals with the sample was added in 5 ml of distilled water. Then 1 ml of phytochemical investigation of the leaves extract of Ocimum ethanol was mixed in the plant extract. After that we took sanctum and Mentha arvensis. In this study saponins, 1ml of fehling solution A and 1ml of fehling solution B in flavonoid, steroides, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, phenols, test tube, heated it to boiling and then poured it in the tannins are investigated in presence of ethanol extract. aqueous ethanol extract. When color reaction was Foam test performed in ethanol extract (Ocimum sanctum). observed, it showed positive result / test. The result shows the presence of saponins. For alkaloids 6. Test for Terpenoids - 0.8 g of selected plant sample using Mayers reagent cream precipitate was observed, this was taken in a test tube, then 10 ml of methanol was poured indicate presence of alkaloids. In ethanol extract steroides, into it, it was shaken well and filtered to take 5 ml extract of cardiac glycoside, tannins showed positive result. This plant sample. then 2ml of chloroform were mixed in extract indicate the presence of steroides, cardiac glycoside and of selected plant sample and 3 ml of sulphuric acid were tannins. added in selected sample extract. Formation of reddish Phytochemical investigation of Mentha arvensis in brown color indicated the presence of terpenoids in the ethanol extract give negative result for saponins and selected plant sample. steroides. While lead acetate test in ethanol extract is 7. Test for Flavonoids - For the confirmation of flavonoid positive for presence of flavonoid. Presence of alkaloids in the selected plant, 0.5 g of each selected plant powder and tannins have also been confirmed in the same extract. were added in a test tube and 10 ml of distill water, 5 ml of Conslusion - Herbs have been used by humankind in the dilute ammonia solution were added to a portion of the form of medicine since their origin. Modern medicine aqueous filtrate of each plant extract followed by addition showed several side effects at the cost of its fast relief. of 1ml concentrated H2SO4 appearance of yellow color This medicine has several shortcoming as per as treatment shows the presence of flavonoid in each extract. toward aids, cancer diabetes etc. hence, world is seeing 8. Test for Alkaloids - For the purpose of phytochemical with new hope toward folk medicine. Ocimum sanctum and analysis of the selected plant, 0.2 g of the selected plant Mentha arvensis leaves were investigated their samples were added in each test tube and 3 ml of hexane Phytochemicals, Saponins, Flavonoids, Steroids, Cardic were mixed in it ,shaken well and filtered. Than took 5ml glycoside, Alkaloids, Phenols and Tannins. Some of the of 2 % HCl and poured in a test tube having the mixture of Phytochemicals showed positive result and some of the plant extract and hexane. Heated the test tube having the showed negative result. The presence of tannins suggests mixture, filtered it and poured few drops of picric acid in a the ability of this plant to play a major role as antidiarrhoec, mixture. Formation of yellow color precipitate indicates the presence of saponins reveled antihyper cholesterol. Tannin presence of alkaloids. have traditionally been considered antinutritional but it may Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 26 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II be employed medicinally in antidiarrheal hemostatic and J. Ethanopharmacol.70:343-349. antihemorrhoidal compound. 5. A. Sokmen, B.M. Jones and M. Ertruk (1999): The in In conclusion, it is suggested that Ocimum sanctum vitro antibacterial activity of Turkish medicinal plant, J. and Mentha arvensis plant leaves may be recommended Ethnopharmacol.67(1):79-86. as useful sources to prepare natural bioactive products 6. C.R. Jeba, R. Vaidyanathan and R.G. Kumar (2011): from which we can develop new drugs which will be cost- Imunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of ocimum effective because the plants are freely available. It is hope sanctum in rat. Int. J. on Pharmaceutical and Biomed that this study would lead to the establishment of some Res.2:33-38. compound that could be used to formulate new and more 7. N. Sharma, D. Jocob, (2001): Antifertility investigation potent drug of natural origin. and Toxicological Screening of the petroleum Ether References :- extract of the leaves of mentha arvensis Linn in male 1. A.S. Dangi, M. Sharma, J.P. Yadav and D.R. Arora Albino Mice, J. of Ethnopharmacology.75:5-12 (2013): Antimicrobial Activity of some medicinal plant, 8. M.M. Cohen (2014): Tulsi Ocimum sanctum a herb for Int. J. of environmental science.4:1308-1313. all reasons J. Ayurved Inntegrmed.5(4)251-259. 2. J.N. Ellof (2005): Which extractant should be used 9. V.N. Daniel and I.E. Dania, (2011): phytochemical for the screening and isolation of antimicrobial analysis and mineral element composition of ocimum components from plant, J. Ethnopharmacol.60:16. basilicum obtained n jos metropolis plateau state 3. R. Nair, T. kalariya, S. Chanda (2005): Antibacterial Nigeri. J. Eng Sci..11(6):161-165. activity of some selected Indian medicinal plant, Turk. 10. S.Thaweboon and B.Thawboon,(2009): In vitro J. Biol.29:41-47. antimicrobial of Ocimum ampricanum L. Essential oil 4. T. Essawi and M. Srour (2000): Screening of some against oral microorganismse, Asian J. trop med pub Palestinian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity, health.40:1025-1033.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 27 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II The Chemistry Of Cobalt In The Soil

* Dr. S. K. Udaipure

Introduction - So far there is no recorded evidence that Rocks - Serpentine Andesite Basalt Granite Rhyolite cobalt is essential for plant growth. But its importance is Cobalt(p.p.m) 300 12 4-7 0.4-1.8 0.8-1.8 animal nutrition has been well established. (Stiles, 1951, Grimmett (1938-39) noticed that certain North Auckland Gilbert 1949 etc). There are several papers published on Soils (N-2) associated with cobalt deficient pastures the role of cobalt in plant and animal nutrition, but most of contained up to 10 p.p.m total cobalt, but the cobalt present them (Bibliography on minor elements, Vol I and II) deal was relatively insolubel, even in strong acid. Harvey (1937) with cobalt in its relation to health of animals. There are but studied the soils of Western Australia, where the “ Wasting a few papers which deal with cobalt in the soil. Beeson disease” is prevalent in livestock. He found that the deficient (1950) has reviled the work on cobalt up to the year 1950. soils contained less than 3 p.p.m cobalt and the healthy Since many of these reports are not accessible to all reach soils between 4-40 p.p.m sobalt Gillbert (1949) quotes that workers, it is proposed to summaries in this paper the main soils containing less than 2 p.p.m cobalt commonly observation made by various workers in the field of the represent sick areas souls above this figure being generally chemistry of cobalt in Soils. healthy, whereas Stewart (1951) considers that the Geochemistry of Cobalt - cobalt together with nickel and necessary level of cobalt of pasture soil shold be greater ferrous iron, is associated in magnetic mineral with that 1 p.p.m Fujimoto and Sherman (1950) surveued the magnesium, since these ions have the same charge and cobalt contents of typical soils of the Hawaiian Inlands .They similar ionic radii(Goldschmidt). The ionic radius of cobalt found that the cobalt contents of Hawaiian soils ranged from is 0.82A0. According to Mitchell (1945) the earth crust 5 to 156 p.p.m and the average for 80 soil samples was contains on an average 23 p.p.m of cobalt. In acidic rocks, 36.1p.p.m cobalt content may be greater than nickel. Grimmett (1938- Availability of cobalt in soils - There is no positive 39) studied the cobalt status of rocks. He states that correlation between the cobalt contents of soils and ultrabasic magnesian rocks contain 65 to 115p.p.m cobalt. vegetation (Ekman et al 1952 ,Askew et. al ,1936 Fujimoto Dorothy carroll (1945) tried to classify rocks according to et. al 1950). Soils may be high in total cobalt but it does not the incidence of coblt deficiency in livestock. Soils derived mean that plants growing on these soils would be high in from dolerited, schists were “ sound” but those derived from their contents of cobalt . Availbility of coblt in the soil is geneisses, and quartzites ere “ unsound” Lundegardh governed by certain soil conditions. Attempts have been (Ekman et.al. 1952) found a common poverty of cobalt in made to study these factors in relation to the availability of Swedish soils derived from acid silicate minerals. cobalt in soils . Some of the field experiments in this Total cobalt in soils - Soils derived from basic igneous connection may be cited. rocks or argillaceous sediments may contain 20 to 100 (a) Residual effect of application of cobalt on soils - p.p.m. cobalt, Whereas those derived from sand stones. due to the importance of cobalt in the animal diet the level limestones and acid igneous rock may contain less than of cobalt in the vegetation is considered as an index of its 20 p.p.m cobalt (Mitchell 1945).Kidson (1937) surveyed the availability in the oil. Askew (1938) for example studies the cobalt status of New Zealand soils. She Found that acid effectiveness pf small application of cobalt sulphate for the soluble cobalt (soil treated with boiling concentrated control of cobalt deficiency in the sherry valley. Nelson .He hydrochloric acid) in the soil varied from 0.3 to 380 p.p.m, found that an annual top dressing with cobalt equivalent to She studied the factors influencing the cobalt contents of two ounces of hydrated cobalt sulphate per acre gave soils and found that the cobalt contents are in general satisfactory stock healts and larger applications of 4 and 8 related to the magnesium contents of their parent rocks ounces were effective for two seasons. Bonner McNaught (1938). In another paper, she gives a comparative idea of and Pul (1939) applied 2 cwt. and found that it increased the cobalt contents of soils derived from different rock the cobalt content culphate per cwt. and found that it formation. Some of her figures are reproduced below - increased the cobalt content of the pasture was still at the Soils from - same level of 0.06 p.p.m to health level of more than 0.1 * Associate Professor (Chemistry) Govt. Narmada P. G. College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 28 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II p.p.m They further observed that the cobalt content of the coarser in texture. Some of their figures are given belo:- pasture was still at the same level a year after its application. Type of soil Clayey Silty sandy peaty Inclusion of cobalt in new Zealand in order to keep the Cobalt in hay p.p.m 0.076 0.067 0.053 0.03considers available cobalt at the optimu,m with cobalt ized super, that the texture of the soil can be correlated with cobalt including cobalt at 2 1b/acre was effective in Scotland for deficiency. The heavier the texture the lesser is the at least three years. This effect has also been studied by prevalence of cobalt deficiency. applying different compounds of cobalt (Askew and Adsorption of cobalt by gelatinous substances :- Wastson 1946- Kidson and Munsell 1939) Kurbatov, Wood et, al. (1951) studied the isothermal (b) Soil pH and its effect on the uptake of cobalt by adsorption of cobalt by ferric hydroxide . They found that at plants - Ekman, Karision, Svanberg (1952) found that the pH 6, less than 10% of the cobalt was adsorbed, but at pH uptake of cobalt by plants is dependent on the pH of soils. 8, more than 90% of the cobalt was adsorbed. This is not The uptake of cobalt is ten times as high at pH 4.9 as at pH surprising in view of Yong’s figures. 7.0 Ekman and karlson (loc,.cit) observed that soil pH is a Extraction of cobalt in the soil :- Banerjee, Bray and potent factor in governing the availability of cobalt to the Melsted (1953) have recently studied this aspect of the plants . Some of their results are given below - chemistry of cobalt. They studied the bahaviour of cobalt in CORRELATION BETWEEN SOIL pH AND COBALT IN soils by using radio active cobalt ( ) as a source. They were SOIL AND HAY able to extract more cobalt from the soil by treating it Cobalt in soil cobalt in soil successively with an electrolyte off higher H ion pH of soil p.p.m p.p.m concentration or in other words cobalt was held more 4.1-4.9 1.26 0.065 strongly at the higher pH than at the lower one. Only 50 % 5.1-5.9 1.38 0.051 of the added cobalt was recovered (by an electrolyte ) from 6.0-6.9 2.07 0.041 a peat soil .In hydrogen saturated soils , all the adsorbed 7.0 1.93 0.01 cobalt was extracted by ammonium acetate, but in calcium Ekman and karlson also studied tha factors affecting saturated soils much greater quantities were adsorbed in a the cobalt uptake be plants. According to them soil pH ions form which needed hydrogen ions to extract it. other than cobalt , biological activity in general and decay The fate of applied cobalt :- The various reference quoted of the peat constituents are some of the important factors above give a general idea about the lines along which which affect the uptake of cobalt by plants people have worked in order to understand the chemistry (c) Effect of season on the uptake of cobalt by plants of cobalt in soil. But we still do not know the various forms - Ekamn et. al (1952) noted that the season affected the in which cobalt exists in the soil , and the method of uptake of cobalt by plants . There was uneven absorption extracting these forms. As an enquiry into the fate of applies of cobalt during different seasons and drought conditions cobalt the author carried out some work which is published increased the uptake of cobalt . Askew and Munsel elsew here (Zende 1954) Cobalt was applied to 4 soils which (1937) observed that there was a definite tendency for the were later exposed to the weather for a few months. the cobalt contents to fall as the season advances. Mc Naughty result showed that if the pH is not high much of the applied and paul (1930) from the analytical result on monthly cobalt remains in an easily exchangeable form for several samples taken over a 12 months autuman and winter when months. Some of the bivalent cobalt is converted to a difficult plant growth is retarded and decreases in spring and exchangeable form and this conversion is either rapid or summer when the growth is as its maximum. They also slow depending upon the amount of colloids and the soil observed an increase under drought conditions. pH. In sourse of time some fraction of the added bivalent (d) Uptake of cobalt in relation to soil colloids - Ekam cobalt undergoes oxidation .The complete extraction of and Karlson (loc.cit) studied the relations between cobalt cobalt was found to be difficult due to these complications. contents of hay and the type of soil, and found that the References :- cobalt contents of hay decreased as the soil became 1. Personal Survey

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 29 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Comparative Study Of Sirpur And Piplyapala Talab Water Quality, Indore (M.P.)

* ** Malini Johnson Saroj Mahajan

Abstract - Water is one and whole, same by its name but it is different by its variable characteristics which are solely based on various components which affect the quality of water. Fresh Water is essential to the existence of aquatic life. The present study aims at investigating the physicochemical analysis of water samples from two different talab.Sirpur talab and piplyapala talab is one of the major water bodies in Indore city (M.P.).Physico-chemical statuses of two water bodies were studied in the year June 2010 to May 2011.both the water bodies are affected by various human and cattle activities. In the present study physic-chemical characteristics of two water bodies have been compared .water sample has been analyzed of talab water sample collection during one year. Water parameter viz: temperature, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, hardness, phosphate, nitrate-nitrogen and chloride. The result indicated that most of the physico-chemical parameters from Sirpur talab and Piplyapala talab water suitable for drinking and domestic purpose. Key Words - Physico-chemical parameter and water bodies.

Introduction - Water is essential for the survival of all living thermometer. beings and plays an important role in our life. Good quality Result And Discussion - The physico-chemical of water is necessary for maximum aquatic plants and parameters of two water bodies were taken into animals. All the forms of water are essential for living consideration as characteristic value to see the comparison organisms so that it is necessary that they should be free of physico-chemical parameters of water of Sirpur talab from contamination and pollutions. Shkula et.al. (2015) S and Bilawali talab were analyzed from June 2010 to May K Guarge (2010). Characteristics of water bodies influence 2011 are presented in table (01). the quality of water individually and in combination with The temperature affects the metabolic activity of various contents, thereby, affecting the living organisms macrophytes and highest at pre-monsoon. The temperature present there (Srivastava et.al.(2003) Smitha is one of the most important factors in the aquatic et.al.(2007).Two talab waters provided drinkable water to environment (Dwivedi B.K.et al 2002). The temperature the people of Indore city is the main water resource for range was found to be in from 3200C-3400C Pipliyapala domestic purposes. D.G. Shah et al (2011), SRakh Mahesh talab and Sirpur talab. The higher value of water S et. al. (2011), Yadav et al. (2011), Krishana et. al. (2015) is temperature observed in the present study could be the group of prominent scientists contributed in assessing attributed to the peak summer months. The pH has no direct the quality of water resources. In this study we had considered adverse effect on macrophytes but it alters taste of water and assessed the quality of two water bodies in Indore. as well as, all the biochemical reactions are sensitive to Area Of Study - Sirpur talab is constructed in the year 1868 the variation of pH. The pH value of all samples varies during the regime of Holkar State. The Sirpur talab is located between 7.2 to 7.7. (S Namita et al 2017) Higher value of pH at the Sirpur village district Indore (M.P.).The talab is situated may be due to use of fertilizers and other organic components at 220 400 N latitude and 750 450 E longitude. The from the agricultural runoff in the study area .In this study, investigated area was the Pipliya-pala talab,which lies on the pH of the water bodies ranges from 7.8 to 7.9. the Bombay Agra highway. The sample was slightly turbid. The Turbidity reflects Material And Methods - The water samples were collected the transparency in water and it is caused by the presence from Sirpur talab and Pipliyapala talab. The water samples of dissolved substances in water. In present study observed were collected in morning hours 07 to 09 am. and analyzed high turbidity during the rainy season and low during the in the field as well as in the laboratory after following the winter seasonhas been obsered . The concentration of methodology given in APHA (1998). pH were recorded by dissolved oxygen was highest in post-monsoon and lowest portable pH meter and temperature by the mercury in pre-monsoon, increasing in macrophytic activity. It is inversely proportional * Asst. Professor (Botany) Govt. College, Kannod (M.P.) INDIA ** Asst. Professor (Botany) Govt. Mata Jija Bai College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 30 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II to temperature. All aerobic processes depend upon the transparency, is an important criterion for assessing the dissolved oxygen. The dissolved oxygen was found to be quality of water. in ranges from 4.13mg/lit to 13.9 mg/lit Pipliyapala talab Conclusion - Present study was undertaken to define the and Sirpur talab. quality of water samples. Comparing the values of water Alkalinity is an important parameter because it quality parameters for two water bodies are in Indore city. measures the water’s ability to resist acidification. The major This type of study helps in chalking out the appropriate portion of alkalinity in natural water is caused by hydroxide, strategy to improve the quality of water system to the desired carbonate and bicarbonate. Alkalinity values are mostly level and to put it to better use on suitable basis. The result exhibited higher values in pre-monsoon and lowest in post- of the present study it may be said that water quality analysis monsoon. Alkalinity may also be caused due to the evolution should be carried out from time to time to regulate the rate of CO2 during breakdown of organic matter. The alkalinity and kind of contamination. value of both talabs varies between 85mg/lit to 182 mg/lit. Referances :- Hardness was noted comparatively highest in pre-monsoon 1. Dahiya S and Kaur Amarjeet (1999): J Environ Poll., and lowest in post-monsoon. The Hardness value of both 1999 6 (4),281. talabs varies between 91 mg/lit to 311 mg/lit.The chloride 2. Garg S. K, (2010): Water Supply Engineering, Khanna concentration serves as an indicator of pollution by sewage. Publishers. People accustomed to higher chloride in water are 3. Manjare S. A., Vhanalakar S. A. and Muley D. V. subjected to laxative effects (Dahiya S et al., 1999).Chloride (2010.): Analysis of water quality using physico- is one of the major inorganic anions in water and chemical parameters tamdalge tank in Kolhapur wastewater. It is evaluation of water quality Index for drinking district, Maharashtra. Int. J. Adv. Biotech.Res. 1(2): 115- purpose. The chloride was found to be in ranges from 91 119. mg/lit to 135 mg/lit Pipliyapala talab and 100 mg/lit to 4. Namita Saxena1 and Alka Sharma (2017): Evaluation 311mg/lit Sirpur talab. of Water Quality Index for Drinking Purpose in and The main source of nitrate is the run-off of agricultural Around Tekanpur area M.P. India. International Journal matter. The higher inflow of water and consequent land of Applied Environmental Sciences ISSN 0973-6077 drainage cause higher value of nitrate in talab.The increase Volume 12, Number 2 pp. 359-370. in the value of phosphate in pond is mainly because of the 5. Shrivastava N., Agarwal M. and Tyagi A. (2003): Study run-off from agricultural fields. of Physico-chemical characteristics of water bodies Sirpur talab containing low pH 7.8 and maximum around Jaipur. Journal of Environmental Biology 24, temperature 340, turbidity 31%, dissolved oxygen 13.9mg/ 177-180. lit, alkalinity 182mg/lit, hardness 311mg/lit, chloride 51mg/ 6. Shukla, S., Pandey, D.K. and Mishra, D.K. (2015): lit, nitrate 0.96 mg/lit and phosphate 0.4 mg/lit. (table no- Water quality Assessment of Physiochemical 1)as compared to Pipliyapalai talab.In the case of Sirpur Properties of Shivnath River in Durg talab, the physico-chemical parameters were comparatively District(Chhattisgarh)ISSN:2321-9637. high, this might be due to the higher concentration of 7. Smitha P.G., Byrappa K. and Ramaswamy S.N.(2007): fertilizer. Sirpur talab showed high turbidity when compared Physico-chemical characteristics of water samples of to Pipliyapala talab similar results were also observed by Bantwal Taluk, south-western Karnataka.Indian Journal Manjare et al. (2010). Water turbidity, which reflects of Environmental Biology 28, 591-5.

Table-1 Comparision of water in Sirpur talab and Piplypala talab present during 2010-2011

SIRPUR TALAB PIPLYAPALA TALAB PARAMETERS Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Temperature ( °C) 34 19 33 18 pH 7.8 5.2 7.9 6.8 Turbidity (%) 31 20 28 17 Dissolved oxygen(mg/l) 13.9 6.2 9.34 4.13 Total Alkalinity(mg/l) 182 89 162 85 Total Hardness (mg/l) 311 100 135 91 Chloride(mg/l) 51 20 61.24 29.53 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.96 0.51 1.13 0.25 Phosphate(mg/l) 0.4 0.14 0.32 0.11

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 31 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Important Role Of Macrophytes In The Balancing Of Pond Ecosystem

* ** Dr. Malini Johnson Dr. D. K. Billore

Abstract - Macrophytes are the base of the aquatic food chain and source of oxygen for aquatic ecosystem. The biomass of macrophytic community was estimated every month in the study year 2010- & 2011 by harvest and computed method. Altogether seven macrophytes were identified in the present investigation. The productivity was computed by adding the increment in the biomass of each species during the two successive months. Macrophytes are the primary producer and important component for the regulation of mineral cycle and organic compound in an aquatic ecosystem. Three zone floating zone, submerged zone and emergent zone of macrophytic community reported. The dominated zone was the submerged zone. Key word - Biomass, biomass increment, macrophytes. Introduction - Aquatic plants are an important part of the harvest method. The methods uses belt transect of 0.05 to aquatic environment. It is an important factor for helping in 0.5 meter width. The plants were washed with water maintenance of ecological balance. The importance of thoroughly and then with 2% detergents solution segregated various factors of the surround medium on macrophytes species wise and then dry weight was determined after growth on productivity has been discussed by many drying them at 60° C for 48 hrs in an electric oven. workers. Macrophytes are sometimes attached to bottom, Biomass determination is one of the most important totally submerged and partly emergent, complex types. The tools for evaluation of the primary productivity. Species, aquatic macrophytes diversity has a significant role in which accumulate more biomass and having higher understanding the wetland ecosystem dynamics. (2014, production rates, found dominant in the community and Sarma and Deka). Biomass is the most important one of hence they usually influence the overall physiognomy of the tool for evaluation of the primary productivity. The the vegetation (Misra 1989). importance of primary productivity studies in aquatic Result And Discussion - Aquatic macrophytes have environment is well realized in view of its value in estimating served as human welfare over centuries, providing food, the productive capacity. Macrophytes are indicator of medicines and building materials. A total of seven eutrophication and are sensitive to acidification. macrophytic species have been collected. The data of The quantitative role of macrophytes in lake ecology biomass and biomass increment presented in the table no- is closely linked to their spatial distribution and biomass. 1 and table no-2 reveals that the maximum biomass 165.11 Which in turn is a result of various environmental factors? mg/g was recorded in the month of January. The minimum If increase the vegetation results in reduce transparency. biomass observed in the month of June varying from 4.1 The biological nature of each pond reflecting also an mg/g to 5.1 mg/g. A close perusal of the data reveals that macrophytes diversity and biomass is strongly ruled by the the biomass at different macrophytes did not fluctuate widely euphoticdepth beyond which light level falls below 1% of during different months of the year. From biomass point of surface irradiation (Wetzel 1983). ). Macrophytes growth is view the most important macrophytic species was Hydrilla affected by a Varity of abiotic and biotic factors including verticillata with an overall total biomass 1344.95 mg/g and light availability water depth nutrient availability and the least important was Ipomea aquatica with minimum sediment compositions. biomass 126.25 mg/g. Study Area - Sirpur talab is constructed in year 1868 during In the present study, the minimum rate of production the regime of Holkar State. The Sirpur talab is located at in the summer and the high production of macrophytes in the Sirpur village district Indore (M.P.). The Sirpur talab is the winter has been observed. The winter season was found situated at 22° 40°N latitude and 75° 45° E longitude. The to support the maximum number of species while rainy MSL is 421 meter. season supported minimum number of species. Material And Method - Macrophytes sampling was Conclusion - The increase of biomass was directly conducted monthly for one year June 2010 to May 2011 by correlated to the rise in temperature. The growth of * Asst. Professor (Botany) Govt. College, Kannod, Dewas (M.P.) INDIA ** Professor (Botany) Govt. College, Rau, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 32 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II macrophytes is controlled by the seasonal fluctuations in Edition, Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. nutrient contents of the lake water. 5. Ray,A.K., Das,I.,(1995); Evaluation of dried aquatic References :- weed, Pistia stratiotes, meal as a feed stuff in polluted 1. Chambers, P.A.,Lacoul, P., Murphy, K.J., and Thomaz, feed for Rohu, Lebeo rohita, Fingerlings. J. Applied S.M., (2008): Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes Aquaculture. 5(4):35-44. in freshwater Hydrobiologia, 595: pp 9-26. 6. Singaram, P.,(1994);. Removal of Chromium from 2. Henry, A.N., Chitra,V., Balakrishnan.N.P., (1989); Flora tannery effluent by using water weeds. Ind J Environ of Tamil Nadu, India. Botanical Survey of India, Health. 36(3):197-199. Southern Circle, Coimbatore. 1 (3):1-171 . 7. Udayakumar,M.,Narayanasamy,D., Kankashanthi,K., 3. Jha,V.N.,( 1968) : Productivity of pond ecosystem. Thangavel,S .A.,(2010); floristic study in a perennial Dactoral thesis, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, lake of Thiruvallur district, South India. Web Med India. Jain SK, Gujral GS, Vasudevan P. Production of Central Ecology, 1(10).1-8. biogas from aquatic biomass: A comparison with 8. Wetzel, R.G.,(1983): Limnology second edition, terrestrial biomass. Res. Ind. 1990; 35:104-107. Michigan state university. 4. Misra,K.C., (1989):Manual of Plant Ecology. Third Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 33 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II al ot 205 387 592 T 1344.95 445.19 205.48 245.26 2240.88 126.25 126.25 2959.13 al ot 10.57 T 183.2 37.65 1 49.81 37.61 20.49 462.58 1 27.8 May 95.23 7.91 6.1 5.99 5.99 May 177 177 1 10.1 26.1 26.1 27.8 Apr 1 9.1 5.1 5.1 Apr 1.7 1.7 0 Mar 123.7 188.9 154.4 124.8 195.1 185.6 158.6 Mar 1 1 mg/g Feb 155.69 241.1 270.96 Feb 1 mg/g Jan

0 0 0 Jan 339.5 Dec 12.99

1.1 14.09 Dec 9.67 7.52 6.12 6.17 9.67 7.52 6.12 6.17 355 1.3 Nov 1

IN BIOMASS 2010-201 140.8 152.1 165.1 Nov Oct

25 16.4 8.07 15.9 1 Oct 42.91 59.35 67.42 61.23 41.41 33.68 24.29 15.51 1.1 1

0.84 1.91 0.79 9.07 2.21 52.9 46.7 20.9 1 INCREMENT Y BIOMASS OF MACROPHYTES 2010-201 1 36.1 33.84 35.78 36.91 37.65 20.38 13.78 10.12 32.97 33.81 35.72 36.51 37.61 30.23 21.38 10.92 13.31 22.38 24.59 13.31 22.38 24.59 Y 1.2 6.8 Aug Sep 9.03 13.2 23.2 33 33.8 1.94 1.13 0.74 104 1 1 1 Aug Sep 12.2 12.2 Jul 3.1 20 4.1 3.1 1.1 31 70.74 74.55 85.88 95.19 60.52 51.61 47.68 23.73 Jul JUN 1.3 0.7 2.3 5.02 0 0 0 0 3.17 5 14.5 ABLE NO-2MONTHL T ABLE NO-1 MONTHL T 28.2 28.2 29.5 30.2 32.5 30.7 41.24 44.35 53.38 64.49 60.52 51.61 47.68 23.73 54.54 59.56 79.52 92.68 17.61 20.78 24.89 JUN 72.15 80.34 104.4 195.6 228.4 272.8 293.7 284.3 4.1 9.1 104.5 160.2 191.2 294.8 345.9 357.9

4.1 9.1 . Royle

a L.F

. Royle a L.F ans Linn ans Linn a nat al amogeton crispus Linn amogeton crispus Linn al ans Linn ot rap ot T Name of species FLOTING ZONE T 23.25 Nellumbo nucifera Gaerth SUBMERGED ZONE Hydrilla verticellat Pot Najas minora Linn Pot EMERGENT ZONE Ipomia aquatica Forsk T a nat amogeton crispus Linn amogeton nat al rap ot Grand T FLOTING ZONE SUBMERGED ZONE Nellumbo nucifera Gaerth Hydrilla verticellat Najas minora Linn Name of species Pot Pot Ipomia aquatica Forsk EMERGENT ZONE T

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 34 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Ladder Brake Fern - Pteris Vitata Found In P.G.College Dhar (M.P.) India

* ** Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki Prof. S.C. Mehta

Abstract - Pteris vitata is called as ladder brake fern. It is indigenous to Asia,Southern Europe, tropical Africa and Australia.It is known to be a hyperaccumulator plant of arsenic used in phytoremediation .The use of plants to clean polluted environments.Plant extracts is used as demulcent, hypotensive, tonic,antiviral and antibacterial.The whole plant parts are ground into paste and applied over the affected places for wound healing. The paste is mixed with pepper and taken orally to get relief from cold, cough and fever.They are boiled with four time water and drunk as tonic.The whole plant parts are ground into paste and applied over the affected places for wound healing.It is also used for diarrhoea and dysentery. Key Words - Phytoremediation, Tonic,antiviral, antibacterial,Hypotensive,Demulcent,IUCN

Introduction - Pteris vitata is very beautiful pteridophytes. Common Name(s) - It has antibeterial and antimicrobial properties. English - Chinese brake,Chinese ladder brake, ladder brake Methodolgy - I took some Photographs by Digital Camera. Japanese - hoko-sida Study Area- Dhar district-Dhar district is located at Pohnpeian - limenkasar 22degree to 22degree 49 minute north latitude and Synonyms -Pteris costata,pteris diversifolia Sw,pteris 75degree 6 minute to75degree 42 minute east longitude, ensifoliaPoir,pteris inaequilateralis Poir,pteris microdonata average altitude of Dhar district is 588 meters above the Gaudin,Pteris vittata f.cristata Ching inching&S.H. sea level. Dhar city -The city lies between latitude 22degree 35 minute N & longitude 75degree 20 minute E with an average elevation of 559 meter an area of 8,153km square. It is located 53km west of Mhow 908 ft above the sea level. IUCN Status - Red List Category & Criteria :Least Concern ver 3.1 Year Published: 2013 Version 3.1: IUCN (2001) The IUCN Council adopted this latest version, which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the IUCN and SSC memberships and from a final meeting of the Criteria Review Working Group, in February 2000. All new assessments from January 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number. Classification - Kingdom - Plantae – Plants Subkingdom - Tracheobionta – Vascular plants Division - Pteridophyta – Ferns Class – Filicopsida Order - Polipodiales Family - Pteridaceae - Maidenhair Fern family Genus - Pteris L. - Brake fern Species - Pteris vitata L. - Ladder brake Pteris vitata L. plant * Asst. Professor, Govt. P.G. College, Dhar (M.P.) INDIA ** Retd. Professor, Govt .P.G.College, Jaora (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 35 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

5. The whole plant parts are ground into paste and applied over the affected places for wound healing. The paste is mixed with pepper and taken orally to get relief from cold, cough andfever. 6. They are boiled with four time water and drunk as tonic. The whole young or mature plants are used as fodder. 7. The whole plant parts are ground into paste and applied over the affected places for wound healing. It also used for diarrhoea and dysentery. Discussion - This plant is best indicator of arsenic. By this plant we can examine the concentration of the arsenic in the soil .So we can say that it is pollution controller.Save the plants in our environment.

References :- 1. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ 2. httpdhar.nic.in/ Pteris vitata L. 3. http://www.theplantlist.org/ Habitat - In the wild, it is found in the low land tropics in 4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ open areas. In urban settings, it often grows in drains or 255820929_ETHNO_MEDICINAL_IMPORT along old walls. ANCE_OF_SOME_COM MON_ PTERIDOPHYTES Etymology - Genus Pteris is from the Greek word “pteruc” _USED_BY_TRIBALS_ OF_RANCHI _ AND_ LATEH which is the Greek name of a fern. Species vittata refers to AR_DISTRICT_ OF_JHARKHAND_INDIA [accessed the fern character of being banded longitudinally. Nov 05 2017]. Plant Description -“Terrestrial or lithophytic ferns. 5. https://plants.usda.gov/java/Classification Servlet? Rhizome short-creeping; scales numerous, conspicuous, source=display&classid=PTERI2 c. 5 mm long, narrowly triangular, pale brown. Fronds 6. https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/special-pages/ monomorphic, arching, appearing to radiate from a crown. plant-detail.aspx?id=1569 Stipe usually c. 2-25 cm long, pale brown, grooved, scaly 7. http://www.hear.org/pier/species/pteris_vittata.htm towards base. Lamina 1-pinnate, oblong-obovate, c. 15-80 8. https://www.itis.gov cm long, c. 5-30 cm wide. Pinnae closely spaced, to 25 cm 9. Kanchan Upreti1 , Jeewan S. Jalal1 , Lalit M. Tewari1*, long, narrowly oblong and tapering above, decreasing in G. C. Joshi2 , Y.P.S.Pangtey1 and Geeta Tewari3 2009 length from apex to base, most pinnae attached by midrib Ethnomedicinal uses of Pteridophytes of Kumaun only; base subcordate, ±overlying rachis; margins finely Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India Marsland PressJournal serrate in sterile zones. Lowermost pinnae very much of American Science 2009;5(4):167-170 shorter, deltoid to cordate; terminal pinna usually the 10. V. Karthik1 , K. Raju2 , M. Ayyanar1 , K. Gowrishankar3 longest; veins free, at ±90° to costa, simple or once-forked. and T. Sekar1 *2011 Ethnomedicinal Uses of Paraphyses abundant” (Flora of Australia online).] Pteridophytes in Kolli Hills, Eastern Ghats of Tamil “Stems stout, short-creeping, densely scaly; scales Nadu, India Scholars Research LibraryISSN : 2231 – pale brown. Leaves clustered, 1-10 dm. Petiole green to 3184 CODEN (USA): JNPPB7 J. Nat. Prod. Plant pale brown, 1-30 cm, densely scaly; scales dense Resour., 2011, 1 (2): 50-55 www.scholars proximally, extending to and along rachis. Blade researchlibrary.com oblanceolate, 1-pinnate, (15-)25-50(-80) x (6-)13-25 cm; 11. Shakil D. Shaikh1 *, VP. Masal2 and Anisa S. Shaikh3 rachis not winged. Veins free, forked. Sori narrow, blade 2014 Ethnomedicinal uses of some pteridophytes from tissue exposed abaxially” Konkan region of Maharashtra, India. - Ethnobotanical Uses - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL 1. It is able to accumulate arsenic in soil and store it in AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES Vol. 3 (1) Jan-Mar 2014 the fronds at a 100 times higher concentration. ISSN: 2277-5005 http://www.ijpcsonline.com/ 2. Research is being conducted to explore its potential in 12. Augustin Neethu Thomas Binu 2015 MEDICO- phytoremediation, the use of plants to clean polluted POTENTIAL FERNS OF ANGAMALY REGION, environments. ERNAKULAM DISTRICT, KERALA, INDIA 3. Leaves used in worship at the time of illness. Fronds International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical & are largely used as cushion for cattle sheds. Clinical Research Vol 5 | Issue 4 | 2015 | 207-211. e- 4. Plant extracts is used as demulcent, hypotensive, ISSN 2248 – 9142 print-ISSN 2248 – 9134 tonic,antiviral and antibacterial. 13. http://www.indianetzone.com/49/dhar_district.html Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 36 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Ethno-Medicinal Trees

* Dr. Sarita Ghanghat

Abstract - The word Ethnobotany literally means the study of Ethnobotany of the primitive human race. The term Ethnobotany was first applied by Hershberger in 1895 to the study of plants used by primitive and aboriginal people. Ethnobotany-the study of the interaction between plants and people, with a particular emphasis on traditional tribal cultures. The present paper on 10 selected Ethno- medicinal plants belonging to 8 families with correct botanical identification, Botanical names, Family, Local names, parts used in diseases by the people . Key Words - Ethno-medicinal, Tribal, Traditional medicine,

Introduction - Ethnobotany is a branch of botany, the study Table -1 (See in the next page) plants and is closely related to cultural anthropology,the Acknowlegment - Human beings always depend directly study of human societies. An important branch of ethno for their food ,shelters medicine and other needs on plants botany called economic botany focuses on the commercial but with advancement of science and technology plants use of plants, especially in industrialized societies. are being used in the form of tablets, juices and other Ethnobotany was defined by various ethnobotanists as: readymade combination.The use of traditional medicine in Today there is an increasing desire to unravel the role of developing countries is increasing .In india, almost 95% of ethno-medicinal studies in trapping the centuries old the prescriptions are plant based in the traditional system traditional flok knowledge as well as in searching new plant of Ayurveda,Unani and Siddha.The author express thanks resources of food, drug etc.(jain,1987,1991). to knowledgeable Persons who co- operated in sharing their People living in the developing countries rely quite knowledge at the time of study. effectively on traditional medicine for primary health care References :- (Sullivan and shealy 1997; singh, 2002). Indian tradition 1. Bhattacharjee,supriya Kumar And De,L.C.,(2005) medicine is based on different system such as Ayurveda, Medicinal Herbsand Flowers. Aavishkar Siddha and Unani used by various communities (Gadgil, publisher,distributors Jaipur(India)ISBN 81-79100960. 1996 ). For centuries plants have been an important source 2. Gudgil ,M ; 1996 Documentriy diversity : An experiment of drugs. In India medicinal plants have long been used to curr.ci ; 70 (1) : 36 treat different kinds of disease. 3. Ghanghat,Sarita (2014) Some Ethnomedicinal Plants Material And Methods - The ethno-botanical study was used to different diseases by Local people of Vidisha conducted in 2010-2011. Extensive field trips were District . Madhy Pradesh.Naveen Sodh sansar (an organized for collecting the plant species and data using International multidisciplinary Refered journal ) an integrated approach of botanical collection, group ISSN2320-8767 impact factor 0.547 vol. II issue Vi- discussion, interviews and questionnaires. Help of local April to june 2014,pp (20-21). medical practitioners was also taken. Plants were identified 4. Jain. S. k. (1987).A manual of Ethno botany. Scientific by referring to Flora of Bhopal by Oommachan (1977) and Publishers, Jodhpur India. ISBN 81850466 Flora of M.P. from Wikipedia. 5. Jain, S. k., (1991) Dictionary of Indian Flok medicine Enumeration - In the following enumeration, plant names and Ethno botany. Deep publication, New Delhi. ISBN have been arranged alphabetically in disease wise. (Table1) : 8185622000. Result and Discussion- The plant parts used for medical 6. Jain, S.K. (1995): Ethno botanical studies around preparation were bark, flowers, rhizomes, root, leaves, vidisha district. Ph-D Thesis. Barkatullah University, fruits, seeds. The paper present a brief account of the uses Bhopal. of various ethno-medicinal plants parts against the 7. Kumar, U. (2013) An Introduction of Ethno botany, diseases, like stomach, jaundice, piles, diabetes, headache, Agrobios(India).publisher Jodhpur ISBN978-81-7754- gastronomical, diseases by the people 497-8. * H.O.D. (Botany) Govt. S.G .S .P .G .College, Ganjbasoda , Vidisha ( M.P. ) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 37 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

8. Sullivan, K.and C.N.Shealy , 1997 Complete Natural 9. Oommachan, M. (1977): The flora of Bhopal J.K. jain Home Remedies.Element Book Limited, Shaftsbury, Brothers, Bhopal. U.K. 10. Flora of M.P. from Wikipedia.

Table -1 Use of different plant species by the people S.No Botanical Name Family Local Name Used part of the plant 1 Aegle marmelos Linn. Rutaceae Bel A teaspoonful of leaf juice, taken once daily for seven day cures piles and jaundice. 2 Adohatoda asicaNees. Acanthaceeae Adusa Fresh leaf is taken orally is effective for skin disease. 3 Azadirachta indica A.juss. Meliaceae Neem Taking two to three gm of Neem leaf powder,early in the moring on empty stomach also removes worms. 4 Bauhinia variegate Linn. Caesalpiniaceae Kachanar Taking 500 gm of powder of kachnar flowers, twice daily for a week, cures hemorrhagic dysentery. 5 Cinnamomum tamala Fr.Nees.. Lauraceae Tejpatta Brushing theeth with powdered Tejpatta cures wounds of gums. 6 Cinnamomum verum Lauraceae Dalchini One should also apply a pinch of Dalchini pasted with milk on the dark or brown spots for better results. 7 Emblica officinalis Gaerth. Euphobiaceae Amla A poultice of amla fruits, applied on cuts, stops bleeding immediately. 8 Feronia limonia L. Rutaceae Kaith Taking juice of pulp of raw kaith fruits with a bit of curd, cures hemorrhagic non hemorrhagic dysentery. 9 Feronia limonia L. Rutaceae Kaith Taking half teaspoonful juice of tender leaves kaith a bit water twice daily. cures windiness in stomach. 10 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Gular Taking decoction of gular roots cures dysentery.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 38 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Benefit of Fiber

* Dr. Rajesh Masatkar

Abstract - Fiber is the important component of our diet. We must add some fiber in our daily diet. By adding fiber in our diet we can keep our alimentary canal healthy and clean. Fibers not only regulate our stool movement, but it detoxifies our body also. Keywords – Soluble Fiber, Insoluble Fiber, Digestion, Detoxify.

Introduction - Today’s one of the emerging problem is our Digestion – Dietary fiber aids in improving digestion by health. Health of human being is totally dependent on our increasing stool bulk and regularity. This is probably fiber’s stomach. Stomach is the main analyzer of human being. If best known benefit is that it softer stools are easier to pass function of stomach take place properly then whole body than hard or watery ones, which not only makes life more may feel well. If there is problem in our stomach then person comfortable, but also helps maintains colorectal health. A may feel uneasiness. Our health is depends upon our food high-fiber diet may help reduce the risk of hemorrhoids and we eat also. For keeping good health we must add some diverticulitis (small, painful pouches on the colon). fiber in our diet also. Fiber keeps our health healthy. What Heart Health – Fiber also helps lower cholesterol. The is Fiber? Dietary fiber is a plant–based nutrient that is digestive process requires bile acids, which are made partly sometimes called roughage or bulk. It is a type of with cholesterol. As your digestion improves the liver pull carbohydrate. it cannot be broken down into digestible sugar cholesterol from the blood to create more bile acid. In this molecules. Therefore, fiber passes through the intestinal way our bad cholesterol decreases from the body. tract relatively intact. However, on its journey, fiber does a Possible Cancer Prevention – The research has been lot of work, Fiber is important for digestion and regularity, mixed regarding the link between fiber and colorectal cancer weight management, blood sugar regulation, Cholesterol prevention. British Journal of Medicine found an association maintenance and more. It has also been linked to longevity between cereal fiber and whole grain intake and reduced and decreasing the risk of cancer also. (F- Fullness I- Insulin risk of colorectal cancer. Fiber might only cause this benefit control B- Beneficial bacteria E- Expectancy R- Regulation) if a person possesses the right kind and amount of gut Type of Fiber – There are two types of fiber which are bacteria. Fiber naturally reacts with bacteria in the lower given below. colon and can sometimes ferment into a chemical called Soluble Fiber – Soluble fiber, such as pectin, gum, and butyrate, which may cause cancer cells to self-destruct. mucilage, dissolves in water. It dissolves and becomes a Some people naturally have more butyrate- producing gel-like substance. It is known to help decrease blood bacteria than others, and a high fiber diet can help glucose (blood sugar) levels. It also helps lower blood encourage the bacteria’s growth. cholesterol. Good source of soluble fiber include bean, Longevity – Fiber could actually help people live longer, a lentils, oatmeal, peas, citrus fruits, blueberries, apples and meta-analysis of relevant studies published in the American barley Journal of Epidemiology concluded. “High dietary fiber Insoluble Fiber – Insoluble fiber, such as hemicelluloses, intake may reduce the risk of total mortality” cellulose and lignin, do not dissolves in water. Insoluble Food Allergies and Asthma – New research suggests that fiber mostly retains its shape while in the body. It speeds fiber could play a role in preventing food allergies. Fiber up the passage of food through the digestive system. This helps produce a bacterium called Clostridia, which helps helps maintain regularity and prevent constipation. It also keep the gut secure. Why fiber might help people with increases fecal bulk, which makes stools easier to pass. asthma. Unwanted particles escaping the gut and entering Good source of insoluble fiber include foods with whole- the bloodstream can cause an autoimmune response like wheat flour, wheat bran, brown rice, cauliflower, potatoes, asthmatic inflammation. A 2013 animal study found that tomatoes and cucumber. Some foods like nuts and carrots mice eating high-fiber diet were less likely to experience are good source of both types of fiber. asthmatic inflammation than mice on low or average – fiber Benefit of Fiber - There are many benefit of fiber which is diet. given below.

* Assistant Professor (Botany) Govt. Degree College, Nainpur, Dist. Mandla (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 39 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Natural Detoxification - Fiber naturally scrubs and reduce the risk of gallstones and kidney stones, likely promotes the elimination of toxins from your G.I. tract. because of its ability to help regulate blood sugar. Soluble fiber soaks up potentially harmful compounds, such Conclusion – it is old says that after character of a person as excess estrogen and unhealthy fats, before they can be next health is given preference in his life. If health is well absorbed by the body and also insoluble fiber makes things than all things is in your hand. But being author of this paper move along more quickly, it limits the amount of time that I am not only concentrate on individual health only. It is chemicals like BPA, mercury and pesticides stay in your duty of every head of every family to take care of health of system. The faster they go through you, the less chance his family members. My intention is that why we are they have to cause harm. dependent on medicine for our health. By doing less Cut Your Type 2 Diabetes Risk - It’s a well-established exercise, some important asana, pranayam and intake of fact. A recent analysis of 19 studies, for example, found balanced diet with dietary fiber, we become live healthy life that people who ate the most fiber—more than 26 grams a and have more potential to do any kind of work. If head day—lowered their odds of the disease by 18 percent, and all his family members are able to do any kind of work compared to those who consumed the least (less than 19 means our society gain more potential. In this way, our grams daily). The researchers believe that it’s fiber’s one- states and nation have full of potential to do any kind of two punch of keeping blood sugar levels steady and keeping hard work. If people of our country have such potential you at a healthy weight that may help stave off the than our country will achieve its height automatically in all development of diabetes. fields. Skin Health - When yeast and fungus are excreted through References :– the skin, they can trigger outbreaks or acne. Eating fiber, 1. https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/5-amazing- especially psyllium husks (a type of plant seed), can flush health-benefits-of-fiber.html toxins out of your body, improving the health and 2. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/ appearance of your skin. 2013/11/25/9-fiber-health-benefits.aspx Hemorrhoids - A high-fiber diet may lower your risk of 3. https://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/high- hemorrhoids. fiber-foods.htm Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - Fiber may provide some 4. http://www.eatingwell.com/article/287742/10-amazing- relief from IBS. health-benefits-of-eating-more-fiber/ Gallstones and Kidney Stones - A high-fiber diet may 5. https://www.livescience.com/51998-dietary-fiber.html.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 40 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II The Study of weeds in the kota district, Rajasthan

* Komal Modi

Abstract - The increase in the human population and growth of industries has led to the increased demand for agricultural products that have contributed to changes to cropping patterns. With the beginning of agriculture, human began to move crops for their use, and weeds were probably accidentally moved as well. The term “Weed” in its general sense is a subjective one, without any classification value, since a weed is not a weed when growing where it belongs or is wanted. Thus, the common definition could be a plant out of palce/unwanted plant/ a plant with the negative value or plants which compete with man for the soil (Muzik, 1970). The Weed Science Society of America in 1994 defined weeds simply as ‘Plants that are objectionable or interfere with the activities or welfare of man. An ecological definition describing the characteristics that allow some plants to be weeds is more useful which include the ability to establish in disturbed habitats, the ability to grow and reproduce across a wide range of climatic conditions, seed dormancy, non specific germination requirements, rapid growth, high seed production and unspecialized pollination. Keywords - germination, requirements, conditions, establish, characteristics, describing, unspecialized, pollination.

Introduction - Most of the weeds did not exists before Forestry Weeds- Plants species are considered agriculture. Weeds probably evolved along with crops. Forestry weeds when they interfere with tree nurseries Agriculture fields are dynamic and ‘living’ biocoenosis where afforestated species of the natural forest vegetation.3 one can find the interrelationship between four components- Environmental Weeds- Environmental weeds are Man, Cultivated plants, Weeds and Environment. The biotic introduced, aggressive species that colonize natural components and the environment interact with each other vegetation and suppress the native species to a certain and create a dynamic system. This ecological system can extent. be called as agro ecosystem. There are about 450 families Poisonous Weeds- The Plants which cause itching and of flowering plants and over 35,000 different species. swelling e.g. Toxico Dendron radicans, T.toxicarum and that Apart from the botanical (taxonomic) classification, cause hay fever e.g. solidago spp., Artemisia tridenteta, weeds can be classified in different ways and into Ambosia spp. Come under this category which we could different groups as follows.1 call’ Medicinal weeds’. Agrestals Weeds- Agrestals are weeds of tilled, arable Parasitic Weeds- Phanerogamic plants that parasitize on (crop) land and can be subdivided into Cereal weeds, Pulse the crops or desired plants. These weeds depend on the weeds, Rice weeds, Wheat weeds, Pineapple weeds, Tea corp for part or all of their water and nutrients and can weeds, Cotton weeds, For practical purposes, agrestals consequently do vast damage that other weeds. e.g. are further subdivided into : annuals and perennials, cuscuta spp., loranthus, orobanche, striga. major and minor (after their dengue of weediness), and The basis of the life history and growth classifies the broad-leaved and narrow leaved (according to weed into the following classes- susceptibility to herbicides).2 Monsoon Annuals (Kharif season)- Weeds of this group Ruderal Weeds- Ruderals are plants occurring on Earth germinate at the break of monsoon in India and their life heaps, Dunghills, Trash deposits, Roadsides, Railway lines, cycle is completed in a year or less. e.g. Boerhavia diffusa Roofs margins of waste water ditches, Temples, Old houses and Trianthema, portulacastrum. and son on. Winter Annuals (Rabi season)- Weeds of this group Grassland Weeds- Grassland weeds are the plants that start growing up in the rainfall, over winter as small have a negative influence on livestock or on their product plants, bloom in the spring and produce seed before or are not palatable and possess a high competitive power. the summer viz. Chenopodium album and Melilotus This group includes mainly perennial species. alba.4

* Research Scholar (Botany) Jiwaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 41 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Perennial Weeds- Herbaceous Perennial live for more than concluded that dicot weeds exceed the monocot weeds. two years. e.g. Cyperus rotundus, Sorghum haplense. As per Saika and Hussain (2005) weeds are Review Of Literature - Weed science is a vital and fast efficacious as medicine against some common growing discipline of agricultural science. A weed belongs diseases. Nath et al. (2007) described ethnomedicinal to the first plant community which appears after a siturbance aspects of 38 species of weeds of Darrange district of and paves the way for further stages of succession. The Assam. Shah et al., (2006)5, the concept of weeds as recognition of plants as weeds is perhaps as old as unwanted plants was born when man started to deliberately agriculture itself. ICAR launched and coordinated weed grow plants for food. Primarily, weeds compete with crop control scheme on Wheat, Rice and Sugarcane in eleven plants for light, water and nutrients (Want et al., 2007), there states to monitor the weed flora of major regions. by reducing yields and quality of produce. Phytoscociological studies on weed association with In Rajasthan desert, nearly all weeds dominate the crops have not been worked out to a great extent. Singh Kharif crops probably because the moisture, which is and Chalam (1937) have done quantitative analysis of weed important for seed germination, is available in rainy season. flora of arable land. Asana (1951) studied some of the Thus, seeds which remain in the soil in hot & dry weather, obnoxious weeds of Indian agriculture and their influence germinated suddenly after rains. Bansal (1975) observed on quality and quantity of crops. Tadulingam et. Al. (1955) periodical fluctuation in the weed flora at different time in studied the habit, habitat, flowering and fruiting times, Kharif crops at Jodhpur. B. Gopal (1982) had done an reproductive capacities and preliminary control measures exhaustive collection of weeds giving scientific and common of 130 weeds of Madras presidency. In 1956 Patnaik gave names. Shetty & Singh (1987) gave a brief description of information on some useful weeds in and around Cuttack weeds found in Rajasthan. et al. (1958) provided information on some useful weeds of Baroda, its neighbourhood and Pavagarh of Gujarat. References :- Sabaris and Pathak (1961) made a survey of common 1. Anon, 1994: Ethnobotany and the Search for New weeds of Kharif and Rabi seasons in cultivated field of Drugs. John Wiley and Sons, England. Baroda environs. Bajpai and Verma (1964) from their 2. Asana R.D. 1951: Common Indian weeds and their studies on ‘Weed flora of Jobner’ concluded that annual control. Indian farming 1:13 20. herbs dominate the perennial weeds. Tomar and Mathur 3. Bajpai M.R. and Verma J.K. 1964: Weed flora of (1965) conducted a survey of common weeds in Gang canal Jobnner. Ann Arid Zone 2 : 169-180. command area in Rajasthan and described that salient 4. Bansal R.P. 1975: Phytosociological studies on weeds features of weed of weed flora, their association in the corps, of Kharif crop at Jodhpur, 1974, M.Sc. dissert. IIniv. Of seasons and places of occurrence. Jodhpur, Jodhpur. Pandey and Shaha (1966) have studied 5. Ennis, Jr, W.B. 1974: Weed science in Pest Phytosociological of weed in paddy fields. Srivastav et al. management programme. Proc 27 Ann. Meeting (1966) from their studies on ‘Weeds of Wheat fields in Bihar’ Southern Weed Science Society 27 : 8-15

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 42 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Status Of Avion Fauna At Rewa District Madhya Pradesh, India

* Nidhi Jaiswal

Abstract - Recent environment research has given a great thrust in the aspect of animal resources and biodiversity as a viable parameter for monitoring environmental status of an area. Today, birds (class- Aves) are the most successful and diverse of all terrestrial vertebrates. Birds are highly visible and common animals and had a relationship with man. Human impacts have been increased that cause great impacts to environment. The changes in geographical distribution, birds are affected by biotic and abiotic factors. Destruction of wildlife habitat by urbanization, pollution of water, mobile towers, air and noise are probably some other potential problems for the birds in the future and their effect can be studied after few years. Madhya Pradesh is situated in central India. It constitutes 12.30% of the forest area of India. The main forest areas include the Vindhya Range, the Kaimore Hills, the Satpura and Maikala Ranges, and the Baghelkhand Plateau. The Vindhya Region is a range of older rounded mountains and hills, geographically separates the Indian subcontinent into northern India. In the earlier times Rewa was capital of Vindhya state. Therefore, keeping the above view in mind the present study is carried out to know the status of birds. During present investigation 67 species of birds were recorded belonging to 53 genera, 32 families and 15 orders of class Aves,to find out their occurrence and to create the awareness for their conservation. Of course it is need of the day to conserve the biodiversity of avifauna of Rewa district. Key Words - Avifauna, biodiversity, status.

Introduction - Ornithology is the scientific study of birds. form of surface behaviour of the earth. Rewa is covered by The ornithologists gather information to understand how different ranges of Vindhyan series. The whole area is birds function, inside and out, and to learn how birds relate formed by an undulated plateau, encircled by Panna range to their natural environment. Birds provide a terrific doorway (A part of upper Vindhyan) toward north-east are Kaimore into nature and scientific study. A bird (class Aves) has been range lies towards its southern side and runs across from described as a ’Feathered Biped’. This description is apt south-west to north-west directions. In between these two and precise, and can apply to no other animals. Birds are ranges, the Rewa plateau takes a saucer type shape divided delighted all over the world because of their beauty and by a host of small streams and rivers. Beehar River is one their power of flight. Birds are a good model for indicators of the unique water body and most important river of Rewa because they react rapidly and markedly to environmental district. Beehar river flows north- westerly in Rewa district changes (Gregory et al. 2003). Their changing populations and is about 97 kilometer long. The river originates in the often provide clues to the overall health of their habitat. Kaimore hills, near Kharamkheda village at an elevation of Human world has been mesmerized by the flora and fauna 600 meters above sea level in the Satna district (M.P.). After around him. Birds form an important part of this earth since its origin in Kharamkheda, it flows through the hilly tract of time immortal. Birds have held high position in Mythology Amarpatan tehsil of district Satna and then river entered in of various cultures. Indians have associated them with Gods Rewa behind the fort. This area is known as Rajghat where such as Swan with Saraswati “The Goddess of Wisdom”, Bichiya and Beehar both rivers meet to each other. River Peacock with Lord Krishan, and Eagle with Lord Vishnu. passes through plateau of Huzur tehsil and after that, river This study was taken up to assess the occurrence and reaches the Sirmour tehsil at the edge of plateau of Chachai distribution of birds in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh. village where with its other tributaries, it forms a waterfall Study Area: Rewa is one of the districts of Madhya Pradesh known as “Chachai fall”. The river descends about 115 and It lies between longitude 81°,02’ and 82°,18’ E and meter below the normal level and flows through a plain to latitude 24°,18’ and 25°,12’ N, almost in the north east corner join the Tons river, which is one of the important tributaries of Madhya Pradesh. Its area is 6,240 square km. It is about of Ganga river. The river is entirely fed by seasonal rains 96 km. in the east-west and 65 km. in the north south and there is a marked fluctuation in the water level of the direction. It is triangular in shape.Topography relates to the river between the commencement of the monsoon and the

* Research Scholar (Zoology) APS University, Rewa (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 43 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II end of the summer season. of avian fauna in our research site. Its catchment area covers about 1685 sq km. Out of which Resident (R) - A bird that lives in permanently or on a long- 636 sq. km. lies in Satna and rest 1049 sq. km. in Rewa term basis in the same area. Local Migrant (LM) - resident district. The river has one main tributary and 28 small with some local movement. Winter Migrant (WM)- tributaries (Nala) of which 18 are in Satna and remaining migratory birds fly to India, either in search of feeding 10 in Rewa. The main tributary of the river is Bichhia river, grounds or to escape the severe winter of their native which originates in Huzur tehsil and flows completely in habitat. Monsoon Migrant (MM) - Generally availability of Rewa and then joins Beehar river behind the Rewa fort. food plays role in determination of these kinds of The Beehar River carries with itself the water of Bansagar migration.Passage Migrant (PM) - A bird that stops canal, due to which the Beehar river is full with water round somewhere for a short time during a the year. seasonal migration.Vagrant (V) - Vagrancy is a Material & Methods - For the purpose of study following phenomenon in biology whereby individual animals (birds) instruments and gadgets were used: appear well outside their normal range. Individual animals Binoculars - For birds watching the binocular of 8 x 30 (birds) which exhibit vagrancy are known as vagrants. resolutions was used. Camera - For still photography we Abundance Status - It is normally used within a sampling used high resolution (20 Mega-pixel) digital camera in to indicate how many organisms there are in a particular research field. Field Guide - A field guide is a little book habitat when it would not be practical to count them all. that is packed with information about birds. Notebook - Instead, a smaller representative sample of the population Note book of the size 8 x 11 cm. was used as it is easy to is counted. carry. Voice recorder: For recording the songs and voice Abundant (A) - Mean population is more than 100.Less of the birds we used smart phone voice recorder. Clothing- abundant (La) - Mean population is 50 to 100. Frequent For comfortable bird watching, Cargo pants with deep (F) - Mean population is 25 to 50. Occurring or appearing pockets to hold a notebook or field guide are helpful, and quite often or at close intervals Less frequent (Lf) - Mean belt loops can hold other tools. Good ankle support and population is 5 to 25. Scarce (Sc) - Mean population less walking shoes are also used.Bird feeder - bird feeder like than 5. grains, seeds, etc were used for attracting the birds. Occurrence Status:Fairly Common (FC) - A species that The study was conducted from early January 2011 to late occurs in fair to moderate numbers. Common (C) - The December 2012. Regular surveys were done by species observed is “common” within the given area. Found systematically walking on fixed routes through the study or living in relatively large numbers; not rare: Occasional area. The birds were observed during the peak hours of (O) - Occurring from time to time. Taking place from time their activity with the aid of 8×30 Nikon binocular. to time; not frequent or regular Rare (r) - A group Photographs were taken whenever possible. Birds were of organisms that are very uncommon, scarce, or observed in winter from early morning 06:00 A.M. to 10:00 infrequently encountered. A.M. and from 04:00 P.M. to 06:00 P.M. in the evening hours. Breeding Status - Breeder (B) - A breeder is a practices In summer season, birds observed from 4:30 A.M. to 8:30 the vocation of mating carefully selected species of the A.M. and 05:00 P.M. to 07:00 P.M. in evening. In the same breed to reproduce specific, consistently replicable monsoon season the birds were watched when there were qualities and characteristics. Non-breeder (NB) - An animal no rains. On all Sundays of the months, the gathered species that does not breed. Breeding Probable (BP) - information was tabulated and analyzed. Pair observed in suitable nesting habitat in breeding season. Identification of birds was done using field guides (Ali Birds that were observed to breed throughout Rewa & Ripley, 1987). However, opportunistic records were also .Breeding Possible (PB) - Species observed in breeding collected during other time periods of the day. Birds seen season in suitable nesting habitat. were recorded along with habitat type, season and Feeding habit Status - Insectivorous (In) - frequency of sightings of a particular species. The checklist An insectivore is a carnivore that eats insects. Frugivore was prepared using standard common and scientific names (FR) - A frugivore is a fruit eater. Granivore (GR) - This is of the birds following Manakadan & Pittie (2001). Residential the primary diet for many types of birds, especially game status of the birds as resident, winter visitor, monsoon visitor birds, sparrows and finches. Herbivore (HR) - and summer visitor has been assigned strictly with A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically reference to the study area. The status of the recorded bird adapted to eating plant materials. Piscivore(PI)- species was established on the basis of frequency of A piscivore is a carnivorous animal which s eat sightings following Kumar & Gupta (2009). Feeding habits primarily fish. Carnivore (CR) - Describes a diet that were classified on the basis of direct observations and consists primarily of meat.. available literature (Ali & Ripley 1987). Data on threat factors Results & Discussion - Sixty seven (67) species of birds were collected by direct observation and personal interviews belonging to 53 genera and 32 families were recorded with local people. during January 2011 to late December 2012. The The following parameters were used to know the status abundance, feeding, residential, breeding and Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 44 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II conservational status of birds species were recorded during reforestation is necessary to create some natural habitats the study period. The family Passeriformes represented by like gardens and lakes besides the human habitation to 22 species, dominated the wetland bird community of the facilitate the foraging, sheltering and breeding for birds. study area. It accounted for 32.84% of the total number of Plantation of fruit trees within residential area can attract bird species of the study area. Among the recorded species, many insectivorous birds to live there. It is well known that 53 species (79.10%) were resident, 5 species (7.4%) local birds are friends of human as they destroy lost of harmful migrant, 5 species (7.4%) winter migrant and 4 species insects and mosquitoes from the environment as also (5.9%) vagrant. reported by Khacher (1996). Among the birds, there are The local migrants, namely Eudynamys scolopacea, four major grouping based on the food eaten: insectivorous, Upupa epops and Threskiornis melanocephalus were nectarivores, granivores and frugivores (Gokula and spotted during summer seasons from April to August. The Vijayan, 2000). When the temperature reached below 0°C winter migratory birds displayed a definite pattern specific in cold coutnries, the migratory birds migrate from that to species for arrival and departure from the site. They countries to warmer countries such as India. The migratory appeared at the research area from mid October and stayed birds can be seen from the month of November in ponds, up to April. The peak of winter population of migratory birds tanks and dams of Rewa district specially situated around was observed during the months of January and February. Beehar river. In cold countries during cold season when The present study revealed that Common Pochard, Aythya water freezed into ice due to low temperature (below 0°C), ferina arrived in October; Spot-billed Duck, Anas the insects that are found in water, are not available to birds. poecilorhyncha arrived in November, birds like Spot-billed Therefore, these birds migrate to warmer countries in Duck, Common Pochard departed in March. Based on the search of food. During present study, the main migratory frequency of sightings, 1 common and 3 birds species are birds that observed along Beehar river are Red crested occasionally. The basic requirements of migratory birds at pochard of Baluchistan, Gadwell of North Europe, Pintail their wintering ground are adequate food supply and safety of mid Asia, Sholewar of Siberia and North Europe, Khanjan (Lakshmi, 2006) which are fulfilled by this area as it was bird of Aasam and Rajhans of Tibbat. These birds prefer situated amidst fertile agricultural fields. The composition that water bodies where Trapa natans (Singhara) are not of birds in major feeding in the study area showed that the cultivated. Pintail and Sholewar birds generally prefer omnivore was the most common with 28 species (41.79%), temperature between 5°C to 10°C for living. Morrison et al. followed by carnivore with 17 species (25.37%), herbivore, (1980) also reported reduction of birds during the non- winter insectivore and granivore each with 3 species (4.48%), period and their increase during winter. However the study frugivore with 8 species (10.45%), piscivore with 5 species recommends conservational measures with the (7.46%) and nectar feeder with single species (1.49%). involvement of Government organisation, non-Government The resident birds are observed in most of the months of organisations and the local people. Co- ordination and investigation period but the migratory birds were observed understanding between various departments such as Forest mostly in the winter months. In the present study, the Department (for surveying and monitoring of vulture population of migratory birds dominated in winter because colonies), Archaeological Department (for protecting of the climatic conditions of northern hemisphere are adverse nests ), Tourism Department (preventing disturbance by to these birds during winter, especially in getting food and tourists), Agriculture Department (avoiding use of harmful shelter as also reported by various workers (Doner et al., pesticides and drugs) and Education Department (for 2012, Malhotra et al., 2005; Kulkarni et al., 2006; Telleria et awareness among local people, students, villagers, forest al., 2001; Miller et al., 2003). officials) will play an important role in conservation The other factors responsible for the decline in (Kushwaha S., 2014). Awareness plays an important role population of aquatic birds are due to extensive utilization in sensitizing the people towards the flora and fauna around of water for domestic purposes, unlimited fishing, utilization them. of its marshy vegetation for grazing of live stock and References :- decrease in rainfall as also reported by Manmohan and 1. Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1987).Compact handbook of the Saxena (2005) and Khacher (1996). Our study sites are Birds of Pakistan, together with those of Bangladesh, resident area and are still urbanizing. A lot of human Nepal, Bhutan and Shri Lanka. Oxford University press, interference, constructional activities, noise due to vehicles New Delhi,737. and peoples are making threat to the species of avian fauna. 2. Donar, A. S., Reddy, K. R. and Deshpande, D. P. It could be the reason why species diversity was poor in (2012). Avifaunal Diversity of Nipani Reservoir, urban area. Therefore, it is difficult for avian fauna to find Belgaum District Karnataka. The Ecoscan. 27-33. the nesting location and sheltering place or foraging habitats 3. Gokula,V.& Vijayan, L. (1996). Birds of Mudamulai in this urban area. Wildlife. Forktail12:107-117. Thus, many species of bids either migrated to other 4. Gokula V. & Vijayan, L. (2000). Foraging pattern of birds places or gradually declined their population as nesting sites during the breeding season in thorn forest of were destroyed. To save the urban avifauna, now-a-days Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, Southern Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 45 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

India. Tropical Ecology 41(2): 195-208. variation in water fowl in during winter at tank Indore, 5. Gregory, R. D., Noble, D., Field, R. Marchant, J.,Raven, India. J. Environ. And Ecoplan.10(1): 129-138. M. and Gibbons, D.W.(2003). Using birds as indicators 14. Manakadan, R. & Pittie, A. (2001). Standardised of biodiversity. Ornis Hungarica 12–13: 11–24. common and scientific names of the birds of the Indian 6. IUCN - The World Conservation Union. May 2006 . subcontinent. Buceros 6(1): 1–37. 7. IUCN (2009). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 15. Manmohan, P. and Saxena, G. (2005). Population Online version 2009. dynamics of water fowl at KishanpuraTalav, Inodore, Dated 14 June, 2009. Version 2010. India. J. Life Sci. 2 (1&2) :45-48. 8. IUCN (2010). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 16. Miller, J. R.,Wiens, J. A , Thompson Hobbs, N. and Version 2010. Theobald, D. M. (2003). Effects of human settlement 9. Khacher, L. (1996).The birds of Gujarat - a Salim Ali on bird communities in lowland riparian areas of centenary overview. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 93 :331- Colorado (USA).Ecological Applications 13(4): 1041– 373. 1059. 10. Kulkarni, A. N., Kanwate, V. S. and Deshpande, V. D. 17. Morrison, M.L., Kimberly, A. and Timossi, I.C. (1980). (2006) Checklist of Birds of ShikhachiWadi reservoir, The structure of forest bird community during winter Dist. Nanded, Maharashtra. J. Aqua. Biol. 21:80 – 85. and summer .Wilson Bull. 98:214-230. 11. Kumar,P. & Gupta, S.K. (2013). Status of wetland birds 18. Sekercioglu, C. H., Daily, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R. of Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary, Haryana, India. (2004). Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. Pro- Journal of Threatened Taxa5(5):3969-3976. ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the 12. Kushwaha S. (2014) Parasitological and pathological United States of America 101:18042–18047. investigation on vultures (Gyps Species) declining in 19. Telleria, J. L., Perez-Tris J. and Carbonell, R.(2001). Bundelkhand Region of India. Ph.D Thesis, University Seasonal changes in abundance and flight-related of Lucknow, Lucknow India. morphology reveal different migratory patterns in 13. Malhotra, M. M., Prakash and Pawar, K. (2005). Diet Iberian Forest Passerines. Ardeola 48:27–46. Table-1: Systematic list and status of avifauna at Rewa district (M.P.),during 2011 to 2012

Order Family Scientific name Common name Status Resi- Abun- Occu- Bree- Primarily dent dant rrence ding feeding habit 1 Anseriformes Anatidae Anas poecilorhyncha Spot billed duck R LF C B HR Aythya ferina Common pochard WM LF OB HR Mergus merganser Common merganser WM Lf OB PI Anser anser Grey lag goose WM Lf C B HR 2. Galliformes Phasianidae Gallus gallus Red junglefowl R LF C B OM Gallus sonneratii Grey junglefowl R LF C B OM Pavo cristatus Indian peafowl R Lf FC B OM Francolinus f Black francolinus R Lf C B OM rnacolinus Coturnix coturnix Common quail R Lf C B OM 3. Charadriiformes Recurviostridae Himantopus Black winged stilt WM F C B OM himantopus Charadriidae Vanellus indicus Red wattled lapwing R La FC BP CR 4. Pelecaniformes Phalacrocoracidae Phlacrocorax niger Little cormorant R F FC BP CR 5. Ciconiformes Ardeidae Ardea cinerea Grey heron LM F C BP PI Ardea purpurea Purple heron V LF O BP PI Casmerodius albus Great egret R LF O BP PI Ardeola grayii Indian pond heron R FFC B PI Bulbulcus ibis Cattle egret R F C BP CR Egretta garzetta Little egret R F O BP CR Thereskiornithidae Nycticorax Black crowned night R LF C B CR nycticorax heron Threskiornis White ibis LM Sc C B OM melanocephalus 6. Accipitriformes Accipitridae Milvus migrans Black kite V Sc OB CR Gyps bengalensis Indian white backed V Sc r B CR vulture Aquila rapax Tawny eagle V Sc OB CR 7. Gruiformes Rallidae Amaurornis White breasted R F C B OM phoenicurus waterhen Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 46 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Order Family Scientific name Common name Status Resi- Abun- Occu- Bree- Primarily dent dant rrence ding feeding habit 8. Columbiformes Columbidae Columba livia Blue rock pigeon R A FC B GR Columba elphinstonii Nilgiri wood pigeon R Lf C B ‘GR Streptopelia chinensis Spotted dove R Lf C B GR Streptopelia Little brown dove R Lf C B FR senegalensis 9.. Psittaciformes Psittacidae Psittacula eupatria Alexandrine parakeet R Lf C B FR (Parakeets) Psittacula krameri Rose ringed parakeet R A FC B FR Psittacula himalayana Slaty headed parakeet R Lf O ‘B FR Psittacula cynocephala Plum headed parakeet R Lf OB FR 10 Cuculiformes Cuculidae Eudynamys scolopacea Asian koel LM Lf OB OM (cuckoos) Centropus sinensis Greater coucal R Lf C B CR 11. Strigiformes Tytonidae Tyto capensis Grass owl R Sc r B CR Strigidae Bubo bubo Eurasian eagle owl R Sc r B CR Bubo zeylonensis Brown fish owl R Sc r B CR 12. Coraciiformes Halcyonidae Halcyon smyrnensis White breasted R Sc C B CR kingfisher Halcyon pileata Black capped kingfisher R Sc r B CR Halcyon coromanda Ruddy kingfisher R Sc OB CR Coraciidae Coracias benghalensis Indian roller R F FC B CR 13. Bucerotiformes Upupidae Upupa epops Common hoopoe LM Lf O BP OM Ocyceros birostris Indian grey hornbill R Lf C B FR 14. Piciformes Picidae Dinopium benghalense Lesser golden backed R Lf C B OM woodpecker Chrysocolaptes festivus Black shouldered LM Sc O BP OM woodpecker 15. Passeriformes Alaudidae Calanderella raytal Indian short toed lark R F FC B OM Sturnidae Sturnus contra Asian pied starling R F FC B OM Acridotheres tristis Common myna R F FC B OM Acridotheres ginginianus Bank myna R F FC B OM Acridotheres fuscus Jungle myna R Lf O BP OM Sturnus pagodarum Brahminy starling R LF C B OM Corvidae Corvus splendens House crow R Lf r B OM Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle crow R Lf r B OM Dendrocitta vagabunda Indian tree pie R F C B OM Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus cafer Red vented bulbul R F FC B OM Dicruridae Dicrurus macrocerus Black drongo R F FC B CR Leiothrichidae Turdoides striatus Jungle babbler R F FC B OM Turdoides malcolmi Large grey babbler R F C B OM ‘ Cisticolidae Orthotomus sutorius Common tailor bird R Lf C NB OM Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental magpie robin R F FC B IN Saxicoloides fulicatus Indian robin R La FC B IN Prinia socialis Ashy wren-warbler R F C B IN Nectariniidae Nectarinia asiatica Purple sunbird R F FC B NR Ploceidae Ploceus philippinus Baya weaver R Lf r B OM Motacillidae Motacilla alba White wagtail WM Lf C B OM Dicaeidae Dicaeum Tickell’s flower pecker R Lf C B FR erythrorhynchos Passeridae Passer domesticus House sparrow R Lf C B OM

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 47 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Calcium Hardness, Magnesium Hardness And Total Hardness

* Dr. Manish Kumar Nirat

Abstract - Calcium is an essential element for normal plant growth. The average value of calcium hardness in Gurma bundh varied between 48.28 to 58.48 mg/l and 47.76 to 56.68 mg/l during first and second year of study periods. The maximum values of calcium hardness were recorded during summer season to be followed by winter and rainy seasons. Sunkand and patil (2004) recorded the range of calcium hardness between 18.22 to 81.1 mg/l in Fort lake of Belgaum (Karnataka). Mishra et al. (1993) also reported the range of calcium hardness between 34.0 to 53.2 mg/l in Hirakund reservoir.

Research Methodology - The information received form between 66.5 to 89.0 mg.l and 63.5 to 89.5 mg/l during first scientific boots on Journal & reports to complete research and second years of study periods. Hardness, a magnesium paper. Secondary sources of data used for this research. carbonate and bicarbonate is known as temporary hardness Primary source is also used by making contact with science whereas when due to sulphates and chlorides, itt is known teachers major in laboratories of chemical science. as permanent hardness (APHA, 1980). Rawson (1960) and Observation made to get knowledge of scientific chemical Williams (1964) reported that calcium and magnesium are elements. essential elements for most of the algal blooms. It was Hypothesis: interesting to observe that while magnesium hardeness 1. Hardness of calcium element effects human life. showed an increase in summer calium hardness decreased.

2. What and animal also & effected by calcium and Because of higher CO2 content in water, the insoluble magnesium trades. magnesium carbonate was converted to soluble 3. There is not sufficient wearers to reduce hundred of bicarbonate. However, be cause of low solubility of calcium calcium and magnesium. carbonate, this did not happen with calcium. Magnesium 4. Human being do not mind about calcium and carbonate and hydroxide precipitate at higher pH. The magnesium. hard ness. values of total haedness of Gurma bundh fall well below Objective : the permissible limits i.e. 300 mg/l sets by ISI (1992) and 1. To Know the hard ness of chemical elements specially 500 mg/l by UNEP (1991) and WHO (1988). calcium and magnesium. Chloride contents - Chloride contents of Gurma bundh 2. To Know the bad effects of hardness of calcium and varied between 15.0 to 28.5 mg/l and 15.5 to 27.5 mg/l magnesium. during first and second years of study years respectively. 3. To suggest the measures reduce hardness of calcium the maximum values of chloride contents were recorded in and magnesium. the summer season, moderate in winter season and lower 4. To wake pollution free environment in order & make in rainy seasons. Decreased chloride contents during winter human life healthy. and rainy seasons may be attributed to the flood condition 5. To suggest mean use to Environmental improvement. and dilution of water (Hutchinson, 1957). Although the Magnesium is a micronutrient and essential for normal observed chloride values fall well within the permissible plant growth. The values of magnesium hardness fluctuated limits (250 mg/l) as suggested by WHO (1998), USEP between 16.3 to 31.1 mg/l and 13.7 to 33.6 mg/l during first (1989) and ISI (1992). According to Sreenivasan (1965), and second years of study periods. The higher magnesium Sarkar and Rai (1964), low chloride value (less than 100 hardness was observed during summer season to be mg/l) indicate the purity of water but higher concentration if followed by winter and rainy seasons. Sunkand and patil natural water denotes purity of water nut higher (2004) observed the of magnesium hardness between 1.01 concentration in natural water denotes pollution. The to 3.64 mg/l in Fort lake at Belgaum while Mishra et al (1993) amount of chloride ions is as indicator of healthy potable observed these values between 13.5 to 45.0 mg/l in water. In various types of drinking water, the amount of Hirakund reservoir. chloride ions does not exceed 30 mg/l (Egemen and Sunlu, The values of total hardness of Gurma bundh varied 1996, Kuruma et al. 2002) reported the average falls within * Guest Faculty (Zoology) Govt. Jaisingh Nagar P.G. College, Jaisingh Nagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 48 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II drinking water group according to terrestrial water quality Phytoplankton - All the phytoplankton identified during criteria. present study were classified under Chlorophyceae, Phosphorus - The phosphorus occurs in natural water body Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae and acillariophyceae. In in very small quantity but it is an important essential element total 35 species were recorded from the water of Gurma and most critical single factor for the maintenance of pond bundh at different stations. Of these, 13 species belonged fertility. The phosphate contents of Gurma bundh varied to chlorophyceae, 10 species to Cyanophyceae, 2 species between 0.11 to 0.19 mg/l and 0.12 to 0.17 mg/l during to Euglenophyceae and 10 species to Bacillariophyceae. first and second years of study periods respectively. Among the 13 species of chlorophyceae, the minimum Comparatively higher values of phosphate contents were average density was recorded for Scenedesmus armatus recorded in rainy season, moderate in summer season and and minimum for volvox sp. The other members of this lower in winter season. Sunkand and patil (2004) reported group which showed appreciable density were Zygnema the values of phosphate contents between 7.2 and 13.6 sp., Chlamydimonas sp. and Ulothrix zonata. mg/l in Fort lake of Belgaum. He also reported that its value In Cyanophyceae, the higher density was observed is high because of continuous disposal of city sewage into for Spirulina sp., Merismiopedia sp. and Microcystis sp. The the inorganic phosphate was quite high around polluted lower dendity was recorded for Anacysis sp. Among zones of Ganga river and low at non-polluted points but its Euglenophyceae the maximum average density was concentration was never less than 0.10 mg/l which is slightly observed for phacus sp. and minimum for Euglena sp. In higher in river water. Bacllariophyceae, the higher densities were recorded for Plankton - The biotic communities in an ecosystem Navicula sp. Synendra ulna, Cymbella sp. and Cyclotella comprises producers, consumers and decomposers which sp. while lower fof Gyrosigma sp. are linked with one another by energy chains. The producers include the chlorophyll bearing phytoplankton’s, aquatic References : - macrophysics and photosynthetic bacteria. The entire 1. Agrawal, D.K., Gour, S.D., Tiwari, I.C. Narayanswami, wealth that man takes from aquatic habitat is ultimately N. And Marwah, S.M. (1976a), Phyxico-Chemical dependent on phytoplankton for its production since it is Characteristics of Ganga water at Varanasi,. Inidan J, the photosynthetic component of the plankton. The Environ, Hlth., 18(3) : 201-206 consumers are other organisms which are not able to 2. Bagde, U.S, & Verma, A.K. (1985). Physico-chemical synthesis organic matter with the help of solar energy, but Characteristics of water of jenu lake at New Delhi. Ind. depend upon the producers. they include herbivores and J. Ecol., 12 (1): 151-156. carnivores like zooplankton and fishes. The zooplankton 3. Arora, H.C. (1965), Rotifera as an indicator of trophic converts the phytoplankton into food suitable for fish and nature of environment. Hydrobiodies, 27 : 146-149 other animals of economic value to man. The plank tonic 4. Ayyappan, S,. (1991) Use of Azolla in aquaculture communities are broadly classified into micro plankton, (National Workshop on Aquaculture Economics, 20- macro plankton, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Now-a- 22 nov. 1991). days the distribution and composition of plank tonic species 5. Blani, M.C. and sarkar, H.L. (1965). Some observations are considered as remarkable measures to study and to on the pollution of Yamuna River at okhala water works determine the pollution status of water. intake , Delhi. Ind. J. Env. Health, 7 (2) : 84-86,

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 49 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II dV©_mZ oejm _{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m g_md{e -AmO H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dZÒ[oV emÛ) emgH$r` _hmamZr b˙_r ]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 50 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Profile Of Khadi Bhandar Of Marwar

* ** *** Dr. Usha Kothari Karanjeet Kaur Simerjeet Kaur

Abstract - In India, villages are providing the base for the economic development of the country. The village artisans had command over raw materials, assured demand for their products and services and an assured return. khadi was introduced by Mahatma Gandhiji as important instrument for remaking the Indian economy. primarily with a political interest to boycott foreign goods in general and cloth in particular and provide an opportunity for every human being about the self discipline and self-sacrifices as a part of non-cooperative movement. Keywords - khaddar, charkha,spinning.

Introduction - During pre-independence era the movement Result And Disscussion - Table no. shows that cent- of khadi manufacturing gained momentum under the percent respondents were belongs selected cities and run guidance of father of nation Mahatma Gandhiji. This khadibhandars at that particular city. movement of khadi manufacturing and wearing started as Table 1: Distribution of KhadiBhandar according to city to discourage the Indians from wearing of foreign in which they are operating clothes. Khadi is a versatile fabric. Khadi is also known by (N=10) another name Khaddar. It is made by spinning the threads City N% on an instrument known as Charkha. It has the unique Barmer 10 25.00 property of keeping the wearer warm in winter as well as Jaisalmer 10 25.00 cool in summer season. This fabric on washing is more Jodhpur 10 25.00 enhanced thus the more you wash it, better the look. Khadi Pali 10 25.00 spinning is generally done by girls and women and weaving Total 40 100.00 mostly by men. During spinning of khadi the threads are According to table no. 2 maximum number of respondent interwoven in such a manner that it provides passage of air was literate. On the basis responses 30 percent circulation in the fabric. Apart from this unique property, it respondents of Pali and Jodhpur were educate up to middle also provides warmth in winter season which is quite school. Large number of respondents of Pali (70 percent) surprising factor.Khadi has gained worldwide appreciation was senior secondarypass and equal percentage of (40 as it is handmade, durable, long lasting and organic in percent) Jodhpur, Jaiselmer were senior secondary holder, nature. It is associated with Gandhian philosophy as well 30 percent of respondents of Barmer 12th pass. Researcher as makes a fashion statement. Through the medium of found that 30, 40, 50 percent respondents of Pali, Barmer, khadi weaving, the weaver expresses art and designing by Jaiselmer were graduate. Only 10 percent respondents the spindle and loom. It is widely accepted in the Indian respectively of Jodhpur were holding professional and post fashion circle. Leading fashion designers now include it in graduation degree. their collection by designing clothes with khadi material. Table 2 (see in next page) There is huge demand of it in international market, On the basis of table no. 3 majority of respondents from especially in western countries. Previously khadi was dyed Jodhpur, Jaiselmer, Barmer (60, 90, and 80 percent) in earthy color tones and was used to make traditional respectively prefer to wear khadi and only 30 percent garments but now designers are experimenting by dyeing respondents of Paliwere prefer to wear khadi fabric. Cent- khadi with striking colors. percent respondents of Pali were sometimes wore khadi Methodology - Present study was conducted at marwar sometimes and small number (20, 10 and 30 percent) of region of Rajasthan. Data were collected from respondent of Barmer, Jaiselmer and Jodhpur sometimes Jodhpur,jaiselmer, Barmer,Pali districts through questioner like to wear khadi. 10npercent respondents of Jodhpur were from khadiBhandars. A sample of 10 respondents was not given any response about it. selected randomly from different khadibhandars. Data was Major findings of the study were that most of the analyzed and tabulated to find out results. respondents from khadibhandars prefer to wear khadi as a * Professor (Home Science) Jai NarainVyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA ** Research Scholars (Home Science, Textile) Jai NarainVyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA *** Research Scholars (Home Science, Textile) Jai NarainVyas University, Jodhpur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 51 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II suitable fabric for them. found in selected cities and among them maximum Table 3 (see below) respondents prefer to wear khadi fabric. Large number of Data about articles sold at khadibhandars shown in table respondents was educated up to senior secondary level no. 4 and multiple responses were found at each category and few respondents were holding graduate, post graduate cent-percent respondents were sale daily wear and home and professional degree. All respondents were sale multiple furnishing articles at their khadibhandars of Barmer. At articles at their khadibhandars. It was found that khadi fabric Jaiselmer 60 percent respondents sale daily wear, 10 and khadibhandars had good profile. percent were casual wear, 30 percent were home furnishing References :- and 50 percent respondents were sale all types of articles 1. Swadeshi Forum for khadi : “Wheal of progress and at their khadibhandars. Majority of respondents (90 percent) prosperity must move on 75 years of khadi : 1925- were sale all types of articles and only 10 percent 2000”. young man July 29, Aug. 4, 2000. respondents were sale casual wear at theirkhadibhandars 2. Mani, N Raja, K Bharathiar University Department of of jodhpur. Respondents of Pali district given multiple Economics Performance evaluation of Khadi and vil- responses on each category 80 percent of respondent’s lage industries with particular reference to Gandhi sale daily wear, 70 percent were sale home furnishing Ashram TrichengoduNamakkal district articles, 30 percent respondents were sale all category type 3. PP1-5. and only 20 percent respondents sale casual wear articles 4. http://www.kvic.org.in/update/khadi/KHADI2.html at khadibhandarts of Pali. 5. http://www.kvic.org.in/kvicres/khadicoord.html Table: 4 (see below) 6. http://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/959/ Conclusion - It was concluded that all respondents were khadi-the-pride-of-india?page=1

Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to Education of khadibhandarOperators (N=10) Education Barmer Jaisalmer Jodhpur Pali N%N%N%N% Up to Middle School 3 30.00 0 0.00 3 30.00 0 0.00 Up to Sr. Secondary 3 30.00 4 40.00 4 40.00 7 70.00 Graduate 4 40.00 5 50.00 0 0.00 3 30.00 Post Graduate 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 Professional Degree 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 No Response 0 0.00 1 10.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 Total 10 100.00 10 100.00 10 100.00 10 100.00

Table 3: Distribution of respondents to preference to wear khadi (N=10) Response Barmer Jaisalmer Jodhpur Pali N%N%N%N% Yes I do 8 80.00 9 90.00 6 60.00 3 30.00 Sometimes 2 20.00 1 10.00 3 30.00 7 70.00 Never 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 No Response 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 10.00 0 0.00 Total 10 100.00 10 100.00 10 90.00 10 100.00

Table: 4 Types of Kahdi Articles Sold at KhadiBhandars (N=10) Kind of Khadi Article Barmer Jaisalmer Jodhpur Pali N%N%N%N% Daily wear 10 100.00 6 60.00 0 0.00 8 80.00 Casual Wear 0 0.00 1 10.00 1 10.00 2 20.00 Home Furnishing 10 100.00 3 30.00 0 0.00 7 70.00 All Types 0 0.00 5 50.00 9 90.00 3 30.00

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 52 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II AmoXdmgr oH$em{a oH$em{na`m{ß _{ß am{OJma H{$ ‡oV ]XbVr YmaUmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z

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AV: AmoXdmgr j{Ãm{ß _{ß oH$em{a-oH$em{na`m{ß H{$ obE C[bÏY am{OJma [w¡`amO ‡H$meZ, Bbmhm]mX& H{$ Adga _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ A›Va Zht [m`m J`m h¢& 2. _wIOr© aod›–ZmW (1998) "gm_moOH$ em{Y Edß gmßoª`H$r' odd{H$ C[`w©∫$ C[H$Î[Zm H{$ [arjU h{Vw H$mB© dJ© H$r JUZm H$r JB©& H$mB© dJ© ‡H$meZ,Odmha ZJa, ZB© oXÑr & JUZm H{$ [naUm_ H{$ AmYma [a x2 H$m JUZmÀ_H$ _mZ 8.91 h¢ Om{ oH$ 3. [m S{> lrYa (1992)"^maVr J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm Edß H•$of Ï`dÒWm (0.05 gmW©H$Vm ÒVa [a)3 ÒdVßÃVm H$m{Q>r H{$ x2 gmaUr _yÎ` 9.488 ‡d•oŒm Edß g_Ò`mE±' B S>m{bm∞Or [o„beg© [Q>Zm & g{ H$_ h∞¢ AV: `hm∞ [a ey›` C[H$Î[Zm (H01) ÒdrH$ma H$r OmVr h¢ AWm©V 4. AJ´dmb Ama.gr. (2009) "Ï`dgmo`H$ ‡]›Y H{$ og‹Xm›V Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ãm{ß _{ß oH$em{a -oH$em{na`mß{ H{$ obE C[b„Y am{OJma H{$ Adga CYo_Vm' Eg.]r.S>r. [o„boeßJ hmCg AmJam& _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zhr [m`m J`m h°& 5. ^mJ©d Cfm (1987)"e°ojH$ Edß Ï`mdmgmo`H$ oZX}eZ' oH$em{a gßX^© J´W gyMrï- _Zm{odkmZ ‡H$meZ oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r O`[wa & 1. [m S{> H{$.gr.(1997) "gm_moOH$ AZwgßYmZ Edß gmßoª`H$r H{$ VÀd' 6. oÃ[mR>r _YwgwXZ (2009)"Jm±dm{ß _{ß am{OJma H{$ gmYZ'Am`{Jm [o„bH{$eZ, ZB© oXÑr &

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 54 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II C[Mma, g_m`m{OZ d CZH$r A›V: oH´$`m H$m gmßd{oJH$ AoÒWaVm [a ‡^md

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_hmod⁄mb`rZ dmVmdaU d bJ^J g_mZ Ymo_©H$-gmßÒH•$oVH$ _m›`VmAm{ß 5. [m S{>`, OJXmZ›X : odH$mgmÀ_H$ _Zm{odkmZ, oXÑr [wÒVH$ gXZ, H$m{ _mZZ{ dmbr d N>mÃmdmg _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbr Wr& BgobE E{gm ‡VrV oXÑr hm{Vm h° oH$ C[Mma VWm g_m`m{OZ H{$ ]rM AßV:oH´$`m H$m N>mÃmAm{ß H$r 6. S>m∞. ogßh Am{.[r. : ]mb odH$mg, emaXm [wÒVH$ ^dZ, Bbmhm]mX, gmßd{oJH$ AoÒWaVm [a g_mZ ‡^md [∂S>m& AV: C[Mma VWm g_m`m{OZ 2009 H{$ ]rM H$r AßV:oH´$`m gmßd{oJH$ AoÒWaVm H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß gmW©H$ È[ g{ 7. Rajan, M. : A Study Of Emotional Maturity And Adjust- g\$b Zht ahr& ment Of B.Ed., Trainees In Cuddalore District, Golden gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ research thought, Vol. 2, PP. 1-3, September, 2012 1. S>m∞. d_m©, emaXm ‡gmX : odH$mg _Zm{odkmZ, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW 8. Yogesh : Emotional Maturity and Adjustment in ADHD AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1972 Children, Jogsan psychology & psychotherapy an open 2. habm∞H$, EobOm]{W ]r. : odH$mg _Zm{odkmZ (‡W_ I S>) oXÑr access journal, Vol. 3, PP. 1-4, 2013 odÌdod⁄mb` ¤mam ‡H$moeV, 1990 9. Singh, Dalwinder : Emotional maturity differentials among university students, Journal of physical educa- 3. S>m∞. O°Z, eoe ‡^m : _mZd odH$mg, oedm ‡H$meZ, BßXm°a, V•Vr` tion and sports management, vol. 3, pp. 41-45, May, gßÒH$aU 2005 2013 4. S>m∞. O°Z, eoe ‡^m : oH$em{amdÒWm, oedm ‡H$meZ, BßXm°a, 2008

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* (J•h odkmZ) N>Ã[oV gmhyOr _hmamO odÌdod⁄mb`, H$mZ[wa (C.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 58 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Implementation Of Poverty Alleviation Schemes By The Indian Government And Their Impact On Economic Development And Employment - An Analytical Study

* Dr. Rajesh Jain

Abstract - To alleviation poverty from the country government of India has launched many schemes within different manner. These schemes focus not only to economical development of poor people (BPL) but also generate employment in the society. In this research paper I have tried to find that implementation of poverty alleviation policies by the government in India always helpful to develop economic sector as well as increase in employment. The main object of my research to know the various policies launch by the government for removal poverty and their impact on economic development & on employment. To analyze the data I used statistical tools as percentage analysis, Rank analysis, Chi-square analysis, T-test. Mean value for Poverty alleviation policies reduce poverty ratio in India is 1.46. There is association between poverty alleviation policies across economic development & employment growth in India. There is association between people’s satisfaction (BPL) across the economic development in India but no association across employment growth. In future, government should be require to launch more better schemes on zero balance rate to alleviation poverty from the society. Key Words - Alleviation, BPL, implementation, removal, T-test.

Introduction - The poverty alleviation programmes in states of India It will involve gathering of information from India can be categorized based on whether it is targeted the people who belong from BPL (Below Poverty Line). for rural areas or urban areas. Most of the programmes Convenience sampling method will be used to get the are designed to target rural poverty as prevalence of poverty responses from target population. Sample size of 1000 is high in rural areas. Also targeting poverty is challenging (working and non working) respondents in the age group in rural areas due to various geographic and infrastructure 18 to 65 year will be taken for the survey. To do the research limitations. The five year plans immediately after following statistical tools will be used: percentage analysis, independence tried to focus on poverty alleviation through Rank analysis, Chi-square analysis, T-test. sectoral programmes. The first five-year plan focused on Hypothesis - agricultural production as a way of addressing poverty while 1. H1- HA: There is association between poverty allevia- second and third plans focused on massive state led tion policies across the economic development in In- investments for employment generation in public sector. dia. While these policies did some policy generation, they did 2. H2- HA: There is association between poverty allevia- not have enough strength to effect a sweeping effect. tion policies across the employment growth in India. Research Objectives - 3. H3- HA: There is no association between people’s 1. To know the various policies launch by the government satisfaction (BPL) across the economic development for removal poverty in India. 2. To know the Economic Development of country be- 4. H4- HA: There is no association between people’s yond these policies satisfaction (BPL) across employment growth in India. 3. To find out the impact of poverty alleviation schemes Research Contribution - This research aims to provide a over the employment better understanding of the application of poverty alleviation Research Methodology - The research is based on schemes by the government and their impact on economic primary and secondary data collection methods and the development and rising of employment in India. research type is descriptive. A structured questionnaire will Understanding poverty alleviation schemes can assist be designed to gather information for primary data and, for government body of policies makers when they develop secondary data-internet, books and websites previous strategies and enable them to launch most suitable dissertations/research papers/marketing journals/ schemes that helpful to remove poverty from our country. magazines/text etc will be used. A five point multi item liker Furthermore, a theoretical model of policies launch behavior t scale (1- strongly agree and 5- strongly disagree.) will be in India developed in this study will help to provide a useful used for the study the research will be conducted in different framework for future research regarding policies making * IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 59 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II by the government for removing poverty and its impact on There is association between people’s satisfaction economic development as well as improvement in (BPL) across the economic development in India. employment. Hypothesis 4 Review of Literature - According from A.K. Mehta & A. HO : There is association between people’s satisfaction Shah, The anti-poverty programmes of the Government of (BPL) across employment growth in India. India are designed for generation of self-employment, wage HA : There is no association between people’s satisfaction employment and provision of safety nets through, for (BPL) across employment growth in India. example, food subsidy programmes. Several of these Table 6 (See in the last page) schemes have undergone reforms, rationalization and There is no association between people’s satisfaction better targeting with a greater role to local government for (BPL) across employment growth in India. implementation. According from Lalita Kumari , The rapid Results and Findings - economic growth process should accelerate the access to 1. Out of 8 major schemes of poverty alleviation in India services like education and health services for all, especially 5 are more popular between people’s below poverty the marginalized citizens. The government should also line. aware the rural population about the importance of small 2. 85% schemes are contributed as providing Long term family and mortality rate. Poverty give birth too many other and short term loan on low rate of interest. problems. 3. In all major poverty removal policies in India, contribu- Analysis and Discussion - In the data analysis there is tion of central government to applicable is 74% and of classification and Frequency of different demographic pro- all states government are 26%. file like as “Economic development and Employment growth 4. According to the ranking of factor for Implementation statement. Chi-square test, T- test, as help to understand of poverty alleviation schemes …. Economic Devel- the relation between different demographic factors, vari- opment 1st , 2nd for Increase in Employment, 3rd for ous schemes regarding remove poverty and their impact Equal Applicability, 4th for Improve in Living Standard, on economy and employment. 5th for Social Development & Safety, 6th for Decrease Table 1 - (See in the next page) in Crime. (A) Chi-Square Test Implementation of poverty allevia- 5. There is association between poverty alleviation poli- tion schemes Across The Demographical Factor cies across economic development in India. Hypothesis 1 6. There is association between poverty alleviation poli- HO :There is no association between poverty alleviation cies across the employment growth in India. policies across economic development in India 7. There is association between people’s satisfaction HA :There is association between poverty alleviation policies (BPL) across the economic development in India. across economic development in India. 8. There is no association between people’s satisfaction Table 2 (See in the next page) (BPL) across employment growth in India. There is association between poverty alleviation Conclusion - It is evident from the study that all the poli- policies across economic development in India. cies of poverty alleviation launched by the government help- Hypothesis 2 ful to reduced percentage of poverty in India. These poli- HO :There is association between poverty alleviation cies not only provide platform for economic development policies across the employment growth in India. of people’s Below Poverty Line but also increased employ- HA :There is no association between poverty alleviation ment proportion of the country. Majority of the people be- policies across the employment growth in India. long from below poverty line have updated their living stan- Table 3 (See in the next page) dard due to taken benefits from various poverty alleviation There is association between poverty alleviation policies schemes. Government also launch every policy same du- across the employment growth in India. ration in whole the country. In future, government should (A) Ranking of factor for Implementation of poverty be require to launch more better schemes on zero balance alleviation schemes rate to alleviation poverty from the society. Table 4 (See in the last page) References :- Graph (See in the last page) 1. Dandekar, Vinayak Mahadev, and Nilakanth3 Rath. (B) T-Test For Analyzing people’s satisfaction (BPL) Poverty in India, vol. 3, ser. 7, Books for Change, 2008, across the economic development and Employment pp. 310–340. 7. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.in/ Growth in India. Poverty-India-K-R-Gupta/dp/8126909005 Hypothesis 3 2. Jalihal, K. A., and M. Shivamurthy. Pragmatic Rural HO :There is association between people’s satisfaction Development for Poverty Alleviation: a Pioneering Para- (BPL) across the economic development in India. digm, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Concept Publ., 2003, pp. 35–51. HA : There is no association between people’s satisfaction Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/ (BPL) across the economic development in India. books?isbn=818069030X Table 5 (See in the last page) 3. Jha, Ugra MohanRural Development in India: Prob Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 60 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II lems and Prospects, 4th ed., vol. 1, Anmol Publications, Finance-Poverty-Alleviation-Minija/dp/3846595047 1995, pp. 237–265. Retrieved from https:// 6. Kumar, Anand, et al. Chronic Poverty in India: Issues, books.google.co.in/books?id=OMrZAAAAMAAJ Policies and Challenges, 5th ed., vol. 3, Vitasta, Let 4. Jain, A. K. The Informal City: Inclusive Growth for Pov- Knowledge Spread, 2017, pp. 112–148. Retrieved from erty Alleviation, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Readworthy Publica- https://www.amazon.in/Chronic-Poverty-India-Policies- tions, 2011, pp. 67–82. Retrieved from https:// Challenges/dp/9382711929 www.amazon.in/Informal-City-Inclusive-Poverty-Alle- 7. Lakshmi, P. S. Poverty Alleviation among Rural viation/dp/9350180162 Women, 6th ed., vol. 4, Global Research Publications, 5. K., Minija. Micro Finance and Poverty Alleviation, vol. 2013, pp. 227–260. Retrieved from https:// 1, ser. 3, Lap Lambert Academic Publ, 2011, pp. 129– www.snapdeal.com/product/poverty-alleviation- 144. 3. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.in/Micro- among-rural-women/680610585950 Table 1 - Mean value among different measures

Statement SA A ND SD M St. D Poverty alleviation schemes helpful to improve 64 20 5 -- 1.08 0.86 financial position of poor citizen [BPL] Due to Poverty removal Policies rate of 39 45 2 3 1 1.33 0.72 Employment rapidly increase Poverty alleviation policies reduce poverty ratio 33 26 4 2 - 1.46 0.67 in India All Poverty removal schemes launched same time 42 38 6 3 2 1.78 0.45 and same task in all over the India SA(1)= Strongly agree, A (2) =Agree, N (3) = Neutral, D(4) Disagree, SD (5) Strongly disagree, St. D = Standard deviation Table 2 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson ChiSquare 12.44 2 0.0012 Likelihood Ratio 13.47 2 0.0009 Linear-by-Linear Association 15.02 1 0.0007 N of Valid Cases 87 -- Inference - The above HO : is Rejected (chi-square with 4 degree of freedom=12.44, p=.0012). Table 3 Chi-Square Tests Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Pearson ChiSquare 8.46 4 0.087 Likelihood Ratio 9.02 4 0.073 Linear-by-Linear Association 4.73 1 0.090 N of Valid Cases 89 -- Inference - The above HO : is accepted. (Chi Square with 4 degree of freedom=8.46, p= 0.087).

(A) Ranking of factor for Implementation of poverty alleviation schemes Table 4 Serial No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 WAS Rank Factor Count Count Count Count Count Count Count Count -- Equal Applicability 21 11 10 78 3 4 6 5.14 3 Economic Development 32 7 14 21 9 6 7 12 6.25 1 Social Development & Safety 9 4 16 11 13 18 13 16 4.61 5 Increase in Employment 27 19 22 13 15 9 9 3 5.81 2 Improve in Living Standard 14 15 10 17 8 6 7 2 5.07 4 Decrease in Crime 8 10 9 10 4 5 9 2 3.28 6 Inference - The Table 4 gives the distribution of the respondent according to the ranking of factor for Implementation of poverty alleviation schemes …. Economic Development 1st , 2nd for Increase in Employment, 3rd for Equal Applicability, 4th for Improve in Living Standard, 5th for Social Development & Safety, 6th for Decrease in Crime. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 61 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Table 5 Levine’s Test for Equality of Variance s t-test for Equality of Means F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Equal variances assumed 3.97 0.07 1.71 85 0.164 Inference - The above HO : is Accepted, (p=.164 > .07, t= 1.71).

Table 6 Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 4.69 17 0.36 0.427 - 0.83 Within Groups 33.84 68 0.51 -- Total 40.02 81 --- Inference - The above HA : is Accepted (p= - 0.83 p <.05, f=.427).

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 62 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

G.S.T. - Its Impact On India Economy

* Dr. Deepali Behere

Introduction - Amidst economic crisis across the globe, and other material. The value of the inputs increases when India has posed a beacon of hope with ambitious growth the sugar and flour are mixed and baked into biscuits. targets, supported by a bunch of strategic undertakings such The manufacturer then sells the biscuits to the as the Make in India and Digital India campaigns. The warehousing agent who packs large quantities of biscuits Goods and Services Tax (GST) is another such undertaking and labels it. That is another addition of value after which that is expected to provide the much needed stimulant for the warehouse sells it to the retailer. economic growth in India by transforming the existing base The retailer packages the biscuits in smaller quantities of indirect taxation towards the free flow of goods and and invests in the marketing of the biscuits thus increasing services. GST is also expected to eliminate the cascading its value. effect of taxes. India is projected to play an important role GST will be levied on these value additions i.e. the in the world economy in the years to come. The expectation monetary worth added at each stage to achieve the final of GST being introduced is high not only within the country, sale to the end customer. but also within neighboring countries and developed Destination-Based - Consider goods manufactured in economies of the world. Maharashtra and are sold to the final consumer in Objective of the study- Karnataka. Since Goods & Service Tax (GST) is levied at 1. To study about the concept of GST the point of consumption, in this case, Karnataka , the entire 2. To study about the impact of GST in INDIAN Economy tax revenue will go to Karnataka and not Maharashtra. GST - Overview - GST has replaced many Indirect Taxes components of GST- in India. The Goods and Service Tax Act was passed There are 3 taxes applicable under GST: CGST, SGST in the Parliament on 29th March 2017. The Act came into & IGST. effect on 1st July 2017.Goods & Services Tax Law in India CGST - Collected by the Central Government on an intra- is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based state sale (Eg: Within Maharashtra) tax that is levied on every value addition .In simple word SGST - Collected by the State Government on an intra- Goods and Service Tax is an indirect tax levied on the supply state sale (Eg: Within Maharashtra) of goods and services, GST Law has replaced many indirect IGST - Collected by the Central Government for inter-state tax laws that previously existed in India .Under the GST sale (Eg: Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu) regime, the tax will be levied at every point of sale. In most cases, the tax structure under the new regime will Definition of Goods and Service Tax – “GST is be as follows - (See in the last page) a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that Let us assume that a dealer in Gujarat had sold the goods will be levied on every value addition.” to a dealer in Punjab worth Rs. 50,000. The GST rate is Multi-stage - There are multiple change-of-hands an item 18% comprising of only IGST .In such case, the dealer has goes through along its supply chain: from manufacture to to charge Rs. 9,000 as IGST. This IGST revenue will go to final sale to the consumer. Let us consider the following the Central Government.The same dealer sells goods to a case - consumer in Gujarat worth Rs. 50,000. The GST rate on Purchase of raw materials the good is 12%. This rate comprises of CGST at 6% and ò Production or manufacture SGST at 6%.The dealer has to collect Rs. 6,000 as Goods ò Warehousing of finished goods and Service Tax. Rs. 3,000 will go to the Central ò Sale to wholesaler Government and Rs. 3,000 will go to the Gujarat ò Sale of the product to the retailer government as the sale is within the state. Goods and Services Tax will be levied on each of these Cascading Effect of Taxes - In the pre-GST regime, tax stages, which makes it a multi-stage tax. on tax was calculated and paid by every purchaser including Value Addition (See in the last page) the final consumer. This tax on tax is called Cascading The manufacturer who makes biscuits buys flour, sugar Effect of Taxes.

* H.O.D. (Commerce and Mgmt.) Career College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 63 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

GST avoids this cascading effect as the tax is calculated system will eliminate this roadblock. only on the value-add at each stage of transfer of ò There will be more transparency in the system as the ownership. GST will improve the collection of taxes as well customers will know exactly how much taxes they are as boost the development of Indian economy by removing being charged and on what base. the indirect tax barriers between states and integrating the ò GST will add to the government revenues by extend- country through a uniform tax rate. ing the tax base. Based on the example of biscuit manufacturer along ò GST will provide credit for the taxes paid by producers with some numbers, let’s see what happens to the cost of in the goods or services chain. This is expected to en- goods and the taxes in a pre GST and GST scenarios. courage producers to buy raw material from different Tax calculations in Pre GST regime - registered dealers and is hoped to bring in more ven- Action Cost 10% Tax Total dors and suppliers under the purview of taxation. Manufacturer 1,000 100 1,100 ò GST will remove the custom duties applicable on Warehouse adds label 1,400 140 1,540 exports. The nation’s competitiveness in foreign and repacks @ 300 markets will increase on account of lower costs of Retailer advertises @ 500 2,040 204 2,244 transact. Total 1,800 444 2,244 ò Lower the burden on the common man i.e. public will Along the way, the tax liability was passed on at every have to shed less money to buy the same products stage of the transaction and the final liability comes to rest that were costly earlier. with the customer. This is called the Cascading Effect of ò Increased demand and consumption of goods. Taxes where a tax is paid on tax and the value of the item ò Increased demand will lead to increase supply. Hence, keeps increasing every time this happens. this will ultimately lead to rise in the production of Tax calculations in GST regime - (See in the last page) goods. In the case of Goods and Services Tax, there is a way ò Control of black money circulation as the system nor- to claim credit for tax paid in acquiring input. What happens mally followed by traders and shopkeepers will be put in this case is, the individual who has paid a tax already to a mandatory check. can claim credit for this tax when he submits his taxes. ò Boost to the Indian economy in the long run. In the end, every time an individual is able to claim input ò These are possible only if the actual benefit of GST is tax credit, the sale price is reduced and the cost price for passed on to the final consumer. There are other fac- the buyer is reduced because of a lower tax liability. The tors, such as the seller’s profit margin, that determines final value of the biscuits is therefore reduced from Rs. the final price of goods. GST alone does not deter- 2,244 to Rs. 1,980, thus reducing the tax burden on the mine the final price of goods final customer. GST: The Short-Term Impact - From the viewpoint of the Impact of GST on the Indian Economy - GST the biggest consumer, they would now have pay more tax for most of tax reform in India founded on the notion of “one nation, the goods and services they consume. The majority of one market, one tax” is finally here. The moment that the everyday consumables now draw the same or a slightly Indian government was waiting for a decade has finally higher rate of tax. Furthermore, the GST implementation arrived. The single biggest indirect tax regime has kicked has a cost of compliance attached to it. It seems that this into force, dismantling all the inter-state barriers with respect cost of compliance will be prohibitive and high for the small to trade. The GST rollout, with a single stroke, has converted scale manufacturers and traders, who have also protested India into a unified market of 1.3 billion citizens. against the same. They may end up pricing their goods at Fundamentally, the $2.4-trillion economy is attempting to higher rates. transform itself by doing away with the internal tariff barriers Conclusion - Talking about the long-term benefits, it is and subsuming central, state and local taxes into a unified expected that GST would not just mean a lower rate of GST taxes, but also minimum tax slabs. Countries where the ò Removal of bundled indirect taxes such as VAT, CST, Goods and Service Tax has helped in reforming the Service tax, CAD, SAD, and Excise. Reduces tax bur- economy, apply only 2 or 3 rates – one being the mean den on producers and fosters growth through more rate, a lower rate for essential commodities, and a higher production. The current taxation structure, pumped with tax rate for the luxurious commodities. Currently, in India, myriad tax clauses ,prevents manufacturers from pro- we have 5 slabs, with as many as 3 rates – an integrated ducing to their optimum capacity and retards growth. rate, a central rate, and a state rate. In addition to these, GST will take care of this problem by providing tax cess is also levied. The fear of losing out on revenue has credit to the manufacturers. Different tax barriers, such kept the government from gambling on fewer or lower rates. as check posts and toll plazas, lead to wastage of This is very unlikely to see a shift anytime soon; though the unpreserved items being transported. This penalty government has said that rates may be revisited once transforms into major costs due to higher needs of the RNR (revenue neutral rate) is reached. buffer stock and warehousing costs. A single taxation The impact of GST on macroeconomic indicators is Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 64 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II likely to be very positive in the medium-term. Inflation would 7. PRS India Organization be reduced as the cascading (tax on tax) effect of taxes 8. BBA Organization would be eliminated. The revenue from the taxes for the 9. The Hindu government is very likely to increase with an extended tax 10. Press Information Bureau net, and the fiscal deficit is expected to remain under the 11. International Labour Organization checks. Moreover, exports would grow, while FDI (Foreign 12. The Guardian Direct Investment) would also increase. The industry 13. http://www.gstn.org/ leaders believe that the country would climb several ladders 14. http://www.gstindia.com/types-of-invoices-in-gst/ in the ease of doing business with the implementation of 15 http://www.gstindia.com/various-tax-slabs-under-gst- the most important tax reform ever in the history of the worry-traders-cait/ country. The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax 16 http://www.gstindiaonline.com/ will be a very noteworthy step in the field of indirect tax 17 http://www.ey.com/in/en/services/ey-goods-and- reforms in India. By merging a large number of Central and services-tax-gst State taxes into a single tax, GST is expected to significantly 18 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/gst ease double taxation and make taxation overall easy for 19 https://cleartax.in/s/gst-law-goods-and-services-tax the industries. For the end customer, the most beneficial 20 http://www.gstindia.com/about/ will be in terms of reduction in the overall tax burden on 21 http://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/gst-and-other- goods and services. Introduction of GST will also make bills-approved-by-the-union-cabinet-all-you-need-to- Indian products competitive in the domestic and know-4578453/ international markets. Last but not least, the GST, because 22 http://www.timesnow.tv/business-economy/article/ of its transparent character, will be easier to administer. what-is-gst-and-how-will-you-benefit-from-it/56785 Once implemented, the proposed taxation system holds 23 http://www.financialexpress.com/economy/gst-what- great promise in terms of sustaining growth for the Indian is-goods-and-services-tax-guide-highlights-benefits- economy. indirect-tax/336821/ References :- 24 https://www.relakhs.com/gst-goods-services-tax-in- 1. GST law guide- C.A.. Ishaan v patkar June 2017 india/ 2. GST Manual – taxmann 2017 25 http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gst-bill- 3. GST Ready Reckoner -v. s. Datey 2017 parliament-what-is-goods-services-tax-economy- 4. GST Made easy-Haldia2017 explained-2950335/ 5. GST Law Manual –R.K. JAIN2017 26 https://qz.com/943504/gst-answers-to-all-your- 6. Child line India questions-about-indias-biggest-tax-reform/ 27 https://www.reachaccountant.com/gst-software/

Transaction New Regime Old Regime Sale within the State CGST + SGST VAT + Central Revenue will be shared equally Excise/Service tax between the Centre and the State Sale to another State IGST Central Sales Tax + There will only be one type of tax Excise/Service Tax (central) in case of inter-state sales. The Center will then share the IGST revenue based on the destination of goods. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 65 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Tax calculations in GST regime Action Cost 10% Tax Actual Total Liability Manufacturer 1,000 100 100 1,100 Warehouse adds label 1,300 130 30 1,430 and repacks @ 300 Retailer advertises @ 500 1,800 180 50 1,980 Total 1,800 180 1,980

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 66 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

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Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ `h oZÓH$f© hwB© AWm©V≤ [ßyOrJV [naÏ`` _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r oZH$bVm h° oH$ H{$db amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013- VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 39 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ 14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012- hwB©& 13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 7. amOÒd AmoY∑` _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 18 df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm H$aZ{ [a 30 ‡oVeV H$r ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013- _{ß 02 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ 2013- 14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 11 ‡oVeV H$r AoVna∫$ d•o’ hwB© h°& O]oH$ 14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 20 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm H$aZ{ [a amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß hwB© h°, O]oH$ 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 72 ‡oVeV 19 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hr hwB© AWm©V≤ amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2013- H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 11 df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 70 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© & ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r hwB© h°& VmobH$m H´$ß. 02 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) 3. [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14 Edß 2015-16 _{ß N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$m d•Œm oMÃ ¤mam ‡Xe©Z (oMÃ X{I{ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß Ao›V_ [•> [a) 13 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VmobH$m H´$ß. 02 H{$ A‹``Z H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° - VwbZm H$aZ{ [a 8 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 1. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012- g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 21 13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© h°& O]oH$ df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 18 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ VwbZm H$aZ{ [a [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° VWm hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 24 ‡oVeV df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015- H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 16 _{ß Hw$b 24 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° & df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 06 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 4. Hw$b Ï`` _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015- df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r hr d•o’ 16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma d•o’ Xa df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß _{ß 18 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2013-14 _{ß 2014-15 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 05 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r AmB©& H$r VwbZm H$aZ{ [a 24 ‡oVeV d•o’ hwB© Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 2. Hw$b ‡mo·`m± H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ `h oZÓH$f© g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 06 oZH$bVm h° oH$ am¡` H$a _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014- ‡oVeV H$r AoVna∫$ d•o’ hwB© h°& O]oH$ df© 2014-15 g{ 2015- 15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 16 H$r VwbZm H$aZ{ [a Hw$b Ï`` H$m H{$db 19 ‡oVeV hr d•o’ hwB© 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 26 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© AWm©V Hw$b Ï`` _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 17 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 05 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r hwB© h°& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013- 5. Hw$b Ï`` H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ `h oZÓH$f© 14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 09 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2014- oZH$bVm h° oH$ H{$db amOÒd Ï`` _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 12 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 2014-15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2014-15 g{ g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 23 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2015-16 _{ß 05 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r AmB©& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014- 3. H{$ß–r` H$am{ß _{ß ohÒg{ _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 15 _{ß 32 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013- 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 9 ‡oVeV 14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2013-14 H$r AoVna∫$ d•o’ hwB©& df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© H$aZ{ [a amOÒd Ï`` _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r hr d•o’ hwB© AWm©V amOÒd 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014- Ï`` _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2014-15 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 68 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

15 _{ß 00 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß Hw$b Ï`` H$r VwbZm _{ß 64 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2013-14 g{ _{ß 24 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 49 ‡oVeV H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 06 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB©& ,O]oH$ 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r hr 4. H$a o^ﬁ amOÒd _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b Ï`` H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r VwbZm _{ß 14 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2013-14 g{ H$r H$_r AmB© h°& 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 02 ‡oVeV H$r hr d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2. Hw$b Ï`` H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ `h oZÓH$f© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014- oZH$bVm h° oH$ Hw$b Am`m{OZ{Œma Ï`` _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 15 _{ß 12 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2014-15 g{ 2015- Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013- 16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 40 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ XO© H$r JB©& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b 14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 25 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ d•o’ Xa _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2014- 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 0.50 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 38 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 5. H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014- _{ß 24.5 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, O]oH$ 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ H$r VwbZm _{ß d•o’ Xa 32 ‡oVeV hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2013-14 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 18 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2013- 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 31.5 ‡oVeV 14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 96 ‡oVeV H$r A^yV[yd© d•o’ hwB©& d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 3. Hw$b Am`m{OZm Ï`` _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2014-15 _{ß 78 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß H{$db 11 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma H$r VwbZm _{ß 13 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014- df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015- 15 H$r VwbZm _{ß Hw$b Am`m{OZm Ï`` _{ß 43 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°& 16 _{ß 107 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& Bg ‡H$ma 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 6. CYma Edß AoJ´_ H$r dgybr _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014- 2014-15 _{ß 30 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ 2014-15 g{ 15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma H$_r hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 H$r VwbZm _{ß H{$db 12 ‡oVeV H$r hr d•o’ hwB© h°& Bg 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 0.5 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©, O]oH$ df© ‡H$ma Hw$b df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 81 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r AmB© g{ 2015-16 _{ß 31 ‡oVeV d•o’ _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& h°& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013- gwPmd - 14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 81.5 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB©, O]oH$ df© 2014- 1. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd Ûm{Vm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z g{ `h 15 g{ 2015-16 g{ VwbZm _{ 25 ‡oVeV d•o’ _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& Bg kmV hwAm h° oH$ amOÒd H$r Hw$b ‡mo·`m± oZaßVa ]∂T>r h°, [a›Vw 2013- ‡H$ma df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2014-15 14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ g{ 2015-16 _{ß Hw$b 56 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& Xa 05 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© h°& AV: d•o’ Xa _{ß ^r bJmVma d•o’ hm{ 7. ew’ bm{H$ F$U _{ß df© 2012-13, 2013-14 g{ 2015-16 _{ß E{g{ ‡`mg oH$E OmZ{ MmohE& bJVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 20 2. amOÒd ‡mo·`m± ^r ‡oVdf© bJmVma ]∂T>r h°, [a›Vw 2012-13 g{ ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°, O]oH$ df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß Om{ d•o’ Xa VwbZm _{ß 17 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2012-13 g{ 11 ‡oVeV ]∂T>r Wr Om{ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß df© 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 03 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß [wZ: 11 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r AmB© h°, Om{ ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r AmB© VWm df© 2014-15 g{ 2015- oMßVm H$m odf` h°& AV: amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß H$r d•o’ Xa ^r ]∂T>Zm MmohE 16 H$r VwbZm _{ß 20 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h°°& Bg ‡H$ma df© 2013- BgH{$ obE ode{f ‡`mgmß{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& H$a A[dßMZ H$m{ am{H$Zm 14 g{ 2014-15 H$a VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß Hw$b Edß amOÒd dgybr H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 03 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& 3. amOÒd _{ß [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 12-13 VWm 13-14 _{ß bJmVma VmobH$m H´$ß--- 3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) d•o’ hwB© h°, [a›Vw 14-15 _{ß Bg_{ß 8 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd H{$ Hw$b Ï``m{ß H$m a{ImoMÃ ¤mam ‡Xe©Z (oMÃ odf` h°, O]oH$ 15-16 _{ß 24 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) d•o’ Xa H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& VmobH$m H´$ß. 3 H{$ A‹``Z H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h° - 4. amOÒd _{ß Hw$b Ï`` _{ß ^r oZaßVa d•o’ hwB© h°, Om{ odH$mg H$m ‡VrH$ 1. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b Ï`` _{ß 2012-13, h°& [a›Vw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16 _{ß bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°, 2015-16 _{ß 05 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m odf` h°& Bg_{ß ^r [aßVw df© 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 18 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 69 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

5. amOÒd Ï`` _{ß ^r ‡oVdf© d•o’ hwB© h°, [a›Vw 2013-14 g{ 2014- H{$ amOÒd _{ß d•o’ hm{ gH$Vr h°& oH$g ‡H$ma H$r d•o’ hm{ gH$Vr h°& 15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 16 ‡oVeV amOÒd 9. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$m{ amOÒd _{ß d•o’ h{Vw Z`{ amOÒd H$r Im{O H$aZ{ Ï`` _{ß oJamdQ> AmB© h°, Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°, amOÒd Ï`` [a oZ`ßÃU h{Vw ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE& aIZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 6. [yßOrJV [naÏ`` _{ß 2012-13 Edß 2013-14 _{ß H$m{B© d•o’ Zht gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- hwB© h°, O]oH$ 2014-15 _{ß JV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß 07 ‡oVeV H$r 1. bm{H$ odŒm H{$ og’mßV Edß Ï`dhma - S>m∞. S>r.EZ.JwQ>≤© & oJamdQ> AmB© h° Om{ ew^ Zht h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ AmYma^yV gßaMZm [a Ï`` 2. A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` AW©emÛ Edß amOÒd - S>m∞. dr.gr.og›hm & AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& df© 2015-16 _{ß JV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß 39 3. bm{H$ AW©emÛ - S>m∞. [r.S>r._mh{Ìdar, S>m∞. erbMß– Jw·m & ‡oVeV H$r A^yV[yd© d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& 4. Ï`mdgmo`H$ odŒm - S>m∞. Ama.E_.Hw$b l{ÓR> & 7. amOÒd AmoY∑` 2012-13 H$r VwbZm _{ßß 2013-14 _{ß 18 ‡oVeV 5. Tax System in India - M.M.Sury KQ>m h°, O]oH$ 2014-15 _{ß JVdf© H$r VwbZm _{ß H{$db 02 ‡oVeV 6. Research Methodology - Deepak Chawla hr ]∂T>m h°, [a›Vw 2015-16 _{ß JVdf© H$r VwbZm _{ß 70 ‡oVeV 7. Public Finance - Arjun Pangonnaver ]∂T>Zm ew^ gßH{$V h°& oOg_{ß bJmVma d•o’ hm{ E{g{ ‡`mg oH$E OmZ{ 8. ZdrZ em{Y gßgma (`y.Or.gr. ¤mam ÒdrH•$V A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` em{Y MmohE& [oÃH$m) ISSN 2320 - 8767 8. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$m{ X{e H$r A›` ‡mßVm{ H$r gaH$mam{ H{$ amOÒd 9. oXÏ` em{Y g_rjm (A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` em{Y [oÃH$m) ISSN 2394 - ‡mo·`m{ß H{$ odo^ﬁ KQ>H$m{ß H{$ A‹``Z h{Vw EH$ ode{f Xb H$m JR>Z 3807 H$aZm MmohE VmoH$ `h kmV hm{ gH{$ oH$ H$m°Z-H$m°Z gr _Xm{ß _{ß gaH$ma 10. www.finance.cg.gov.in. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd Ûm{Vm{{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 01 (Í$. H$am{∂S> _{ß) H´$ß. _X ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ d•o’ (‡oVeV _{ß) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 g{ 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 1 Hw$b ‡mo·`m± 37173 43977 54660 64935 18 24 19 2 amOÒd ‡mo·`m± 31379 37445 48654 57957 19 30 19 3 [ßyOrJV ‡mo·`m± 5794 6532 6006 6979 13 -08 16 4 Hw$b Ï`` 37573 44169 54710 65013 18 24 19 5 amOÒd Ï`` 28419 35016 46191 53730 23 32 16 6 [yßOrJV [naÏ`` 9154 9153 8519 11283 00 -07 32 7 amOÒd AmoY∑` 2969 2429 2463 4227 -18 02 72 Ûm{V - ]OQ> ‡ÒVmd 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16.

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N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H$r Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$m d•Œm oMÃ ¤mam ‡Xe©Z Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 71 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

N>ŒmrgJ∂T> gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd _{ß Hw$b Ï``m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß--- 3 ( Í$. H$am{∂S> _{ß) H´$ß. Ï`` H{$ erf©H$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ ]OQ> AZw_mZ d•o’ (‡oVeV _{ß) 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 g{ 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 1 Hw$b Ï`` 37573 44169 54710 65013 18 24 19 2 Hw$b Am`m{OZ{Œmma Ï`` 15642 19470 19388 25514 25 -.50 32 3 Hw$b Am`m{OZm Ï`` 21931 24699 35322 39499 13 43 12 Ûm{V - ]OQ> ‡ÒVmd 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 72 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _‹`‡X{e _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a A[dßMZ H$r oÒWoV

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Jr. No. 64728) 73 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gwYma H$a ah{ h¢ & CZH$m b˙` H$a ‡oH´$`m H$m{ gab ]ZmZ{ H{$ gmW hr H$a AZw^d H$aV{ h¢ oH$ od^mJ _{ß JV dfm~ H$r VwbZm _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma _{ß d•o’ hwB© A[dßMZ H$r _mÃm H$m{ H$_ H$a amOÒd _{ß d•o’ H$aZm h° & BgH$m Ame` `h h°& Hw$b gd}ojV H$aXmVmAm{ß _{ß g{ 47 ‡oVeV H$aXmVmAm{ß Z{ od^mJ H{$ h° oH$ BZ X{em| _{ß ^r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H$a A[dßMZ H$r oÒWoV _m°OyX h° & H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ grY{ naÌdV Xr h°, O]oH$ 28 ‡oVeV H$aXmVm E{g{ W{ oH$›Vw Om∞Z S>Áy H{$ AZwgma- "gß`w∫$ am¡` A_{naH$m AWdm H$Zm∂S>m _{ß oO›hm{ßZ{ H$a gbmhH$mam{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ naÌdV H$m ^wJVmZ oH$`m h° & H$a A[dßMZ BVZr AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß Zht hm{Vm h° oH$ H$a H$r AmYma^yV OmZ ]yP H$a [ßOr`Z Z H$amZm - Hw$N> ]{B©_mZ Ï`m[mar CZH{$ ¤mam j_Vm hr g_m· hm{ OmE &111 JVdf© _{ß oH$`m J`m Hw$b odH´$` H$a `m{Ω` gr_m g{ AoYH$ hm{V{ hwE ^r d{ XwoZ`m H{$ A›` X{em| H$r VwbZm _{ß ^maV O°g{ odH$mgerb X{e _{ß H$a _yÎ`do’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ H{$ A›VJ©V A[Zm [ßOr`Z Zht H$amV{ h°& Am°a A[dßMZ AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß hm{Vm h° & BgH{$ _wª` H$maU oZÂZmZwgma h° - 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Am°a H$a A[dßMZ H$r amoe CŒmam{Œma ]∂T>Vr hr OmVr h° & bKw C⁄o_`m{ß ¤mam ohgm] oH$Vm] Z aIm OmZm - Ï`m[mna`m{ß ¤mam odH´$` H$r amoe dmÒVodH$ g{ H$_ Xem©Zm - H$a A[dßMZ H$aZ{ dmb{ A[Z{ H$mam{]ma H$m C[`w∫$ ohgm] -oH$Vm] Z aIH$a, gabVm g{ H$a Ï`m[mar CZH{$ ¤mam oH$E JE odH´$` H$m{ ]{B©_mZr g{ H$_ H$aH{$ Xem©V{ h°& d{ A[dßMZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & X{e _{ß ‡MobV H$a H$mZyZm{ß _{ß Ï`m[mna`m{ß Hw$N> odH´$` H$m{ b{Im, b{Im [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß H$aV{ hr Zhr h°, O]oH$ Hw$N> odH´$` ¤mam CoMV b{Im [wÒVH{$ß aI{ OmZ{ H{$ H$B© ‡mdYmZ ]VmE JE h¢ oH$›Vw Hw$N> H$r amoe H$m{ dmÒVodH$ g{ H$_ _yÎ` [a Xem© H$a H$a-A[dßMZ H$a b{V{ h°& ]{B©_mZ Ï`m[mna`m{ß ¤mam BZ H$a H$mZyZm{ß H$m [mbZ Zht oH$`m OmVm h° Bg ‡H$ma ]{B_mZ Ï`m[mar ¤mam odH´$` amoe d odH´$` _mÃm Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ H$_ Am°a o\$a d{ _Z_mZ{ VarH{$ g{ A[Z{ Ï`m[ma H$m „`m°am ‡ÒVwV H$a Cg [a oXImH$a gabVm g{ H$a A[dßMZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & H$a A[dßMZ H$m H$a MwH$mV{ h¢ Am°a Bg ‡H$ma H$a A[dßMZ H$a b{V{ h¢ & `h H´$_ dÒVw H{$ Ao›V_ C[^m{∫$m H{$ hmWm{ß _{ß [hwßMZ{ VH$ AZdaV Í$[ g{ em{Y A‹``Z H{$ Xm°amZ Ï`m[mna`m{ß Edß C⁄o_`m{ß g{ Ïò∫$JV gÂ[H©$ Mmby ahVm h° & H$aZ{ [a `h kmV hwAm oH$ N>m{Q{> - N>m{Q{> Ï`m[mna`m{ß, Ï`dgmo``m{ß VWm H$a _w∫$ _mb H{$ Ï`m[mar H{$ ¤mam H$a`m{Ω` _mb H$m odH´$` H$aH{$ - C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ ¤mam H$B© H$maUm{ß g{ A[Z{ Ï`m[ma Ï`dgm` H$m H$m{B© ohgm] Ï`m[mar ¤mam odH´$` H$a od^mJ H{$ g_j `h Km{fUm H$r OmVr h° oH$ dh oH$Vm] Zht aIm OmVm h°, oOZ_{ß _wª` H$maU h° - H{$db H$a _w∫$ _mb odH´$` H$a{Jm& b{oH$Z Hw$N> g_` [ÌMmV dh Km{fUm (A) ‡m`: C›h{ß b{ImßH$Z gÂ]›Yr Ï`doÒWV kmZ Zht hm{Vm h° & H{$ odÍ$’ H$a `m{Ω` _mb H$m odH´$` ^r H$aZ{ bJVm h° & H$a _w∫$ _mb H$m (]) ^maV _{ß bKw C⁄o_`m{ß Edß Ï`dgmo``m| H{$ obE b{I{ aIZm H$mZyZZ odH´${Vm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU MyßoH$ CgH$r odH´$` oddaUr od^mJ H$m{ ‡ÒVwV Zhr AoZdm`© Zht hm{Vm h°& H$r OmVr h° AV: dh CgH{$ ¤mam oH$E JE H$a `m{Ω` odH´$` [a X{` H$a H$m (g) òX BZ bKw C⁄o_`m{ß ¤mam A[Z{ Ï`dgm` H{$ b{I{ aIZ{ h{Vw A[dßMZ H$a b{Vm h° & b{Im[mb H$r g{dmE± br OmVr h°, Vm{ `h H$m`© IMr©bm hm{ OmVm h° & odH´$` H$m o]b Omar Zht oH$`m OmZm - _.‡. _yÎ`do’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ (X)CoMV b{ImßH$Z H{$ A^md _{ß d{ A[Z{ Ï`m[ma H$m CoMV H$a oZYm©aU _{ß ‡XŒm ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma òX oH$gr Ï`m[mar H$m Mmby odŒm df© _{ß Zht H$a [mV{ h° Am°a Z hr H$a oddaUr XmoIb H$aV{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma d{ odH´$` ›`yZV_, H$a`m{Ω` amoe g{ AoYH$ hm{ OmVm hm{ OmVm h°, Vm{ Cg{ A‡À`j Í$[ g{ d{ H$a A[dßMZ H$a b{V{ h¢& AJb{ ‡À`{H$ df© _{, CgH{$ ¤mam oH$E OmZ{ dmb{ ‡À`{H$ odH´$` H$m o]b od^mJr` ^´ÓQ>mMma - H$a A[dßMZ H$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$maU od^mJ _{ß H$mQ>Zm AoZdm`© hm{ OmVm h° & Hw$N> ]{B©_mZ Ï`m[mar AoYoZ`_ _{ß ‡XŒm Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma ^r h° & AoYH$mna`m{ß, H$_©Mmna`m{ß Edß H$aXmVmAm{ß H$r ‡mdYmZm{ß `Wm ohgm]-oH$Vm] aIZm H$a oddaUr ‡ÒVwV H$aZm, H$a o_br^JV g{ Ï`m[mar A[Z{ ¤mam oH$E JE Hw$b odH´$` H$m{ dmÒVodH$ oZYm©aU, H$a O_m VWm AmXmZm{ß [a H$a O_m ‡m· H$aZm AmoX H{$ PßPQ>m{ß odH´$` g{ H$_ Xem©H$a AWdm H$a `m{Ω` odH´$` H$m{ [yar Vah g{ oN>[mH$a g{ ]MZ{ H{$ obE H$a `m{Ω` odH´$` hm{Z{ [a ^r o]b Omar Zht H$aV{ h¢ Am°a H$a Mm{ar H$a b{V{ h¢ & dmoUo¡`H$ H$a od^mJ ¤mam A[Z{ AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß Bg ‡H$ma H$a A[dßMZ H$aV{ h¢, oOgg{ amOÒd H$r hmoZ hm{Vr h° & H$_©Mmna`m{ß ¤mam oH$E Om ah{ ^´ÓQ>mMma [a [°Zr ZOa aIr OmVr h° oH$›Vw na`m`Vr Xa [a H´$` H$r JB© AWdm H$a_w∫$ H$Ér gm_J´r H$m oZYm©naV AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ Vm°a VarH$m{ß _{ß ^mar [nadV©Z Am`m h°, oOZ C‘{Ì` H{$ AoVna∫$, A›`Wm C[`m{J H$aZm - _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a VH$ od^mJ H$m [hwßMZm hr _woÌH$b h° & em{Y A‹``Z H{$ Xm°amZ `h Vœ` AoYoZ`_ H{$ A›VJ©V Ï`m[mar ¤mam oH$gr oZoÌMV ‡`m{OZ AWm©V Ò[ÓQ> hwAm h° oH$ gd}ojV 300 H$aXmVmAm{ß _{ß g{ 40 ‡oVeV H$aXmVm `h CÀ[mXZ _{ ‡`w∫$ H$r OmZ{ dmbr H$¿Mr gm_J´r H{$ H´$` H$aZ{ [a H$_ Xa g{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 74 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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H$mQ>H$a H$m{fmb` _{ß O_m H$amZ{ H$r H$m`©dmhr H$r Om ahr h° &333 dh A[Z{ H$mam{]ma g{ gwgßJV H$m{B© b{I{ aoOÒQ≠>ma AWdm XÒVmd{O _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a AmoS>Q> na[m{Q©> AoZdm`©- dmoUo¡`H$ H$a od^mJ A›d{fU h{Vw CgH{$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$a{& ¤mam H$a A[dßMZ H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE 10 H$am{∂S> g{ AoYH$ H{$ Q>Z©Am{da (iv) Am`w∫$ AWdm oZoX©ÓQ> AoYH$mar E{g{ Ï`m[mar H{$ H$mam{]ma ÒWb H$m dmb{ Ï`m[mna`m{ß H{$ obE _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a AmoS>Q> H$admZm AoZdm`© H$a oZarjU H$a{Jm& oX`m J`m h° & H$a A[dßMZ H$r gß^mdZm dmbr dÒVwAm{ß H{$ obE AmoS>Q> h{Vw (v) Am`w∫$ AWdm oZoX©ÓQ> AoYH$mar H$m{ Ï`m[mar H{$ C[`w©∫$ XÒVmd{Om{ß AmdÌ`H$ ›`yZV_ Q>Z©Am{da gr_m 60 bmI Í$[`{ aIr JB© h°& _yÎ` AWdm Ï`m[ma ÒWb H$m oZarjU H$aZ{ [a, `h g_mYmZ hm{ OmVm h° gßdo’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ 2006 H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ g{ hr od^mJ ¤mam oH$ oH$gr Ï`m[mar Z{ oH$gr df© H{$ obE X{`H$a H{$ ^wJVmZ H$m AmoS>Q> H$admZ{ [a Om{a oX`m Om ahm Wm oH$›Vw Ï`m[mna`m{ß Edß C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß A[dßMZ oH$`m h°, Vm{ dh oboIV _{ß H$maUm{ß H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE Ï`m[mar H{$ odam{Y H{$ H$maU gaH$ma ¤mam AmoS>Q> H$amZ{ H{$ oZU©` H$m{ Q>mbm Om ahm H{$ H$mam{]ma g{ gÂ]o›YV b{Im [wÒVH$m{ß, aoOÒQ>am{ VWm A›` XÒVmd{Om{ Wm& H$a A[dßMZ [a oZ`ßÃU [mZ{ h{Vw gaH$ma ¤mam Mmby odoŒm` df© H$m{ oO›hß{ dh AmdÌ`H$ g_P{, O· H$a gH$Vm h° & 2012.13 g{ AmoS>Q> AoZdm`© H$a oX`m J`m h° &444 (vi) Ï`m[mar ¤mam ‡ÒVwV H$r JB© b{Im [wÒVH$m{ß aoOÒQ>am{ß, XÒVmd{Om{ß H$r CÉ VH$ZrH$r `w∫$ oZ`ß›Ù H$j H$r ÒWm[Zm - ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V gßdrjm H{$ AZwH´$_ _ß{ `m Eg{ Ï`m[mar H{$ H$mam{]ma H{$ ÒWmZ H$m H$a A[dßMZ H$m{ am{H$Z{ h{Vw dmoUo¡`H$ H$a od^mJ ¤mam B›Xm°a _{ß CÉ oZarjU H$aZ{ H{$ AZwH´$_ _{ß Am`w∫$ H{$ [mg `h odÌdmg H$aZ{ H{$ VH$ZrH$r `w∫$ oZ`ß›ÃU H$j H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om ahr h°& od^mJ ¤mam [`m©· H$maU h° oH$ Ï`m[mar Z{ H$a`m{Ω` _mb H$m odH´$` o]Zm H$a H{$ A[Z{ 1000 g{ AoYH$ CÉ AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ ode{f ZÂ]a dmbr og_ ^wJVmZ H{$ H$a oX`m h° `m Ï`m[mar Z{ H$a A[dßMZ H{$ Ame` g{ AmdßoQ>V H$r Om ahr h°&BZ ZÂ]am{ß H$r `h ode{fVm hm{Jr oH$ ‡X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ _mb H$m CoMV b{Im Om{Im Zht oH$`m h°, Vm{ Am`w∫$ E{g{ g_ÒV _mb gH´$b d [m{ÒQ> H{$ obE EH$ odoeÓQ> gßª`mßH$ AmdßoQ>V oH$`m Omd{Jm oOgg{ H$m{ß Ao^JóhV H$a H$a{Jm & oH$ H$a A[dßMZ H{$ _m_b{ H$m{ VwaßV [H$∂S>m Om gH{$Jm VWm od^mJ H{$ (vii) _mb H{$ Ao^J´hU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ,Am`w∫$ ¤mam `Wm gÂ^d erK´ odo^fi [XmoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ _‹` erK´Vm g{ gyMZmAm{ß H$m AmXmZ ‡XmZ hm{ Ï`m[mar H$m{ EH$ gyMZm [Ã Omar oH$`m Omd{Jm oH$ H$a A[dßMZ H{$ gH{$Jm&od^mJ H{$ dnaÓR> AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ AZwgma BZ odoeÓQ> ZÂ]am{ß dmbr _m_b{ _{ß ∑`mß{ Z Cg [a oZ`_mZwgma X S> Amam{o[V oH$`m Omd{ & og_m{ H$m _wª` bm^ `h hm{Jm oH$ H$a A[ßdMZ H$r gyMZm X{Z{, gÂ]o›YV (viii)Ï`m[mar H$m{ gwZdmB© H$m CoMV Adga X{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV Am`w∫$ H$m{ gH´$b Amo\$g H{$ ‡^mar AoYH$mna`m{ß g{ ]mV H$aZ{, VWm od^mJ H{$ C¿M `h odÌdmg hm{ Omd{ oH$ Ï`m[mar ¤mam OmZ]yPH$a H$a A[dßMZ H$m AoYH$mna`m{ß VH$ A[Zr ]mV [hw±MmZ{ H{$ obE A] C∂S>ZXÒVm{ß H{$ ‡^mar A[amY oH$`m J`m h¢, Vm{ dh A[dßMZ oH$E JE H$a H$r aH$_ H{$ VrZ AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ ZÂ]a Zht Ty>ßT>Zm [∂S{>J{ & gmW hr hmBQ{>H$ H$›Q≠>m{b Í$_ JwZ{ g{ A›`wZ oH$›Vw AoYH$V_ [mßM JwZ{ VH$ H$r amoe Amam{o[V H{$ _m‹`_ g{ od^mJ H{$ AoYH$mar H$Âfl`yQ>a [a EH$ o∑bH$ H{$ _m‹`_ H$aZ{ H$m AmX{e [mnaV H$a X{Jm& g{ ‡X{e H$r oH$gr ^r OmßM Mm°H$r [a oeHß$Om H$g gH{$ßJ{ &555 Bg ‡H$ma ‡ÒVwV A‹`m` H{$ odõ{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H$amam{[U H$a A[dßMZ H$m [Vm bJmZm d CgH$m oZdmaU - _‹`‡X{e _yÎ` ‡Umbr Mmh{ O°gr hm{, Cg_{ß H$_ `m AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß H$a A[dßMZ H$r oÒWoV gßdo’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ 2002 H$r Ymam 55 H{$ A›VJ©V am¡` gaH$ma AdÌ` oZo_©V hm{Vr h° Am°a Egr oÒWoV [a oZ`ß›ÃU ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ h{Vw H$m{ H$a A[dßMZ H$m [Vm bJmZ{ Edß CgH{$ oZdmaU Edß oZ`›ÃU H$aZ{ H{$ gaH$ma ¤mam o^fi o^fi _m{M} [a H$m`© H$aZm hm{V{ h°& gmW hr `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> obE [`m©· eo∫$`mß ‡XmZ H$r JB© h°& am¡` gaH$ma Bg C‘{Ì` H$r [yoV© h{Vw h° oH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ [yd© _{ß ‡MmobV dmoUo¡`H$ H$a H$r VwbZm _{ß EH$ go_oV H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m h°& go_oV H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$r gßª`m Edß _yÎ`gßdo’©V H$a _{ß H$a A[dßMZ H$_ _mÃm _{ hm{Vm h°& òX od^mJ ¤mam `m{Ω`Vm H$m oZYm©aU H$aZ{ h{Vw am¡` gaH$ma gdm©oYH$ma gÂ[fi h° & gmW©H$ ‡`mg oH$E Omd{ Vm{ Bg [a [yU©V: oZ`ß›ÃU ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma H$a A[dßMZ [a oZ`›ÃU H$aZ{ h°& h{Vw go_oV H$m{ ‡XŒm eo∫$`m± oZÂZmZwgma h° - (i) go_oV H$m{ `h kmV hm{Z{ [a oH$ H$m{B© Ï`dgm`r _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ AoYoZ`_ H{$ A›VJ©V H$a MwH$mZ{ h{Vw Xm`r hm{V{ hwE ^r dh H$a H$m 1. am¡` odŒm H$m AW©emÛ b{IH$ o\$ob[ B.Q{>ba AZwdmXH$ oZ_©bm ^wJVmZ Zht H$a ahm h° AWdm A›`Wm oH$gr VarH{$ g{ H$a A[dßMZ Jw·m ‡H$meH$ `ya{oe`m [o„boeßJ hmCg ZB© oXÑr 1965 [•ÓR> H´$. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 77 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _‹`‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a oH´$`m›d`Z

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‡ÒVmdZm - _‹`‡X{e _{ß df© 1997. 98 g{ hr AmßoeH$ Í$[ g{ _yÎ` ^mJ h° & H$a ‡emgZ H$r –oÓQ> g{ gÂ[yU© _›Xgm°a oOb{ H$m{ [wZ: Xm{ d•Vm{ß gdßo‹X©V H$a H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m Om MwH$m Wm & 17 \$adar 1997 H$m{ d•V EH$ VWm d•V Xm{ _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & df© 1997.98 H{$ obE am¡` H$m ]OQ> ‡ÒVwV H$aV{ hwE _‹`‡X{e H{$ am¡` _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a gßJ´hU - am¡` _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a bmJy VÀH$mbrZ odŒm_ßÃr lr AO` _weamZ ¤mam 1 H$am{∂S> Í$. g{ AoYH$ H{$ dmof©H$ hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV g{, _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a gßJ´hU _{ß oZa›Va d•o’ [nabojV Q>Z©Am{da dmb{ Ï`m[mna`m{ß [a _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a Amam{o[V H$aZ{ H$r Km{fUm hm{ ahr h° & `hr Zht Bg d•o’ H$m ‡oVeV [yd© _{ß am¡` _{ß ‡MobV dmoUo¡`H$ H$r JB© Wr & CgH{$ [ÌMmV gaH$ma ¤mam _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a Amam{o[V H$aZ{ H$a H$r VwbZm _{ß H$ht AoYH$ h°& odoXV h° oH$ am¡` _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a 1 h{Vw oZYm©naV odH´$` gr_m H$m{ bJmVma H$_ oH$`m OmVm ahm h° & 1 A‡°b A‡°b 2006 g{ bmJy oH$`m J`m h° & dmoUo¡`H$ H$a H$m{ g_m· H$a CgH{$ 99 g{ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a Amam{o[V H$aZ{ H$r Bg gr_m H$m{ 50 bmI Í$[`{ ÒWmZ [a `h H$a Amam{o[V oH$`m J`m h° &[yd© _{ß dmoUo¡`H$ H$a VWm Am°a df© 2002.03 g{ 10 bmI Í$[`{ H$a oX`m J`m & BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ dV©_mZ _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a H{$ gßJ´hU H$r ‡d•oV H$m A‹``Z oZÂZ gaH$ma ¤mam am¡` _{ß 1 A‡°b 2003 H$m{ [yU© Í$[ g{ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a VmobH$m g{ AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° - bmJy oH$E OmZ{ H$r Km{fUm H$r JB© Wr oH$›Vw _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a H$mZyZ _{ß VmobH$m - am¡` _{ß dmoUo¡`H$ H$a Edß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a H{$ gßJ´hU Ï`m· odgßJoV`m{ß VWm C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß Edß g_mO H{$ odo^fi dJm} H{$ odam{Y H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z 2 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) H{$ H$maU Bg Km{fUm H$m{ _yV© Í$[ ‡XmZ Zht oH$`m Om gH$m Am°a [yU© Í$[ VmobH$m H{$ odõ{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H$m{ H$am{ß g{ g{ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a Amam{o[V oH$E OmZ{ H$r oVoW H$m{ ]∂T>mH$a 1 A‡°b ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ amOÒd H$m bJ^J Xm{ oVhmB© ^mJ H{$db dmoUo¡`H$ H$a 2005 H$a Xr JB© & Bgr ]rM H{$›– gaH$ma ¤mam ^r X{e H{$ odo^fi am¡`m{ß AWdm _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a g{ ‡m· hm{ ahm h° & C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ H$mb_ 4 _{ß odH´$` H$a AWdm dmoUo¡`H$ H$a H{$ ÒWmZ [a _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a bmJy g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ df© 2004 .05 _{ß _‹`‡X{e H$m{ ‡m· Hw$b amOÒd oH$E OmZ{ h{Vw gVV ‡`ÀZ oH$E Om ah{ W{ &B›hr ‡`mgm{ß H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ 1 Í$. 4599.22 _{ß g{ 3365 60 H$am{∂S> Í$. AWm©V Hw$b amOÒd H$m bJ^J A‡°b 2005 g{ X{e H{$ 29 am¡`m{ß ¤mam _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a ‡Umbr bmJy 73: dmoUo¡`H$ H$a g{ ‡m· hwAm Wm & am¡` _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a bmJy H$a Xr JB© & _‹`‡X{e gohV X{e H{$ 6 ]∂S{> am¡`m{ß _{ß `h H$a 1 A‡{b hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX Bg ‡oVeV _{ß Am°a d•o’ hwB© h° & Am°a 2010-11 VH$ `h 2006 g{ ‡maÂ^ H$a oX`m J`m &111 ‡oVeV ]∂T>H$a 78.42 VH$ [hwßM J`m h° & fl´mémgoZH$ Ï`dÒWm- _‹`‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a, H{$›–r` odH´$` VmobH$m - _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a gßJ´hU3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ H$a, ‡d{eH$a, d•oŒmH$a VWm hm{Q>b H$a H$m{ Amam{o[V H$aZ{ VWm BZ H$am{ß [•> [a) H$m{ Amam{o[V H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma ¤mam [mnaV odo^fi AoYoZ`_m{ß `Wm VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ odŒmr` df© 2008.09 H$r oÒWoV H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ 2002, _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a oZ`_ 2004, (AgmYmaU df©) X{I{ Vm{ `h ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ 2005.06 H{$ [yd© _{ß H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a AoYoZ`_ 1956, _‹`‡X{e ‡d{e H$a AoYoZ`_ dmoUo¡`H$ H$a Am°a BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a g{ amOÒd ‡mo· _{ß 1976, _‹`‡X{e d•oŒmH$a AoYoZ`_ 1995 VWm _‹`‡X{e b∑Oar H$a oZa›Va d•o’ [nabojV hm{ ahr h°& 2006.07 _{ß Vm{ `h d•o’ 2005.06 AoYoZ`_ 1988 H{$ odo^fi ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m{ bmJy H$aZ{ H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd H$r VwbZm _{ß 61.88 ‡oVeV VH$ [hwßM JB© Wr & `⁄o[ `h d•o’ EH$ dmoUo¡`H$ H$a od^mJ h° & dmoUo¡`H$ H$a Am`w∫$ Bg od^mJ H$m gdm}É AgmYmaU d•o’ Wr & oH$›Vw BVZm Vm{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` do‹X©V H$a ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$mar hm{Vm h° & bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ g{ gaH$ma H$m{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ amOÒd _{ß oZa›Va d•o’ Bg od^mJ H$m _wª`mb` B›Xm°a _{ß oÒWV h° & ‡emgoZH$ Ï`dÒWm hm{ ahr h° & df© 2008.09 _{ß oOb{ _{ß amOÒd gßJ´hU _{ß bJ^J 20 ‡oVeV H$r —oÓQ> g{ gÂ[yU© _‹`‡X{e j{Ã H$m{ 4 Pm{Z (Zone) B›Xm°a, ^m{[mb, H$r H$_r [nabojV hwB© h° & BgH$m _wª` H$maU `h h° oH$ emgZ ¤mam df© O]b[wa VWm Ωdmobà _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & ‡À`{H$ Om{Z H$m{ [wZ: 2008.09 _{ß gm{`m]rZ CÀ[mX H$m{ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a Xmo`Àd g{ _w∫$ H$a oS>drOZ _{ß ]mßQ>m J`m h° Am°a ‡À`{H$ oS>drOZ H$m{ H$aXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m oX`m h° & O]oH$ gm{`m]rZ oOb{ H$r ‡_wI Iar\$ \$gb h° Am°a gm{`m Edß j{Ã H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a d•V _{ß (Circle) _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h° & Bg AmBb H{$ 2 ]S>∂{ gß`›Ã oOb{ _{ß ÒWmo[V hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU BZ gß`›Ãm{ß g{ Ï`dÒWmZwgma _›Xgm°a oObm Ωdmobà Pm{Z _{ß aVbm_ oS>drOZ H$m EH$ gaH$ma H$m{ A¿N>m amOÒd ‡m· hm{Vm ahm h° & o\$a ^r oOb{ _{ß `h H$a [yd©dV≤ * em{YmWu> (dmoU¡`) odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** em{YmWu> (dmoU¡`) odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 78 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II hr amOÒd ‡mo· H$m EH$ _hÀd[yU© Ûm{V ]Zm hwAm h° & Om gH$Vm h° - H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a gßJ´hU - _‹`‡X{e _{ß H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a g{ VmobH$m - _‹`‡X{e _{ß H$a CÀ[mXH$Vm 10 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) ‡m· amOÒd (VmobH$m X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ß H$a gßJ´hU VmobH$m H{$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ H{$›–r` gaH$ma ¤mam, H{$›–r` Ï``m{ß H{$ ‡oVeV _{ß oZa›Va H$_r [nabojV hm{ ahr h° & VmobH$m g{ `h odH´$` H$a H$m{ Yra{ Yra{ g_m· oH$E OmZ{ H$m ‡^md H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 2006.07 _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a g{ ‡m· amOÒd _{ß gßJ´hU [a Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ hm{ ahm h° & df© Xa df© H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a H{$ 2005.06 H$r VwbZm _{ß 20.55 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° O]oH$ od^mJ H{$ A›VJ©V H$a `m{Ω` AmdV© _{ß d•o’ H{$ ]mdOyX Bg g{ ‡m· amOÒd _{ß CVam{Œma H$a dgybr VWm A›` Ï``m{ß _{ß H{$db 0.826 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h° & H$_r [nabojV hm{ ahr h° & `hr H$maU h° oH$ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a H{$ A›VJ©V CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m VÀd AoYH$ Ï`dgmo``m{ß H$m [ßOr`Z h°& C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ VmobH$m - _‹`‡X{e _{ß Ï`dgmo``m{ß H$m [ßOr`Z (VmobH$m X{I{ ]mX ^r H$a dgybr Ï``m{ß H{$ ‡oVeV _{ß H$_r H$r ‡d•oV oZa›Va Omar h° & Ao›V_ [•> [a) B›\$m{g©_{ßQ> odßJ H$m oZÓ[mXZ (VmobH$m X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) VmobH$m H{$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ‡X{e _{ß 1 A‡°b 2006 H$m{ _yÎ` VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a ‡Umbr bmJy hm{Z{ gßdo’©V H$a bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ Ï`m[mna`m{ß H{$ [ßOr`Z _{ß _m_ybr d•o’ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ B›\$m{g©_{ßQ> odßJ ¤mam oZJamZr Edß gd} H$m H$m`© goH´$`Vm g{ [nabojV hm{ ahr h°& Ò[ÓQ> h° Ï`m[mna`m{ß H{$ [ßOr`Z hm{Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW oH$`m Om ahm h° oH$›Vw H$a Mm{ar H{$ AmßH$∂S>m{ _{ß oZa›Va H$_r Am ahr h°& [yd© _{ß hwE [ßOr`Z ^r oZaÒV hm{ ah{ h° & C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m _{ß H$mb_ Z. 5 g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ df© 2006.07 _{ß VmobH$m - [ßOr`V Ï`m[mna`m{ß H$r oÒWoV9 H$a Mm{ar H{$ AmßH$∂S{> _{ß 66.57 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> AmB© h° oH$›Vw df© Year Circle I Circle II Total % Increase 2007.08 _{ß BZ\$m{g©_{ßQ> odßJ ¤mam H$a dgybr _{ß 685.47 ‡oVeV d•o’ 2003-04 3640 2710 6350 - XO© JB© h° & H$a A[dßMZ Edß dgybr H$m `h EH$ Agm_m›` df© h° AV: 2004-05 3655 2760 6415 + 1.02 % 2005-06 3693 2802 6495 + 1.24 % em{Y H$r —oÓQ> g{ Bg df© H{$ AmYma [a H$m{B© oZÓH$f© Zhr oZH$mbm Om 2006-07 3435 2544 5979 - 7.94 % gH$Vm h° & 2007-08 3154 2189 5343 - 10.63 % C[`w©∫$ odd{MZ Edß odõ{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ dmoUo¡`H$ 2008-09 3169 2308 5477 + 2.50 % H$a H$r VwbZm _{ß _yÎ`do’©V H$a ‡Umbr AoYH$ l{ÓQ> h°& odõ{fU h{Vw VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ oZYm©naV odo^fi o]›XwAm{ß O°g{, amOÒd gßJ´hU, [ßOr`V Ï`m[mna`m{ß H$r [yd© VH$ oOb{ _{ß [ßOr`V Ï`dgmB`m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß oZa›Va d•o’ hm{ ahr Wr oÒWoV, B›\$m{g©_{ßQ> odJß H$m oZÓ[mXZ H$a A[dßMZ [a oZ`ßÃU ,H$a oH$›Vw ‡X{e _{ß _yÎ`do’©V H$a bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ oOb{ _{ß Hw$b [ßOr`V CÀ[mXH$Vm AmoX g^r –oÓQ> g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _yÎ`do’©V H$a ‡Umbr Ï`dgmB`m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß oZa›Va H$_r [nabojV hm{ ahr h° & BgH$m _wª` gaH$ma VWm H$aXmVm Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ob`{ ohVH$mar h° & H$maU `hr h° oH$ oOZ Ï`m[mna`m{ß [a _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ H{$ ß>ß>ß> A›VJ©V H$a Xmo`Àd Zht Am ahm h° od^mJ ¤mam E{g{ Ï`m[mna`m{ß H{$ Zm_ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ [ßOrH•$V Ï`m[mna`m{ß H$r gyMr g{ ]mha oH$E Om ah{ h° & `⁄o[ df© 2008.09 1. A‡À`j H$a b{IH$ AJ´´dmb Jw·m 2007 — 08 [•ÓR> H´$. 1 1 _{ß oOb{ _{ß [wZ: [ßOr`V Ï`dgmB`m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ [nabojV hwB© h° & ‡H$meH$ a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{ O`[wa od^mJ g{ o_br OmZH$mar H{$ AZwgma _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a AoYoZ`_ H{$ 2. departmental statististics , Commercial Tax Deparment A›VJ©V oOZ Ï`m[mna`m{ß [a H$a Xmo`Àd CÀ[fi Zht hm{ ahm h°, CZH{$ Zm_ Government of publishan by commissioner [ßOr`V Ï`dgmB`m{ß H$r gyMr g{ ]mha H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© Vrd´ JoV g{ Mb ahm coommercial Tax Madhya Pradesh h° & 3. dmoUo¡`H$ H$a H$m`m©b` _›Xgm°a g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar H{$ AZwgma & _yÎ` gdßo‹X©V H$a _{ß CÀ[mXH$Vm VÀd - _‹`‡X{e _{ß H$am{ß H$r 4. H$a g_mMma 8.14 A‡°b 2009 CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m odd{MZ oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ _m‹`_ g{ AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 79 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

VmobH$m am¡` _{ß dmoUo¡`H$ H$a Edß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a H{$ gßJ´hU H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z 2 S.no. Year Total Revenue MPCT/VATCollection % of Total % of of State Govt in Crores Rs. Revenue Changes 1 2 3 4 5 1 2001-02 (MPCT) 2828.60 2060.50 72.84 - 2 2002-03 (MPCT) 3462.74 2520.47 72.78 22.32 3 2003-04( MPCT) 3952.25 2916.73 15.72 - 4 2004-05( MPCT) 4599.22 3365.60 73.17 15.39 5 2005-06( MPCT) 5302.93 3951.43 74.55 17.41 6 2006-07( VAT) 6242.94 4763.63 76.30 20.55 7 2007-08( VAT) 7268.94 5603.87 77.09 17.63 8 2008-09 (VAT) 8472.27 6439.35 76.00 14.90 9 2009-10( VAT) 12342.16 9679.91 78.42 32.61

VmobH$m _›Xgm°a oOb{ _{ß _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a gßJ´hU 3 Year Circle I Circle II Total % Increase 2003-04( MPCT) 243.04 514.10 757.14 - 2004-05( MPCT) 300.86 562.39 863.25 14.01 % 2005-06( MPCT) 298.29 621.92 920.21 6.59 % 2006-07( VAT) 442.82 1046.86 1489.68 61.88 % 2007-08( VAT) 480.44 1265.02 1745.46 17.17 % 2008-09( VAT) 406.74 993.31 1400.05 19.79 %

_‹`‡X{e _{ß H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a g{ ‡m· amOÒd 5 S.no. Year Amount Percentage Collected Charge 1 2 3 1 2001-02 332.94 - 2 2002-03 403.15 21.09 3 2003-04 454.02 12.62 4 2004-05 612.28 34.86 5 2005-06(MPCT) 615.68 0.56 6 2006-07(VAT) 565.84 -8.10 7 2007-08(VAT) 556.93 -1.57 8 2008-09( up to jan. 519.77 -6.67 2009) (VAT) 9 2009-10 569.98 9.66 10 2010-11 682.72 19.78 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 80 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

VmobH$m - _‹`‡X{e _{ß Ï`dgmo``m{ß H$m [ßOr`Z666 g. H´$. df© [ßOr`V Ï`m[mna`m{ß [ßOr`V Ï`m[mna`m{ß{ H$r gßª`m H$r gßª`m _{ß ‡´oVeV [nadV©Z 111 222 333 444 1 2001-02 210104 - 2 2002-03 224298 +6.75 3 2003-04 223157 -0.50 4 2004-05 237580 - 5 2005-06 241000 + 1.439 6 2006-07 229858 - 4.62 7 2007-08 202644 -11.84 8 2008-09 207542 +2.41 9 2009-10 217209 +4.65 10 2010-11 228951 +5.40

VmobH$m _‹`‡X{e _{ß H$a CÀ[mXH$Vm 10 g. H´$. df©df©df© _yÎ` gßdo’©V H$a dgybr dgybr Ï``m{ß ‡oVeV H$a gohV A›` H{$ Ï`` H$m H$a [nadV©Z H$am{ß g{ ‡m· dgybr g{ amOÒd ‡oVeV 111 222 333 444 555 666 1 2003-04 3952.25 50.84 1.286 - 2 2004-05 4599.22 52.32 1.137 - 11.58 3 2005-06 5302.93 50.41 .95 - 19.68 4 2006-07 6242.94 51.59 .826 - 13.05 5 2007-08 7268.94 60.36 .97 17.43

B›\$m{g©_{ßQ> odßJ H$m oZÓ[mXZ 11 S.No. Year No. of Total Tax Evasion Percentage Change Inspection Detected in Tax evasion (Rs. In Crore) Detected 1 2 3 4 5 1 2004-05 136 14.84- 2 2005-06 190 10.71- 38.54 3 2006-07 139 3.58 - 66.57 4 2007-08 267 28.12+685.47

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 81 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ‡YmZ_ßÃr g•OZ H$m`©H´$_ Òdam{OJma `m{OZm H$m AmoXdmog`mß{ H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^md - Pm]wAm oOb{ H{$ gßX©^ _{ß

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 84 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Ωdmob`a oOb{ H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg _{ß bKw d _‹`_ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m

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‡ÒVmdZm - bKw C⁄m{J (N>m{Q{> [°_mZ{ H$r Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB`m±) d{ hm{Vr h° Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J E{g{ ^r h°, Om{ CÀH•$ÓQ> H$bmÀ_H$Vm H{$ H$maU oZ`m©V ^r H$aV{ Om{ _‹`_ ÒVa H{$ odoZ`m{J H$r ghm`Vm g{ CÀ[mXZ ‡maß^ H$aVr h°& BZ h¢& AV: C›h{ß bKw j{Ã _{ß aIm J`m Wm, oOgg{ C›h{ß ^r g^r gwodYmEß ‡m· BH$mB`m{ß _{ß l_ eo∫$ H$r _mÃm H$_ hm{Vr h° Am°a gm[{ojH$ Í$[ g{ dÒVwAm{ß hm{Vr ah{{ß& Edß g{dmAmß{ H$m H$_ _mÃm _{{ß CÀ[mXZ oH$`m OmVm h°& `{ ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ß 10 hOma g{ H$_ OZgßª`m dmb{ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß ÒWmo[V VWm ^yo_, g{ [y±Or H$r _mÃm, am{OJma, CÀ[mXZ Edß ‡]ßY, AmJVm{ß Edß oZJ©Vm{ß H{$ ^dZ, _erZar AmoX _{ß ‡oV H$marJa `m H$m`©H$Vm© 15 hOma Í$[`{ g{ H$_ ‡dmh BÀ`moX H$r —oÓQ> g{ o^fi ‡H$ma H$r hm{Vr h°& `{ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß g{ ^r oÒWa [y±Or oZd{e dmb{ C⁄m{J J´m_m{⁄m{J ]m{S©> VWm J´m_m{⁄m{J C⁄m{J BZ BZ AmYmam{ß [a o^fi hm{Vr h¢-CÀ[mXZ _{ß `ßÃrH$aU H$r _mÃm: _OXyar [a BH$mB`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm gßMmbZ AmoX _{{ß VH$ZrH$r d AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm ‡XmZ bJmE JE lo_H$m{ß Edß [mnadmnaH$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ AZw[mV, ]mOma H$m ^m°J>m{>obH$ H$aV{ h¢& AmH$ma, odoZ`m{oOV [y±Or BÀ`moX& bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm - gy˙_, bKw Edß _‹`_ C⁄m{J X{e H$r bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m dJr©H$aU VrZ ‡H$ma H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß oH$`m h° - gÂ[yU© Am°⁄m{oJH$ AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß EH$ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aV{ 1. gy˙_ C⁄m{J h¢& `h AZw_mZ bJm`m OmVm h° oH$ _yÎ` H{$ AW© _ß{{ `h j{Ã oZ_m©U H$r 2. bKw C⁄m{J —oÓQ> g{ 39% Edß ^maV H{$ Hw$b oZ`m©V H{$ 33% H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma h°& Bg 3. _‹`_ C⁄m{J j{Ã H$m bm^ `h h° oH$ BgH$r am{OJma j_Vm ›`yZV_ [y±Or bmJV [a h°& _wª`V`m bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ BZ _{ß odoZ`m{oOV amoe H{$ _m[XßS>m{ß g{ 31 _mM© 2007 H$r oÒWoV H{$ AZwgma `h j{Ã 12.84 o_ob`Z _mBH´$m{ dJr©H$aU oH$`m OmVm h°& oZ_m©U C[m` H{$ A›VJ©V gy˙_ C⁄m{J dh h°, Am°a bKw C[H´$_m{ß H{$ OnaE AZw_moZV 31.2 o_ob`Z Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ am{OJma Ohm± flbmßQ> Edß _erZar _{ß oZd{e 25 bmI Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ Zht hm{Vm& bKw X{Vm h°& Bg j{Ã _{ß _OXyam{ß H$r Vrd´Vm d•’ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß H$ar] 4 C⁄m{J dh h°, Ohm± flbmßQ> d _erZar _{ß oZd{e 25 bmI Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ JwZm ¡`mXm AZw_moZV H$r JB© h°& bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm X{e H$r b{oH$Z 5 H$am{∂S> Í$ g{ H$_ hm{Vm h°& _‹`_ C⁄m{J dh h°, oOg_{ß flbmßQ> Edß [aÂ[amJV ‡oV^m d H$bm H$r ajm h{Vw ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°& A›` _hÀd[y m© _erZar _{ß oZd{e [mßM H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ b{oH$Z 10 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ bKw C⁄m{J oZ`m©V gßdY©Z d X{e H$m{ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$r Am{a H$_ hm{Vm hm{& OmZ{ h{Vw bKw C⁄m{J Am`mV ‡oVÒWm[Z _{ß ghm`H$ h°& d{ oZ`m©V H$r —oÓQ> g{dm C⁄m{J H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß EH$ gy˙_ C⁄m{J dh h°& Ohm± C[H$aUm{ß _{ß g{ ^r _hÀd[yU© h°°& oZd{e 10 bmI Í$[`{ g{ AmJ{ Zht ]∂T>Vm h° Am°a bKw C⁄m{J Ohm± C[H$aUm{ß dV©_mZ [na[{˙` _{ß bKw C⁄m{J ]S>∂{ [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ _{ß oZd{e 10 bmI Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ b{oH$Z 2 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ Zht h° oZ`m©V H$aV{ h¢ Edß X{e `m amÓQ≠> H{$ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm _{ß ^r bKw C⁄m{J AmdÌ`H$ Edß _‹`_ C⁄m{J Ohm± C[H$aUm{ß _{ß oZd{e 2 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ b{oH$Z h°& 5 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ g{ H$_ Z hm{& ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß oZÂZoboIV em{K C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ob`m J`m h°- ^maVr` AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{Jm{ß Z{ _hÀd[yU© 1. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV [Vm bJmZm& ^yo_H$m AXm H$r h° bKw [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{J Am°a Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J ^maV H{$ odoZ_m©U 2. Ωdmobà oOb{ H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg _{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r j{Ã H$r gaßMZm Edß ÒdÍ$[ H$m _hÀd[yU© ^mJ h°& ^yo_H$m& ^mfm H$r —oÓQ> g{ `h EH$ Am_ ‡d•oŒm ahr h° oH$ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J, J´m_rU 3. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß emgZ H$r ^yo_H$m C⁄m{J VWm bKw [°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{Jmß{ H$m Ame` EH$ gmW hr g_mZ Í$[ g{ H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& bJm`m OmVm h°, O]oH$ BZ_{ß AmYma^yV AßVa h°& Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J Vm{ oH$gr 4. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r od^mJr` oÒWoV H°$gr EH$ [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m{ß ¤mam [yU© `m AßeH$mobH$ Vm°a [a Mbm`m OmVm h°& h°? BZ_{ß [y±Or oZd{e Zm_ _mÃ H$m hm{Vm h°& CÀ[mXZ ^r ‡m`: BZH{$ ¤mam 5. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß bKw Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE oH$E oH$`m OmVm h°& [aÂ[amJV È[ g{ MbZ{ dmbr CÀ[mXZ ‡oH´$`m _{ß d{VZ^m{Jr OmZ{ dmb{ C[m`m{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& lo_H$ Zht hm{V{ h¢& bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß AmYwoZH$ Tß>J g{ CÀ[mXZ H$m`© hm{Vm h°& [naH$Î[Zm - gd{VZ lo_H$m{ß H$r ‡YmZVm hm{Vr h° VWm [y±Or oZd{e ^r hm{Vm h°& H$oV[` 1. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß [hb{ H$r A[{jm bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß * (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 85 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gwYma hwAm h°& CZH{$ odH$mg H$m{ joV [hwßMr h°& BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ CZH$m ghr 2. Ωdmobà oOb{ H{$ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg _{ß{ bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m Tß>J g{ oZamH$aU oH$`m OmE& AmO H{$db Ωdmobà _{ß Zht ]oÎH$ [ya{ X{e _hÀd ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß emgZ H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[yU© ahr h°°& _{ß bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J H{$ g_j AZ{H$ Jß^ra g_Ò`mEß h¢& ‡À`{H$ ÒWmZ d 3. Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß ÒWmo[V bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß{ odoZ`m{oOV [y±Or H$m odVaU OJh H$m dmVmdaU AbJ-AbJ hm{Vm h°, oOgH$m ‡^md dhm± H{$ ha [hby ]∂T>m h°& [a [∂S>Vm h°& Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg H$r Agr_ gß^mdZmE± h¢, AZwgßYmZ C[H$aU - oH$›Vw `h odH$mg V^r gß^d hm{ gH$Vm h° ? O] `hm± bKw d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß 1. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– g{ oZH$bZ{ dmbr _mogH$ [oÃH$mAm{ß g{ bKw d H$m odH$mg hm{ Am°a BgH{$ obE BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m OÎXr g{ OÎXr g_mYmZ Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar H$m{ ob`m J`m& oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß H•$of H$r ‡YmZVm h°, AV: `hm± bKw 2. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– g{ gyMZm AmYmnaV Am±H$∂S{> gßJóhV oH$E JE& d Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg H$r [`m©· gwodYmAm{ß d gß^mdZmE± od⁄_mZ h¢& 3. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– g{ oZH$bZ{ dmbr [ßMdfr©` H$m`© `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AV: AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m oZamH$aU erK´ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m& oH$`m OmE& 4. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– _{ß ‡H$moeV hm{Z{ dmbr dmof©H$ [oÃH$m g{ Am±H$∂S>m{ß 1.1.1. H$É{ _mb H$r H$_ C[bo„Y - Ωdmobà oOb{ _{{ß ÒWmo[V H•$of H$m{ gßJóhV oH$`m J`m h°& AmYmnaV C⁄m{J _{{ß V{b o_b C⁄m{J, Xmb o_b C⁄m{J AmoX AmV{ h¢& `m{OZm odoY - ‡ÒVwV AZwgßYmZ H$m`© h{Vw Om{ C‘{Ì` obE JE h¢ CZ oOZ_{ß ‡_wI g_Ò`m H$É{ _mb H$r H$_ C[bo„Y hm{Vm h°& BZ o_bm{ß C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r [yoV© h{Vw ‡XŒmm{ß H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m J`m& H$m{ H$É{ _mb H$r H$_r H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& [naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m`© _{ß [naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU 2.2.2. _mb Jm{Xm_ ^ßS>maU j_Vm - oOb{ _{ß oOVZ{ ^r Jm{Xm_ h¢ CZH$m gmaUr H´$_mßH$-1 g{ oZÂZmZwgma oH$`m J`m - (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) 75 ‡oVeV ^mJ H{$›–r` emgZ, ‡m›Vr` emgZ AWdm amgmòZH$ _‹`_ C⁄m{J gyMr (Ωdmobà) Im⁄ CÀ[mXH$m{ß H{$ obE AmaojV h°& [naUm_ `h hm{Zm h° oH$ H•$fH$m{ß 1. `yZr[°M a]a obo_Q{>S>, _hmamO[wam Ωdmobà& H$m{ AZmO ^ S>maU H{$ obE [`m©· ÒWmZ C[b„Y Zht hm{ [mZm, 2. Ωdmobà ewJa Hß$[Zr obo_Q{>S>, S>]am& O]oH$ Om{ _mb Jm{Xm_ h¢ CZH{$ oZ_m©U H$m _yb C‘{Ì` `hr h° oH$ 3. O{.]r._ßKmam_ \y$S>g obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& H•$fH$m{ß H$r C[O H$m ^ßS>maU hm{& 4. oh›XwÒVmZ od⁄wV CÀ[mXZ ‡mB©d{Q> obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& 3.3.3. `mVm`mV gßMma gwodYmAm{ß H$m A^md - `mVm`mV d gßMma 5. Vjoebm Q°>∑gQ>mBb ‡mB©d{Q> obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& gwodYmAmß{ H$r ghr Ï`dÒWm H$m Z hm{Zm ^r BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r EH$ ‡_wI 6. hof©V Q°>∑gQ>mBb ‡mB©d{Q> obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& g_Ò`m h°& 7. AmoXÀàmO hm{Q>b obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& BgH{$ Abmdm od⁄wV H$r g_Ò`m, oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– ¤mam ghm`Vm 8. amOBd{ßQ> E S> EßQ>aQ{>Z_{ßQ> ‡mB©d{Q> obo_Q{>S>, Ωdmobà& H$m Z X{Zm, H$am{ß H$r AoYH$Vm, ]∂S{> >[°_mZ{ H{$ C⁄m{Jmß{ _{ß ‡oVÒ[Ym©, CoMV 9. Gwalior Distillers Ltd. gßJR>Z H$r H$_r, VH$ZrH$r g_Ò`mE±, CÀ[mXZ H$r [aÂ[amJV odoY`m± 10. gy`m© am{eZr obo_Q{>S> _hmamO[wam, Ωdmobà& AmoX h¢, oOZH$m gm_Zm BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& \$bÒdÍ$[ odH$mg Table 2 - Production of Mineral 2014-15 _{ß ]mYm C[oÒWV hm{Vr h°& Ser No Name of Mineral Production oZÓH$f© - Ωdmobà oOb{ _{ß A^r Am°a AoYH$ odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE± h¢, Major Mineral 1 Murum 5,03,296 cu. Metre ]g AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ Ωdmobà H{$ oZdmog`m{ß H$m{ H{$›– d 2 Flag stone 38,098 cu. Meter am¡` gaH$ma H$m [yU© gh`m{J o_bVm ah{& Ωdmobà j{Ã VWm BgH{$ Amg- 3 Dhoka stone 8,838,794 cu. Meter [mg AZ{H$ C⁄m{J H$m`©aV h¢, oOg_{ß odÒVma Edß AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$r 4 Stone gitti 2,57,732 cu. Meter AoVerK´ AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& 5 Iron ore 8517 M. Tone l_ H$r Hw$ebVm Am°⁄m{oJH$aU H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© gßgmYZ h°& òX Minor Mineral 1. Clay 51289 cu. Meter l_ eo∫$ H$m `Wm{oMV ‡`m{J oH$`m OmE Vm{ X{e H{$ Am°⁄m°JrH$aU _{ß d•o’ 2. Sana 6,25,41 cu. Meter hm{ gH$Vr h¢& BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ lo_H$m{ß H$m{ AZ{H$ ‡H$ma g{ Ωdmobà H$r Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB©`m± ‡oeojV oH$`m OmE oH$ d{ AmYwoZH$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ [yam gmaUr H´$_mßH$-3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) H$a gH{$ß& `⁄o[ oOb{ _{ß Hw$N> ZdrZ VH$ZrH$m{ß d ‡]ßYH$r` oejU gmaUr H´$_mßH$-4 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) gwodYmAm{ß H$m odÒVma hm{ ahm h° oH$›Vw `h gßVm{fOZH$ Ï`dÒWm Zht h°& aoOÒQ>S©> AmYma C⁄m{J ogVß]a 15 g{ 24 _B© 2016 BgH{$ obE `h OÍ$ar h° oH$ oObm _wª`mb` hr Zht daZ≤ Vhgrb Ed{ Table-5 „bm∞H$ ÒVa [a ^r j{Ãr` AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ AZwÍ$[ ‡oejU gwodYmE± ‡Xm` gy˙_(Micro))) bKw(Small))) _‹`_(Medium))) Hw$b(Total))) H$r OmE±& 1491 115 04 1610 Ωdmobà H$r Am°⁄m{oJH$ oÒWoV H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ kmV `{ g^r Am±H$S>∂{{ Ωdmobà _{ß bKw d _‹`_ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV H$m{ Ï`∫$ hm{Vm h° oH$ gZ≤ 1981 H{$ [ÌMmV≤ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm _{ß A‡À`moeV H$aV{ h¢& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ o[N>b{ Hw$N> dfm~ _{ß BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r oÒWoV _ß{ H$m\$r d•o’ hwB© h°& gwYma hwAm h° o\$a ^r BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ g_j E{gr AZ{H$ g_Ò`mEß h¢ oOgg{ gwPmd - C[am{∫$ g_Ò`mAm{ß d oZÓH$f© H{$ AmYma [a BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 86 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II h{Vw Hw$N> gwPmd oXE Om gH$V{ h¢, Om{ oZÂZoboIV h¢ - gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 1.1.1. H$É{ _mb H$m C[b„Y H$amZm - BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ‡_wI g_Ò`m h° oH$ H$É{ _mb H$r H$_r hm{Zm& AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ BZ 1. ogßh, a_{e ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm Macgraw Hill Education C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ H$marJa A[Zr ghH$mar go_oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a{ß ∑`m{ßoH$ 2014 ghH$mar go_oV`m± A¿N>m _mb ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß IarX [mVr h¢ Am°a ]∂S{> 2. og›hm, dr.gr., Am°⁄m{oJH$ AW©emÛ, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ C⁄m{Jm{ß ¤mam Om{ _mb CÀ[moXV oH$`m OmVm h°& Cg_{ß ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$a 3. Hw$bl{ÓR>, Ama.Eg. Am°⁄m{oJH$ AW©emÛ, gmohÀ` ^dZ ‡H$meZ [mVr h¢& 2008 2.2.2. od[UZ H$r gwodYmE± H$aZm - BgH{$ obE ghH$mar d gaH$mar Xm{Zm{ß 4. oÃd{Xr Ama.EZ. ew∑bm, S>r.[r. nagM© _°œO{bm∞Or, H$m∞b{O ]wH$ oS>[m{, H$r ÒVam{ß [a Ï`m[H$ ‡`mg oH$E OmE± ∑`m{ßoH$ AJa ghH$mar d C⁄o_Vm odH$mg _.‡. ^m{[mb& gaH$mar go_oV`m{ß H{$ ¤mam CÀ[mXZ H$a odH´$` oH$` OmE Vm{ CoMV 5. Òdam{OJma _mJ©Xoe©H$m, C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$›– ^m{[mb& _yÎ` ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& 6. C⁄_r, C⁄_ Am°a Òdam{OJma, ^m{[mb ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm odH$mg BgH{$ Abmdm C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ [y±Or H$m ‡]ßY H$aZm, ]∂S{> d Am°a Am`m{OZ& bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{{ß gh`m{J d g_›d` H$r ^mdZm OmJ•V H$aZm, ]¢H$m{ß H$r ZroV 7. AJ´dmb, E.EZ. oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– g{ ‡m· Am±H$∂S{> Edß dmof©H$ [oÃH$m _{ß gwYma H$aZm, CÀ[mXZ H$r VH$ZrH$r _{ß gwYma H$aZm, C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m H$m odõ{fU& ZdrZrH$aU, Am°⁄m{oJH$ ghH$mar go_oV`m{ß H$m JR>Z, CÀ[mXZ H$r JwUdŒmm 8. (PDF) Industrial profile of Gwalior district Madhya _{ß gwYma AmoX Hw$N> E{g{ gwPmd h¢& oO›h{ß A[ZmH$a BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg Pradesh updated in 2015- dcmsem.gov.in> dips> H$m{ Ωdmobà oOb{ß _{ß ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢& gwalior.

Table-1 Explain the micro and small enterprises and artisan units in Gwalior District. NIC Type of Number of Investments Employment Code Industries units (Lakh Rs.) No 20 Agro based 20 20.00 30 22 Soda water 0 00.00 0 23 Cotton textile 1 2.00 4 24 Woolen, silk and 5 2.50 8 artificial thread based clothes 25 Jute and jute based 0 0.00 0 26 Readymade garment and 100 80.00 186 embroidery 27 Wood/Wooden based furniture 113 28.25 208 28 Paper and paper products 158 950.00 632 29 Leather based 25 74.28 52 31 Chemical/chemical based 21 252 126 30 Rubber, plastic and petro based 65 2820.00 325 32 Mineral based 03 72 16 33 Metal based (steel fab.) 91 637 260 35 Engineering units 02 5.00 08 36 Electrical machinery and 16 4332.00 62 transport equipment 97 Repairing and servicing 210 31.50 275 01 others 1651 742.95 1836 Source - Industrial profile of Gwalior district Madhya Pradesh 2015-16. Source - DIC Gwalior. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 87 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Ωdmob`a H$r Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB©`m±$ Table 3 - Industries at a Glance Ser No Head Unit Particulars 1 Registered Industrial Unit No 15455 2 Total Industrial Unit No 15455 3 Registered Medium and Large Unit No 11 4 Estimated Avg. No. of Daily worker No 38494 employed in small scale industries 5 Employment in large and medium industries No 3318 6 No of Industrial area No 08 7 Turnover of small scale industries In Lacs Not available 8 Turnover of medium and large scale industries In Lacs Not available

aoOÒQ>S©> Am°⁄m{oJH$ BH$mB©`m{ß H$r dmof©H$ ‡d•oŒm 2000-01 g{ 2014-15 VH$ (odoZ`m{J d am{OJma H{$ gßX^© _{ß) Table-4-4-4 (df©)Year Number of Registered Units (am{OJma) (odoZ`m{J) Employment Investment (Laks Rs.) 2000-01 481 1175 2217.00 2001-02 95 871 6113.00 2002-03 121 804 5226.00 2003-04 612 1581 4803.00 2004-05 602 1755 5139.00 2005-06 610 1673 4414.00 2006-07 625 1730 4512.00 2007-08 756 1861 7183.00 2008-09 843 1692 283.10 2009-10 726 1330 704.14 2010-11 708 1687 1763.63 2011-12 706 1005 708.35 2012-13 748 1100 802 2013-14 702 1090 700 2014-15 700 1082 701.37 Source - Office of Industries Commission, Bhopal (MP)

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IGST (EH$rH•$V dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a) CXmhaU ÒdÍ$[, Am`H$a, Ï`dgm` H$a, YZH$a, gÂ[oŒmH$a, oZJ_H$a, H$a H$r Om{ amoe am¡` gaH$ma ‡m· H$a{Jr d SGST H$hbmE{Jm VWm H$a ^yamOÒd H$a, C[hma H$a BÀ`moX ‡À`j H$a H{$ CXmhaU h°& H$r Om{ amoe H{$›X gaH$ma ‡m· H$a{Jr dh CGST H$hbmEß{Jm& dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a H$m [naM` - ^maV gaH$ma H{$ ¤mam gÂ[yU© X{e _{ß SGST Edß SGST Xm{Zm{ß H$a am¡` H{$ ^rVa _mb H$m{ ]{MZ{ [a `m 1.7.2017 g{ dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a bmJy H$a oX`m h°& g{dmAm{ß H$m{ ‡XmZ oH$ OmZ{ [a bJm`m OmE{Jm oOg_{ß g{ 50: ^mJ am¡` dmÒVd _{ß Goods and Service Tax [GST] EH$ A‡À`j H$a H$m{ Edß 50: ^mJ H${›– H$m{ SGST Edß CGST H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡m· hm{Jm, h°, `h EH$ E{gm EH$rH•$V A‡À`j H$a h°, Om{ dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß Xm{Zm| CXmhaU ÒdÍ$[ òX _‹`‡X{e H$m H$m{B© Ï`m[mar _‹`‡X{e H{$ hr A›` [a bJ{Jm gaH$ma Z{ odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ A‡À`j H$am{ß H$m{ g_m· H$aH{$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ _mb ]{MVm h° Am°a òX Cg gÂ]o›YV dÒVw [a GST H$r Xa H{$db EH$ EH$rH•$V H$a bmJy oH$`m h° oOg{ GST H$hV{ h°& 18% h° Vm{ 9% CGST am¡` gaH$ma H{$ ImV{ _{ß VWm e{f 9% SGST dÒVw Edß g{dm H$a H{$ bmJy hm{ OmZ{ g{ [yam X{e EH$rH•$V ]mOma _{ß H{$›– gaH$ma H{$ ImV{ _{ß OmE{Jr& [nadoV©V hm{ J`m Am°a ¡`mXmVa A‡À`j H$a O°g{ H{$›–r` CÀ[mX ewÎH$, òX H$m{B© _mb am¡` H{$ ]mha H{$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ ]{Mm OmE{ O°g{ _‹`‡X{e g{dm H$a, _yÎ`doY©V H$a odbmogV ewÎH$, bmQ>ar H$a, BÀ`moX H$m{ dÒVw H{$ Ï`m[mar ßZ{ H$m{B© _mb CŒma‡X{e H{$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ ]{Mm Vm{ Bg [a 9% CGST Eßd g{dmH$a _{ß g_mohV H$a oX`m J`m h°& Edß 9% SGST bJZ{ H{$ ]OmE 18: H$r Xa g{ EH$rH•$V _mb Edß g{dmH$a Bg A^yV[yd© [nadV©Z H$m [naUm_ `h h° oH$ [ya{ ^maV _{ß A] EH$ hr IGST bJm`m OmE{Jm & ‡H$ma H$m A‡À`j H$a bJ ahm h°& IGST H$m EH$ ohÒgm H{$›– gaH$ma H{$ ImV{ _{ß OmE{Jm Am°a Xygam * od^mJm‹`j (dmoU¡`) E.H{$.Eg. odÌdod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 89 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ohÒgm dÒVßw `m g{dm H$m C[^m{J H$aZ{ dmb{ am¡` H$m{ ‡m· hm{Jm& V•Vr` I S> - E{∂gr dÒVwE{{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$a H$r Xa 12% hm{Jr dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a GST bJmE OmZ{ H$m AmYma - GST H{$ A›V©JV MVwW© I S> - E{∂gr dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$a H$r Xa 18% hm{Jr CZ g^r Ï`dgm`r, CÀ[mXH$ `m g{dm ‡XmVm H$m{ [ßOr`Z H$amZm AoZdm`© [Mß_ I S> - E{∂gr dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$a H$r Xa 28% hm{Jr hm{Jm& oOZH$m dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da, EH$ oZoÌMV _yÎ` g{ AoYH$ h°, oOZH$m gaH$ma H$m gmMZm `h h° oH$ Xam| g{ gm_m›` C[^m{∫$m ‡^modV Z odÒV•V dU©Z oZÂZ ‡H$ma h° - hm{ BgobE AmdÌ`H$ Edß X°oZH$ C[`m{J H$r dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAmß{ [a GST 1. oOZ Ï`dgmo``m{ß H$m{ dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da 20 bmI Í$[`{ g{ H$_ h° d{ H$r Xa H$_ aIr J`r h°, O]oH$ _hßJr Am°a odbmogVm H$r dÒVwAm{ß Edß GST H{$ Xmà{ _{ß Zht AmEßJ{ AWm©V C›h| GST Zhr MwH$mZm [∂S{>Jm, g{dmAm{ß [a GST H$r Xa CÉ (AoYH$) aIr JB© h°& [ydm}Œmma Edß ode{f XOm© ‡m· am¡` O°g{ OÂ_y H$Ì_ra, CŒmamIßS> Am°a Bg ‡H$ma dÒVw Ed g{dm H$a H$r AoYH$V_ Xa 28% h° Am°a bJ^J oh_mMb ‡X{e _{ß 10 bmI Í$[`{ VH$ `m Bgg{ H$_ dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da 19% dÒVwE{ E{gr h°, oOZ [a 28: H$r Xa g{ GST bJm`m OmE{Jm& dmb Ï`dgm`r GST H{$ Xmà{ _{ß Zht AmEßJ{ [a›Vw òX `{ Ï`dgm`r dÒVw Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$m{B© H$a Zht bJ{Jm - (AWm©V 0% Xa g{ H$a Mmh{ Vm{ GST H{$ obE [ßOr`Z H$am gH{$V{ òX `{ GST H{$ A›V©JV bJZ{ dmbr dÒVwE{) X°oZH$ C[`m{J _{ß AmZ{ dmbr dÒVwE{ O°g{, XyY, AmQ>m, [ßOrH•$V hm{J{ß Vm{ B›h{ AmJVH$a Ny>Q> (INPUT TAX CREDIT) H$m d{gZ, ]´{S>, ‡gmX, Z_H$o]ßXr, ogßXya, ]Q>a o_ÎH$, Xhr ehX, VmO{\$b bm^ ‡m· hm{ OmE{Jm& Edß go„O`mß, \´${e _rQ>, o\$e oMH$Z, A S>m, ÒQ>mÂ[, ›`mo`H$ XÒVmd{O, 2. oOZ Ï`mdgmo``m{ß H$m dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da 20 bmI Í$ g{ AoYH$ h° o‡Q°>S> ]w∑g, AI]ma, Mwo∂S>`m h°S>by_ H$r dÒVwE{ BZ g^r dÒVwAm{ß H{$ H´$` - òX H$mam{]mar ode{f XOm© ‡m· am¡` g{ gÂ]ßoYV h° Vm{ 10 bmI g{ o[H´$` [a GST ‡^mdr Zht hm{Jr ∑`m|oH$ Bg dÒVw [a GST H$r Xa AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a dh IGST H{$ Xmà{ _{ß Am OmE{Jm V] Cg{ GSTN ey›` ‡oVeV h°& [a A[Z{ [°Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ [ßOr`Z H$admZm hm{Jm& dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a 5% Xa g{ H$a ‡^mdr hm{Jm - gm]yXmZm, 3. òX Ï`gm`r H$m dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da 20 bmI Í$. g{ AoYH$ oH$›Vw H{$am{ogZ, H$m{`bm, Xdm∞B`m, bmB\$]m{Q>≤g, \´$m{OZ go„¡`mß, Mm` H$m\$r, 1.5 H$am{∂S> Í$ g{ H$_ hm{ Vm{ Bg{ l{Ur H{$ A›V©JV AmZ{ dmb{ 10% H´$r_ o_ÎH$ [mCS>a, _gmb{, ag, o[¡Om, ]´{S>, ]´m∞S{>S> \y$S>, ]´mßS{>S> [Zra BÀ`moX Ï`m[mar H$mam{]mar C⁄_r am¡` gaH$ma H{$ oZ`ßÃU _{ß AmEßJ{, O]oH$ E{gr dÒVwE{ h°& oOZ [a 5% H$r Xa g{ dÒVw Edß g{dm H$a bJm`m OmZm e{f 18% H{$›– gaH$ma H{$ oZ`ßÃU _{ß AmE{J{, Bg C‘{Ì` H{$ obE{ ‡ÒVmodV h°& BgH{$ Abmdm `mVm`mV gwodYm O°g{ a{bd{,dm`w [nadhZ Ï`m[mar H$m M`Z bmQ>ar H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$`m OmEJm& H$r g{dmAm{ß Edß N>m{Q{> a{ÒQ>m{a{ßQ> _{ß ImZ{ [mZr H$r gwodYm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr 4. ÏòX Ï`m[moa`m{ß H$m dmof©H$ Q>Z©Am{da 1.5 H$am{∂S> Í$ g{ AoYH$ hm{ Vm{ g{dmAm{ß H{$ gÂ]ßY _{ß 5% H$r Xa g{ dÒVw Edß g{dm H$a bJm`m OmE{Jm& Bg{ l{Ur AmZ{ dmb{ Ï`m[mar`m{ß _{ß g{ 50% am¡` gaH$ma H{$ AYrZ dÒVw Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a 12% Xa g{ H$a ‡^mdr hm{Jm - dÒVw Edß hm{J{ß VWm e{f 50% H{$›– gaH$ma H{$ AYrZ hm{J{& Bg C‘{Ì` H{$ obE{ g{dmH$a H{$ A›V©JV Vrga{ H$a IßS> _{ß 12% H$r Xa g{ oOZ dÒVwAm{ß Edß oH$ H$m°Z g{ Ï`m[mar am¡` gaH$ma H{$ AYrZ Am°a H$m°Z g{ Ï`m[mar g{dmAm{ß [a H$abJm`m OmE{Jm& d{ oZÂZoboIV h° Am`wd}oXH$ XdmB`m, H{$›– gaH$ma H{$ AYrZ AmEßJ{ Bg ]mV H$m oZU©` bmQ>ar H{$ ¤mam XyY [mCS>a, AJa]Œmr, H$ba ]w∑g, o[∑Ma ]w∑g , N>mVm, ogbmB© _erZ, oH$`m OmE{Jm& ]Q>a, oS>„]{ _{ß ]ßX gyI{ _{d{, gm∞g, \´$yQ> Oyg, Z_H$rZ, ^woO`m, \´$m{OZ _rQ> dÒVwE{ - _mb - AWdm Edm{E{ oOZ [a GST bmJy Zht - Hw$N> dÒVwAm{ß ‡m{S>∑Q>≤g E{oZ_b \°$Q>, O°g{ AmdÌ`H$ gm_J´r H$m{ 12 ‡oVeV H{$ H$a Xa Edß g{dmAm{ß H$m{ GST H{$ Xmà{ g{ Xya aIm J`m h° AWm©V BZ dÒVwAm{ß Am°a H{$ A›VJ©V aIm J`m h°& gmW hr J°a dmVmZwHy$obV hm{Q>b, Ï`mdgmo`H$ g{dmAm{ß [aGST‡^mdr Zht hm{Jm& l{Ur H$m dm`w `mÃm oQ>H$Q>, BÀ`moX g{dmAm{ß [a ^r 12% H$r Xa g{ GST 1. eam] H$m H´$` - odH´$` [yU©V: GST g{ ]mha h°, oOgH$m Ò[ÓQ> bJm`m OmE{Jm& dU©Z gßodYmZ gßem{YZ odY{`H$ _{ß oH$`m J`m, eam] H$m GST g{ dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a 18% Xa g{ H$a ‡^mdr hm{Jm - GST H{$ ]mha hm{Z{ H$m AW© h° oH$ [yd© H$r ^mßoV A^r ^r Bg [a am¡` gaH$ma 18% I S> Xa g{ oZÂZ dÒVwAm| [a H$a bJm`m OmE{Jm - Zm{Q> ]w∑g , Am]H$mar ewÎH$ bJmVr ah{Jr Edß Cg{ dgyb{Jr& ÒQ>rb H$r ]Zr dÒVwE{, H°$_am, Ò[rH$a , _moZQ>g©, oQ>ey [{[a, ob\$m\{$ o‡OÏS©>, 2. [{Q≠>m{b, S>rOb, agm{B© J°g VH$ZrH$r Vm°a [a gßodYmZ _{ß hwE gßem{YZ ]{oOQ{>„bg [mÒVm, [{ÒQ≠>rO, H$mZ© ‚b{dS©>, H{$H$, na\$mB©S> ‚b{dS©> ewJa, H{$ ]mX h°, Vm{ GST H{$ Xmà{ _{ß, [a›Vw dV©_mZ _{ß A^r [{Q≠>m{b, S>rOb o_Zab dmQ>a, O¢_ , gy[ AmBgH´$rg BÀ`moX [a 18% H$r Xa g{ dÒVw Edß Am°a agm{B© J°g [a GST bmJy Zht hm{Vm V] VH$ dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm g{dmH$a bJm`m OmE{Jm& BgH{$ Abmdm AmB©Q>r g{dmE{, Q{>brH$m∞_ g{dmE{, H{$ A›V©JV am¡` gaH$ma Am°a H{$›– gaH$ma BZ dÒVwAm{ß [a H$a odŒmr` g{dmE{, eam] [am{gZ{ dmbr Eà - Hß$S>reZa hm{Q>bm{ß H$r g{dmE{ ^r am{[∂S> H$aVr ah{Jr& 18% H$r Xa H{$ A›V©JV AmE{Jr AWm©V BZ g{dmAm{ß [a 18% H$r Xa g{ 3. oe∂jm gÂ]›Yr g{dmE| Am°a ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr g{dmAm| H$r [yU©Í$[{U GST bJ{Jm& GST H{$ Xmà{ g{ ]mha aIm J`m h°& dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a 28% Xa g{ H$a ‡^mdr hm{Jm - GST H$r dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a (GST) Xa - dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a H{$ A›V©JV odo^fi g]g{ CÉV_ Xa 28% h° , Bg Xa g{ [{ßQ>, oS>Am{S{>a{›Q>, e{odßJ H´$r_, h{à dÒVwAmß{ Am°a g{dmAmß{ [a H$a H$r Xa o^fi-o^fi h° GST H$r Xam{ß H$m{ 5 e°Â[y S>mB, gZÒH´$rZ, dmb[{[a, g{a{o_H$ Q>mBÎg, ¿`wBJ_ Jw∂S>, H$m{H$m{Am I S> _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h°- aohV MmH$b{Q>, [mZ_gmbm, dm∞Q>ahrQ>a, oS>edmßea, ogbmB© _erZ, dmoeßJ ‡W_ I S> - E{∂gr dÒVwE{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$a H$r Xa 0% hm{Jr _erZ, EQ>rE_ ]{oSß>J _erZ, d°∑`y_ ∑brZa, e{dg© h{à o∑b[g©, o¤Vr` I S> - E{∂gr dÒVwE{{ Edß g{dmE{ oOZ [a H$a H$r Xa 5% hm{Jr AmQ>m{_m{]mBb, _m{Q>ag`H$b, oZoO ‡`m{J H$r Eà H´$m‚Q> [a GST bJm`m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 90 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

OmE{Jm, C[am{∫$ , dÒVwAm{ß H$m{ odbmogVm H$r dÒVw _mZV{ hwE{ BZ [a bm^ ‡m· Zhm{ H$a gH$Vm, Bgr ‡H$ma odH´$` H$a H{$ ^wJVmZ _{ g{dmH$a gdm©oYH$ Xa g{ H$a b{Z{ H$m oZU©` oH$`m J`m h°& (g{dmAm{ß [a MwH$m`m J`m H$a) Am°a CÀ[mX ewÎH$ (IarX{ JE _mb [a BgH{$ AoVna∫$ [mßM ogVmam hm{Q>b H$r g{dmE, a{g ∑b] H$r g{dmE{ MwH$m`m J`m CÀ[mX ewÎH$) H$r H´${oS>Q> H$m C[`m{J Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm, Edß ogZ{_m hmb H$r g{dmAm{ß [a ^r 28% H$r Xa GST ‡^mdr hm{Jr& oOgH{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ dÒVwAm{ß H$r Am°a g{dmAm{ß H$r bmJV ]∂T> OmVr h° [aßVw GST H$r ode{f Xa Edß C[H$a - gm{Zm MmßXr [a GST H$r EH$ ode{f GST H{$ bmJy hm{ OmZ{ H{$ ]mX Ï`dgmo``m{ß H{$ ¤mam IarX{ JE dÒVwAm{ß Xa 3% bmJy hm{Jr, gmW hr _hßJr Jmo∂S>`m VWm odbmogVm [yU© dÒVwAm{ß [a Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a MwH$mE JE [ya{ H$a H$r H´${oS>Q> ‡m· hm{ OmE{Jr& 15% H$r Xa g{ AoVna∫$ C[H$a (Cess) bJmE OmZ{ H$m ‡ÒVmd ^r h° C[gßhma oZÓH$f© - GST 1 July 2017 g{ bmJy hm{ MwH$m h°, GST H{$ Am°a E{gm _mZm Om ahm h° oH$ C[H$a (g{g) bJmZ{ g{ H$ar] 50 hOma ]ma{ _{ß Om{ H$hm Om ahm h° oH$ GST ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r Xem ]Xb H$am{∂S> Í$[E H$r gaH$ma H$m{ Am` ‡m· hm{Jr& oOgH$m C[`m{J am¡`m{ß H$m{ g{ H$a aI X{Jm, ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm [a Or.Eg.Q>r EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m ‡^md hm{Z{ dmbr gß^modV hmoZ`m{ß H$r joV[yoV© _{ß oH$`m OmE{Jm& S>mbZ{ dmbm hm{Jm, `h ]mV H$hm± VH$ gM gmo]V hm{Vr h°& A^r H$hm Zht gmYmaU OZVm [a i°¡ H$m ‡^md - Om gH$Vm, BgH{$ XyaJm_r [naUm_ A^r gm_Z{ Zht AmE{ [a›Vw `h gM h° 1. A‡À`j H$am{ H$m ^ma AßoV_ C[^m{∫$ H$m{ hr dhZ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° oH$ ^maVr` H$a Ï`dÒWm _{ß GST A] VH$ H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m [nadV©Z h°, bJZ{ g{ [yd© EH$ hr dÒVw [a odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ [•WH$ - [•WH$ H$a bJV{ W{, BgobE{ BgH{$ [naUm_ ^r ]∂S{> hr hm{J{& [a›Vw GSTbmJy hm{ OmZ{ H{$ ]mX A] g^r ‡H$ma H$m{ dÒVwAm{ß Edß g{dmAm| A^r H{$db `h CÂ_rX H$r Om gH$Vr h° oH$ X{e H$m ‡^md gH$mamÀ_H$ [a X{e H{$ ha ÒWmZ [a EH$ hr ‡H$ma H$m Am°a EH$ hr Xa g{ H$a bJ{Jm, hr hm{J{ ∑`m{ßoH$ gaH$ma Z{ oOg A[{jm H{$ gmW Am°a oOVZ{ ‡Mma - ‡gma oOgH$m [naUm_ `{ hm{Jm oH$ dÒVwAm{ß H$r bmJV _{ß Wm{∂S>r H$_r AmE{Jr oH$›Vw H{$ gmW GST H$m{ bmJy oH$`m h°& Cg Xem _{ß BgH{$ g\$b hm{Z{ H{$ Abmdm Xygar Va\$ g{dmAm{ H$r bmJV _{ß d•o’ hm{ OmE{Jr& Am°a H$m{B© H$Î[Zm H$aZm ^r AÏ`dhmnaH$ hm{Jm& 2. GST H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© [j `{ h° oH$ BgH{$ bmJy hm{Z{ g{ ^maV H{$ òX GST H{$ [naUm_ ZH$mamÀ_H$ hwE Vm{ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ g^r am¡`m{ß _{ß dÒVwAm{ß{ Am°a g{dmAm{ß H$r H$r_V EH$ O°gr hm{ OmE{Jr [hb{ Bg{ bÂ]{ g_` VH$ ghZ H$aZm hm{Jm ∑`m|oH$ GST bmJy hm{ MwH$r h° Am°a AbJ - AbJ am¡`m{ß _{ß o^fi - o^fi H$a Xa H{$ H$maU dÒVwAm{ß H$r H$r_V Bg{ dm[g b{Zm Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ gß^d Zht& H$_ `m ¡`mXm hm{Vr Wr [a›Vw A] `h o^fiVm g_m· hm{ OmE{Jr Am°a ha AV: dV©_mZ _{ß `hr _mZm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm [a OJh EH$ hr Xa g{ H$a bJ{Jm& BgH{$ ‡^md gH$mamÀ_H$ hr hm{J{ß& dÒVw Edß g{dmH$a H$m Ï`dgm` [a ‡^md - `X≤o[ `{ H$Qw> - gÀ` h° oH$ GST bJZ{ g{ òX Hw$N> dÒVwAm| H$r 1.1.1. dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß Ï`dgm`m{ß H$m{ o^fi - o^fi ‡H$ma H{$ A‡À`j bmJV _{ß H$_r AmB© h°, Vm{ Xygar Am{a g{dmAm{ß H$r bmJV _{ß d•o’ ^r hm{ ahr H$am| O°g{ dÒVw H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aZ{ [a CÀ[mX ewÎH$, odH´$` H$aZ{ [a h°& oH$H´$`H$a, g{dm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ [a g{dm H$a BÀ`moX H$m ^wJVmZ H$aZm EH$ gm_m›` H$aXmVm H$m{ GST H{$ A›V©JV ha _hrZ{ VrZ naQ>Z© [∂S>Vm Wm& oOg H$maU Ï`dgm`r ‡À`{H$ H{$ obE{ AbJ - AbJ [ßOr`Z \$mBb H$aZ{ hm{J{ß Am°a df© H{$ AßV _{ß EH$ naQ>Z© \$mBb H$aZm hm{Jm Bg H$amZm [∂S>Vm Wm AbJ - AbJ naQ©>Z \$mBb H$amZm [∂S>Vm h°, oOgg{ ‡H$ma g{ gm_m›` H$aXmVm H$m{ df© _{ß 37 naQ>Z© \$mBb H$aZ{ hm{J{ ∑`m{ßoH$ ]hwV H$oR>ZmB©`m hm{Vr Wr& GST bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX A] C›h| H{$db "dÒVw EH$ OoQ>b Eßd XwÍ$h H$m`© h°& H$Â[m{oOeZ ÒH$r_ H{$ A›V©JV [ßOrH•$V Edß g{dm H$a' H{$ A›V©JV [ßOr`Z H$amZm hm{Jm Am°a H{$db GST H{$ ^wJVmZ H$aXmVm H$m{ ha VrZ _hrZ{ _{ß EH$ naQ>Z© \$mB© H$aZm hm{Jm VWm df© H{$ AßV h{Vw naQ>Z© \$mBb H$aZm [∂S{>Jm& _{ß EH$ g`wß∫$ naQ>Z© \$mB©b H$aZm [∂S{>Jm, Am°a Cg{ df© _{ß Hw$b 5 naQ>Z© hr 2.2.2. Ï`dgm`m{ß H$m{ o^fi - o^fi ‡H$ma H{$ H$mZyZm{ß H$m [mbZ H$aZ{ g{ \$mBb H$aZ{ hm{Jm [a H$Â[m{oOeZ ÒH$r_ C›ht H$a XmVmAm{ß [a bmJy hm{Jr _wo∫$ o_b OmE{Jr Am°a H$m`© ^r gab hm{ OmE{Jm Am°a H{$db EH$ H$mZyZ H$m oOZH$m dmof©H$ Q>Z© Am{da 50 bmI Í$[E h°& [mbZ H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU ^maV _{ß Ï`dgm` _{ß gabVm ^r Am OmE{Jr& gX^© J´ßW gyMr: - 3. dV©_mZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß Ï`dgm`r "CÀ[mX ewÎd' Edß "g{dmH$a' H{$ 1. X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã & ^wJVmZ _{ß, IarX{ JE _mb [a MwH$mE J`{ H$a AWm©V BZ[wQ> H´${oS>Q> H$m 2. BßQ>aZ{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ g{ &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 91 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ^maVr` ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ _{ß H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z

S>m∞. _m{oZH$m _mbdr` *

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Am[H$r H$m`©j_Vm _{ß JwUm{Œma d•o’ H$aVm h° ? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß oZÓH$f© - ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ _{ß H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r Ï`dÒWm AoYH$mar obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 86.85% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV gßdJ© Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ obE AbJ-AbJ h°& ]¢H$ _{ß AoYH$mar gßdJ© Ï`∫$ H$r& H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Iwbr _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm ¤mam oH$`m OmVm ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 6, ∑`m ]¢H$ Am[ _{ß oZohV j_Vm H$r [hMmZ H$a CZH$m{ h° Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Jm{[Zr` ‡oVd{XZ odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m Adga C[b„Y H$amVm h° ? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß odoY ¤mam oH$`m OmVm h° AWm©V≤ ]¢H$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 45% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ [j[mV[yU© h°& ]¢H$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm H$m{ _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß H$r& [maXoe©Vm, ododY [jH$mam{ß ¤mam H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z Edß obo[H$ ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 7, ∑`m Am[H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß Am[H$r gßdJ© H{$ obE ^r Iwbr _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm AmoX H$m ‡`m{J H$a ]{hVa ]Zm gh^moJVm hm{Vr h° ? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV gH$Vm h°& 65% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& gwPmd - ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ H$mo_©H$m{ß H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß Ï`m· H$o_`m{ß ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 8, ∑`m ]¢H$ _{ß H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z oZÓ[j h° ? H{$ H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE oZÂZmßoH$V gwPmd C[`m{Jr hm{ gH$V{ h¢ :- gß]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 40% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß 1.1.1. _yÎ`mßH$Z [maXoe©Vm - H$mo_©H$m{ß H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$m{ H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& [yU©V: [maXer© hm{Zm MmohE AWm©V≤ _yÎ`mßH$ZH$Vm© ¤mam oH$E JE _yÎ`mßH$Z ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 9, ∑`m H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aV{ g_` Am[H{$ ¤mam H$r gÂ[yU© ‡oH´$`m gohV [naUm_ H$r OmZH$mar H$mo_©H$m{ß H$m{ o_bZm MmohE& ^mJ obE JE ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIm OmVm h° ? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß 2.2.2. ododY [jH$mam{ß ¤mam H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z - ]¢H$ H$mo_©H$m{ß AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gVZ 54.5% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$m H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z ]¢H$ g{ gß]’ J´mhH$m{ß, ghH$o_©`m{ß Edß ]¢H$ H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam H$amZm MmohE& ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 10, ∑`m ]¢H$ _{ß oZÂZVa oZÓ[mXZ H$o_©`m{ß H$m{ CÀH•$ÓQ> 3.3.3. CÀgmhdY©H$, _yÎ`mßH$Z Ï`dÒWm - H$mo_©H$m{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z Bg oZÓ[mXZ H$_r© ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`m OmVm h° AWdm Zht? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Vah hm{Zm MmohE oH$ H$mo_©H$ ÒdV: hr ]{hVa H$m`© h{Vw ‡{naV hm{& AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 62.5% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`mß{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& 1. Books of Instruction, Volume – I, State Bank of India, ‡ÌZ H´$ß.11, ∑`m dnaÓR> AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam Am[H{$ H$m`© H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Corporate Centre, Mumbai, 2003. ‡oV[woÓQ> ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ 2. Ever latest in Banking, SBI, Officer Association, Am°gV 53.3% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& Diwakar Printers, Bhopal, 2006. ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 12, ∑`m ‡oV[woÓQ> Am[H$r H$o_`m{ß g{ Am[H$m{ AdJV 3. Madhvi B., Rao, C. Rama Prasada, Human Resource H$amH$a Am[H{$ oZÓ[mXZ H$m{ ]{hVa ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ h° ? H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Development in Commercial Banks. The Associated AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 67.5% AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Publisher, Ambala Cantt, 2007. Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& 4. AmH$mßem Ã°_mogH$ [oÃH$m, ‡H$meH$ ^maVr` ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$, ^m{[mb ‡ÌZ H´$ß. 13, ∑`m Am[ dV©_mZ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ ‡Umbr g{ gßVwÓQ> h¢ gH©$b 2005 ? H{$ g]ßY _{ß AoYH$mar Edß obo[H$ gßdJ© H{$ Am°gV 46.6% AoYH$mna`m{ß 5. ImZ, _w]rZ _m{hÂ_X, "_mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY: _‹`‡X{e am¡` Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß Z{ gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r& ghH$mar ]¢H$ _`m©oXV Edß [ßOm] Z{eZb ]¢H$ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ gmaUr _{ß CÑoIV g_ßH$m{ß H{$ g_J´ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ A‹``Z', 1998. H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z ‡oH´$`m g{ H$_©Mmar gßVwÓQ> Zht h¢& 6. oJah{, aod oXdmH$a "]XbV{ ]¢oHß$J [nad{e _{ß J´mhH$ gßVwoÓQ> : EH$ g_Ò`mEß - MwZm°Vr', ]¢oHß$J oMßVZ AZwoMßVZ, A‡°b-OyZ 2007. 1. ÒQ{>Q> ]¢H$ _{ß H$mo_©H$ H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r od⁄_mZ Ï`dÒWm 7. ]¢oHß$J ‡ÌZm{Œmmar, ÒQ>m∞\$ ‡oejU H{$›–, AmJam, 2005 Edß 2009. CÀgmhdY©H$ Zht h°& 8. am`, X{d¡`m{oV Km{f, ]¢H$ emIm _{ß _mZd ‡]ßY, ]r.S>r.[r. 2. ]¢H$ _ß{ obo[H$ dJ© H{$ H$mo_©H$m{ß H$m{ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ [o„beg©,1998. [naUm_m{ß g{ AdJV Zht H$am`m OmVm h°& [naUm_V: ]¢H$ H$_r© _{ß 9. ogßh, Za{›–[mb, "^maVr` ]¢H$m{ß _{ß _mZd gßgmYZ ‡]ßY', ]¢oHß$J oZohV H$o_`m{ß _{ß gwYma Zht hm{ [mVm h°& oMßVZ AZwoMßVZ, OZdar-_mM© 2008. 3. ]¢H$ _{ß oZÓ[j H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r Ï`dÒWm Zht h°& 10. www.sbi.co.in 11. www.statebankofindia.com Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 93 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

‡.H´$ß. oddaU Am°gV gh_oV ‡oVeV 1 ∑`m Am[ Òd`ß H$m H$m`© ]¢H$ ¤mam oZYm©naV AdoY _{ß [yU© H$a b{V{ h¢ AWdm Zht ? 75 2 ∑`m ]¢H$ Ï`dgm` _{ß{ odÒVma H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ Am[H$m H$m`©^ma AÀ`moYH$ ]∂T> J`m h° ? 74.5 3 ∑`m EH$ hr ‡H$ma H$m H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ Am[H$r H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r B¿N>m [a od[arV ‡^md [∂S>m h°? 48.75 4 ∑`m Am[H$r CÀH•$ÓQ> g{dmAm{ß H$m{ ]¢H$ _{ß gÂ_moZV oH$`m OmVm h° ? 66.25 5 `oX hmß Vm{ Am[ H°$gm _hgyg H$aV{ h¢, ∑`m `h gÂ_mZ Am[H$r H$m`©j_Vm _{ß JwUm{Œma d•o’ H$aVm h° ? 86.85 6 ∑`m ]¢H$ Am[ _{ß oZohV j_Vm H$r [hMmZ H$a CZH$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m Adga C[b„Y H$amVm h° ? 45 7 ∑`m Am[H{$ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z _{ß Am[H$r gh^moJVm hm{Vr h°? 65 8 ∑`m ]¢H$ _{ß H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z oZÓ[j h° ? 40 9 ∑`m H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aV{ g_` Am[H{$ ¤mam ^mJ obE JE ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ aIm OmVm h°? 54.5 10 ∑`m ]¢H$ _{ oZÂZVa oZÓ[mXZ H$o_©`m{ß H$m{ CÀH•$ÓQ> oZÓ[mXZ H$_r© ]ZmZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg oH$`m OmVm h° AWdm Zht ? 62.5 11 ∑`m dnaÓR> AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam Am[H{$ H$m`© H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ‡oV[woÓQ> ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h° ? 53.3 12 ∑`m ‡oV[woÓQ> Am[H$r H$o_`m{ß g{ Am[H$m{ AdJV H$amH$a Am[H{$ oZÓ[mXZ H$m{ ]{hVa ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ h° ? 67.5 13 ∑`m Am[ dV©_mZ H$m`© oZÓ[mXZ ‡Umbr g{ gßVwÓQ> h¢ ? 46.6

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 94 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _‹` ‡X{e _{ß oH$gmZ H´${oS>Q> H$mS©> `m{OZm H$m `m{JXmZ

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Bg `m{OZm›VJ©V F$U ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ oZoÌMV ‡oH´$`m H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ g]g{ AoYH$ ghH$mar ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam 1462049 H{$.gr.gr H$m VWm oZ`_ oZYm©naV oH$E OmZ{ MmohE& oOgg{ H•$fH$m{ß _{ß Ag_ßOg odVaU oH$`m J`m Edß g]g{ H$_ dmoUo¡`H$ ]¢H$ ¤mam 472359 H$r oÒWoV [°Xm Z hm{& H{$.gr.gr H$m odVaU oH$`m J`m & BgH$m H$maU _‹` ‡X{e _{ß ghH$mar 5. N>m{Q{> Edß gr_mßV H•$fH$m{ß H$r H•$of bmJV AoYH$ AmVr h° ∑`m{ßoH$ CZH$r ]¢H$m{ß ¤mam ey›` ‡oVeV „`mO Xa [a F$U ‡XmZ oH$`m Om ahm h°& H•$of `m{Ω` ^yo_ H$r _mÃm H$_ hm{Vr h°, Bg H$maU CZH{$ H•$of g{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 96 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gÂ]ßoYV IM} AoYH$ hm{V{ h°& BgobE VH$ZrH$r go_oV`m{ß ¤mam H•$fH$m{ß [m`XmZ [a h°, C›h{ß odo^fi H$m`©H´$_m{ß ¤mam g_modÓQ> H$aH{$ `m{OZm H$r F$U H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m [Vm bJmH$a F$U g{ bm^mo›dV H$aZm MmohE& H$r og_m H$m oZYm©aU H$aZm MmohE& 12. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 97 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ^maV H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß H$m°eb odH$mg

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 99 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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Jr. No. 64728) 100 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II AoÒVÀd _{ß Am JB© Wr& Bg_{ß H$B© bm{Jm{ß H$m{ A_mZdr` H$m`© H$aV{ hwE _°b Vm°a [a oZoÌMV È[ g{ AmoW©H$ È[ g{ ]∂S{> oZd{e H$aZm [∂S{>, b{oH$Z bß]{ T>m{Z{ O°gr Ï`dÒWm _{ß g{dmEß X{Zm hm{Vr Wr& Yra{µYra{ g_mO Z{ Bg Vah H$r g_` VH$ CZH{$ C[`m{J g{ ZJa[mobH$m H$m _mZd gßgmYZ [a hm{Z{ dmbm Ï`dÒWm H$m{ JbV —oÓQ>H$m{ m g{ X{Im& Bgr H$maU AmYwoZH$ em°Mmb` H$m{ Ï`` ^r ]Mm h°& AmO _erZm{ß g{ H$Mam CR>mZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r Om ahr h°& oÒWoV _{ß bmZ{ H$r ewÍ$AmV hwB©& ZJar` oZH$m`m{ß Z{ [hb{ A[Z{ ÒVa [a H$Mam [nadhZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmYwoZH$ dmhZ IarX{ JE& BZH{$ _m‹`_ g{ gmd©OoZH$ Í$[ g{ AmYwoZH$ em°Mmb` H{$ Vm°a [a ‚be dmb{ em°Mmb`m{ß ]hwV hr H$_ g_` _{ß H$Ma{ H$m{ Q≠>{ßoMßJ J´mCßS> VH$ [hwßMm`m Om gH$Vm h°& H$m oZ_m©U H$adm`m& CgH{$ ]mX bm{Jm{ß Z{ ^r A[Z{ Kam{ß _{ß em°Mmb` H$r \$bÒdÈ[ eha _{ß JßXJr H$r g_Ò`m IÀ_ hwB© h°, OJhµOJh H$Ma{ H{$ AÏ{ Ï`dÒWm H$aZm ewÍ$AmV H$r& gmW hr ZJa[mobH$mAm{ß Z{ ZE gwb^ g_mflV hm{ JE h¢& AmYwoZH$aU H{$ Bg Xm°a _{ß ZJa [mobH$m Am°a ZJaoZH$m` em°Mmb` H$m oZ_m©U ^r H$adm`m& `h gwb^ em°Mmb` ^r _bdmhH$ dmb{ Bgg{ ^r AmJ{ ]∂T>r h°& A] KaµKa H$Mam gßH$bZ H$aZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm AoÒVÀd Zht ]oÎH$ ‚be dmb{ em°Mmb` ]ZmE JE& BZ g] _{ß EH$ Am°a VH$ZrH$ _{ß Am JB© h°& Òd¿N>Vm Ao^`mZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A] E{g{ H$X_ ]∂T>mE Om ah{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm _hgyg H$r JB©& em°Mmb`m{ß H{$ obE ]∂S{>µ]∂S{> g{oflQ>H$ Q°>ßH$ h¢, oOgg{ oH$ eha _{ß Òd¿N>Vm H$r Ï`dÒWm ]{hVa hwB© h°& AmYwoZH$rH$aU ]ZmZ{ bJ{ b{oH$Z BZH{$ _b g{ â OmZ{ [a CZH$m{ Imbr H$aZ{ H$r ^r g{ ZJar` oZH$m`m{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ _mZd gßgmYZ [a ]hwV AoYH$ ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr Wr& BgobE ZJar oZH$m` H$m{ A[Z{ AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$r Am{a IM© H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht ahVr& ‹`mZ X{Zm [∂S>m& g{oflQ>H$ Q°>ßH$ H$m{ Imbr H$aZ{ H{$ obE bmIm{ß È[E H$r bmJV oZÓH$f©- [oÌM_ oZ_m∂S> H$r gßÒWmAm{ß H$r odŒmr` oÒWoV H$_Om{a h°°& BZH{$ dmbr AmYwoZH$ _erZ IarXr JB© h¢& oOZg{ d°∑`y_ ¤mam oH$gr ^r g{o‚Q>H$ [mg Am` H{$ [`m©flV gmYZ Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ]XbV{ hwE [nad{e _{ß Zd Q°>ßH$ H{$ â OmZ{ [a Cg{ Hw$N> hr KßQ>m{ß _{ß Imbr H$a H$a [wZ: C[`m{J bm`H$ VH$ZrH$ H$m{ A[ZmE Vm{ J`m h°, b{oH$Z oOg ÒVa [a Zd VH$ZrH$ H$m ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& `h Ï`dÒWm Z H{$db ZJa[mobH$mAm{ß Z{ A[Z{ C[`m{J hm{Zm MmohE dh A^r ^r Zht hm{ [m ahm h°& BgH$r EH$ ]∂S>r g_Ò`m gmd©OoZH$ em°Mmb` H{$ obE H$r ]oÎH$ H$a b{H$a ]H$m`Xm `h Ï`dÒWm `h h° oH$ Zd VH$ZrH$ H$m{ A[ZmZ{ _{ß bmIm{ß È[E H$r bmJV _erZm{ß H$m{ Kam{ß _{ß oZo_©V ‚be dmb{ em°Mmb`m{ß H{$ obE ^r C[`m{J _{ß bmB© JB©& H´$` H$aZ{ _{ß AmVr h°& gmW hr BZH{$ aIµaImd _{ß ^r AoYH$ Ï`` AmVm h°& [naUm_ÒdÈ[ Q°>ßH$ H$m{ Imbr H$aZm AmgmZ hm{ J`m& E{gr H$B© AmYwoZH$ VH$ZrH$ H{$ C[`m{J _{ß Hß$fl`yQ>arH$a m g{ b{H$a A›` Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß ]Xbmd _erZ{ß AmO oZ_m∂S> H{$ ZJar` oZH$m`m{ß H{$ [mg _{ß C[b„Y h°& oH$`m J`m h°& [naUm_ ÒdÈ[ ZJa oZJ_ H{$ H$m`© _{ß ]Xbmd OÈa Am`m g\$mB© Ï`dÒWm - ZJar oZH$m` Am_Vm°a [a [aß[amJV È[ g{ hr g\$mB© h° b{oH$Z AmemVrV g\$bVm Zht o_b [mB© h°& Ï`dÒWm H$m{ gß^mbVr Wr& BgH{$ MbV{ ZJar oZH$m` [yU© È[ g{ g\$mB© H{$ obE A[Z{ g\$mB© H$_©Mmna`m{ß [a hr oZ^©a ahVr Wr& Bg AdÒWm _{ß ^r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ZJar oZH$m`m{ß Z{ V{Or g{ AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m{ A[Zm`m& BgH{$ \$bÒdÈ[ 1. _‹`‡X{e H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg _‹` ‡X{e H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg g\$mB©H$o_©`m{ß H$r ]hwV AoYH$ gßª`m H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht ah JB©& _mZd lrdmÒVd Am{Eg. _‹` ‡X{e ohßXr AH$mX_r ^m{[mb gßgmYZ H$r ]MV H$m{ _erZm{ß g{ [yam oH$`m J`m oOgg{ oH$ H$_ g_` _{ß 2. 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_H$mZ ]ZmZ{ VWm CgH$r _aÂ_V H$aZ{ VWm ghH$mar H$m`m} H{$ obE ‡{naV Aße 256 H$am{S> Í$[`{ Wm & 1990-1991 _{ß H{$›–r` j{ÃH$ H$m Aße H$aZm& Amdmg H$r H$_r H$r oZa›Va ]T>Vr Xa H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H{$ obE 55.50 H$am{S> Í$[`{ Edß am¡` j{Ãm{ H$m Aße 525.82 H$am{S> Í$[`{ Wm& H{$›–r` gaH$ma ¤mam 1970 _{ß Amdmg Edß ehar odH$mg oZJ_ (hwS>H$m{) 1991-92 _{ß `h amoe H´$_e: 47.92 H$am{S> VWm 523.68 H$am{S> Í$[`{ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© & gŒma H{$ _‹` XeH$ _{ß bJ^J g^r am¡`m{ _{ß AmdmgZ Wr & ]m{S©> H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{ MwH$r Wr & g^r ]S{> eha VWm am¡` gaH$ma{ hwS>H$m{ d 1994 H$r amÔ>≠r` Amdmg ZroV _{ß `h ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m oH$ ehar OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ g{ OwS> MwH$r Wr& BbmH$m{ _{ß Ohmß ^yo_ H$r H$_r h°, ghH$mar JoVodoY`mß Amdmg oZ_m©U H{$ [mßMdr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm (1974-1979) _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãmß{ H{$ ^yo_hrZ j{Ã _{ß _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ H$a ahr h° & _OXyam{ß H$m{ Amdmg ^yo_ X{Z{ H{$ H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ ]S{> [°_mZ{ [a MbmZ{ H$r oZOr j{Ã H$r gJßoR>V JoVodoY`mß _wª` Í$[ g{ ‡_wI _hmZJam{ß _{ß Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© Am°a Bg{ ›`yZV_ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m`©H´$_ H$m AßJ ]Zm H{$o›–V ahr& oH$›Vw Bg `m{OZm H{$ Xm°amZ `{ JoVodoY`mß CZ N>m{Q{> Am°a oX`m& A∑Qy>]a 1977 _{ß "Amdmg odH$mg odŒm oZ`_' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r _ßPm{b{ eham{ß _| ^r ]T>r Ohmß ^yo_ C[b„Y Wr Am°a bmJV A[{jmH•$V H$_ JB©& A¿N{> Am°a gÒV{ oS>Om`Zm{ß H$m{ bmZ{ gÂ]›Yr AZwgßYmZ VWm odH$mg Wr& oH´$`mAm{ß [a Om{a oX`m J`m & 1978 _{ß _wÂ]B© _{ß 500 Í$[`{ dJ© _r. d AmR>dr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm (1990-95) _{ß Bo›Xam Amdmg `m{OZm H$m{ oXÑr _{ß 200 Í$[`{ dJ© _r. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 106 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II The Impect of Economic Reforms on Social Sector Development of India

* Dr. Aparna Devi Goswami

Abstract - Social sector is an important sector for India’s economy and includes several important component such as education, health and medical care, water supply and sanitation, poverty alleviation, housing conditions etc. that play a vital contribution in human development. This paper attempts to analyze the impact of economic reforms on the social sector. Social sector may also refer to the value system of an economy which fosters values such as philanthropy, social business, social entrepreneurship etc. The elements of liberalization and economic reforms have played a key role in the areas of social infrastructure and development. Due to the rapidly globalizing competitive marketplace coupled with the increasing need to expand quality of life at the grassroots level and to spur innovative thought, policy makers in India are slowly but surely setting the social sector on the reform track. Keywords - Economic Reforms, Social Sector, Education, Health, Human Development.

Introduction - Social sector concerns itself with various to all children aged six to fourteen years in such a manner aspects of social development, programmes like education, as the state may, by law, determine.” The literacy rate in health, nutrition, sanitation and other welfare measures India has been constantly rising, improving from 64.8% in designed to improve the quality of life development of social the 2001 census to 74.04% in the 2011 census. Both the sector enhances the capacity of citizens so that economic central and the state governments have been paying and political activities. It is obvious that social sector increased attention to the need to provide “education for development directly leads to human development through all.” The Indian government has placed lots of emphasis the formation of human capabilities like improved health, on primary or elementary education. Secondary education the knowledge and skills which enable people to expand covers children aged 14–18, and provides for more than the range of cherishes as to what kind of life to lead. ninety million children. The SSA has been extended to Expenditure on health, nutrition and education perform more secondary education in the form of Rastriya Madhyamik than a mere transfer of income. Growth of social sector Shiksha Abhiyan , with special emphasis on the inclusion occupies a place of paramount importance in the process of disadvantaged sections and profession-based vocational of economic development. Its shape directly or indirectly training. Despite the higher levels of enrolment at all levels affects the entire socio-economic framework of a country of education, actual value addition has been unsatisfying, and size and its importance cannot be undermined at any as revealed by poor learning outcomes. Evidence suggests stage of development. that learning trajectories for Indian school children are Objectives and Methodology -The objectives of this paper almost flat and are far be low the corresponding class levels are : in other comparable countries. Dropout rates at secondary 1. To assess the performance in the social sector and higher levels remain high and much higher for socially viz.,mainly the Education, Health, situation in India. and economically marginalized groups. The complex nature 2. To analyse the impact of economic reform on the social of the problems of poor quality, inequality and exclusion sector development of India. poses challenges to the Indian education system. Education 3. To examine the status and problems of education and is a subject in the concurrent list, and both central and state health sector in India. governments have their own responsibilities. The central For this purpose secondary data has been gathered from government spending grew at a rate of 25% per year, and authentic resources and databases. the spending incurred by the state governments grew at Situation of Education Sector in India - The role of 19.6% per year during the 11th plan. While about 43% of education in overall social and economic progress is widely the total was spent on elementary education, 25% was spent recognized. The right to education has been enshrined as on secondary education and 32% on higher education. For a fundamental right in the Constitution of India, which states elementary education, the focus remains on the government that: “the State shall provide free and compulsory education institutions. There is a broad range of challenge s facing

* Dept. of Economics, Government S.S. N.M. Women College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 107 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II the education sector in India. Given the inadequate the primary level and parents were also not allow this age infrastructure, poor learning outcomes, wide variations group of people to school and make them as a wage earner across states and social and economic categories, the four of the family. There is a need of policy measure to overcome main priority areas in our education planning are access, these two problems. equity, quality and governance. Situation of Health Sector in India - One of the basic Table -1 Pupil-teacher ratio in schools in India vitalities of good living is quick access to essential services Year Primary Middile(vi-viii) Secondary(ix-xi) like health care. But many times it could mean a condition 1991-92 44 38 32 of life and death for an individual who is unable to get the 1995-96 43 37 32 access to these services. Thus an important part of social 1999-00 43 38 32 sector development is incomplete without adequate health 2000-01 43 38 32 care facilities. The quality of human health is the foundation 2005-06 46 34 32 upon which the realization of life goals and objectives of a 2007-08 47 35 37 persona, the community or nation as whole depends. It is Source: Socio-Economic Statistics of India, 2011, RBI both an end and means of development strategy. The It is portrayed that the pupil-teacher ratio in all the levels relationship between health and development is mutually is more or less stagnant over the post-reform period. But reinforcing-while health contributes to economic the ratio is high; one of the reasons is that most of the development, economic development, in turn, tends to primary schools in the villages are single-teacher school. improve the health status of the population in a country. Though it is consistent the strength per teacher should be India as a nation has been growing economically at a rapid further reduced in order to attain the qualitative education pace particularly after the advent of New Economic Policy not only the quantitative educational development. of 1991. However, this rapid economic development has Table-2 Literacy rates as estimated through surveys not been accompanied by social development particularly (percentage) health sector development. Health sector has been Period Literacy Rate accorded very low priority in terms of allocation of resources. 1993-94 56 There is no doubt that India has achieved a good deal in 1995-96 59 the health sector during the last sixty-five years. India also 1997-98 62 bears a disproportionately heavy burden of the world’s 1999-2000 62 diseases. Measured in terms of healthy years lost to illness, 2004-2005 64 the World Health Organization estimates that Indians, who 2011* 70.04 make up 17% of the world’s population, suffer 28% of the Source: Various NSS rounds * Population Census-2011 world’s total number of years lost to respiratory infections, It was shown that there is improvement in the literacy 25% to tuberculosis, 24% to diarrheal diseases, 21% to rate of India after the reforms. But at the same time it needs measles, and 45% to leprosy. In addition, 2.5 million people to be accelerated by facilitating the educational sector with in India are living with HIV/AIDS . The Government of India adequate physical and human infrastructures has recognized that significant improvements can be made Table-3 Gross Enrolment as percentage to the total in the health sector. Public health spending constitutes only population by age and sex 1% of the GDP, placing India below most low-income Year Age (6-11 years) Age (11-14) countries and at the bottom 20% of all countries. Nearly Male Female Person Male Female Person 80% of India’s health spending comes Introduction and 1991-92 112.8 86.9 100.2 75.1 49.6 61.4 Overview 6 from individuals’ out-of-pocket payments at the 1995-96 97.1 79.4 88.6 67.8 49.8 59.3 point of service. 1999-00 104.1 85.2 94.9 67.2 49.7 58.8 Table 4: Infant Mortality Rate in India 2000-01 104.9 85.9 95.7 66.7 49.9 58.6 Survey IMR 2005-06 112.2 105.8 109.4 75.2 66.4 71.0 Rural Urban Combined 2007-08 115.3 112.6 114.0 81.5 74.4 78.1 NFHS-I 85 56 79 Enrolment Ratios in 6-11 age group are more than 100. NFHS-II 73 47 68 It may be due to the fact that there may be NFHS-III 62 42 57 many students outside the age-group 6-11 enrolled in Source: NFHS Surveys classes I – V. Infant Mortality Rate is the best indicator of health. It Source: Socio-Economic Statistics of India, 2011, RBI was inferred that the IMR was very high compared to rural Even though there is a right to education, it was revealed area. It may be due to the lack of health infrastructures in from the table-3, we failed to achieve cent percent of Rural area and the nutritional deficiency of rural women. enrollment in the age group of 11-14 years. There are two The combined Infant mortality rate has also to be reduced reasons for that, in many of the villages schools are only at Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 108 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II in order to attain the target fixed under the Millennium human development. There should be integration of social Development Goals of UNDP. sector planning with economic planning. Table 5: Institutional Deliveries in India Usually social sector is considered as a residual sector Survey Institutional Deliveries in policy making .The health condition of a vast majority of Rural Urban Combined the population remains worse even after a decade of NFHS-i 17 58 26 reforms. More over government has to take immediate NFHS-ii 25 65 34 necessary steps to tackle the rising challenge of life taking NFHS-iii 31 69 41 diseases which rose during the reform period. It is not It was inferred that in this 21st century also, nearly 59% enough that higher allocations are made for the social of deliveries are unsafe in India and it was also very shock sectors. The economic reforms have performed well but to see that only 31% of institutional deliveries in Rural India, they could not bring about effective changes in the education there is huge gap between rural and urban. There is a need and health sector of India. of full fledged operation of Primary health care centres in References :- Rural India and there is also need of road-connectivity to 1. Panchamukhi, P.R.(2000), “Social Impact of Economic all rural areas in order to avail the hospital facilities. Reforms in India: A Critical Suggestions : 2. Appraisal” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol: 35 No: 1. Effective monitoring system for social sector 10. development programmes in order to attain the target 3. Jain Anjali., Recent Trends of Public Expenditure on fixed in the plans. Social Services in Madhya Pradesh with special 2. Adequate human resources are required in health and references to education and Health, Chapter5, education sectors and Economics of Education, Health and Human Resource 3. strengthening of infrastructural development is also Development(ed.) K. A. Rasure Vol. II, Abhijeet needed. Publications Delhi, pp 56-69 ISBN 81-89886-54- Conclusion - The economic reforms are concerned largely 1,(2006). with economic sectors, the components of social sector 4. Government of India, Selected Socio Economic have not been given much importance. The data relating Statistics, India 2011. to public sector allocation to the different components of 5. Source: NFHS Surveys the social sector in India are not satisfactory. Social sector 6. Source: Socio-Economic Statistics of India, 2011, RBI should receive more importance as it directly affects the 7. Source: Various NSS rounds * Population Census-2011

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 109 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II GST And Its Impact On Indian Economy

* Sujata Naik

Abstract - This paper explains the taxation mechanism in new GST regime, rolled out by the Government of India from 1 July 2017. The paper also discusses initial hurdles being faced in the GST regime and long term benefits, citing reports issued by various international finance agencies.

Introduction - Goods and Service Tax - GST is a value duty, Countervailing duties, Special Additional duties of added tax levied on manufacture, sale and consumption of customs, various cesses and surcharges levied by central goods and services. GST is the biggest indirect tax reform government on these taxes and State taxes such as VAT, founded on the notion of ‘one nation, one market, one tax’. entertainment tax, luxury tax, entry tax, taxon lottery, betting It unifies the market of 1.3 billion and the $2.4 trillion1 and gambling. economy by doing away with the internal tariff barriers and In India, dual GST model has been introduced i.e. GST subsuming central, state and local taxes into one tax - GST. will be concurrently imposed by both State and Central The government rolled out GST in India in a special Government. The Indian Constitution has divided the power midnight session of parliament on 1 July 2017. The idea of to levy taxes between centre and states. While the Centre government behind implementing GST across the country is empowered to tax services and goods up to production (29 states and 7 Union Territories) is that it would offer a stage while the states have the power to levy tax on sale of win-win situation for all. Manufacturers/ traders would goods. benefit from reduced paper work and transparency; Taxation in case of intra-state and inter-state consumers would pay less for goods and service tax; and transactions is explained pictorially here below: government would earn more revenues as revenue leaks would be plugged. However, the ground reality vary. Initially GST was introduced in 3 slabs and forth slab of 12% of added later in GST council review meeting in November 2017; 4 tax slabs are – 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%, with day to items included in lowest slab and luxury items in highest slab. All goods and services has been brought under the GST’s umbrella, except fuel, which has been major point criticism in the GST regime. Government seems to sceptical about its revenue if it brings fuel under GST regime. Understanding GST - GST is tax only on pure value addition at each stage. GST offers a continuous chain of tax credit mechanism from producer’s/supplier’s point to retailer’s/consumer’s point. As a result, the final consumer bears only the GST charged by the last dealer in the supply chain, with set off benefits at all the previous stages. This will resolve the problem of double taxation and tax on tax and check the cost of goods along with making compliances easy and bringing stability in government’s tax revenues. GST subsumes Central taxes such as Central Excise

* Asst. Prof. (Economics) Amar Shahid Raja BhauMahakal Govt. College, Sonkach, Distt. Dewas (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 110 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

GST in case of inter-state transactions: growth will rise to 7.5% in FY2018. 3. S&P in its latest report has stated that GST and de- monetization has led to temporary slowdown but observed that the medium term growth prospects of the country are favourable. The report also stated that by demonetisation and rolling out GST the government has expanded the tax base, which would accelerate government revenue. 4. In addition to the above, the World Bank (WB) up- graded India’s rating from 130 last year to 100 in World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business rankings7 in its report Doing Business 2018 – Reforming to Create Jobs8. The report also states India stands out as one of the top 10 improvers having implemented highest number of business reforms in 2016/17. The WB report does not consider GST as one of the factors considered for upgrading India’s rating, however, the rating is likely to improve further after rolling out of GST, which has eased the indirect taxation mechanism in India mani- folds. 5. Despite, the robust outlook asserted by various leading international financial institutes about Indian Economy, GST seems to have had adverse effect on Impact Of Gst On Indian Economy - The GST inflation. Retail inflation jumped to 15 months high of implementation had initial hurdles and short term adverse 4.88%9 in November vis-à-vis from 3.58% in previous effects. There was apprehension among traders/ dealers month. However, an SBI report10 states that the im- over the impact of GST roll from 1 July 2017, which pact of GST on inflation has been more than antici- prompted them to destock inventory in a big way in June. pated and the benefit of credit mechanism would take Thisuncertainty and slowdown was reflected in GDP growth much longer to percolate to reflect the reduced impact rate of Q1 of FY2017-18, i.e. just before GST roll out. GDP of GST on prices. Apparently, inflation would take longer growth rate for Q1 dipped to a 3 year low of 5.7%2 from to absorb the shock of change in indirect regime to 7.9%3 in the same quarter in last fiscal. GST. However, the initial hurdles were shrugged off and the Conclusion - With the introduction of GST in India, the GDP growth rate increased to 6.3%, 0.6% higher than indirect tax system has changed substantially and there previous quarter. Although, still lower than 7.5%4 recorded appears to certain teething problems with regards to in Q2 FY2016-17. compliance and percolation of credit mechanism to realise The future of Indian economy appears stable and bright the reduction in prices. The initial hurdles have been noted as the implementation of GST has long term benefits as it by the government and that has resulted in various sops would increase the tax net thereby increasing government for exporters and introduction of a new tax slab. However, revenue and control fiscal deficit, it is likely reduce inflation in various developed nations that follow GST regime in long run as cascading effect of tax has been eliminated, maximum tax slabs are limited to 3, so, the impact of 4 tax the reality however, varies in case of inflation, and climb slabs on ease of business has to be seen. The forth slab of several ladders in the ease of doing business. 12% has definitely given some respite to certain businesses The following further reinforces that GST such as restaurants, hotels, etc. implementation has been observed as a positive reform The long term growth prospects for Indian economy are and has started showing its positive impact on the economy: robust and positive, which the time will tell, and this has 1. Improvement in sovereign rating from BAA- to BAA+ been observed by the World Bank, international credit rating by one of world’s leading credit rating agencies agencies and various international financial institutes. Moody’s5 and Standard & Poor (S&P)6 kept India’s References :- sovereign rating unchanged at BAA- with stable out- 1. https://cleartax.in/s/impact-of-gst-on-indian-economy look. 2. Press note on Estimates of Gross Domestic Product 2. Moody’s in its report has stated that the recently intro- for the Second Quarter (July-September) of 2017-18 duced GST, among other reforms, will promote pro- 3. Press note on Estimates of Gross Domestic Product ductivity by removing barriers to inter-state trade. The for the Second Quarter (July-September) of 2017-18 report also states, that the recent government support 4. Press note on Estimates of Gross Domestic Product to SMEs and exporters with GST compliance, real GDP for the Second Quarter (July-September) of 2017-18 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 111 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

5. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/ Reforming to Create Jobs news/full-text-moodys-india-rating-upgrade-report/ 8. http://www.doingbusiness.org/~/media/WBG/ articleshow/61682706.cms DoingBusiness/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/ 6. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india- DB2018-Full-Report.pdf business/sp-report-appreciation-of-govts-reform-mea- 9. Press release dated 12 December 2017 issued by sures-sitharaman/articleshow/61786051.cms Central Statistical Organisation on CPI numbers 7. World Bank Report on Doing Business 2018 – 10. https://thewire.in/179636/explains-indias-five-month- inflation-high/

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 112 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gr_{ßQ> IoZO g{ gß[ﬁ ardm gß^mJ (XyaJm_r ‡^md)

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Jr. No. 64728) 117 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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H1 :oejm Edß oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar H$r EH$ Xwga{ [a oZ^©aVm h¢&

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( ew›` [naH$Î[Zm ) AÒdrH$ma hm{Vr h¢ Am°a H1 (d¢H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm ) [naH$obV _yÎ` 71.75 h¢ Om{ gmaUr _yÎ` g{ AoYH$ h¢& AV: h_mar H O ÒdrH$ma hm{Vr h¢ AWm©V oZX©eZ g{ ‡m· Am∞H$S>m{ H{$ AZwgma oejm gÂ]ßYr (ew›` [naH$Î[Zm ) AÒdrH$ma hm{Vr h¢ Am°a H (d¢H$oÎ[H$ [naH$Î[Zm ) 1 `m{OZmAm| H$m bm^ b{Z{ Edß ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b _{ [∂T>Z{ Xm{Zm{ _{ß oZ^©aVm [m`r ÒdrH$ma hm{Vr h¢ AWm©V oZX©eZ g{ ‡m· AmßH$∂S>m| H{$ AZwgma oejm Edß J`r& oZÓH$f© ‡m· hm{Vm h° oH$ oeojV Ïò∫$ oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Xm{Zmß{ _{ß oZ^©aVm [m`r J`r& oZÓH$f© AoYH$ bm^ b{ ah{ h¢ oH$›Vw AoeojV Ïò∫$ oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZmAmß{ H$r Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 118 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II bm^ H$_ b{ ah{ h¢& gß]ßY _{ß oZÓH$f© ‡m· hwE h° oH$ oeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß 91 ‡oVeV oejm oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maUm{ H$m dJr©H$aU gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ dmb{ [mE JE h° Edß AoeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß (AmJb{ [•> [a VmobH$m 2 X{I{) H{$db 33 ‡oVeV Ïò∫$ hr oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ dmb{ [mE gmaUr H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ h_{ß kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ oejm H{$ AmYma [a JE h° Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm oH$ O] OmZH$mar hr Zht hm{Jr Vm{ bm^ H$hmß g{ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß Om{ oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZm Zht OmZV{ h°& `m{OZmEß Zht OmZZ{ b{J{& oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ Zht OmZZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$`m{ß Z{ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m dJr©H$aU H$aZ{ [a oeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß 33 ‡oVeV `m{OZmEß H$r OmZH$mar Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maUm{ß H{$ È[ _{ß H$hm oH$, `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar Jm±dm{ß _{ß [Vm Zht MbVr Am°a 68 ‡oVeV oH$gr Z{ `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Jm±dm{ß _{ß [Vm Zht MbVr Am°a Jm±dm{ß _{ß E{gm H$m{B© H$m`m©b` ^r Zht h°, Om{ Zht Xr dmb{ Ïò∫$ [mE JE& dhr AoeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß 86 ‡oVeV Jm±dm{ß `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar X{ Am°a CZH$m bm^ oH$g ‡H$ma g{ b{ gH$V{ h°, _{ß `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Zht o_bVr Am°a 14 ‡oVeV h_{ß `m{OZm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß CgH{$ obE _mJ©Xe©Z H$a{ß& oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAmß{ H$r OmZH$mar hm{Z{ H{$ oH$gr Z{ ]Vm`m Zht dmb{ Ïò∫$ [mE JE& ]mX ^r ]hwV gma{ Ïò∫$ CZH$m bm^ Zht b{ [mV{ h¢, bm^ Zht b{ [mZ{ H{$ oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ]mX bm^ Zht b{Z{ H{$ H$maUm| H$maUm{ß H{$ È[ _{ß ‡m· hwAm oH$ g_` [a OmZH$mar o_bZ{ H$m A^md h°, H$m dJuH$aU (AmJb{ [•> [a VmobH$m 3 X{I{) Xmà{ _{ß Zht AmV{, ‡d{e Zht o_b [m`m, Jm±d _{ß oZOr ÒHy$b Zht h° AmoX gmaUr H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ h_{ß kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ oeojV CŒmaXmVmAm{ß _hÀd[yU© H$maU gm_Z{ AmE h°& oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß gwYma h{Vw H{$ AmYma [a oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ]mX bm^ Zht b{ [mZ{ Ïò∫$`m{ß Z{ gwPmd oXE h° oH$ ‡d{e ‡oH´$`m gab hm{Zr MmohE, `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m dJr©H$aU H$aZ{ [a g]g{ AoYH$ 42 ‡oVeV Xmà{ _{ Zhr H$r OmZH$mar g_` [a o_bZr MmohE, g^r H$m{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ o_bZm AmV{ Cgg{ H$_ 27 ‡oVeV _{ß ‡d{e Zht o_bm Cgg{ H$_ 21 ‡oVeV MmohE, Jm±dmß{ _{ß ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a oZOr ÒHy$b AoZdm`© È[ g{ gßMmobV Jm∞d _{ ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b Zht Am°a g]g{ H$_ 10 ‡oVeV g_` [a OmZH$mar oH$`{ OmZ{ MmohE& gaH$ma ¤mam oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmEß Mbm`r Om ahr h°& Zht o_bZ{ H$m A^md dmb{ [mE JE& dht AoeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß g]g{ Ïò∫$ CZH$m bm^ ^r CR>m ah{ h¢& `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ]hwV gmar A¿N>mB©`m± hm{Z{ AoYH$ 50 ‡oVeV g_` [a OmZH$mar Zht o_bZ{ H$m A^md dmb{ Cgg{ H{$ gmW Hw$N> ]wamB©`m± ^r gm_Z{ Am`r h°, oOgH{$ H$maU OmZH$mar hm{Z{ H{$ H$_ 25 ‡oVeV Jm±d _{ß oZOr ÒHy$b Zht h°Am°a g]g{ H$_ 12.5- ]mX ^r Ïò∫$ `m{OZm H$m bm^ Zht CR>m [mV{ h°& gaH$ma ¤mam `m{OZmAm{ß 12.5‡oVeV _ß{ Xmà{ _{ß Zht AmV{ Am°a ‡d{e Zht o_bm dmb{ g_mZ [mE _{ß AmZ{ dmbr CZ g^r ]wamB©`m{ß H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mg H$aZ{ MmohE, JE& VmoH$ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ g^r H$m{ AmgmZr g{ ‡m· hm{ gH{$ Am°a Hw$N> Z`r oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß gwYma h{Vw oX`{ JE gwPmdm{ H$m dJuH$aU `m{OZmEß ewÍ$ H$aZr MmohE, VmoH$ CgH$m bm^ g^r H$m{ AmgmZr g{ o_b (AmJb{ [•> [a VmobH$m 4 X{I{) gH{$& gmaUr H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ g{ h_{ß kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ oejm gß]ßYr gwPmd - AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV ¤mam emgH$r` oejm `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß gwYma h{Vw CŒmaXmVmAm{ß ¤mam oXE JE gwPmdm{ß H$m dJr©H$aU gß]ßYr `m{OZmAmß{ H$m bm^ b{Z{ h{Vw oZÂZ oboºV gwPmd ‡ÒVwV h¢& H$aZ{ [a oeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ 31 ‡oVeV ‡d{e ‡oH´$`m 1. oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar h{Vw AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß gab hm{Zr MmohE, Cgg{ H$_ 24 ‡oVeV Jm±dm{ß _{ß ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b IwbZ{ H{$ ‡oeojV H$aZm VmoH$ `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Edß `m{OZm H$m bm^ MmohE Am°a Cgg{ H$_ 23 ‡oVeV `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar g_` [a Jm±dm{ b{Z{ h{Vw CoMV _mJ©Xe©Z o_b gH{$& _{ß o_bZr MmohE Am°a g]g{ H$_ 22 ‡oVeV g^r H$m{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ 2. oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß Z`r `m{OZmEß Mbm`r OmE, VmoH$ g∂mjaVm Xa ]∂T> o_bZm MmohE dmb{ [mE JE& dhr AoeojV Ïò∫$`m{ß _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ 35 gH{$& ‡oVeV OmZH$mar g_` [a Jm±dm{ß _{ß o_bZr MmohE, Cgg{ H$_ 32 ‡oVeV 3. ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa [a oZOr ÒHy$bmß{ H$r ÒdrH•$Vr& g^r H$m{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ o_bZm MmohE, Cgg{ H$_ 21 ‡oVeV ‡d{e gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ‡oH´$`m gab hm{Zr MmohE, Am°a g]g{ H$_ 12 ‡oVeV Jm±d _{ß ‡m`d{Q> 1 ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm XŒm-gw›Xa_& ÒHy$b ºwbZm MmohE dmb{ ò∫$ [mE JE& 2 gmßoª`H$r H{$ og’mßV ew∑b-ghm`& oZÓH$f© -gaH$ma ¤mam oejm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE Mbm`r OmZ{ dmbr oejm 3 ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm bmb-bmb& gß]ßYr `m{OZmEß Jar] Edß o[N>∂S{> hwE [nadmam{ß H$m{ oejm X{Z{ H{$ obE bJmVma 4 oObm oejm H{$›– º S>dm& H$m`© H$a ahr h°& oH$›Vw AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ dh 5 oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b` º S>dm& Ïò∫$ emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ H$m CoMV bm^ Zht b{ [m ah{ h¢, Om{ AoeojV 6 www.Indiacencus.in h¢ Am°a Jm∞dm{ _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h¢&& oejm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar H{$ 7 www.mpeducationportal.in Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 119 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

VmobH$m 1 : oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m bm^ b{Z{ dmb{ Edß bm^ Zht b{Z{ dmbm{ H$m ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b _ß{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ [T>Z{ H$m odõ{fU oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m bm^ ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b emgH$r` ÒHy$b `m{J _{ [T>V{ h¢ _{ [T>V{ h¢ oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m bm^ b{Z{ dmb{ 67 08 75 oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m bm^ Zht b{Z{ dmb{ 16 52 68 `m{J 83 60 143

VmobH$m 2 : oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maUmß{ H$m dJr©H$aU `m{OZmAm{ H$m{ Zht `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar ‡oVeV h_ß{ `m{OZm H{$ ]ma{ _{ ‡oVeV `m{J OmZZ{ H{$ H$maU Jm±dm{ _ß{ Zht o_bVr oH$gr Z{ ]Vm`m Zht oeojV 04 33% 08 67% 12 AoeojV 38 84% 07 16% 45 `m{J 42 74% 15 26% 57

VmobH$m 3 : oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZm H$m{ OmZZ{ H{$ ]mX bm^ Zht b{Z{ H{$ H$maUm{ H$m dJuH$aU `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ Zht b{ [mZ{ H{$ H$maU oeojV ‡oVeV AoeojV ‡oVeV `m{J g_` [a OmZH$mar Zht o_bZ{ H$m A^md 05 10% 08 50% 13 Xm`a{ _{ß Zht AmV{ 22 42% 02 12.5% 24 ‡d{e Zht o_bm 14 27% 02 12.5% 16 Jmßdm{ß _| ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b Zht h¢& 11 21% 04 25% 15 `m{J 52 100% 16 100% 68

VmobH$m 4 : oejm gÂ]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ _{ß gwYma h{Vw oXE JE gwPmdm{ß H$m dJuH$aU `m{OZmAm{ _{ß gwYma h{Vw oXE JE gwPmdm{ oeojV ‡oVeV AoeojV ‡oVeV `m{J ‡d{e ‡oH´$`m gab hm{Zr MmohE 40 31% 14 21% 54 `m{OZmAm{ H$r OmZH$mar g_` [a o_bZr MmohE 31 23% 24 35% 55 g^r H$m{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ o_bZm MmohE 29 22% 22 32% 51 Jm∞d _{ß ‡m`d{Q> ÒHy$b ºwbZm MmohE 32 24% 08 12% 40 `m{J 132 100% 68 100% 200

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 120 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _. [´. H{$ IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ H•$fH$m{ß H$r F$UJ´ÒVVm H{$ H$maU Edß gwPmd ( ode{fH$a AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H{$ gÂ]ßY _{ß )

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CZ oH$gmZm{ß OZgßª`m g{ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$m ‡oVeV H´$_mZwgma ^JdmZ[wam, H$m{ 25 ‡oVeV Ny>Q> X{Z{ H{$ obE W{, Om{ H$O© [wam MwH$m X{J{& `h [°H{$O CZ oPa›`m, g{Jmßd, ^rH$ZJmßd, _h{Ìda, H$gamdX, ]S>dmh, IaJm{Z _{ß ]S>∂{ oH$gmZm{ß H{$ obE h°, oO›hm|Z{ 31 oXgÂ]a 2007 H{$ [hb{ H$O© ob`m& 81.83, 80.05, 74.20, 42.31, 24.43, 19.99, 16.03, 15.19 [a›Vw oOZ bm{Jm{ß Z{ F$U b{H$a ^wJVmZ H$a oX`m h°, C›h{ß ^r H$m{B© bm^ VWm Hw$b gßª`m g{ gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 36.60, 32.40, 62.90, Zht o_bm, B©_mZXma H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ H$m{B© amhV Zht o_br, AogßoMV ^yo_ dmb{ 64.00, 72.60, 69.30, 70.80, 70.20 h° oOZ Jar] oH$gmZm{ß H{$ [mg 2 h°∑Q{>à g{ ¡`mXm ^yo_ h°, C›h| ^r g_` ^r AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H{$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$r gßª`m d ‡À`{H$ Vhgrb _{ß Hw$b g_` [a MwH$mZ{ H{$ ]mX H$m{B© bm^ Zht o_bm& BgH{$ H$maU AZwgyoMV gmja Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m ‡oVeV oZÂZ ‡H$ma h° --- OZOmoV H{$ H•$fH$ gßÒWmJV gmI Ûm{Vm{ß g{ F$U Vm{ b{ b{V{ h¢; oH$›Vw VmobH$m H´$.02 d J´m\$ (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) CZH$r dm[gr g_` [a Zht H$aV{& BgH$r hmoZ gaH$ma d H•$fH$ Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ gwPmd - oejm H{$ ÒVa _{ß d•o’ & CR>mZr [∂S>Vr h°& EH$ Vm{ gßÒWmJV Ûm{Vm{ß H{$ F$U H$r dgybr Zht hm{Vr h¢, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ oeojV H$aZ{ h{Vw Ï`m[H$ ‡Mma- dht F$U AXm`Jr Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ Z`{ F$ m C[b„Y Zht hm{ ‡gma oH$`m Om` [mV{ h°& Bgr H$maU dV©_mZ _{ß H$B© gßÒWmAm{ß H$r AoÒV`mß (Z dgybr hwB© 3.3.3. 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F$U _m\$r/_wo∫$ gÂ]›Yr AmÌdmgmZ - H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ A[Zr Am{a H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ CÀ[mXZ H{$ odH´$` g{ CoMV H$r_V ‡m· Zht hm{Vr h¢, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 122 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II em{Y H$m`© g{ kmV hm{Vm h¢ oH$ 48 ‡oVeV H•$fH$ Ka d _ ∂S>r g{ _mb H$m gmamÌmß - IaJm°Z oObm AZwgyoMV OZOmoV ]mhwÎ` j{Ã h°, Bg oOb{ _{ß odH´$` H$aV{ h¢ VW 30‡oVeVH•$fH$Ka g{ _mb H$m odH´$` H$aV{ h¢ H{$db 35.48 ‡oVeV AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H$r OZgßª`m h°&oOb{ _{ßOhmß 22‡oVeV H•$fH$ _ ∂S>r g{ _mb H$m odH´$` H$aV{ h¢ & oOVZm ¡`mXm ‡oVeV AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$m h°, dhmß ogßMmB© d oejmH$m gwPmd - od[UZ d ^ S>maU gwodYmAm{ß _{ß d•o’ ‡oVeV CVZm hr H$_ h¢&IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H{$ 8.8.8. 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Agricultural situation in india – various issues, directorate of economics & statistics, ministry of agricul- H•$of j{Ã [a [wobg Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZr MmohE oOb{ H{$ g_ÒV H•$fH$m{ß H$m ture, government of india, new Delhi. gd©©jU ‡oVdf© oH$`m OmZm MmohE & oOgg{ dmÒVodH$ AmoW©H$ 11. .Indian Agriculture In Brief, Various Issues, Director- [naoÒWoV`m kmV hm{ gH{$ Am°a g_Ò`mJ´ÒV H•$fH$m{ß H{$ ohVm{ß H$r ajm hm{ ate Of Economics And Statics, Ministry Of Agriculture, gH{$ & Government Of India , New Delhi. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 123 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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Ï`dgm` CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV Bg{ am{H$Z{ h{Vw ‡^mdr ‡`mg goH´$` Z hwE Vm{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg gmW- 1 H•$of 09 18% gmW oejm H{$ ‡`mg Edß AmYwoZH$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odÒVma _{ß ^r _ohbmAm{ß 2 _OXyar 10 20% H$r l_ gh^moJVm Xa _{ß oZaßVa H$_r AmZ{ H$r gß^mdZm h°& 3 ^dZ oZ_m©U 28 56% ò [wÍ$f lo_H$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ H$_ _OXyar o_bVr h° AV: Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 126 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II emgZ ¤mam _ohbm lo_H$m{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ g_mZ _OXyar Xr OmZm MmohE H$m OrdZ ÒVa odH$mg H$r Am{a AJógV hm{Jm& oOgg{ `h A[Z{ [nadma H$m âU-[m{fU ghr Tß>J g{ H$a gH{$, gmW hr A[Zm OrdZ ÒVa D±$Mm CR{> gH{$& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :ñ ò AmoW©H$ CXmarH$aU VWm d°úrH$aU H{$ Bg `wJ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ 1. Q>r. E_. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 127 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II J´m_rU odH$mg ‡oH´$`m _{ß ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m

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Jr. No. 64728) 128 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

H{$ ob`{ J´m_rUdmog`m{ß H$m{ eha OmZ{ H{$ obE [nadhZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm VWm C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ ]rM AmoW©H$ gß]ßY ÒWmo[V oH$E OmE±J{& H{$ ob`{ AoVna∫$ YZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht hm{Vr h°& ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß g{ 5. 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Am`, am{OJma VWm CÀ[mXZ _{ß H$r JB© d•o’ Edß AoYH$V_ C[`m{J, go_oV`m{ß H{$ ÒdÒW odH$mg H{$ ob`{ `h AmdÌ`H$ h¢ oH$ ghH$mar oOgg{ Jar]r H$r a{Im _{ß OrdZ`m[Z H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ D$[a H$_©Mmar H$m M`Z H$a CZH$r l{Ur V°`ma H$r Om`{& Am°a Cg{ odo^fi CR>m`m Om gH{$Jm& H$m`©H$mar ghH$mar go_oV`m{ H{$ am¡` ÒVar` gßK H$m{ gm¢[m OmE& 2. J´m_m{ß _{ß H$_Om{a dJm~ H{$ obE ‡oV Ïò∫$ Am` _{ß d•o’ H$m{ AoYH$V_ VmoH$ CoMV MwZmd JwU-AdJwU H{$ AmYma [a, [Xm{fioV H{$ Adga, H$aZ{ H{$ obE AoYH$ bm^ gwoZoÌMV H$aZm& A¿N>m d{VZ, Zm°H$ar H$r gwajm H{$ gmW-gmW ghH$mar go_oV`m{ß g{ 3. ›`yZV_≤ AmdÌ`H$ H$m`©H´$_, am{∂OJma, oejm, OrdZ ÒVa, ÒdmÒW, A[Zr gßÒWm H{$ ob`{ oZ^©` Am°a oZÓ[j hm{H$a d{ H$m`© H$a gH{$ß& [{Òb, [nadhZ, o]Obr AmoX H$r [yoV© H$aZm& 3.3.3. Z{V•Àd H$r [na[π$Vm H{$ ob`{ ghH$mar gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ AoZdm`© 4. 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VmobH$m-3 ‡_wI \$gbm{ß H$r ‡oV h{∑Q{>à CÀ[mXH$Vm (oH$bm{J´m_ ‡oV h{∑Q{>à) \$gb 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2013-14 g^r Im⁄mfi 552 710 872 1023 1380 1636 2095 Mmdb 668 1013 1123 1336 1740 1913 2419 J{hy± 3555 851 1307 1630 2281 2743 3059 ¡dma 353 533 466 660 814 772 912 _∏$m 547 926 1279 1159 1518 1841 2602 ]mOam 288 286 452 458 658 719 1161 Xmb{ß 441 539 524 473 578 533 770 H$[mg 88 125 106 152 225 191 529 [Q>gZ 1044 1183 1186 1245 1833 2014 2386 Ûm{V- AmoW©H$ g_rjm ^maV gaH$ma 2007-08 Edß Eco. Swrvegy 2013-14, statistical Appendix Table 1.14, Page-19 (1)

X{eX{eX{e Mmdb/YmZ X{eX{eX{e J{hy±J{hy±J{hy± X{eX{eX{e _∏$m o_Û 9,702 MrZ 4995 A_{naH$m 7,774 ^maV 3,591 \´$mßg 7599 \´$mßg 9,083 Om[mZ 5391 ^maV 3,173 ^maV 2,507 MrZ 6,744 B©amZ 1,971 AO}›Q>mBZ 7,343 WmB©b° S> 3,000 BΩb° S> 6,657 o\$br[tg 2,856 A_{naH$m 8,349 o_Û 6,516 MrZ 5,959 odÌd 4,395 odÌd 3,115 odÌd 4,494

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* ‡m‹`m[H$ ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** em{YmWu>, ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 134 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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‡ÒVmdZm - OZOmoV e„X H$m CÉmaU H$aV{ hr h_ma{ _oÒVÓH$ _{ß ‡mMrZ ∑`m ‡^md [∂S>m `h EH$ em{Y[aH$ Vœ` h°& AV: ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H$m{ A‹``Z gm_moOH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ H$r PbH$ gm_Z{ Am OmVr h°& OZOmoV`m± AmO ^r h{Vw MwZm J`m h°& A[Zr E{oVhmogH$ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m{ ]ZmE hwE h¢ Am°a _‹` ‡X{e _{ß OZOmoV Edß ]°Jm OZOmoV - ^maV H$r gdm©oYH$ ^maV hr Zht ]oÎH$ odÌd [Q>b [a A[Zr odbjU OrdZ-e°br H{$ obE OZOmoV`m± _.‡. _ß{ oZdmg H$aVr h°& "X{e H{$ Hw$b OZOmoV`m{ß H$r OmZr [hMmZr OmVr h°& ^maV _{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r OZOmoV`m± [m`r OmVr AZw_mZV: EH$ Mm°WmB© Am]mXr _.‡. _{ß ahVr h°& Bg ‡H$ma X{e _{ß OZOmoV h°, BgobE Bg{ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m AOm`] Ka H$hm OmVm h°& OZOmoV`m{ß H$r OZgßª`m H{$ _m_b{ _{ß odo^›Z ‡X{emßß{ H$r gyMr _{ß _.‡. erf© [a h°&' ‡X{e gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ oÒWoV AmO ^r o[N>∂S>r hwB© h°& AmOmXr H{$ ]mX g{ X{e H$r OZOmoV`m± 46 g_yhm| _{ß od^∫$ h°& ‡X{e _{ß [m`r OmZ{ dmbr OZOmVr` H{$ Zd oZ_m©U Edß odH$mg H{$ obE [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gyÃ[mV hwAm& g_yhm{ß _{ß "]°Jm OZOmoV AÀ`›V o[N>∂S>r OZOmoV h°& BZH{$ AmoW©H$, ‡W_ [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß OZOmVr` odH$mg H{$ ob`{ H$m{B© ode{f aUZroV gm_moOH$ o[N>S>∂{[Z H{$ H$maU hr B›h{ß "e{S>Áyb Ena`m E S> e{S>Áyb Q≠>mB] Zht ]Zr, ]oÎH$ "gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg —oÓQ>H$m{U' H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AoVna∫$ H$_reZ ¤mam 1960-61 _{ß _.‡. H$r "ode{f o[N>∂S>r OZOmoV' H{$ Í$[ _{ß odŒmr` gßgmYZ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß [a ]b oX`m J`m Wm& ‡W_ `m{OZm H{$ AßV oMo›hV oH$`m J`m h°& ]°Jm OZOmoV EH$mßV Dß$M{ ÒWmZm{ß Am°a OßJbm{ß _{ß _{ß (1954) 43 ode{f ]hw‘{er` OZOmoV odH$mg [na`m{OZmE± ]Zm`r ]gZm [g›X H$aV{ h¢& BZH$m OrdZ ‡H•$oV [a AmYmnaV ahm h°, BgrobE J`r, oH$›Vw BZ [na`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m [yU©V`m ‹`mZ B›h{ß "‡H•$oV [wÃ' `m "YaVr [wÃ' H$hm OmVm h°& _.‡. H{$ _ S>bm ]mbmKmQ> Zhr aIm J`m& `hr —oÓQ>H$m{U o¤Vr` `m{OZm _{ß ^r ahm& oS> S>m{ar, C_na`m Edß ehS>m{b oOb{ _{ß ]°Jm OZOmVr` [m`r OmVr h°& V•Vr` [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß [hbr ]ma OZOmVr` odH$mg H{$ obE ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ _{ß ]°Jm OZOmoV - ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ _{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ ]°ha, EH$ [•WH$ H$m`©ZroV ]Zm`r JB©, oOgH{$ A›VJ©V 66 ‡oVeV OZOmVr` o]agm Edß [agdm∂S>m od.I./Vhgrb _ß{ ]°Jm OZOmoV [m`r OmVr h°, oOb{ OZgßª`m dmb{ odH$mgI S>m{ß H$m{ OZOmVr` odH$mgI S> _{ß [nadoV©V H$r VrZm{ß Vhgrb ‡X{e H{$ "EH$rH•$V AmoXdmgr odH$mg [na`m{OZm' H{$ H$a odH$mg [a ‹`mZ oX`m J`m& oH$›Vw Bg H$m`©ZroV H$r A[Zr gr_mEß A›VJ©V AmVr h°& ]°ha [na`m{OZm _{ß Hw$b 481 J´m_ h° oOg_{ß 1992 H{$ Wr, BgH{$ ¤mam OZOmoV odH$mgI S>m{ß H{$ ]mha ah ah{ X{e H$r OZOmVr` gd}jU H{$ AZwgma 189 J´m_ ]°Jm ]mhwÎ` Am]mXr dmb{ W{& 2001 _{ß Am]mXr H$m ‹`mZ Zht aIm J`m& OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ ÀdnaV gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ oObm‹`j H{$ oZX}emZwgma H$am`{ JE gd}jU H{$ AmYma [a [na`m{OZm odH$mg H{$ obE df© 1972 _{ß g_mO H$Î`mU _ßÃmb` ¤mam JoR>V EH$ j{Ã _{ß 190 ]°Jm J´m_ h°& oOZH$r OZgßª`m Vhgrbdma/odH$mgI S>dma ode{fk go_oV Z{ "OZOmVr` C[`m{OZm H$m`©ZroV' V°`ma H$r, oOg{ [hbr oZÂZmZwgma h°& ]ma [m±Mdr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm _{ß A[Zm`m J`m Am°a V] g{ `h H$m`©ZroV VmobH$m - 1 Omar h°& odH$mg I S>dma ]°Jm OZOmoV OZgßª`m (2001) OZOmVr` C[`m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V Edß emgZ H$r odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H´$.H´$.H´$. od.I. H$m J´m_m{ß H$r ]°Jm [nadma Hw$b H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Hw$N> OZOmoV`m{ß H$m odH$mg Vm{ hwAm oH$›Vw g_mO H{$ AßoV_ Zm_ gßª`m H$r gßª`m OZgßª`m N>m{a [a OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ{ dmb{ amÓQ≠>r` _mZd H$m XOm© ‡m· ]°Jm OZOmoV 1 ]°ha 72 1549 6602 [a Bg H$m`© `m{OZm H$m H$m{B© ode{f ‡^md Zht [∂S>m& [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ 2 o]agm 52 1644 7547 C[`m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ odH$mg h{Vw [•WH$ g{ "]°Jm odH$mg 3 [agdm∂S>m 66 748 2997 Ao^H$aU' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& ††† `m{J 190 3941 17146 ]°Jm odH$mg Ao^H$aU H$m{ OZOmoV C[`m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V ode{f Ûm{V - ]°Jm odH$mg Ao^H$aU ]°ha ]mbmKmQ> & H{$›–r` ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& BZH{$ obE [•WH$-[•WH$ od^mJm{ß H$m{ Bg ‡H$ma VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oOb{ H{$ VrZm{ß od.I./Vh. _{ß ]°Jm od^mJm{ß H$m{ odo^fi [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß ]OQ> ‡mdYmZ oH$E OmV{ ah{ h¢& OZOmoV H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m 17146 h°& ]°ha Edß [agdm∂S>m od.I. _{ß ]°Jm H{$›– Edß _.‡. gaH$ma ¤mam ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ g_J´ odH$mg H{$ obE oH$E J´m_m{ß H$r gßª`m AoYH$ h°, oH$›Vw OZgßª`m o]agm od.I. _{ß AoYH$ h° OmZ{ dmb{ gVV≤ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ Bg OZOmoV H$m oH$VZm odH$mg oObm{ _{ß ]°Jm AmO ^r [aÂ[amJV Tß>J g{ OrdZ Ï`VrV H$a ah{ h°& ]°Jm hwAm Edß odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m BZH{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß ∑`m ^yo_H$m ahr, g_yh A[Z{ ImZ-[mZ, ahZ-ghZ, AmMma-odMma, Vm°a-VarH{$, ‡WmE± * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, _bmOI S>, oObm-]mbmKmQ> (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 137 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Edß OrdZe°br H{$ H$maU A›` gm_moOH$ g_yhm{ß g{ o^fiVm br hwB© h°& H$m{ Am°Z{-[m°Z{ Xm_m{ß [a ]{MH$a A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H$aV{ h¢& [yd© gmohÀ` H$m AZwerbZ - "gm{ZdmZr' (1997) Z{ bKw em{Y ‡]ßY Am` H{$ ‡_wI Û´m{Vm{ß H{$ oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Xem©`m J`m h°& "_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ Mm S>m j{Ã H{$ ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r e°joUH$ CfioV H$m VmobH$m H´$. 1.2 (X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) g_rjmÀ`H$ A‹``Z' _{ß ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ß bJ^J 75 ‡oVeV oH$`m h°& C›hm{ßZ{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ e°joUH$ oÒWoV H$_Om{a hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU OZgßª`m dZm{[O Edß _OXyar [a oZ^©a h°& 19.93 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m BZH$m odH$mg Zht hm{ [m ahm h°& Y´wd' (1992) H{$ A[Z{ b{I "ZmJm ]°Jm H•$of H$aVr h°& H{$ dßeO ]°Jm' _{ß OZOmVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm VWm dZ AW©Ï`dÒWm Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma - Jar]r a{Im g{ [aÒ[a oZ^©a ]Vm`m h°& Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ ]°Jm OZ OmoV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm Ao^‡m` dmÒVodH$ Jar] g{ h°,O]oH$ Ïò∫$ A[Zr ›`yZV_ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß ]hwV H$_Om{a h°& dZ BZH$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` gmYZ h°& "Xw]{" 2013 H$m{ ^r [yam Z H$a [mE & ]°Jm OZOmoV dJ© _{ß Jar]r H$m ‡oVeV gdm©oYH$ h°& Z{ "]°Jm OZOmoV odH$mg H{$ ZdrZ Am`m_' _{ß ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ gdm©JrU gd}jU g{ ‡m· AmH$∂S>m{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 97.45 ‡oVeV [nadma Jar]r odH$mg h{Vw AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, e°joUH$ odH$mg [a Om{a oX`m h°& a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$a ah{ h°, Om{ oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° & emgZ em{Y ‡odoY - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z oZXe©Z [’oV d{ AmYma [a gßH$obV ¤mam gßMmobV AZ{H$m{ß `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^r ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß Jar]r a{Im H$m g_ßH$m{ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$`m J`m h°& AZwgyMr [’oV H$m{ A[Zm`m J`m h°& ‡oVeV BZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aVm h° & Bg h{Vw ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ d{ 392 [nadmam{ß H$m X°d oZXe©Z ¤mam M`Z oH$`m VmobH$m H´$. 1.3 J`m h°& Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ `m[Z H$aZ{ dmb{ [nadma C‘{Ì` - H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$mgI S> [nadma ]r.[r.Eb. ‡oVeV 1. ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m A‹``Z gßª`m [nadma H$aZm& 1 ]°ha 154 150 38.27 2. ]°Jm OZOmoV j{Ãm{ß _{ß bmJy odo^fi `m{OZmAmß{ d H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m 2 o]agm 164 162 41.33 AmH$bZ H$aZm& 3 [agdm∂S>m 74 70 17.85 3. ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m `m{J 392 382 97.45 d ‡^mdm| H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aZm& odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar - emgZ ¤mam ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ obE [naH$Î[Zm - odH$mg H$r AZ{H$ `m{OZmAm{ß gßMmobV H$r Om ahr h°& ‡ÌZ `h CR>Vm h° oH$ 1. ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV oZÂZ ÒVa H$r ahr h°& ∑`m BZ `m{OZmAm| H$r OmZH$mar B›h{ß h° ? gd}jU g{ ‡m· AmH$∂S>m{ß g{ kmV 2. odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m g_woMV bm^ C›h{ß Zhr o_b [mVm h° & hm{Vm h° oH$ 80.12 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß H$m{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar oH$›Vw 3. odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m Hw$N> gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md [S>∂m h° & 18.88 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß H$m{ AmO ^r BZH$r OmZH$mar Zht h° & Om{ oH$ A‹``Z j{Ã - A‹``Z H$m j{Ã ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H$r ]°ha, o]agm Edß oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° & [agdm∂S>m odH$mgI S> Ohm± ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ bm{J [mE OmV{ h¢& VmobH$m H´$. 1.4 A‹``Z AdoY - A‹``Z H{$ obE 2007 g{ 2012 VH$ [m±M dfm~ H$r odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar g_`mdoY H$m oZYm©aU oH$`m J`m h°& H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$mgI S> [nadma gßª`m hm±hm±hm± ZhtZhtZht gd}ojV [nadmam| H$r gßª`m - em{Y A‹``Z _{ß ›`mXe© H{$ AmYma [a 1 ]°ha 154 128 26 ‡À`{H$ odH$mg I S> (Ohm± ]°Jm OZOmoV [m`r OmVr h°) g{ 10 -10 2 o]agm 164 132 32 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& Bg ‡H$ma ]°ha odH$mg I S> H{$ 3 [agdm∂S>m 74 58 16 8 J´m_m{ß g{ 154 [nadma o]agm odH$mg I S> H{$ 5 J´m_m{ß g{ 164 [nadma Hw$b 392 318 747474 Eßd [agdm∂S>m odH$mgI S> H{$ 7 J´m_m{ß g{ 74 [nadma Hw$b 392 [nadmam{ß ‡oVeV 100.00 81.12 18.88 H$m A‹``Z h{Vw M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^md - ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ odH$mg VmobH$m H´$. 1.1 h{Vw odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m Om ahm h° oHß$Vw emgZ H{$ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m AWH$ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^r ]°Jm OZOmoV H$m g_woMV odH$mg Zhr hm{ H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$mgI S> Hw$b J´m_ [nadma gßª`m [m ahm h°& Om{ oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°& 1 ]°ha 8 154 VmobH$m H´$. 1.5 2 o]agm 5 164 `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a ‡^md 3 [agdm∂S>m 7 74 H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$mgI S> [nadma gßª`m hm±hm±hm± ZhrZhrZhr ††† `m{J 202020 392 1 ]°ha 154 93 26 gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ Am` H{$ Û´m{V - em{Y H{$ Xm°amZ em{YmWr© ¤mam ]°Jm 2 o]agm 164 100 32 OZOmoV j{Ãm{ß H{$ ^´_U Edß gd}jU g{ ‡m· AmH$∂S>m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ 3 [agdm∂S>m 74 45 16 ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ Am` H$m ‡_wI Û´m{V dZm{[O, _OXyar Eßd [aÂ[amJV Hw$b 392 238 747474 H•$of h° & dZm{ß g{ ‡m· odo^fi CÀ[mXm{ß H$m{ ]mOmam{ß _{ß, Jm±d _{ß `m gmhyH$mam{ ‡oVeV 100.00 60.71 39.29 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 138 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gd}ojV 392 [nadmam{ß _{ß _mÃ 60.71 ‡oVeV gd}jU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ bJ^J 40 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a [nadmam{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m H$m{B© ‡^md Zht [∂S>m h°& [∂S>m h°& A^r bJ^J 40 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß [a `m{OZmAm{ß H$m H$m{B© ‡^md gwPmd - ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ odH$mg h{Vw gßMmobV odo^ﬁ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß Zht [∂S>m h°& H$r CÉ ÒVa [a gVV Om±M d oZJamZr H$a odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m ‡^mdr ]°Jm odH$mg Ao^H$aU ¤mam [•WH$ g{ gßMmobV `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m OmZm MmohE, VmoH$ ]°Jm OZOmoV H$m{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m ‡^md-OZOmoV C[`m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V ode{f H{$›–r` ghm`Vm _X g{ ghr bm^ oXbm`m Om gH{$ & gmW hr odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$r g\$bVm H{$ H$am{∂S>m{ Í$. ]°Jm odH$mg Ao^H$aU H$m{ ]°Jm odH$mg h{Vw ‡m· hm{Vr h°& oHß$Vw obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ CZH$r goH´$` gh^moJVm gwoZoÌMV oH$`m OmE & BZ ode{f `m{OZmAm{ß H$m BZH{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg [a H$m{B© ode{f ‡^md Zhr gh^moJVm H{$ ¤mam CZH$m odÌdmg OrVH$a CZH$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß , [∂S>m h°& ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ oÒWoV A^r ^r oZÂZ ÒVa [naoÒWoV`m{ß Edß ^mdZmAm{ß Am°a CZH$r _mZogH$Vm H{$ AZwÍ$[ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r h°& `{ bm{J AmO ^r OrdZ H$r ]woZ`mXr gwodYmAm{ß g{ dßoMV h°& AmH$∂S{> H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m OmE & Bg ]mV H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ h¢& ]°Jm OZOmoV g_mO H$m{ CZH$r Í$oM d B¿N>mZwgma Ï`dgm`m{ß _{ß VmobH$m H´$. 1.6 gßbæ oH$`m OmZm MmohE Edß ]°JmAm{ß H{$ [aÂ[amJV Ï`dgm`m{ß H$m{ ode{f `m{OZmAm{ß H$m ‡^md ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a CZH{$ XjVm gßdY©Z H{$ H$m`©H´$_ Mbm`m OmZm MmohE, V^r H´$.H´$.H´$. odH$mgI S> [nadma gßª`m hm±hm±hm± ZhrZhrZhr ]°Jm OZOmoV H$m AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ odH$mg gÂ^d hm{ [mEJm& gmW 1 ]°ha 154 96 58 hr ]°Jm OZOmoV H{$ g_J´ odH$mg h{Vw gßMmobV odo^ﬁ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m 2 o]agm 164 103 61 eV‡oVeV bm^ C›h{ß ‡XmZ oH$`m OmE& 3 [agdm∂S>m 74 51 23 Hw$b 392 250 142 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ‡oVeV 100.00 63.78 36.22 1. gm{ZdmZr, AOw©Z Hw$_ma (1997) _ S>bm oOb{ H{$ MmßXm j{Ã H{$ ]°Jm C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ h° oH$ ]°Jm odH$mg Ao^H$aU ¤mam "ode{f H{$o›–` OZOmoV H$r e°joUH$ C[ZoV H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ A‹``Z bKw em{Y ghm`Vm' _X H{$ A›VJ©V gßMmobV ode{f `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ ^r eV ‡]ßY oejm _hmod. S>m∞. hnaogßh Jm°a od.od. gmJa& ‡oVeV ]°Jm [nadmam{ß H$m{ Zht o_b [m ahm h°& H{$db 63.78 ‡oVeV 2. Y´wd gwa{e (1999) "ZmJm ]°Jm H{$ dßeO ]°Jm'' am{OJma Am°a oZ_m©U [nadmam{ß [a hr ode{f `m{OZmAm{ß H$m Hw$N> ‡^md [∂S>m h° oHß$Vw 36.22 ‡oVeV 30 OZdar& [nadmam{ß [a BZ ode{f `m{OZmAm{ß H$m H$m{B© ‡^md Zhr [∂S>m h° & AWm©V 3. Xw]{, S>m∞. H{$e Hw$_ma (2013) ]°Jm OZOmoV odH$mg H{$ ZdrZ Am`m_ emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ bm^ g{ ]°Jm OZOmoV AmO ^r dßoMV h° & ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 2013 lr odZm`H$ [o„bH{$eZ AmJam& oZÓH$f© - em{Y A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ AmOmXr H{$ N>: XeH$m{ß H{$ 4. Mm°aog`m, S>m∞. odO` (2009) ‡H•$oV [wÃ ]°Jm _.‡. oh›Xr AH$mX_r ]mX ^r ]°Jm OZOmoV H$r AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ oÒWoV oZÂZ ÒVa H$r h°& ^m{[mb& AmO ^r ]°J OZOmoV H{$ [nadmam{ß H$m{ dZm{[O Edß _OXyar [a oZ^©a ahZm 5. oÃ[mR>r a_{eMß– (1985) ]°Jm OZOmoV EH$ gm_moOH$ A‹``Z [∂S>Vm h°& 97.45 ‡oVeV [nadma AmO ^r Jar]r a{Im H{$ ZrM{ OrdZ AmoX_ OmoV AZwgßYmZ gßÒWmZ ^m{[mb& `m[Z H$a ah{ h¢& hmbmoH$ emgZ H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H$m Hw$N> gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡^md 6. Zm`Sy> [r.Ama. (2002) ^maV H{$ AmoXdmgr odH$mg H$r g_Ò`mE±, ahm h° oHß$Vw g_J´ odH$mg h{Vw `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ CoMV oH´$`m›d`Z H$r ZB© oXÑr, o¤Vr` gÒH$aU& AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Edß `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ Am°a ‡^mdr ]Zm`m OmE ∑`m{ßoH$ AmO 7. Mm°aog`m S>m∞. odO` (2009) ‡H•$oV [wÃ ]°Jm, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW ^r bJ^J 19 ‡oVeV [nadmamß{ H$m{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar VH$ Zht h° AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb&

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Am°oMÀ` H{$ ]ma{ _{ß gdmb Z CR> gH{$ß& dmÒVd _{ß odÒWmo[Vm{ß Am°a CZH{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- [wZdm©g H{$ ‡oV B©_mZXmar H$r H$_r H$r O∂S{> Vm{ Bg gm{M _{ß hr h°, OÍ$ar h° 1. ^maV S>m{Jam, (2004) [`m©daU Am°a g_mO H$Î`mU H$m odõ{fU oH$ odÒWm[Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr oH$gr [na`m{OZm H{$ ‡oVHy$b Aga H$m{ ‡H$meH$-^maV S>m{Jam gr-27 ajmHw$ßO [oÌM_ odhma ZB© oXÑr - H$_ Z AmßH$m OmE& Cg{ [na`m{OZm na[m{Q©> _{ß R>rH$-R>rH$ oXIm`m OmE d 11063 BgH{$ AZwHy$b hr [wZdm©g H$r ^mJrXmar ]Zr ah{& 2. Fernandes walter, (1993) "Indians Tribals and the oZÓH$f© - C[`©w∫$ A‹``Z H{$ AmYma [a oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß `h H$hm Om search for on Indigenous Indentity” Social Change Vol. gH$Vm h¢ oH$ ]mßYm{ß H{$ oZ_m©U g{ Im⁄mﬁ CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H{$ gmW-gmW XXIII. ogßMmB©,C⁄m{J, am{OJma, [`©Q>Z odH$mg, o]Obr Edß gm_moOH$ odH$mg _{ß 3. Jm{ S>dmZm g›X{e, (2012 OyZ) odÒWm[Z, [wZÒWm©[Zm Am°a _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°, oOgg{ bm{Jm{ß H$r AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ oÒWoV _{ß [wZdm©g & gwYma hm{Jm& b{oH$Z Bg Vah H$r odH$mg [na`m{OZmAm{ß g{ bmIm{ß bm{Jm{ß H$m{ 4. www.hindi indiawaterportal.org odÒWmo[V oH$`m OmVm h°, oOgg{ CZH$r AmOrodH$m H{$ gmW-gmW CZH{$ 5. _mBH$b E_. gm{oZ`m, (1991) J´mo_U odH$mg H$m ]XbVm ÒdÍ$[ [nadma, naÌV{Xmar, gm_moOH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ H$m{ ]war Vah g{ 6. ZQ>amO - gmW©H$ gßH{$V, g_mO odkmZ em{Y [oÃH$m OZdar 2015 ‡^modV H$aVr h°& h¢& AV: `h AmdÌ`H$ h¢ oH$ odÒWmo[V Am]mXr H$m 7. Z_©Xm KmQ>r odH$mg ‡moKH$aU ‡oÃH$m odOZ 2011 [wZdm©g Bg ‡H$ma hm{ oH$ CZH{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß oH$gr ‡H$ma H$r oJamdQ> Z 8. [{R>H$a ‡_m{X, (2008) OZOmVr` g_mO H$m odÒWm[Z Edß [wZdm©g AmE VWm C›h{ß Z`{ ÒWmZ [a AmoW©H$,gm_moOH$ Edß A›` [a{emoZ`m{ß H$m 9. aßJmMmar, ]S>∂{ ]mßY : ^maV H$m AZw^d, AmXe© o‡ßQ>g E S> [o„beg©, gm_Zm Zm H$aZm [∂S{>& ^m{[mb 10. dmQ>a d{ÎW Am∞\$ Bo›S>`m S>m∞. H{$. Eb. amd Am{naEßQ> bmßJ_°Z ZB© oXÑr&

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 142 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß h{Vw MbmB© Om ahr gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZmE± Edß ‡^md H$m A‹``Z

S>m∞. AM©Zm Am`© *

‡ÒVmdZm - oOg ‡H$ma oH$gr Hw$Qw>Â] _{ß _woI`m [a [nadma H{$ g_ÒV H´$.H´$.H´$. gm_moOH$ gwajm lo_H$m{ß H$r ‡oVeV gXÒ`m{ß H$m ^ma ahVm h°, Cgr ‡H$me ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ [mbH$ hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{ X{e `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar gßª`m VWm ‡X{e H$r gaH$ma H{$ D$[a amÓQ≠> H{$ g^r Ï`o∫$`m{ß H$m CŒmaXmo`Àd 1 hm± 55 55% hm{Vm h° Am°a ode{fH$a ^maV O°g{ H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` _{ß gm_moOH$ gwajm 2 Zht 45 45% H$r AdYmaUm g{ VmÀ[`© Cg gwajm g{ hm{ Om{ oH$ g_mO A[Z{ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ `m{J 100 100 % CZH{$ OrdZ H$mb _{ß oH$gr ^r g_` KQ> gH$Z{ dmbr AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H$r Ûm{V - gd}jU [a AmYmnaV& AmH$oÒ_H$VmAm{ß (XwK©Q>ZmAm{ß) H{$ odÍ$’ gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& `h C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 55 ‡oVeV lo_H$m{ß H$m{ AdYmaUm gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ og’mßV [a AmYmnaV h°& gm_moOH$ gwajm gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar h° VWm 45 ‡oVeV lo_H$m{ß H$m{ CZ AmH$oÒ_H$ gßH$Q>m{, XwK©Q>ZmAm{ß `m H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß g{ hm{Z{ dmbr Om{oI_m{ß AmO ^r gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$m H$m{B© kmZ AWdm OmZH$mar ‡m· g{ ]MZ{ H$m ‡`mg h°, oOZH$r gß^mdZm Om{oI_ [yU© H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß Zht h°& [a ]Zr ahVr h°& Bg odÌb{fU g{ oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß H$B© lo_H$m{ß "gm_moOH$ gwajm H{$ AßVJ©V am¡` Om{oI_ H{$ odÍ$’ EH$ gwajm H$m{ emgZ ¤mam Mbm`r Om ahr gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar ‡XmZ H$aVm h°, oOgH$m{ _ZwÓ` Ï`o∫$JV Í$[ g{ gmYZm{ß H$m A^md hm{Z{ AmO ^r Zht h°, oOgg{ H$B© lo_H$ BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ Zht CR>m [m ah{ H{$ H$maU ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© h°&' dr. dr. oJar h°& ^maV O°g{ amÓQ≠> _{ß Ohm± l_eo∫$ H$r [`m©· _mÃm h°, VWm gm_moOH$ VmobH$m H´$. 2 gwajm lo_H$m{ß H$m{ OrdZ ÒVa H$m{ D±$Mm C∂R>mZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ og’ hm{ gH$Vr lo_H$m{ß ¤mam gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$m bm^ ‡mo· H$m oddaU h°& gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$r ^maV _{ß AZ{H$ H$maUm{ß H{$ H$maU H´$.H´$.H´$. gm_moOH$ gwajm lo_H$m{ß H$r ‡oVeV AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°, O°g{ : lo_H$m{ß H$r X`Zr` oÒWoV, XwK©Q>Zm H{$ g_` H$m bm^ ob`m J`m gßª`m bm^Xm`H$, ]{am{OJmar H$r Xem _{ß ghm`H$, ^`ßH$a am{Jm{ß g{ gwajm, 1 hm± 34 34 % d•’mdÒWm _{ß ghm`H$ AmoX& 2 Zht 66 66 % oZXe©Z - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J d IXmZm{ß _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß `m{J 100 100 % _{ß XXX{{{d oZXe©Z [’oV H$m ‡`m{J H$a 100 lo_H$m{ß H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& Ûm{V - gd}jU [a AmYmnaV& em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` - C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$. 2 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV 1. S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß H$m{ gm_moOH$ gwajm H$r 34 ‡oVeV lo_H$ ¤mam gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$m bm^ ‡m· oH$`m OmZH$mar gß]ßYr Vœ`m{ß H$m{ OmZZm& J`m h° VWm 66 ‡oVeV lo_H$ ¤mam oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$r gm_moOH$ gwajm 2. gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm g{ lo_H$m{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa [a [∂T>Z{ dmb{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ ‡m· Zht oH$`m J`m h°& ‡^mdm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& AV: Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ S>m{bm{_mB©Q> C⁄m{J _{ß H$m`©aV AoYH$mße lo_H$m{ß em{Y odoY - ‡ÒVwV em{Y ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß g{ ‡m· gyMZmAm{ß ¤mam gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ ‡m· Zht oH$`m Om ahm h°& H{$ A[Z{ em{Y A‹``Z _{ß ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h° VWm ‡_wI AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ VmobH$m H´$. 3 gßH$bZ h{Vw gmjmÀH$ma ‡ÌZmdbr H$r ghm`Vm g{ OmZH$mar H$m EH$ÃrH$aU gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ Ûm{V oH$`m J`m h°& H´$.H´$.H´$. gm_moOH$ gwajm lo_H$m{ß H$r ‡oVeV gd}jU H{$ AmYma [a S>m{bm{_mBQ> C⁄m{J _ß{ H$m`©aV lo_H$m{ß H$r OmZH$mar H{ Ûm{V gßª`m gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm gß]ßYr ‡m· OmZH$mar H$m oddaU 1 a{oS>`m{ ¤mam 25 45.50 % VmobH$m H´$. 1 2 Q>r. dr. ¤mam 15 27.30 % gm_moOH$ gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar H$m ÒVa 3 g_mMma [Ãm{ß ¤mam 10 18.20%

*AoVoW od¤mZ (AW©emÛ)emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 143 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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S>m∞. _h{e Hw$_ma _mbdr` *

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1. J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ CŒma Xmo`Àdm{ß, AoYH$mam{ß, H$m`m} H$m odõ{fU H$aZm& 6. oZY©ZVm H$r dOh g{ ^r bm{J Bg_{ß Í$oM Zht b{V{ d{ A[Z{ CXa[yoV© 2. J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ H$m`m~ H$m odõ{fU H$aZm& _{ß hr bJ{ ahV{ h°& 3. J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ H$m{ AmoW©H$ H$m`© gÂ[moXV H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ Edß ]mYH$ C[gßhma - [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r g]g{ ‡_wI C[bo„Y `h [m`r J`r h° oH$ J´m_rU VÀdm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& j{Ãm{ß _{ß gm\$-g\$mB© XyofV Ob H$r oZH$mgr, H$Ma{ H$m oZ[Q>mZ, Jm{]a AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ oZYm©aH$ VÀd - [ßMm`Vm{ß{ H$m{ AoYH$ma gÂ[fi ]ZmV{ J°g gß`ßÃ bJmZm O°g{ _hÀd[yU© H$m`m~ H$r Am{a Í$PmZ ]∂T>m h° Om{ J´m_rU hwE{ J´m_rU AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ obE 29 odf` oZYm©naV oH$E JE oOZ [a j{Ãm{ß _{ß ÒWm`r [nagÂ[oŒm`m{ß H{$ oZ_m©U O°g{ - [ßMm`V ^dZ, gm_wXmo`H$ oZU©` b{Z{ VWm CZH$m{ oH´$`mo›dV H$amZ{ H$m AoYH$ma [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ gm°[m ^dZ, Ï`m`m_ embm`{ß, Y_©embm, odlm_J•h, ]g ÒQ{> S>, `mÃr ‡oVjmb` J`m h°& AmoX H{$ Am{a Í$oM ]∂T>m`r h°& `⁄o[ BZH{$ oZ_m©U H$m ‡oVeV H$_ h° [a›Vw J´m_rU AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ Hw$N> C[`w©∫$ _m[ Bg ‡H$ma hm{ gH$V{ h° J´m_r m j{Ã H{$ bm{Jm{ß H{$ obE `h A¿N>m gßH{$V h°& [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ ¤mam gÂ[fi O°g{ H•$of ^yo_ H{$ ogßoMV j{Ã _{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{ ahr hm{& H•$of Am°a Cgg{ oH$E JE H$m`m~ g{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß [{Òb, g∂S>H{$, ‡H$me Ï`dÒWm, g\$mB© gß]ßoYV j{Ã VWm J´m_rU dmog`m{ß H$m ehmam{ß H$r Am{a [bm`Z H´$_e: KQ> Ï`dÒWm XyofV Ob oZH$mgr oejm ÒdÒœW AmoX j{Ãm{ß _{ß Xm{ha{ bm^ ‡m· ahm hm{& J´m_rU AYm{gßaMZm oZaßVa odH$ogV hm{ ahr h°& Bg_{ß D$Om© O°g{ hwE h°& Bg Vah BZ gwodYmAm{ß H{$ odÒVma g{ J´m_rUm{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß od⁄wV, S>rOb H$r [`m©· C[b„YVm, AmdmJ_Z Edß [naMmbZ h{Vw [∏$r gwYma hwAm h°& CZH{$ e°joUH$ Edß ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa _{ß gwYma hwAm h°, Vm{ Xygar g∂S>H$m{ß H$m odH$mg VWm S>mH$Ka, XyagßMma, XyaXe©Z Eßd g_mMma g{dmAm{{ß Am{a odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ oH´$`mßd`Z g{ J´m_rU Am` Edß am{OJma H$m odH$mg, gm_moOH$ C[naÏ`` O°g{ oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, ew’ [{Òb _{ß d•o’ hwB© h° oOgg{ Jar]r H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm o_br h°& BZ `m{OZmAm{ß Òd¿N>Vm Edß _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmYZ, oZò_V gmd©OoZH$ odVaU ‡Umbr H$m Z{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ Edß amOZ°oVH$ M{VZm ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m odH$mg [nadma H$Î`mU Edß ]mb odH$mg h{Vw OZgßª`m oejm H{$ ‡oV oZ^m`r h°, oOgH$m ‡^md AmJ{ AmZ{ dmb{ dfm} _{ß Am°a AoYH$ COmJma OmJÍ$H$Vm AmoX H{$ KQ>H$ h° Om{ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r _m[ H$a gH$V{ h°& hm{Jm& gwPmd - J´m_rU odH$mg H$r ZroV _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ^yo_H$m EH$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- AmYma^yV gßÒWmJV ∂T>mßMm H$r ^mßoV H$m`© H$a{Jr& oOg_{ß oZÂZmßoH$V VÀdm{ß 1. _‹`‡X{e emgZ, [ßMm`V Edß J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ (2010- H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 11) od^mJr` ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ& 1. gd©‡W_ J´m_rU odH$mg Am`m{OZ _| g∂S>H$ `mVm`mV H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm 2. e_m©, S>m∞. lrZmW. Edß ogßh, S>m∞. _Zm{O Hw$_ma (2011) [ßMm`V amO X{Zm AoZdm`© h°& Edß J´m_rU odH$mg, AOw©Z [o„boeßJ hmD$g 4831/24, ‡hbmX 2. Aoejm H{$ H$maU J´m_rU oZY©Z dJ© `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ Zht CR>m Jbr Aßgmar am{S>, Xna`m JßO, ZB© oXÑr& [m ah{ h° gÒVr Edß oZ:ewÎH$ oejm hm{Zr MmohE& 3. am`, _Zm{O. Edß o‡`m. (2005) _‹`‡X{e H$r [ßMm`Vr amO 3. oZY©Zm{ß Jar]m{ß _{ß YZamoe H$m CoMV AmdßQ>Z AmdÌ`H$ h°& Ï`dÒWm g_W©Z g{›Q>a \$m∞a S{>db[_{ßQ> g[‡m{Q©> Edß o‡`m & 4. J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$m oZaßVa _yÎ`mßH$Z AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& 4. _‹`‡X{e _{ß odH$mg H{$ ZdmMma (2010) _‹`‡X{e emgZ 5. gm_moOH$ XwÓ‡WmEß, Aoejm, AkmZVm, odYdm oddmh, oZf{Y, ]mb OZgÂ[H©$ od^mJ H{$ ob`{ _0‡0 _m‹`_ ¤mam AmH$oÎ[V Edß _wo–V oddmh H$m ‡MbZ, [Xm©‡Wm VWm A›`m`, A›YodÌdmg BZH$r dOh 5. _‹` ‡X{e [ßMmo`H$ (^m{[mb) & g{ ^r BgH$m{ß g\$bVm Zht o_b gH$r& 6. _‹`‡X{e gßX{e (^m{[mb) &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 146 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II aVbm_ a{bd{ _ S>b H{$ H$_©Mmoa`m|$ H$m AmoW©H$ A‹``Z

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 148 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _.‡. _{ß Am°fYr` \$gbm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ H$m EH$ A‹``Z

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18. AÀòYH$ ogßMmB© dmbr \$gbm{ß H{$ ob`{ dfm© Ob gßJ´hU, S>]ar ›`yZV_ g_W©Z Edß g^r am¡`m{ß _{ß am¡` ÒVar` oH$gmZ Am`m{J H{$ JR>Z oZ_m©U Vmbm], Obme` AmoX H$m`© oH$`{ Om`{ & H$m gwPmd, H•$fH$m{ß h{Vw ]r_m `m{OZmAm{ß H$m odÒVma, J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß 19. H•$of Edß Am°fYr \$gbm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ g{ OwP{ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ gaH$mar ]OQ> AmYma^yV gßaMZm H$m odH$mg Edß H•$fH$m{ß _{ß AÀòYH$ o[N>∂S>m[Z, Aoejm _{ß gdm}[ar Edß H{$›–r` ÒWmZ ‡XmZ oH$`m Om`{ & d OmJÈH$Vm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ Edß _.‡. H$m{ H•$of Edß Am°fYr` \$gbm{ß H{$ oZÓH$f© - ^maV X{e H$m Am°⁄m{oJH$ T>m±Mm d g_ÒV CÀ[mXH$r` ÒdÈ[, CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm _{ß ^maV_{ß AJÚr Edß gdm}É oeIa [a ‡oÒWV ododY ]hwC‘{er` [na`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gmW amOZ°oVH$ AoÒVÀd ^r AWm©V hm{Jm & amÓQ≠> H$m gdm™oJU odH$mg H•$of [a [yU©V: oZ^©a H$aVm h° & dhr OZeo∫$ H$m EH$ oVhmB© ^mJ ^r H•$of g{ hr gß]ß’ h° & H{$›– gaH$ma Am°a am¡` gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ gaH$ma ¤mam gßMmobV H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß A›` odH$mgmÀ_H$ j{Ãm{ _{ß ]hwAm`m_r Edß CÑ{IZr` ‡JoV gH$mamÀ_H$ È[ _{ß [nabojV hm{Vr h° [a›Vw XwIX: 1. E.H{$. ]ZOr© - "^maV _{ß Am°foY _yÎ` oZUm©aU' ‡H$meH$ od^mJ Vœ` `h h°, oH$ Ohm± odH$mg Ma_m{ÀH$f© [a hm{Zm MmohE Wm Cg j{Ã (H•$of) gyMZm Am°a ‡gmaU _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma, `m{OZm gZ≤ A∑Qy>Â]a H$m ‡^mdr g\$bVm [a gße` ]Zm hwAm h° & emgZ H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r 2009 [{O Zß. 09 & Ag\$bVm H{$ o[N{> odŒmr` Ï`dÒWm _{ß H$_r H$r Am{a gßH{$V o_bVm h°& amÓQ≠>r` 2. _Zrf Hw$_ma AJÒV (2007)- "Hw$Èj{Ã, _B© 2002' ‡H$meH$- H•$of ZroV 2007 CÀ[mXZ Am°a CÀ[mXH$Vm [a hr oH$gmZm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb` & oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H$aZ{ [a ‹`mZ H{$o›–V ah{Jm & 3. S>m∞.EZ.Eb. AJ´dmb - ^maVr AW©Ï`dÒWm odÌd ‡H$meH$, 1996 AV: Am°fYr` \$gbm{ß H{$ CÀ[mXZ Am°a CÀ[mXH$Vm _{ß d•o’ h{Vw ›`y EO B›Q>a Z{eZb (‡m.obo_Q{>S>) H$m ‡^mJ Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr&

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 150 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II XojU Eoe`mB© j{Ãr` gh`m{J gßJR>Z

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‡ÒVmdZm - XojU Eoe`mB© j{Ãr` gh`m{J gßJR>Z AWdm "Xj{g' h°& (south Asian Association For Regional Cooperation or " 7. gmH©$ H$m b˙` h° oH$ dh AßVam©Ô>≠r` _ßMm{ß Am°a j{Ãr` gßJR>Z H{$ gmW SAARC') XojU Eoe`m H{$ AmR> X{em| H$m AmoW©H$ Am°a amOZroVH$ o_bH$a _XX H$a{& gßJR>Z h°& gßJR>Z H{$ gXÒ` X{em| H$r OZgßª`m (bJ^J 1.7 Aa] ) 8. Am[g _{ß gmPm ohV H{$ _m_bm{ß [a AßVam©Ô>≠r` _ßMm{ß _{ß gh`m{J H$m{ H$m{ X{Im OmE Vm{ `h oH$gr ^r j{Ãr` gßJR>Z H$r VwbZm _{ß ¡`mXm _O]yV H$aZm& ‡^mdembr h°& BgH$r ÒWm[Zm 08 oXgß]a 1985 H$m{ ^maV, ]mßΩbmX{e, og¤mßV (principal) - Xj{g oOZ og¤mßVm{ß [a AmYmnaV h°,d{ oZÂZ Z{[mb, _mbXrd,[moH$ÒVmZ, lrbßH$m, Am°a ^yQ>mZ ¤mam o_bH$a H$r JB© ‡H$ma h°- Wr & A‡°b 2007 _{ß gßK H{$ 14 d{ß oeIa gÂ_{bZ _{ß A\$JmoZÒVmZ 1. gßK H{$ H$m`©H$bm[ H{$ ∂T>mM{ H{$ AßVJ©V g_mZ gÂ‡^wVm H{$ og’mßVm{ß BgH$m AmR>dm∞ gXÒ` ]Z J`m & H{$ ‡oV AmXa, ‡mX{oeH$ EH$OwQ>Vm, amOZroVH$ ÒdVßÃVm, Xyga{ X{em| gmH©$ H$m JR>Z gZ≤ 1970 _{ß ]mßΩbmX{e H{$ amÓQ>≤[oV oO`mCa ah_mZ H{$ Ka{by _m_bm{ß _{ß hÒVj{[ Z H$aZm Am°a [maÒ[naH$ bm^m{ß [a Z{ XojU Eoe`mB© X{em| H$m EH$ Ï`m[ma JwQ> H$m ‡ÒVmd aIm & Bg ‡ÒVmd AmYmnaV gh`m{J hm{Jm& H$m{ 1981 _{ß ÒdrH•$V oH$`m J`m Am°a 1983 AßVamÔ>≠r` gÂ_{bZ _{ß odX{e 2. `h gh`m{J o¤[jr` `m ]hw[jr` gh`m{J H{$ odH$Î[ H{$ Vm°a [a _ßoÃ`m{ß H{$ ¤mam Bg{ A[Zm`m J`m, BgH{$ C[amßV 1985 _{ß 07 X{em| H{$ Zht daZ≤ [yaH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Jm& gh`m{J g{ gmH©$ H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m & bÂ]r AdoY H{$ C[amßV gmVm{ß X{em| 3. E{gm gh`m{J o¤[jr` `m ]hw[jr` CŒmaXmo`Àdm{ß H{$ ‡oV gm_ßOÒ` H$r gh_oV g{ A\$JmoZÒVmZ H$m{ 13 Zdß]a 2005 _{ß emo_b oH$`m J`m& odohZ `m [aÒ[a odam{Yr Zht hm{Jm& gmH©$ H$m _wª` C‘{Ì` _mZd gßgmYZ, odkmZ, ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r Am°a H•$of H{$ gm_m›` YmamE∞ (General provisions) - Xj{g (gmH©$) H$r gm_m›` j{Ã H$m odH$mg H$aZm h° Am°a gmW hr OZgßª`m Am°a ÒdmÒœ` g{ gß]oYV YmamE∞ oZÂZ ‡H$ma h°- _w‘m{ß Am°a [nadhZ gwodYmAm{ß H{$ gwYma H$m g_mYmZ H$aZm h°& gmH©$ XojU 1. g^r ÒVam{ß [a oZU©` gXÒ` X{em| _{ß gd©gÂ_oV H{$ AmYma [a ob`m Eoe`mB© X{e VH$ hr gro_V h° Am°a AmO Hw$b AmR> X{em| H$m gXÒ` hm{ Om`{Jm & J`m h°, BgH{$ Abmdm Hw$N> A›` X{em| O°g{ Â`m_ma, Om[mZ, AmÒQ>≤{ob`m, 2. odMma od_e© g{ o¤[jr` Am°a oddmXmÒ[X _w’{ AbJ aI{ OmEJm& MrZ, XojU H$m{na`m, B©amZ, _mareg, Am°a `yam{[r` gßK H$m{ gmH©$ H{$ goMdmb` - gßJR>Z H$m gßMmbZ gXÒ` X{em| H{$ _ßoÃ[nafX ¤mam oZ`w∫$ [`©d{jH$m{ß H$m XOm© H$m ^ma oX`m J`m h°& _hmgoMd H$aV{ h°, oOgH$r oZ`wo∫$ VrZ gmb H{$ obE X{em| H{$ dU©_mbm gmH©$ X{em| H{$ C‘{Ì` - H´$_ H{$ AZwgma H$r OmVr h°& 1. gmH©$ H$m C‘{Ì` XojU Eoe`mB© X{em| H{$ bm{J H$Î`mU H{$ gmW- 1. ]mßΩbmX{e A]wb AhgmZ - 16 OZdar, 1987 g{ 15 A∑Qy>]a, gmW bm{Jm{ß H{$ OrdZ `m[Z H{$ JwUdŒmm _{ß gwYma bmZm h°& 1989 2. AmoW©H$ odH$mg, gm_moOH$ ‡JoV Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ odH$mg O°g{ j{Ã 2. ^maV H$mßV oH$em{a ^mJ©d -17 A∑Qy>]a, 1989 g{ 31 oXgß]a, _{ß V{Or bmZm Am°a g^r Ï`o∫$`m{ß H$m{ AmÀ_ gÂ_mZ H{$ gmW C›h| ahZ{ 1991 Am°a C›h| A[Zr j_Vm H$m Ahgmg oXbmH$a C›h| Adga ‡XmZ 3. _mbXrd B]´moh_ hwg°Z OmoH$ -01 OZdar, 1992 g{ 31 H$aZm h°& oXgß]a,1993 3. XojU Eoe`mB© X{em| H{$ ]rM gm_yohH$ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ 4. Z{[mb `mXd H$mßV ogbdm`- 01 OZdar, 1994 g{ 31 Am°a C›h| _O]yVr ‡XmZ H$aZm& oXgß]a,1995 4. XojU Eoe`mB© bm{Jm{ß _{ß Am[gr odÌdmg H$m{ ]∂T>mZm Am°a EH$ Xyga{ 5. [moH$ÒVmZ ZB©_ `y hmgZ- 01 OZdar, 1996 g{ 31 oXgß]a,1998 H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ H$aZ H{$ obE ]∂T>mdm ‡XmZ H$aZm& 6. lrbßH$m oZhmb am{∂S>naJm{-01 OZdar, 1999 g{ 31 oXgß]a,2002 5. AmoW©H$,gmßÒH•$oVH$,VH$ZrH$r,ZÒbr` Am°a d°kmoZH$ O°g{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß 7. ]mΩbmX{e ∑`∂y. E. E_. E. ahr_-11 OZdar, 2002 g{ 28 \$adar, goH´$` gh`m{J Am°a Am[gr gh`m{J H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm h°& 2005 6. A›` odH$mgerb X{e H{$ gmW o_bH$a C›h{ß gh`m{J ‡XmZ H$aZm 8. ^yQ>mZ Î`m{[Zm{ß M{›∑`m] Xm{aOr-01 _mM© 2005 g{ 29 \$adar, * em{YmWu, ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 151 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

2008 gm‚Q>m gßoY [a 06 OZdar, 2004 H$m{ gh_oV hwB© Am°a 01 OZdar ,2006 9. ^maV erb H$mßV e_m© -01 _mM© , 28 \$adar, 2011 g{ `h AoÒVÀd _{ß Am J`r & A\$JmoZÒVmZ \$adar, 2008 _{ß gm‚Q>m H$m 10. _mbXrd \$oV_mW oY`mZm gB©X -01 _mM© ,2011 g{ 11 _mM© , gXÒ` ]Zm& 2012 gmH©$ H{$ 18d{ß oeIa gÂ_{ßbZ _{ß g^r AmR> gXÒ` amÓQ>m{ H{$ 11. _mbXrd Ah_X gob_ -12 _mM© , 2012 g{ 28 \$adar 2014 amÓQ>mø`jm{ß/emgZm‹`jm{ß (^maV H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr Za{ß– _m{Xr ,[moH$ÒVmZ H{$ 12. Z{[mb AOw©Z ]hmXwa Wm[m -01 _mM© 2014 g{ A] VH$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr ZdmO ear\$, lrbßH$m H{$ amÓQ>[oV _ohß–m amO[j{ ,]mΩbmX{e oeIa gÂ_{bZ - H$r ‡YmZ_ßÃr e{I hgrZm ,^yQ>mZ H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr e{naßJ Vm{]J{, _mbXrd H{$ 1. 07 oXgß]a,1985 ∂T>mH$m amÓQ>[oV A„XwÑm `m_rZ J`y_, Z{[mb H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr gwerb H$m{B©ambm VWm 2. 16 Zdß]a,1986,]¢Jbm{a A\$JmoZÒVmZ H{$ amÓQ>[oV Aea\$ JZr Ah_XOB© ) Z{ ^mJ ob`m& 3. 21 Zdß]a,1987 H$mR>_mßSy> Xj{g H$m 18dm∞ oeIa gÂ_{bZ H$r C[bo„Y`m∞ - 4. 29 oXgß]a,1988 BÒbm_m]mX 1. Ï`m[ma, oZd{e, odV, D$Om©, gwajm, AdgßaMZm, gß[H©$ Am°a gßÒH•$oV 5. 21 Zdß]a, 1990 _mb{ H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß gh`m{J H$m{ ‡Jm∂T> H$aH{$ XojU Eoe`m _{ß emßoV Edß g_•o’ 6. 21 oXgß]a, 1991 H$m{bß]m{ß bmZ{ h{Vw j{Ãr` EH$Vm H$m{ JhamB© ‡XmZ H{$ ‡oV ¤∂T> oZÌM` Ï`∫$ 7. 10 A‡°b, 1993 T>mH$m oH$`m J`m& 8. 21 _B©,1995 Z`r oXÑr 2. _w∫$ Ï`m[ma j{Ã, EH$ gr_m ewÎH$ gßK ,EH$ gmPm ]mOma Am°a EH$ 9. 12 _B©,1997 _mb{ gmPm AmoW©H$ Edß odoŒm` gY H{$ _m‹`_ g{ XojU Eoe`mB© AmoW©H$ 10. 29 OwbmB©, 1998 H$m{bß]m{ß gßK ]ZmZ{ H{$ b˙` H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ‡oV A[Zr dMZ]ß’Vm Xm{hamB© 11. 04 OZdar, 2002 H$mR>_mßSy> JB© & 12. 02 OZdar, 2004 BÒbm_m]mX 3. gmH©$ [`m©daU Edß Am[Xm ‡]ßYZ H{$›– ÒWmo[V oH$E OmZ{ H$m ÒdmJV 13. 12 Zd]a, 2005 T>mH$m oH$`m J`m& 14. 13 A‡°b, 2007 Z`r oXÑr 4. g`w∫$ amÓQ> _hmg^m H{$ 69 d{ gÃ _{ß 15 OwbmB© H$m{ odÌd `wdm H$m°eb 15. 01-03 AJÒV, 2008 H$m{bß]m{ß oXdg Km{ofV oH$E OmZ{ H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m J`m & 16. 28-29 A‡°b, 2010 oWÂ[y 5. df© 2016 H$m{ gmH©$ gmÒH•$oVH$ odamgV df© Km{ofV oH$`m J`m Am°a 17. 10-11 Zdß]a, 2011 AXX≤ eha gßÒH•$oV _mJ© odH$ogV H$aZ{ [a gh_oV hwB©& 18. 27-28 Zdß]a, 2014 H$mR>_mßSy> 6. XojU Eoe`m H$m{ gVV≤ Í$[ g{ EH$ AmH$f©H$ gmPm [`©Q>Z ÒWb hm∞b hr _{ß gmH©$ H$m 18 dm∞ oeIa gÂ_{bZ Z{[mb H$r amOYmZr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE A[Zm gßH$Î[ Xm{ham`m J`m& H$mR>_mßSy> _{ß gß[fi hwAm& BgH{$ [yd© H$mR>_mßSy> _{ß Vrga{ (1987) Am°a Ω`mahd{ß 7. AmVßH$dmX Am°a ohßgH$ Ma_[ßW H$r VWm BgH{$ g^r ÒdÍ$[m{ß Am°a (2002) gmH©$ oeIa gÂ_{bZ H$m Am`m{OZ hm{ MwH$m h°& M{ham{ß H$r EH$ Òda g{ oZßXm H$r JB©& gmH©$ H$m 18dm∞ oeIa gÂ_{ßbZ - Xm{ oXdgr` 18dm∞ gmH©$ oeIa 8. ^maV ¤mam gmH©$ X{em| H$m{ g_o[©V H$aZ{ h{Vw EH$ C[J´h odH$ogV gÂ_{ßbZ Z{[mb H$r amOYmZr H$mR>_mßSy> _{ß 26-27 Zdß]a ,2014 H{$ _‹` H$aZ{ Am°a ‡j{o[V oH$E OmZ{ H{$ ‡ÒVmd H$m ÒdmJV oH$`m J`m & gÂ[fi hwAm& gmH©$ H{$ oeIa gÂ_{bZ H$m H{$ß–r` odf` Wm -"emßoV Am°a g_•X≤oY H{$ obE ]{hVa EH$Vm ' gßX^© Jß´W gyMr :- gm‚Q>m (SAFTA) --) 11 A‡°b ,1993 H$m{ gmH©$ amÓQ>m{ß Z{ ∂T>mH$m _{ß gmH©$ 1. ^maVr` odX{er Ï`m[ma Edß A›VamÔ>≠r` gßÒWmE∞-[•ÓR> gßª`m- j{Ã H{$ A›VJ©V Q°>na\$ H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ g_Pm°V{ [a hÒVmja 148,149,150 oH$E W{& gmCW Eoe`Z ‡r\$a{oe`b Q>≤°oS>J Aa{›O_{ßQ> (SAPTA) 07 2. oH$aU H$Â[Q>reZ Q>mB©_-[•ÓR> gßª`m -193 oXgß]a,1995 H$m{ AoÒVÀd _{ß Am`r & gmflQ>m H{$ [ÌMmV≤ gm‚Q>m (gmCW 3. gm_m›` A‹``Z (^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm)-[•ÓR> gßª`m-268 Eoe`m \´$r Q>≤{∂S> Ena`m ) H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ V°`ma hm{ J`r & 25 AZw¿N{>Xm{ß dmbr 4. www.saarc.com.in

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 152 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Adjournment Motion - An Analytical Study

* Dr. Anvita Massad

Abstract - An Adjournment Motion is an extra-ordinary procedural device. Its primary purpose is to set aside the normal business of the House and take up for discussion a matter of urgent public importance of recent occurrence. Normally, no business not included in the agenda of the business for a day can be transacted at any sitting without the permission of the Speaker. However, a matter of urgent public importance can be raised by interrupting the regular business of the House through an Adjournment Motion tabled at the earliest opportunity.

Introduction - An Adjournment Motion, like Question is also obviously influenced by his political creed and political an important instrument of legislative control over the antecedents, which on a number of occasions have administration. Redlich has termed Adjournment Motion as reflected in his decisions in determining the admissibility of “urgency Motion”.1 the notices on Adjournment Motions.* For instance, on Conditions Of Admissibility - The Rules of the Legislative October 9, 1980, a notice of Adjournment Motion Assembly allow a member to move an Adjournment Motion tabled by Mitra Sen Yadav (CP) regarding the propriety of for discussion on any matter of urgent public importance. A a letter by the Chief Minister to the Election Commission member considering his subject matter to be urgent and of for the postponement of by-elections in the State without public importance may give a notice of Adjournment Motion taking the House into confidence was not admitted on the to the Secretary, Legislative Assembly, in duplicate at least ground that it related to the Election Commission.13 The one hour before the commencement of the sitting on the notice, in fact, questioned the propriety of the Chief day on which the Motion is proposed to be made and the Minister’s action, which affected all the political parties Secretary sends one copy of the same to the Minister in the State. Had the notice been admitted, the Government concerned.2 For moving the Motion, consent of the Speaker particularly the Chief Minister would have had to face bitter is essential.3 A notice for the Motion is not admitted by the criticism of the opposition parties. Speaker unless it satisfies the test of conditions of Likewise, the Speaker disallowed a Motion regarding admissibility prescribed under the Rules. situation arising out of strike by the truck drivers in Kumaon An Adjournment Motion must relate to a definite matter Mandal on the ground that the matter was not of public of urgent public importance and not merely grievances of importance.14 It is interesting to note that the general public an individual or a group of individuals or a small section of of Kumaon Mandal was facing hardships due to the strike society.4 It should be a single specific issue free from since trucks were the only means of transportation of vagueness.5 Matter should be of recent occurrence.6 A essential commodities in the Hills. Still the Speaker ruled Motion should not revive discussion on a matter which has that the matter was not of public importance. Here again been decided in the same session7 or has already been his decision seems to have been influenced by his political fixed for discussion8 or is likely to come up before the House affiliations. during the course of some discussion within a reasonable Debate On The Motions Admitted - During a span of 13 time.9 A Motion should not raise a question of privilege.10 It years from 1977-1991 debate on adjournment motions were should not relate to any matter, which is sub-judice.11 Only admitted very sparingly. Discussion was allowed under Rule one Motion can be discussed at one sitting12. 56 on only two Adjournment Motions. Speaker The Sole Interpreter Of The Rules - The Speaker In certain cases the debates to decide the admissibility is the sole interpreter of the Rules of the House and as of notices ended with assurances for administrative actions such is expected to act in an impartial manner for there is by the Government - no provision for appeal against his rulings. But the fact is For example, a notice for Adjournment regarding that the Speaker usually belongs to the ruling party and on retrenchment of Government employees was given by his election to the august office does not sever his affiliations Rajendra Kumar Gupta on March 9, 1983 The Speaker with the party on whose ticket he is elected. As such, he is allowed the members to speak on admissibility. The Minister

* Asst. Professor (Political Science) Ramadheen Singh Girls Degree College, Lucknow (U.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 153 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II for Parliamentary Affairs first justified the action of the matter had been taken up with the Haryana Government Government but later on thanked the mover for drawing and the Central Government and assured the members the attention of the Government and assured the House to that the matter was being pursued earnestly and that the get the matter investigated.15 PAC had been deployed in the border villages.26 A notice of Adjournment was tabled by Pradeep Kumar In another instance on March 3, 1982, Mohan Singh Yadav regarding the arrest of sixty-nine ‘Pandas’ of Ayodhya (LD) gave a notice under Rule 56 on the situation arisen while coming to U.P. Assembly for submitting a out of strike by the truck drivers in the State. The Speaker memorandum. Speaking on admissibility, the mover drew directed for a statement.27 On March 4, 1982, a similar the attention of the Government on the hardships being notice given by LD members Rudra Pratap Singh and Kuber faced by their families as their bread-earning members had Bhandari was rejected.28 As the strike continued, Rajendra been put in jail and requested for their release. The Minister Kumar Gupta (BJP) raised the same matter on March for Parliamentary Affairs first justified the arrest of the 13,1982 and the Speaker heard him on admissibility.29 Two Pandas and later assured to release them.16 days later on March 15, 1982, Mohan Singh once again It is interesting to mention here that a good number of raised the matter. He and other members were heard on notices of Adjournment Motions were not considered in the admissibility.30 Similar notice on March 18, 1982 was first instance but, by pursuing the matter over and rejected.31 The members moved the Motion again on March again, by giving notices on subsequent days, the members 19, 1982 but it was rejected by the Speaker. This sparked succeeded in drawing the attention of the Speaker and off a furore in the House and the House had to be adjourned. sometimes secured assurances or redressal which After deliberations with the leaders of various parties, the otherwise could have remained unredressed : Speaker fixed one hour discussion.32 Thus the concerted On March 17, 1982, Harivansh Sahai and others gave efforts of the Opposition yielded some results. a notice regarding strike by the employees of Civil Courts. On March 13, 1989, an Adjournment notice on the The Speaker allowed a statement on it because the notice destruction of Harijan villages and killing of a Harijan on was being given over the past few days.17 February 26, 1989 was not at all taken up33 but a similar Similarly, a notice for Adjournment regarding the arrest, notice on March 15, 1989 was heard for admissibility and beating and locking up of eighty helpless blind and disabled the members succeeded in getting an assurance from the persons by the Police was rejected on December 27, 1978.18 Government for compensation to the family of the But the same notice given again on the next day was deceased.34 accepted for a statement.19 On March 7, 1983, a notice Inspite of the Government’s assurances, the Speaker by Vidyasagar Nautiyal regarding strike by the Ayurveda sometimes referred the matter to the concerned Committee and Unani students was rejected on the ground that it was of the House for proper scrutiny and follow-up into the not of public importance.20 On March 9, 1983, a similar matter. notice was given by Rajendra Kumar Gupta. This time the While speaking on the admissibility of an Adjournment Speaker allowed the mover to speak on admissibility and Motion on April 4, 1982, Rajendra Kumar Gupta (BJP) the member succeeded in securing an assurance to get alleged embezzlement of more than seven crore rupees in the matter thoroughly investigated.21 the Uttar Pradesh Anusuchit Jati Vitta Evam Vikas Nigam A notice on March 16, 1982 regarding intrusion in the by way of showing the amount as spent on boring and border village of U.P. by the people from Haryana under installation of pumping sets though not a single pump was the protection of Haryana Police and their carrying away installed. He pointed out that when the fraud became public, the harvested crop was rejected on the ground that the a Committee under the Chairmanship of Chief matter related to an inter-state dispute.22 Again next year Secretary decided to get the matter investigated by sending the same incident occurred and a similar Motion for a team for on the spot enquiry. He further alleged that the Adjournment was tabled on March 4, 1983. It was heard Government revoked the decision of the Committee to on admissibility but was rejected by the Speaker on the hush-up the fraud. The Minister for Harijan and Social request of the Government that discussion on the matter Welfare assured the House to get the matter investigated might lead to the deterioration of inter-state relations.23 The thoroughly and action against those found guilty.35 Despite intrusion from Haryana side was repeated again and on the Minister’s assurance, the Speaker referred the matter April 4, 1984, notice on the matter was once again moved. to the Committee on Public Undertakings and Corporations This time, despite the Government’s objection, the Speaker with the direction to submit a Special Report to the House heard it on admissibility and thereafter fixed forty five by the next session.36 No such report was tabled in the minutes discussion for April 12, 1984.24 On April 4, 1984, House till 1991. the Minister for Home had denied the involvement of In another case, a notice by Beni Prasad Verma and Haryana Police25 but on April 12, 1984, while replying to five others on July 23 1985 related to the sufferings of the the debate, the Minister admitted that the Haryana Police people due to seepage in canals.37 After the Minister’s reply, had provided cover to the intrusion of about one thousand the Speaker suo moto referred the matter to the Questions people from Haryana. He informed the House that the and Reference Committee.3838 Ibid., pp. 101 - 102. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 154 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

In the X Assembly, in 1989, a new method of selecting the 11. Rule 59, ibid. notices was introduced whereby upto a maximum of ten 12. Rule 58(l), ibid. notices are selected. 13. UPLAP, vol. 347, October 9, 1980, p. 895. An evaluation of the study reveals that though the 14. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 18, 1982, p. 1079. notices of Adjournment were too rarely admitted by the 15. UPLAP, vol. 361, March 9, 1983, pp. 579 - 580. Speaker but the few minutes required in disposing of the 16. UPLAP, Vol. 361, March 9, 1983, pp. 579 - 581. Motion served well the purpose of the members of drawing 17. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 17, 1982, p. 938. the attention of the Government, the House and the public 18. UPLAP, vol. 355, December 27, 1978, pp. 1244-45. to the grievances raised by them and in a fair number of 19. UPLAP, vol. 355, December 28, 1978, pp. 1440-41. cases succeeded in securing the Government’s response 20. UPLAP, vol. 361, March 7, 1983, p. 257. in some or the other form. There is no denying the fact that 21. UPLAP, vol. 361, March 9, 1983, p. 580. the attention of the Government and the public drawn 22. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 16, 1982, p. 779. towards the grievances in itself is not a small gain for the 23. UPLAP, vol. 361, March 4, 1983, pp. 90 - 92. member and his party. 24. UPLAP, vol. 367, April 4, 1984, pp. 64 - 68. References :- 25. UPLAP, vol. 367, April 4, 1984, p. 73. 1. Redlich, Josef, ‘The Procedure of the House of 26. UPLAP, vol. 367, April 12, 1984, pp. 108-116. Commons,’ Archibald Constable and Co. Ltd., London, 27. UPLAP, vol. 355, March 3, 1982, p. 1127. 1908, Vol. II,p. 249. 28. UPLAP, vol. 355, March 4, 1982, p. 1243. 2. Rule 56, UPLA Rules. 29. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 13, 1982, pp. 409 - 411. 3. Rule 57, i bid. 30. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 15, 1982, pp. 560,563-568. 4. Rule 57, ibid. 31. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 18, 1982, p. 1079. 5. Rule 58(2), ibid. 32. UPLAP, vol. 356, March 19, 1982, pp. 1227 - 1234. 6. Rule 58(3), ibid. 33. UPLAP, vol. 391, March 13, 1989, p. 117. 7. Rule 58(5), ibid. 34. UPLAP, vol. 391, March 14, 1989, pp. 94 - 99. 8. Rule 58(6), ibid. 35. UPLAP, vol. 367, April 4, 1984, p. 69. 9. Ibid. 36. UPLAP, Vol. 367, April 4, 1984, p. 73. 10. Rule 58(4), ibid. 37. UPLAP, vol. 370, July 23, 1985, pp. 92, 95.Lucknow.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 155 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah’s Political Career : A Study

* Javaid Ahmad Bhat

Abstract - Five miles to north of Srinagar, on the road to Ganderbal and Khirbhanwani Temple, there is a village called Soura. In this village Sheikh Abdullah was born, on December 05, 1905. He was a posthumous child of Sheikh Mohammed Ibrahim. As Sheikh Mohammed Ibrahim had died only fifteen days before his birth. He has six sons and last son was sheikh Abdullah. His ancestors were Muslim converts from a Brahmin family in 18th Century, they had settled at Soura, on the outskirts of the city of seven bridges, and were merchants trading in Shawls. Sheikh Abdullah grew up in Soura and received his early guidance form his eldest brother, Sheikh Mohiuddin, and from his pious mother. They were deeply religions and followed the tenets of Islam, offered prayers five times a day, and recited the Holy Quran, Sheikh Abdullah’s mother had great organizational ability and was a strict disciplinarian and survived her husband by thirty years. Sheikh Abdullah was a sensitive child and what he saw around him was poverty and injustice being perpetrated on the Muslims. If God was merciful, about which he had no doubt, He would surely deliver the down-trodden from the oppressiors. Sheikh Abdullah went to a Maktab to study the Holy Quran.

Introduction - Kashmiri Polymath and Lawyer Moulvi record that he trusted a shrewd Politician PanditJawarharlal Abdullah, his lectures motivated Sheikh Abdullah and other Nehru who made him believe to be his boson friend and educated Muslim youth to struggle for justice and that his where he made wrong decisions and was betrayed. fundamental rights. The caucus of opportunists around Sheikh Abdullah, an As a student at Aligarh Muslim University, he came in old lion now, convinced him of a political defeat and forced direct contact with Gandhi and Sarojini Naidu and was him to commit his life’s blunder by singing in famous 75 influenced by them with liberal and progressive ideas. He accord and accept whatever was being offered by became convinced that the feudal system was responsible Government of India. Unfortunately, Sheikh’s political history for the miseries of the Kashmiris and like all progressive that could have been written in golden words was archived nations of the world. Kashmir too should have a democrat- never to be mentioned again. ically elected government. Sheickh Abdullah’s only achievement as Prime Minister Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah Also known as “Lion of for six years of rule was the abolition of feudal land Kashmir” That is how he was known, a towering ownership, ‘Land to tiller’ as it was referred to, a step to hit personality, the undisputed, unchallenged, unrivalled and the Pandit landowners and DograRajputs very hard, who betrayed political leader. carried on entertaining grudge, sabotaged and scuttled his A nationalist, frequently imprisoned by Maharaja from every move thence forth. 1931, literate and illiterate Muslim majority made him very Unlike Maharaja Hari Singh, Sheikh Abdullah was in popular and the people as a whole visualized through him two minds. The former showed resilience to stay a very rosy political future. After returning, from Aligarh independent till the last moment but for the unfortunate Muslim University, he joined Government service as a intrusion of Pathan tribesmen from North West Frontier teacher bud soon gave up the job to join political struggle Province the Course of history would have been entirely against Maharaja. It is said, he was introduced to Jawaharlal different. The Maharaja was so adamant that he even Nehru in 1930 who offered him a hand of friendship which refused to entertain Mountbatten of Burma and managed cost Kashimiris very dearly. A charismatic leader, Sheikh to send him back to India empty-handed. Abdullah a dream like situation, was a crowd puller and in Maharaja and Nehru did not see eye to eye as Nehru spite of his weaknesses, was revered, loved and admired was stopped and arrested by Maharaja’s forces at Kohala for the inherent qualities, right or wrong, as a leader. to bar him from entering Kashmir. Maharaja and Apparently, an independent Kashmier as his dream and to impediment, Nehru laid a trap to entice Sheikh Abdullah achieve this objective he backed wrong horses. and leave the job of tackling the Maharaja the VP Menon Unfortunately, he lacked political acumen, had no vision supported by Mehar Chand Mahajan with the blessings of and was oblivious about the intricacies of politics. It is on Lord Mountbatten. Nehru also received unsolicited help * Research Scholar, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 156 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II from Mohamed Ali Jinnah and other leaders of Pakistan by the newly elected Assembly comes into being”. ignoring Abdullah’s stature and importance in the equation On June, 16, 1949, Sheikh Abdullah, MirzaAfzal Beg, that allowed him to be used by Nehru. Sheikh Abdullah MaulanaMasoodi and Moti Ram Bagda joined the suspected and given to understand that Kashmir acceding constituent Assembly by India. Negotiations began in to Pakistan surely meant his ouster from Kashmir Political earnest on Article 370. N. GopalaswamyAyyangar tried to Scene and dominance of Pakistain feudal lords to reconcile the differences between Patel and S. Abdullah. A marginalize the Kashmiri Population monopolizing the entire text, agreed on October 16, was moved in the constituent economic structure. Pandit Nehru Succeed with verbal Assembly the next day, unilaterally altered by Ayyangar. “A promises and a few gestures of political statements to trivial change” as he admitted in letter to the Sheikh Abdullah hoodwink sheikh as the latter used him leadership to control on October 18, 1949; Patel confirmed it to Nehru on the malleable mindset of Kashmiris to gain time for a military November 3, on his return from the United States. stronghold on Kashmir. A firm military grip on his ‘ancestral MirzaAbzal Beg had with drawn his amendment after the home’ was enough for Nehru to dispense with his accord. Sheikh Abdullah and he were in the lobby, and expandable friend accusing him of sedition or treason. rushed to the House when they learnt of the change. In its Sheikh Abdullah sensing the betrayal messed up his political original form the draft would have made the Sheikh’s Ouster future with empty roars in Kashmir and behaviour of a tamed in 1953 impossible. lion elsewhere in India: This was explicitly an accord on ‘Political Cooperation “The existence of Kashmir did not depend on Indian between us”, as Indira Gandhi wrote (December 16, 1974). money, trade, or defense forces, and did not expect any On February 12, 1975, Sheikh Abdullah recorded that it strings to be attached to Indian aid and threats. The taunts provided “a good basis for my cooperation at the political would not intimidate into servile submission.” level”. In parliament on March 3, 1975, she called it a “new Sheikh Abdullah received an overwhelming public political understanding”. He was made Chief Minister on support that he did not seem to respect or understand, and February 24, 1975, backed by the congress majority in the unfortunately, sold Kashmir cheaply second time after the Assembly and on the understanding of a fresh election soon. British traded Kashmir for a paltry sum to Maharaja Gulab Sheikh Abdullah memoirs Aatish-e-Chinar (Urdu) record his Singh in the year 1846. back tracking, on the pledge and congress perfidy in March Nehru discarded him to shred the ‘Umbilical Cord’ to 1977 when the lost the LokSabha elections. It withdrew pieces and would “Shuttle him from one Jail to another for support and staked a claim to form a government. the next twenty two years. The coup authorized by Nehru Governors Rules was imposed. The Sheikh Abdullah’s justifying the action that Sheikh had autocratic methods National Conference won the elections with a resounding which resulted in the loss of the majority of his cabinet, majority on the pledge to restore Jommu and Kashmir’s caused trauma to the electorate’. This is some what puzzling autonomy, which was also farooq’s pledge in 1996. The for the people of Kashmir to comprehend and fail to 1975 accord had collapsed. understand asking, why on earth did Sheikh Abdullah Keep Sheikh Abdullah’s warning in 1952, that “any suggestion on trusting Nehru or what was the compulsion, He had the of altering arbitrarily this basis of our relationship with India whole population behind him for all his rights and wrongs would not only constitute a breach of the spirit and letter of and that is where he derived his strength, but that did not the constitution, but if may invite serious consequences for seem to be enough and he failed to understand that Nehru a harmonious association of our state with India”, fell on mesmerized him to legitimize his plan to answer any deaf ears and from Nehru to Jagmohan all left no stone questions those would be asked on an international level, unturned to erode. The relationship that Sheikh Abdullah had Nehru simply banked or Hari Singh’s purported had, apparently, developed with his mentor, Nehru. ‘instrument of Accession’. Moreover, people of Kashmir By 1953 Sheikh Abdullah realized India’s other were pained to see sheikh’s continued and persistent trust interactions and started objecting to any interference from reposed in someone who stabbed him in the back many Indian Government. He reminded Nehru of his promise of times over. independence for his country and this fragile and temporary The people of Kashmir are grapping with the notion to friendship did not last very long and Nehru in his first understand their ‘Lion’ to remain of faithful to Pandit Nehru opportunity arrested Sheikh Abdullah on 9th August, 1953 even after being put behind bars and later banished from and installed a puppet regime of BakshiGnulam the state for more than two decades. Mohammed. Sheikh Abdullah was released in 1970 and Sheikh Abdullah had no cards to play when he the geographical political change in the sub-continent, concluded an Accord with Indira Gandhi and become Chief through emergence of Bangladesh in 1971, brought a lot Minister on February 24, 1975, at the outset, on August 23, of disappointment for Sheikh Abdullah and the people of 1974, he had written to G. Parthasarathy, “I hope that I have Kashmir. This time he was again hood winked not by Nehru made it abundantly clear to you that I can assume office but his daughter Prime Minister of India MrsIndra Gandhi only on the basis of the position as it existed on August 8, by making him sign an accord known as “75 accord,” and 1953, judgment on the changes since “will be deferred until also known as Kashmir Accord,” a legalistic document which Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 157 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gives somehow to the government and pays lip service to 5. Jalal, Ayesha.The State of Martial Rule. Cambridge: Kashmiri autonomy at the same time. Cambridge University Press. References : - 6. Kachru, B.B. Kashmiri Literature. Wiesbaden: Otto 1. Syed TaffazullHussain (2008): Sheikh Abdullah - A bi- Harrassowitz. ography. Wordclay.Indianapolis.IN. 7. Kaul, R.N. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah . New Delhi: 2. Justice A.S. Anand (2006) The Constitution of Jammu Sterling Publishers. and Kashmir. Universal Law Publishing Co. 8. Lamb, A.The Kashmir Problem . London: Routledge & 3. Gilmartin, David. Empire and Islam . Berkeley: Uni- Kegan Paul. versity of California Press. 9. A.G. Noorani (2006), “Nehru’s legacy in foreign affairs”. 4. Jagmohan.My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir. New Frontline Volume Volume 23 - Issue 15: July 29 Au- Delhi : Allied. gust 11, 2006

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Jr. No. 64728) 159 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II emgZH$mb _{ß 1861 H$m{ [wobg E∑Q> H$m{ bmJy oH$`m J`m, Om{ AmO ^r [wobg ‡emgZ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ _mZdmoYH$ma, gßajU, ‡]ßY, ^maVr` [wobg H$r ar∂T> H$m ÒVß^ h¢& AmO O] h_ [wobg gßÒH•$oV H$r ]mV oZ`ßÃU h{Vw ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm h°& H$aV{ h¢& V] h_{ß Bg ]mV H$m ‹`mZ aIZm MmohE oH$ ^maVr` JUVßÃ H{$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2 (X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) gßodYmZ _{ß h_Z{ [wobg T>mßM{ H$m{ o]Zm oH$gr [nadV©Z H{$ `WmdV ÒdrH$ma AV: oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß AoYH$mße oH$`m h°& AßJ´{O `hm∞ am¡` H$aV{ W{ Am°a [wobg CZH{$ Bg C‘{Ì` _{ß ghm`H$ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H{$ _V _{ß [m`m J`m oH$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r ajm H$aZm d g_mO Wr& AV: [wobg _{ß oOg gßÒH•$oV H$m O›_ hwAm, dh Bg _yb^yV ^mdZm g{ _{ß emßoV H$mZyZ d Ï`dÒWm ]ZmE aIZm gß]ßYr OmZH$mar [wobg od^mJ `w∫$ Wr Am°a `ht ^mdZm AmO H{$ ‡OmVmßoÃH$ g_mO _{ß [wobg Am°a OZVm H{$ H$m{ ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& ]rM gßX{h Am°a EH$ bÂ]r Xyar ]ZmE hwE h°& o]óQ>e H$mbrZ [wobg Ï`dÒW VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 3 "oS>dmBQ> E S> Í$b' [a AmYmnaV Wr Am°a OZVm _{ß AmVßH$ \°$bmZ{ dmbr Wr& _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ CÑßKZ `m hZZ g{ gß]ßoYV ‡H$aUm{ß gß]ßYr oddaU Cg g_` ^maV _mVm H$r O` Am°a oVaßJ{ P S{>ß H$r O` H$r AmdmO ]wb›X H´$.$H´$.$H´$.$ ‡H$aUm{ß H$m oddaU Amd•oV ‡oVeV H$aZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$ H$m{ H$mamJma _{ß S>mb X{Zm d X{e –m{hr H$ama X{Zm [wobg H$m 01 Mm{ar 19 38.00 Xmo`Àd Wm& Bg Vah Cg g_` [wobg H$r ^yo_ H$m X_ZmÀ_H$ Wr oH$›Vw 02 hÀ`m 03 06.00 ÒdVßÃ ^maV H{$ ]XbV{ [nad{e d ZmJnaH$ gwajm d ZmJnaH$ gwajm d gßajU 03 A[haU 08 16.00 H$r AdYmaUm H{$ AßVJ©V [wobg H$r `h ^yo_H$m H$Xmo[ ›`m` gßJV d VH©$ 04 S>H°$Vr 07 14.00 gßJV Zht H$ht$ Om gH$Vr& [wobg H$_©Mmna`m{ß _{ß A[Z{ emßV aIZ{, OZVm 05 byQ>/_ma[rQ> 13 26.00 H{$ gÂ_mZ [yd©H$ Ï`dhma H$aZ{ VWm OZVm H{$ gm_Z{ A[Z{ H$m_ H$m{ `Wm Hw$b `m{J 50 100 gß^d o‡` ]ZmZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ CoMV C[m` H$aZ{ H$r H$_r [mB© OmVr h¢& Hw$N> oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß AoYH$mße [wobg H$_©Mmar Mmh{ CZH$r gßª`m Wm{∂S>r hr h¢, Om∞M H{$ Xm°amZ [wobg Aoâjm CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m _V h¢ oH$ _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ CÑßKZ d hZZ g{ gß]ßoYV _{ß bm{Jm{ß H$r gmW H´$ya VarH{$ A[ZmV{ h¢, oOg{ dh A[Z{ ^mfm _{ß "WS©> oS>J´r' ‡H$aUm{ß _{ß Mm{ar H{$ ‡H$aU d byQ>/_ma[rQ> H{$ ‡H$aU g]g{ AoYH$ AmV{ h°& VarH$m H$hV{ h°& Bgr H$m{ [wobg gßÒH•$oV H$hV{ h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 4 [wobg e„X H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ AW© - [wobg e„X H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ AW© CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m ‡H$aUm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ gß]ßYr oddaU h°- H´$.$H´$.$H´$.$ ‡H$aUm{ß H$m g_mYmZ Amd•oV ‡oVeV P ([r) = [m{bmBQ> (odZ_´) 01 A[amYr H$m{ oJa‚Vma 18 36.00 O (Am{){ = Am{o]S{>Q> (AmkmH$mar) 02 oZÓ[j OmßM H$admH$a 17 34.00 L(Eb) = bm`b (odÌdmg[mÃ) 03 odam{Yr [jm{ß H$m{ g_PZm 04 08.00 I (AmB©) = BßQ{>brO{›Q> (]wo’_mZ) 04 [ro∂S>Vm{ß H$m{ ghmZw^yoV/gmßÀdZm X{H$a 03 06.00 C (gr) = H$a{oO`g (gmhgr) 05 A[amYr H$m{ gOm/X S> oXbdmZm 08 16.00 E (B©) = Eo\$og`›Q> (Xj) Hw$b `m{J 50 100 ‡ÒVwV A‹`m` _{ß A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß _mZd AoYH$ma H$m [wobg ‡emgZ oZÓH$f©V: `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ AoYH$mße CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H{$ _V _{ß H$r —oÓQ> _{ß [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° VWm BZ ‡`mgm{ß [m`m J`m oH$ _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ CÑßKZ d hZZ g{ gß]ßoYV ‡H$aUm{ß H{$ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß [wobg ‡emgZ H$m —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m g_mYmZ A[amYr H$m{ oJa‚Vma H$aH{$ d oZÓ[j OmßM H$admH$a A[amYr J`m h°& Bg A‹`m` H{$ AßVJ©V _mZd AoYH$ma H$m [wobg ‡emgZ H$r H$m{ gOm d X S> oXbdmH$a ‡H$aUm{ß H$m g_mYmZ oH$`m OmVm h°& —oÓQ> _{ß [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ß H{$ A‹``Z _{ß [wobg ‡emgZ H$r _mZdmoYH$mam{ß oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ _{ß gß[yU© g_ßH$m{ß g{ `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ _mZd H{$ gßajU oH$g ‡H$ma ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm h°, [wobg ‡emgZ H$m{ H$m°Z-H$m°Z AoYH$mam{ß H$m ‡^md ]mbmKmQ> oOb{ H{$ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© [a [∂S> gr OmZH$mar _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡XmZ H$r JB©, _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ahm h°& _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ VhV≤ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ b{Z{ g{ BZH$r CÑßKZ `m hZZ g{ gß]ßoYV oH$g ‡H$ma H{$ ‡H$aU AmV{ h° Edß ‡H$aUm{ß H$m gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, e°joUH$ Edß amOZroVH$ oÒWoV`m{ß _{ß [nadV©Z Am g_mYmZ oH$g ‡H$ma oH$`m OmVm h¢ VWm AmoXdmog`m{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$r ahm h¢ VWm AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m gßMma d A[Z{ oH$g hX VH$ _XX Edß gh`m{J H$aV{ h° BZ g^r [a ‡H$me S>mbZ{ H$m AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a ah{ h° CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m{ _mZd AoYH$mam{ß ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& dÒVwV: `h A‹`m` A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r OmZH$mar J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß, g_mMma [Ãm{ß, Q>r.dr, a{oS>`m{ß, oejm A‹``Z H$m [wobg ‡emgZ H$r —oÓQ> _{ß [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ß g{ dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m{ g{ ‡m· hm{ ahr h° Am{°a `{ _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡gma-‡Mma _{ß Ah_≤ ^yo_H$m g_PZ{ _{ß [`m©· ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$a{ßJm& oZ^mV{ h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 1(X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$m [wobg ‡emgZ H$r —oÓQ> _{ß [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{ß H{$ oZÓH$f©V: C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ g_ßH$m{ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ AoYH$mße AßVJ©V [wobg ‡emgZ _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU _{ß ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm h° CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m _V h° oH$ [wobg ‡emgZ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU _{ß d AoYH$mam{ß H$r gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h° VWm AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ _mZd AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& AZwgyoMV AoYH$mam{ß H{$ obE g_mO _{ß emßoV H$mZyZ d Ï`dÒWm ]Zm`{ aIZm A[Zr OZOmoV H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z oH$`m OmVm h°, AZwgyoMV oOÂ_{Xmar g_PVm h¢ òX AoYH$mam{ß H$m CÑßKZ d hZZ hm{Vm h° Vm{ BgH{$ OZOmoV H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ C›_ybZ oH$ oXem _{ß ‡`mg H$aVm ahVm h° VWm obE [wobg ‡emgZ A[amYr H$m{ oJa‚Vma H$aVr h° d ‡H$aUm{ß H$m oZÓ[j Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 160 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

OmßM H$admH$a [ro∂S>Vm{ß H$m{ g_PmH$a `m gmßÀdZm X{H$a A[amYr H$m{ gOm gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- d X S> oXbdmVr h°& _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU _{ß OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß Edß gm_moOH$ H$m`©H$Vm© H{$ ¤mam AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ odH$mg 1. AVa M›X, (1985) - _mZd AoYH$ma, ZmJnaH$ ÒdVßÃVmE{ß Am°a _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mV{ h° VWm CZ_{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m gßMma H$aH{$ amOZroV - Ωbm{]b gd} oXÎbr, UBH [o„bea& `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ oXbmV{ h°& 2. AJ´dmb, oJnaOmeaU 1999 - [wobg H$mZyZ VWm _mZd AoYH$ma gwPmd - Am`m{J C0‡0& 1. _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$r ‡mo· H{$ ob`{ gd©‡W_ oejm H$m ‡gma-‡Mma 3. AOw©Z X{d, 1998 - _mZd AoYH$ma em{Y J´›W, amÓQ≠>r` e{ojH$ oH$`m OmZm MmohE& oOgg{ OZOmJ•oV Edß M{VZm H$m odH$mg hm{& AZwgßYmZ Am°a ‡oejU [nafX ZB© oXÑr° 2. _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m g_woMV ‡`m{J oH$`m OmZm MmohE& 4. S>m∞. Òdm_r _rZmjr (2000) - _mZdmoYH$ma gßajU Edß [wobg - 3. _mZdmoYH$mam{ß g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar H{$ obE J´m_rU ÒVam{ß [a ‡H$meH$ C-H-78 EM. Am`. Or. XrZX`mb ZJa gwIob`m BßXm°a OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ H$m`©H´$_ MbmZm MmohE& _.‡.& 4. _mZd AoYH$mam{ß g{ CZH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Edß C[`m{oJVm Xm{Zm{ß g{ 5. S>m∞. Q>r.[r. oÃ[mR>r (2005) - _mZd AoYH$ma, bm∞ EO{ßgr AdJV H$amZm MmohE& [o„bH{$eZ, Bbmhm]mX&

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 161 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II d°ÌdrH$ `wJ _{ß C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ma Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ

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‡ÒVmdZm - d°ÌdrH$aU e„X H$m ‡`m{J AW©emoÛ`m{ß H{$ ¤mam 1980 g{ ÒWmZr` ]mOmam{ß, gw[a _mH}$Q> `m Am∞ZbmBZ XwH$mZm{ß g{ H´$` H$aVm h° `h oH$`m OmVm ahm h°& oHß$Vw g_mO H{$ gßX^© _{ß d°ÌdrH$aU H$r Ï`doÒWV gm_m›`V: Xm{ ‡H$ma H{$ hm{V{ h¢ Ï`mª`m am{]Q©>gZ Z{ 1992 _{ß H$r Wr& dhr ^maV _{ß d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ewÍ$AmV ‡W_, Om{ H$r_V X{H$a dÒVwEß IarXVm h°& 1991 _{ß hwB© Wr & V] ZaogÂhamd X{e H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr W{ Am°a _Z_m{hZogßh o¤Vr`, Om{ H$r_V H$r EdO≤ _{ß g{dmEß ‡m· H$aVm h°& odŒm _ßÃr& `hr g{ AmoW©H$ Zd`wJ H$m gyÃ[mV hwAm Wm& Bg AdÒWm oH$ ^maV _{ß C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ma ode{fVm `h h° oH$ `h A[Z{ Z`{ AdVma _{ß ]mOma AW©Ï`dÒWm ]Z JB©& ^maV _{ß C[^m{∫$m Am›Xm{bZ H$m{ oXem 1966 _{ß O{AmaS>r Q>mQ>m H{$ Bg_{ß am¡`m{ß H$m{ `h AoYH$ma o_b J`m oH$ H{$›–r` `m{OZm AW©Ï`dÒWm Z{V•Àd _{ß Hw$N> C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß ¤mam C[^m{∫$m gßajU H{$ VhV \{$à ‡°o∑Q>g H{$ A›VJ©V d{ A[Zr odŒmr` oÒWoV _{ß [nadV©Z H$a gH{$ß& `h ZB© Ï`dÒWm Egm{ogEeZ _wß]B© _{ß ÒWmo[V H$r JB© Am°a BgH$r emImEß Hw$N> ‡_wI eham{ß Bg ^mßoV oZ`ßoÃV AW©Ï`dÒWm g{ gßKr` AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß ]Xb JB© & _{ß ÒWmo[V H$r JB™& BgH{$ ]mX Òd`ßg{dr gßJR>Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß J´mhH$ [ßMm`V d°ÌdrH$a m d°g{ Vm{ _yb Í$[ g{ AmoW©H$ ‡oH´$`m h° b{oH$Z Ï`m[H$Vm Z{ H$r ÒWm[Zm ]rE_ Om{er ¤mam 1974 _{ß [wU{ _{ß H$r JB©& VÀ[ÌMmV≤ am¡`m{ß Ïò∫$ g{ b{H$a g_mO, gßÒH•$oV, Y_©, ]mOma AmoX H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m h°{& _{ß C[^m{∫$m H$Î`mU h{Vw gßÒWmAm{ß H$m JR>Z hwAm& Bg ‡H$ma C[^m{∫$m d°ÌdrH$aU Z{ ]mOmadmX H$m{ [am{j Am°a A[am{j Í$[ g{ [m{ofV oH$`m, AmßXm{bZ AmJ{ ]T>Vm ahm& 9 oXgÂ]a 1986 H$m{ VÀH$mbrZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr oOgH$r [naUoV h_{ß ]hwCÀ[mXZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡À`j oXImB© X{Vr h¢& AV: amOrd JmßYr H$r [hb [a C[^m{∫$m gßajU odY{`H$ gßgX Z{ [mnaV oH$`m ]hwCÀ[mXZ H$m{ I[mZ{ H{$ obE odÒV•V ]mOma Am°a AoYH$moYH$ C[^m{∫$m Am°a amÓQ≠>[oV ¤mam hÒVmjnaV hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX X{eâ _{ß C[^m{∫$m gßaj m [a_mdÌ`H$ hm{V{ h° BgH$r Bgr AmdÌ`H$Vm oH$ [yoV© H{$ Í$[ _{ß [yam odÌd AoYoZ`_ bmJy hwAm& Bg AoYoZ`_ _{ß 1993 Edß 2002 _{ß _hÀd[yU© EH$ em∞o[ßJ H$m∞Âflb{∑g H{$ Í$[ _{ß Câ ahm h°& oOgg{ XwoZ`m â H{$ bm{Jm{ß gßem{YZ oH$E JE& BZ gßem{YZm{ß H{$ ]mX `h EH$ gab VWm gwJ_ _{ß odo^fiVm hm{V{ hwE ^r EH$ O°g{ gmßM{ _{ß T>b OmV{ h¢ Am°a Bg d°ÌdrH$Vm AoYoZ`_ hm{ J`m h°& Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AYrZ [mnaV AmX{em{ß H$m [mbZ H$r EH$ Am°a ]S>r ode{fVm `h h° oH$ `h ododYVm H$m ^r A[Z{ _{ß g_md{e Z oH$E OmZ{ [a Ymam 27 H{$ AYrZ H$mamdmg Edß X S> VWm Ymam 25 H{$ H$a b{Vr h°& `h ‡oH´$`m oOg gßÒH•$oV H$m{ XwoZ`mâ _{ß [am{gVr h° dh VhV Hw$H$r© H$m ‡mdYmZ ^r oH$`m J`m h°& ÒWmZr` gßÒH•$oV H$m{ [aÂamJV Am°a A‡mgßoJH$ ]VmH$a CgH{$ ‡oV C[^m{∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986 H$r Ymam 6 H{$ A›VJ©V K•Um^md H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h°& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß H$m{B© `h Zht X{IVm oH$ A_wH$ C[^m{∫$mAmßß{ H{$ oZÂZoboIV AoYH$mam{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h° Ïò∫$ H$m{ Bg dÒVw, g{dm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° `m Zht ∑`m{ßoH$ g_mO H{$ 1. gwajm H$m AoYH$ma, E{g{ _mb Om{ OrdZ Am°a gÂ[oŒm H{$ obE obE `h g]Hw$N> A⁄m{ofV ÒQ{>Q>g ogÂ]m{b H$r Vah hm{ OmVm h¢ & bm{J o]Zm hmoZH$maH$ hm{ Cg{ ]mOma _{ß ^{OZ{ VWm ]{MZ{ dmbm{ß H{$ odÍ$‹X H$ma©dmB© ¡`mXm gm{M{ß g_P{ C[^m{∫$mXr gßÒH•$oV _{ß brZ hm{Z{ bJV{ h¢& AoYH$moYH$ H$aZm VWm C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m gßajU H$aZm& C[^m{J H$aZm E{oVhmogH$ Vœ` ]Z OmVm h°& ]mV `h h° oH$ d°ÌdrH$ dÒVw 2. gyoMV oH$E OmZ{ H$m AoYH$ma, AZwoMV Ï`m[ma g{ C[^m{∫$m H$m{ H$m C[^m{J CgH$r C[`m{oJVm H{$ AmYma [a H$_ Ao[Vw ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ AoYH$ gßajU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE _mb H$r JwUdŒmm, _mÃm, j_Vm, ew‹XVm hm{Vm h° Om{ odkm[Z XwoZ`m H{$ H$maU gß^d hwAm& CXmhaUmW© Q{>brodOZ, d _yÎ` H{$ ]ma{ _{ß gyoMV oH$`m OmZm AoZdm`© oH$`m J`m& g_mMma [Ãm{ß AmoX _{ß Jm{a{[Z H{$ odkm[Zm{ß Z{ `wdm dJ© ode{fH$a H$_ Jm{a{ 3. gwZdmB© H$m AoYH$ma, `h AmÌdÒV H$aZm oH$ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ ohVm{ß `m H$mb{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß Jm{a{ hm{Z{ H$m AZmdÌ`H$ CÀgmh CÀ[fi oH$`m O]oH$ `h [a gj_ _ßMm{ß [a gÂ`H$≤ Í$[ g{ odMma oH$`m OmEJm, oOg{ h_ gd©odoXV h° Ïò∫$ H$m aßJ, CgH$m O°odH$ JwU h° oOg_{ß [nadV©Z 10, Hß$Ò`w_a god©g H{$ Í$[ _{ß g_P gH$V{ h¢& 20, 50, 100, 500 `m Bgg{ ^r ¡`mXm Í$[E _{ß o_bZ{ dmb{ H´$r_m{ß g{ 4. joV[yoV© [mZ{ H$m AoYH$ma, AZwoMV Ï`m[mnaH$ Ï`dhmamß{ß Edß gÂ^d Zht h° ]mdOyX BgH{$ _mÃ Òd`ß H{$ bm^ H{$ obE _ÎQ>rZ{eZb ]∂T>- C[^m{∫$m H$r R>Jr H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß CoMV joV[yoV© H$r Ï`dÒWm H$aVm M∂T> H$a Bg Ym{ImY∂S>r Ï`m[ma H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ AmE oXZ ZrV ZE VarH{$ h°& ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°∂& 5. oejm H$m AoYH$ma, C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m ]m{Y H$amZm AmO X{e H$m ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ C[^m{∫$m h°, Mmh{ dh oH$gr ^r dJ© `m d OmJÍ$H$ ]ZmZm, VmoH$ d{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H$m ghr ‡`m{J H$a Am`w H$m hm{& dh A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r dÒVwEß Edß g{dmEß hmQ> ]mOmam{ß, gH{$ß& * ‡mMm`©, gw^mf `mXd _{_m{na`b oS>J´r _hmod⁄mb`, ]m{amdmß (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 162 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

6. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma, C[^m{∫$m oOZ dÒVwAm{ß `m g{dmAm{ß H$m{ H´$` H$aVm AmH$medmUr Am°a E\$.E_. ÒQ{>eZm{ß H{$ OnaE ‡Mma - AmH$medmUr, h° CgH{$ ]ma{ _{ß Cg{ gyMZm [mZ{ H$m AoYH$ma h°& O] h_ oH$gr dÒVw X{e H$r bJ^J 99: OZgßª`m VH$ [hwßMZ{ H$m Ao¤Vr` Am`m_ ‡XmZ H$m{ IarXV{ h¢ Vm{ CgH{$ [°H{$Q> [a Hw$N> OmZH$mna`mß [mV{ h¢ `{ Cg dÒVw H$aVm h° Am°a a{oS>`m{ g{Q> H$r gab dhZr`Vm H{$ H$maU ‡dmgr OZgßª`m _{ß emo_b [XmWm~, _yÎ`m{ß, ]°M gßª`m, CgH{$ CoMV ‡`m{J H$r AßoV_ Am°a oZ_m©U lo_H$m{ß H{$ gmW-gmW I{oVha _OXya Am°a oH$gmZ Om{ ‡m`: oVoW, _mh, oZ_m©U H$r VmarI VWm dÒVw ]ZmZ{ dmb{ H{$ [V{ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß A[Z{ gmW a{oS>`m{ g{Q> H$m{ H$m`© j{Ã/oZ_m©U ÒWb [a b{ OmV{ h¢, VH$ [hwßM hm{Vr h¢ & H$m EH$ ‡^mdr _ßM ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& ‡Mma H{$ _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß E\$.E_. 7. MwZZ{ H$m AoYH$ma, C[^m{∫$m H$m{ oH$gr ^r Vah H$r dÒVw `m g{dm H{$ ÒQ{>eZm{ß Z{ AÀòYH$ ‡JoV H$r h°& BgobE odkm[Z Am°a —Ì` ‡Mma odo^fi odH$Î[m{ß _{ß g{ MwZmd H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· h°& oZX{emb` ¤mam [°Zb]’ oH$E JE AmH$medmUr H{$ E\$.E_ÒQ{>eZm{ß H{$ 8. ÒdÒW dmVmaU H$m AoYH$ma, Bg_{ß C[^m{∫$m H$m{ H´$` h{Vw CoMV gmW-gmW oZOr E\$ E_ ÒQ{>eZm{ß H$m C[`m{J ^r "OmJm{ J´mhH$ OmJm{' H{$ dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$aZm odH´{$Vm H$m H$V©Ï` h° oOgg{ C[^m{∫$m ghr VhV MbmE Om ah{ ‡Mma Ao^`mZ H{$ obE g_woMV Í$[ g{ oH$`m Om ahm h°& odH$Î[ H$m M`Z H$a gH{$& [ydm}Œma am¡`m{ß _{ß ‡Mma - [ydm}Œma am¡`m{ß H{$ XyaXe©Z H{$›–m{ß H{$ OnaE C[^m{∫$m oddmX g_mYmZ H$r Ï`dÒWm - C[^m{∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_, ÒWmZr` ^mfm _{ß gßX{e H$r [hwßM gwoZoÌMV H$r OmVr h°& l•Ï` H{$ gmW- 1986 _{ß C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r oeH$m`Vm{ß H{$ oZdmaU h{Vw ∂oÃÒVar` A’©© ›`mo`H$ gmW —Ì` Ò[m∞Q>m{ß H$m{ ÒWmZr` ^mfmAm{ß, ImgVm°a [a [ydm}Œma j{Ãm{ß H$r ^mfmEß ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ J`{ h¢ (VmobH$m X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) O°g{ oH$ Ag_r, Imgr, Jmam{, o_Om{, _oU[war, ZmJm, _{ß Am∞oS>`m{ Am°a droS>`m{ C[^m{∫$m gßajU \$m{a_m{ß _{ß oeH$m`Vm{ß H{$ oZdmaU H$r oÒWoV(VmobH$m V°`ma oH$`m J`m h°& Ao^`mZ H$m{ [ydm©Œma j{Ã VH$ [hwßMmZ{ H{$ obE [ydm}Œma X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) j{Ã H{$ AmH$medmUr H{$›–m{ß, [ydm}Œma j{Ã H{$ E\$ E_ M°Zbm{ß Am°a [ydm}Œma VmobH$m g{ odoXV hm{Vm h° oH$ C[^m{∫$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986 j{Ãm{ß H{$ gßÒH$aUm{ß dmb{ g_mMma [Ãm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m Om ahm h°& H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX Bg oXem _{ß ›`m` ‡m· hwAm h° oH$›Vw ‡ÌZ `h h° oH$ AmCQ>S>m{a _m‹`_ g{ ‡Mma - ^maV O°g{ odemb X{e _{ß C[^m{∫$mAm{ß VH$ oOZ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß Z{ A[Z{ oddmXm{ß H$r oeH$m`V \$m{a_ _{ß H$a ›`m` ‡m· [hwßMZ{ H{$ obE AmCQ>S>m{a ‡Mma oH$gr ^r _ÎQ>r _roS>`m ‡Mma Ao^`mZ H$m oH$`m O]oH$ BgH{$ od[arV Agßª` C[^m{∫$m E{g{ h° Om{ Bg H$mZyZ H{$ ]ma{ EH$ Ao^›Z AßJ h°& odkm[Z Am°a —Ì` ‡Mma oZX{emb` H{$ OnaE C[b„Y _{ß oH$gr ^r Vah H$r ‡mWo_H$ OmZH$mar Zht aIV{ h¢& _roS>`m O°g{ E∑g{g H$mS©>, Eà[m{Q©> (hm{oS™>J/`yoZ[m{b), ]g A»m{ß [a C[^m{∫$m OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ - C[^m{∫$m _m_bm{ß H{$ od^mJ ¤mam df© AmoS>`m{ odkm[Z, ]m{oS™>J [mg, o]Ó [°Zb, ]g ∑`y e{ÎQ>a, oS>Ò[b{ ]m{S©> 2005 g{ C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ AoYH$ma Edß oOÂ_{Xmna`m{ß g{ gÂ]ßoYV ododY (a{bd{ ÒQ{>eZ), o]Obr H$m o]b, JmZQ≠>rg, Eb gr S>r/Eb B© S>r/flbm¡_m [jm{ß [a X{e Ï`m[r _ÎQ>r_roS>`m OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ gßMmobV H$a ahm Q>r dr ÒH´$rZ, a{bd{ Q≠>{Z [°Zb, _{Q≠>m{ Q≠>{Z BÀ`moX H$m ‡Mma Ao^`mZ H{$ obE h°& "OmJm{ J´mhH$ OmJm{" A] Ka-Ka ‡MmnaV hm{ J`m h°& hmb hr _{ß Am°foY g_woMV Í$[ g{ C[`m{J oH$`m J`m& gß]ßYr Z{eZb \$m_m©Ò`yoQ>H$b ‡mBqgJ AWm∞naQ>r (EZ.[r.[r.E.) H{$ gmW amÓQ≠>r` C[^m{∫$m h°Î[bmB©Z (EZ.gr.EM.) - oXÑr odÌdod⁄mb` o_bH$a q‡Q> _roS>`m _{ß gß`w∫$ ‡Mma Ao^`mZ Mbm`m Om ahm h°& g{ EH$ amÓQ≠>r` C[^m{∫$m h°Î[bmBZ gßMmobV H$r Om ahr Wr, oOg{ _B©, C[^m{∫$m OmJÍ$H$Vm Ao^`mZ H$m H$m`m©›d`Z lÏ` Edß —Ì` ‡Mma 2014 H{$ Xyga{ g·mh g{ ^maVr` bm{H$ ‡emgZ gßÒWmZ oÒWV C[^m{∫$m oZX{emb` (S>r.E.dr.[r.), XyaXe©Z Z{Q>dH©$ (S>r.S>r.) Am°a Am∞b BßoS>`m A‹``Z H{$›– ¤mam gßMmobV oH$`m Om ahm h°& X{e â H{$ C[^m{∫$m Q>m∞b a{oS>`m{ (E.AmB©.Ama.) H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oH$`m OmVm h°& o[N>b{ [mßM dfm{™ H{$ \´$r Zß0 1800-11-4000 `m gßoj· H$m{S> 14404 [a H$m∞b H$aH{$ CZ Xm°amZ Ao^`mZ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß df©dma Am]ßQ>Z Am°a IM© H$m oddaU VmobH$m g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß [am_e© b{ gH$V{ h¢ Om{ EH$ C[^m{∫$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß odo^›Z _{ß oX`m J`m h° - j{Ãm{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß CZH{$ gm_Z{ AmVr h¢& `h g{dm AßJ´{Or Am°a oh›Xr _{ß o[N>b{ [mßM dfm{™ H{$ Xm°amZ C[^m{∫$m OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß df©dma C[b„Y h°& Am]ßQ>Z Am°a IM© (H$am{∂S> Í$[E _{ßß{) BZ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ am¡` gaH$mam{ß VWm ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ ¤mam H´$H´$H´$ df©df©df© AmdßQ>Z Ï`` ^r C[^m{∫$m OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r oXem _{ß ‡`mg oH$`{ OmV{ h°, oH$›Vw dV©_mZ 1 2011-12 87.23 85.73 d°oÌdH$ `wJ _{ß [aÂ[amJV ]mOmam{ß H{$ g_mZmßVa EH$ Am∞ZbmBZ em∞o[ßJ 2 2012-13 58.00 66.46 H$ÎMa ^r ]hwV V{Or g{ ]∂T> ahm h° oOg_{ß Ïò∫$ Ka ]°R{> EH$ [{Z g{ b{H$a 3 2013-14 71.00 68.07 H$ma VH$ IarX ahm h° Bg_{ß ^r R>Jr oeH$m`V{{ß g_mMma [Ãm{ß _{ß oXImB© X{Vr 4 2014-15 76.47 71.50 h°& d°oÌdH$ `wJ _{ß ]mOma ]hwV hr V{O JoV g{ odH$ogV hm{ ah{ h° oOgH$m 5 2015-16 80.00 71.30 H{$›– o]›Xw AoYH$moYH$ bm^mO©Z h° `{ bm^mO©Z ÒWmZr` H$Â[oZ`m{ß g{ 6 2016-17 60.00 51.34(31.12.16 VH$) b{H$a _ÎQ>r Z{eZb VH$ odÒV•V h°& C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$m{ MmohE oH$ A[Z{ (Ûm{V-dmof©H$ ‡oVd{XZ 2016-17, C[^m{∫$m _m_bm{{ß H$m _ßÃmb`) AoYH$mam{{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hm{ gmW hr gaH$mam{ß H$m{ BZ AoYH$mamß{ H{$ XyaXe©Z H{$ OnaE Ao^`mZ - XyaXe©Z (S>r.S>r.) H$r EH$ _hÀd[yU© oH´$`m›dZ H$m AZwldU g_` g_` [a H$aZm hm{Jm oOgg{ ]mOma H{$ ^m°Jm{obH$ [hwßM h°& [ya{ ehar-J´m_rU OZgßª`m _{ß BgH{$ odo^›Z ‡H$ma gmW C[^m{∫$m ^r gßVwÓQ> ah{& H{$ Xe©H$ h¢& S>r.S>r. "OmJm{ J´mhH$ OmJm{' Ao^`mZ H{$ obE _wª` Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ _m‹`_ ]Z MwH$m h°& S>r.S>r. X{e H{$ J´m_rU Am°a XyaÒW ^mJm{ß H{$ _hÀd[yU© 1. Bhaduri, Amit, Deepak Nayyar, The Intelligent Person’s j{Ãm{ß H{$ bojV lm{VmAm{ß VH$ [hwßMZ{ _{ß od^mJ H$m{ gj_ ]ZmVm h°& Guide to Liberalization, Penguin Books, 1996 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 163 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

2. Singh, Yogendra, Cultural Change in India, Rawat Pub- 6. Xm{er, Eg. Eb., AmYwoZH$ g_mOemÛr` odMmaH$, amdV lication, Jaipur, 2000 [o„bH{$eZ, O`[wa & 3. gwYra [Mm°ar, Ambm{MZm H{$ AmJ{, amYmH•$ÓU, 2001 7. g°Ê`X gr_m, d°ÌdrH$ C[^m{∫$mdmXr g_mO _{ß C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ma 4. e_m©, AM©Zm, d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ Xm°a _{ß C[^m{∫$m AoYH$ma d gßajU Edß gßajU, ZQ>amO gmW©H$ gßH{$V , oXgÂ]a 2016 Ï`dÒWm, ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U, AJÒV, 2013 8. dmof©H$ ‡oVd{XZ 2016-17, C[^m{∫$m _m_bm{{ß H$m _ßÃmb` & 5. oJna_mOr, [wÓ[m, X{e _{ß C[^m{∫$m AXmbVm{ß H$r oÒWoV, `m{OZm, \$adar, 2009

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 164 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Jm{[mbH•$ÓU Jm{Ib{ H$m amOZ°oVH$ CXmadmX

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Jr. No. 64728) 166 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

X{Z{ H{$ B¿Nw>H$ W{ oOgg{ X{e H$r Z°oVH$ VWm ^m°oVH$ g_•o’ H$r [wZ: ÒWm[Zm 8. Appadorai - Documents on Political Thought in India, H$r Om gH{$& Report of a Speech made by Gokhale at Allahabad, p. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 184. 1. Prof. T.K. Shahni - Gopal Krishna Gokhale, a Liberal 9. ‡m{0 od0‡0 d_m©, [y0, [•0 170 Pioneer who spritualised the Indian Politics, Indian 10. Aﬂ[Xm{aB, [y0, [•0 184 - E_0E0 ]wM : amBO E S> J´m{W Am\$ Journal of Pol. Sc.,1944-45, p.11. BßoS>`Z ob]´{ob¡_, [•0 181 2. J.S. Hoyland - G.K. Gokhale, p. 187-88. 11. Griffith : British Impact on India, p. 295-96. 3. M.V.D. Mahajan - Some Aspect of Gokhale's Political 12. [≈mo^ grVma_°`m - H$m±J´{g H$m BoVhmg, gßoj· gßÒH$aU, [•0 20- Thought, Indian Jr. of Pol. Sc., 1944-45, p. 19. 21 4. ‡m{0 od0‡0 d_m© - AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` amOZ°oVH$ oM›VZ, [•0 170 13. R.C. Majumdar - British Paramountcy and Indian 5. O.P. Goyal - Poltical Thought of Gokhale, p. 48. Renaissance, p. 407. 6. dhr, H$mßÒQ>rQ>`yeZ Am\$ gm{gm`Q>r, [naoeÓQ> E\$, [•0 117 14. Chirol - Indian Unrest, p. 159. 7. Sankar Ghose - The Renaissance to Militant 15. X{doJarH$a - Jm{[mbH•$ÓU Jm{Ib{, [•0 160 Nationalism in India, p.79. 16. Speeches of Hon. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, p. 1971.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 167 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Yma oOb{ _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ obE CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß _‹`‡X{e am¡` H$r `m{OZmE±

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H$a gH$Vm h°, ]oÎH$ g_mO _{ß A[Zr ‡oVÓR>m ^r ]Zm gH$Vm h°& emgZ Z{ hm{Z{ H{$ oZÂZ H$maU h¢:- AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$m{ oejm X{Z{ H{$ obE AZ{H$ `m{OZmEß ]ZmB© [a›Vw 1. OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU OZOmoV`mß emgZ H$r `m{OZAm{ß H$m AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ bm{J BZ `m{OZmAm{ß g{ AdJV Zht h¢&555 [yam [yam bm^ Zht CR>m [mV{& df©-2011 H$r OZJUZm _{ß am¡` H$r OZJUZm AZwgma am¡` _{ß 2. AmdßoQ>V amoe g_` [a C[b„Y Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU dh amoe H$m AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r OZgßª`m 153.16 bmI h° Om{ am¡` H$r 21.10 [yU© C[`m{J Zht H$a [mV{& ‡oVeV h°& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU h{Vw od^mJr` H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß 3. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ ‡oV gm_m›` dJ© ’{f ]∂T> ahm h°& CÉ e°joUH$ `m{OZmEß ‡_wI h¢& od^mJ ¤mam AmoXdmgr C[`m{OZm j{Ã _{ß OmoV H{$ bm{J AmajU H$m odam{Y H$a ah{ h¢& embmAm{ß H{$ gßMmbZ H{$ gmW-gmW e°joUH$ ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{Zr dmbr 4. `m{OZmAm{ß [a oH$E JE Ï`` H$m _wÎ`mßH$Z Zht _wÎ`mßH$Z _{ß H$_r& `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z ^r oH$`m Om ahm h°&666 Bg ‡H$ma C[`w∫$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ Yma oObm EH$ AmoXdmgr ]mhwÎ` oObm h° Om{ gdm©oYH$ o[N>∂S{> oObm{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m{ emgZ ¤mam N>mÃd•oŒm oeÓ`d•oŒm AmoX H$m oddaU CZH{$ odH$mg _{ß oJZm OmVm h°& df©-2011 H$r OZJUZm H{$ AZwgma Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$b H{$ obE oH$`m Om ahm h°& oejm g{ gß]ßoYV H$B© ‡H$ma H$r H$Î`mUH$mar OZgßª`m 2185793 h° oOg_{ß _{ß [wÍ$fm{ß H$r gßª`m 1112725 Am°a `m{OZmEß gßMmobV H$r Om ahr h°& _.‡. _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$r gßª`m 1073068 h°& Bg ‡H$ma AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$r OZgßª`m, oZÂZmwZgma h°& 2011 H{$ AZwgma- Hw$b gßª`m 1222814 h° oOg_{ß [wÍ$fm{ß H$r gßª`m 614619 h° VWm dJ©dJ©dJ© OZgßª`m gmjaVm _ohbmAm{ß H$r gßª`m 608195 h°& AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$m Yma oOb{ _{ß [wÍ$f 7719404 89.55 46.30 h° Om{ oH$ am¡` H$r gmjaVm H$r A[{jm ]hwV H$_ h°&777 _ohbm 7597380 41.47 A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` - Hw$b `m{J 15316784 50.55 1. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß CÉ Ûm{V- ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ, df©-2016-17 oejm H$r odo^›Z `m{OZmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z Edß H$o_`m{ß H$m [Vm bJmZm _‹`‡X{e _{ß 2011 H{$ AZwgmam _‹`‡X{e _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß VWm g_Ò`m H$m oZamH$aU H$aZm& H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m 15316784 Wr VWm gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 50.55 2. CÉ oejm H{$ gßMmbZ _{ß oObm ‡emgZ H$r ^yo_H$m H$m AmH$bZ Wm& H$aZm& Yma oOb{ _{ß OZgßª`m Edß gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 3. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV j{Ãm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ d AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ obE dJ©dJ©dJ© OZgßª`m gmjaVm C[`w∫$ ZroV ∑`m hm{Jr CgH$m [Vm bJmZm& [wÍ$f 614619 55.27 4. emgZ ¤mam MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ _ohbm 608195 37.32 OrdZ [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ AmoW©H$ ‡^mdm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& Hw$b `m{J 1222814 46.30 5. AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß emgZ H$r BZ `m{OZmAm{ß Ûm{V- ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ, df©-2016-17 H$m ∑`m `m{JXmZ ahm CZH$r g_rjm H$aZm& Yma oOb{ _{ß df© 2011 H$r OZJUZm H{$ AZwgma Yma oOb{ _{ß Hw$b 6. CÉ oejm _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H$m{ ]OQ> _{ß oH$VZm _hÀd AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$r OZgßª`m 1222814 Wr VWm gmjaVm H$m oX`m J`m h°& Hw$b ‡oVeV 46.30 h°& 7. em{Y Amb{I _{ß oH$E JE A‹``Z H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma oZÓH$f© - A‹``Z j{Ã Yma oObm _{ß A‹``Z H{$ Xm°amZ Hw$N> N>mÃ- ¤mam CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ emgZ ¤mam MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ oH´$`m›dZ CZH{$ oH$VZm ]OQ> aIm J`m h° Am°a dh CgH$m C[`m{J oH$g ‡H$ma H$a odH$mg H{$ obE Om{ amoe Xr OmVr h°& CZ_{ß AoZ`o_VVm Edß ghr [mÃ ahm h°& N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ Zht o_b [mZm [nabojV hm{Vm h°& CgH{$ H$maU emgZ 8. `h X{Im OmZm MmohE oH$ oejm [a Ï`` H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ oejm H$r `m{OZAm{ß H$m bm^ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ Zht o_b [m ahm h°& oejm g{ H$m odÒVma hwAm `m Zht? gmjaVm H$r Xa _{ß oH$VZr d•o’ hwB© ? gß]ßoYV `m{OZmAm{ß [a ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß amoe Vm{ Ï`` H$r OmVr h°& b{oH$Z 9. od^mJ ¤mam H$B© IM© ]∂T>m M∂T>m H$a ]Vm`m OmVm h°, O]oH$ dmÒVodH$ BgH$m [yam-[yam bm^ BZ OZOmomV`m{ß ¤mam Zht CR>mE OmZ{ H{$ H$maU oÒWoV E{gr Zht hm{Vr h°& Ï`` H{$ obE Xr JB© AmdßoQ>V amoe gaH$ma H$m{ g_o[©V H$a Xr OmVr h°& 10. emgZ H$r `m{OZAm{ß g{ oejm H{$ obE AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß H$m{ gmW hr gaH$ma ¤mam BZ Ïd`m{ß H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z H{$ [yU© d Vrd´ odH$mg H{$ ‡{naV H$aZm& obE gaH$ma Ï`` H{$ b{Im{ß H{$ gmW gmW BZ OmoV`m{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m ^r `m{JXmZ - emgZ ¤mam AZwgyoMV OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß CÉ oejm H$m odH$mg _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a{ß& H$aZ{ H{$ obE odo^ﬁ e°joUH$ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ AßVJ©V ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß YZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- amoe AmdßoQ>V Edß Ï`` H$r JB©& \$bÒdÍ$[ Bg_{ß oejm H$m odH$mg hwAm, 1. ^maV H$r OZOmoV gßÒH•$oV, odO` eßH$a C[m‹`m` Edß odO` ‡H$me gmjaVm H$r Xa 1991 _{ß 28.60 Wr Om{ ]∂T>H$a 2011 _{ß 50.55 hm{ JB©& e_m©, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ]mZJßJm, ^m{[mb (_.‡.), [•. 1,2 e°joUH$ `m{OZmAm{ß [a o[N>b{ Hw$N> dfm~ _{ß oOVZr amoe AmdßoQ>V H$r JB© 2. ^maV Or OZOmoV gßÒH•$oV, odO` eßH$a C[m‹`m` Edß odO` ‡H$me Wr dh [yar amoe Ï`` Zht H$r JB© VWm Cg{ dm[g bm°Q>mZm [∂S>m, oOg{ e_m©, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ]mZJßJm, ^m{[mb (_.‡.), [•. 3,4 g_o[©V amoe H{$ AßVJ©V Xem©`m J`m h°& AmdßoQ>V amoe H$m [yU© C[`m{J Z 3. S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a gm_moOH$ odkmZ em{Y [oÃH$m, Z›Xyam_ Edß am_Jm{[mb Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 169 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ogßh, S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a amÓQ≠>r` gm_moOH$ odkmZ gßÒWmZ, S>m∞. ogßh, S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a amÓQ≠>r` gm_moOH$ odkmZ gßÒWmZ, AÂ]{S>H$a ZJa (_hy), [•. 121 S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a ZJa (_hy), [•. 121 4. ^maV H$r ÖX`ÒWbr, _‹`‡X{e odÒVma _{ß, O]aogßh [a_ma Edß 6. ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ, df© -2016-17, "_.‡. emgZ', AmoX_ gßO` Hw$_ma, AnahßV [o„bH{$eZ obo_Q{>S>, Xna`mJßO, ZB© oXÑr, OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ, ^m{[mb, [•. 9 [•. 254 7. ‡emgH$r` ‡oVd{XZ, df© -2016-17, "_.‡. emgZ', AmoX_ 5. S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a gm_moOH$ odkmZ em{Y [oÃH$m, Z›Xyam_ Edß am_Jm{[mb OmoV H$Î`mU od^mJ, ^m{[mb, [•. 179

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 170 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gm_moOH$ ›`m` Am°a ^maVr` gßodYmZ

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‡ÒVmdZm - S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ 1935 H{$ E∑Q> H$m{ AZwoMV ]Vm`m ∑`m{ßoH$ ]ßYwÀd H{$ gyÃm{ß [a emgZ Ï`dÒWm oZohV H$r JB© h°, oOgH$m _yb C‘{Ì` `h ‡OmVmßoÃH$ H$mZyZ Zht Wm& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$r _m›`Vm Wr oH$ odYmo`H$m gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a amOZ°oVH$ gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m VÀd gd©OZ ohV H$m MwZmd [m{obßJ _VmoYH$ma H{$ AmYma [a hm{ Am°a _ßÃr [nafX≤ odYmo`H$m _{ß oZohV h°& H{$ obE Odm]X{` hm{& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$r `m{Ω`Vm H$m{ X{IH$a hr C›h{ß _ßÃr Y_©oZa[{jVm - `h h_ma{ gßodYmZ H$r _yb AmÀ_m h°°& gßodYmZ _{ß Ï`mª`m [nafX≤ _ß{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m Wm Am°a gßodYmZ _gm°Xm H$m M{`a_{Z ^r h° oH$ am¡` H$m H$m{B© Y_© Zht hm{Jm Am°a g^r Y_© am¡` H$r —oÓQ> _{ß g_mZ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m{ hr MwZm J`m& AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ gßodYmZ H$r Om{ ‡ÒVmdZm hm{ßJ{& Y_© H$m{ Om{ dU©Z gßodYmZ _{ß h°, dh AZw¿N{>X 25 g{ 28 _{ß oX`m J`m obIr Cg_ß{ Ò[ÓQ> obIm J`m oH$ ^maV H$m gßodYmZ ›`m`, ÒdVßÃVm, h°, oOgH{$ AZwgma ha ZmJnaH$ H$m{ Y_© H$r ÒdVßÃVm h° oH$ dh H$m{B© ^r Y_© g_Vm Am°a ]ßYwVm H{$ og’mßVm{ß H$r Ywar [a AdoÒWV h°& gßodYmZ H$r A[ZmE, Cg [a Mb{ Am°a CgH$m ‡Mma H$a{& Ymo_©H$ ÒdVßÃVm H$m AW© hr ‡ÒVmdZm h°, Cg_{ß CZ e„Xm{ß H$m ‡`m{J h°& oOZ [a ^maV H$m gßodYmZ Y_© oZa[{jVm h°& gßodYmZ _{ß `h e„X 42d{ß gßodYmZ gßem{YZ _{ß Om{∂S>m I∂S>m oH$`m J`m h° Am°a `{ e„X h¢ -(1) na[o„bH$,(2) ‡OmVßÃ (3) J`m h°& Y_©oZa[{jVm gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$r hr EH$ [hMmZ h°& g_Vm ÒdVßÃVm Am°a ]ßYwÀd,(4) g_mOdmX,(5) gm_moOH$ ›`m`& EH$Vm - gßodYmZ H{$ 42d{ß gßem{YZ _{ß EH$Vm e„X Om{∂S>m J`m h°, oOgH$m na[o„bH$-^maV H{$ gßodYmZ H$r na[o„bH$ emgZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß am¡` H{$ AW© h° oH$ X{e H{$ ha ZmJnaH$ H$m{ AbJmddmX H$r odMma Ymam H$m{ À`mJ emgZ H$m{ Zm__mÃ H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m Am°a CgH$r gŒmm OZVm H{$ H$a `h _mZH$a MbZm hm{Jm oH$ ^maV H$m ha ohÒgm CgH$m Ka h°& gßodYmZ hmW _{ß Xr JB© h°& h_ma{ gßodYmZ _{ß amÓQ≠>[oV h¢, oOg{ dh H$m`©[mobH$m H$m _{ß Bg amÓQ≠>r` ^mdZm H$m CÑ{I gßK e„X H{$ Í$[ _{ß od⁄_mZ Wm& Cg_{ß ‡_wI _mZm OmVm h° oH$›Vw CgH{$ dßedmXr amOm H{$ AoYH$ma Zht h¢& CZH$m CÑ{I Wm oH$ ^maV am¡`m{ß H$m gßK hm{Jm oOgH$m AW© `hr h° oH$ oH$gr H$m`©H$mb ^r 5 dfm~ H{$ obE hr hm{Vm h°& [mßM df© ]mX OZVm CgH$m{ ]Xb am¡` H$m{ gßK g{ [•WH$ hm{Z{ H$m AoYH$ma Zht h°& gH$Vr h°& ^maV H{$ gßodYmZ _{ß amOVßÃ H{$ ÒWmZ [a ‡OmVßÃ H$r gŒmm gm_moOH$ ›`m` - X{e H{$ ha ZmJnaH$ H$m{ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ Am°a ÒWmo[V H$r JB© h°& amOZ°oVH$ AoYH$ma h¢, oOgH$r AmYmaoebm g_Vm, ÒdVßÃVm Am°a ]ßYwÀd ‡OmVßÃ - ^maV H$m gßodYmZ ‡OmVmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m gßodYmZ h°& Bg_{ß [a aIr JB© h¢& gßodYmZ _{ß _yb AoYH$ma Am°a ZroV oZX}eH$ VÀd Ò[ÓQ> gŒmm OZVm g{ eo∫$ ‡m· H$aVr h°& Bg_{ß emgH$ OZVm ¤mam MwZ{ OmV{ h¢ Í$[ g{ oXE JE h¢& `hr h_ma{ gßodYmZ H{$ gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ _m[X S> h¢& Am°a OZVm H{$ ‡oV CŒmaXm`r hm{V{ h¢& ‡OmVßÃ Xm{ ‡H$ma H$m hm{Vm h° -(H$) ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß AZw¿N{>X 14 g{ b{H$a 35 VH$ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ _yb ‡À`j, (I) A‡´À`j, ‡À`j ‡OmVßÃ _{ß gdm}É eo∫$ OZVm H{$ hmW AoYH$mam{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°& `{ AoYH$ma oZÂZoboIV h¢ -AZw¿N{>X _{ß oZohV hm{Vr h°& ‡À`j ‡OmVßÃ _{ß gŒmm OZVm ¤mam MwZ{ JE ‡oVoZoY`m{ß 14 g{ 18-g_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma, AZw¿N{>X 19 g{ 22-ÒdVßÃVm H$m H{$ hmW _ß{ hm{Vr h°& oZdm©oMV _ S>b A[Zm ‡oVoZoY Òd`ß MwZV{ h¢ Om{ AoYH$ma, gaH$ma ]ZmV{ h¢& `h ‡oVoZoY ‡OmVßÃ H$hbmVm h°& ^maV H{$ gßodYmZ _{ß AZw¿N{>X 23 g{ 24 - em{fU H{$ odÈ’ AoYH$ma ,AZw¿N{>X 25 g{ `hr ‡oVoZoY gaH$ma H$r Ï`dÒWm h°& 28- Ymo_©H$ ÒdVßÃVm H$m AoYH$ma ‡OmVßÃ H$m EH$ odÒV•V AW© h°, oOg_{ß AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, AZw¿N{>X 29 g{ 30 -gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a oejm H$m AoYH$ma , amOZ°oVH$ ‡OmVßÃ g_mohV h°& ^maVr` gßodYmZ _{ß g_Vm, ÒdVßÃVm Am°a AZw¿N{>X 32 g{ 35 -gßd{YmoZH$ C[Mma H$m AoYH$ma , * AoVoW od¤mZ (amOoZoV odkmZ) emgH$r` ZdrZ _hmod⁄mb`, Jwbm]JßO (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 171 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

AZw¿N{>X 14 -_{ß H$mZyZ H{$ g_j g_mZVm Am°a H$mZyZ ¤mam g_mZ gwajm AZw¿N{>X 38 (1) - AZw¿N{>X 38 (1) _{ß gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h°& og’mßVm{ß H$m CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°, oOZ [a am¡` H$m{ MbZm hm{Jm BgH$r AZw. 15 (1) -AZw. 15 (1) `h Ò[ÓQ> H$aVm h° oH$ am¡` oH$gr Ï`mª`m _{ß C‘{Ì` h° oH$ am¡` ha Ïò∫$ H$m{ g_mZVm H{$ AmYma [a gm_moOH$ ZmJnaH$ H{$ ‡oV OmoV, Y_©, dße, obßJ, O›_ ÒWmZ H{$ AmYma [a H$m{B© Am°a AmoW©H$ oZ`_m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a{Jm& ^{X^md H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Vm h°& AZw¿N{>X 38 (2) - AZw¿N{>X 38 (2) C[]o›YV H$aVm h° oH$ am¡` (2) oH$gr ZmJnaH$ H$m{ OmoV, Y_©, ^mfm, obßJ, O›_ ÒWmZ H{$ AmYma [a odo^fi Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß Am` H$m A›Va H$_ g{ H$_ oZYm©naV H$aZ{ H{$ oZ`_ A`m{Ω` Zht _mZ{Jm Am°a BZH{$ AmYma [a oZÂZoboIV [a am{H$ bJmEJm ]ZmEJm Am°a E{gr Ï`dÒWm H$a{Jm oOg_{ß gwodYmAm{ß Am°a Adgam{ß H{$ obE - XwH$mZ, Ob[mZ J•h, hm{Q>b - Om{ gmd©OoZH$ hm{ `m am¡` H{$ YZ H{$ H$_ Am°a AoYH$ Am` dmb{ _{ß H$m{B© A›Va Z hm{& ¤mam MbmE OmV{ hm{ß _{ß ‡d{e& AZw¿N{>X 39 -AZw¿N{>X 39 _ß{ gßodYmZ am¡` H{$ obE og’mßV AZw. 15 (1) H{$ AZwgma XwH$mZ, N>mÃmdmg, Ob[mZ J•h, Hw$Am±, ‡oV[moXV H$aVm h° Am°a Ï`dÒWm X{Vm h° oH$ am¡` `h _m›`Vm ‡XmZ Vmbm] KmQ> Om{ gaH$ma H{$ YZ g{ ]Z{ hm{ß `m gmd©OoZH$ ‡`m{J H{$ hm{ß oH$gr H$a{Jm oH$ - Ïò∫$ H$m{ OmoV H{$ AmYma [a ‡d{e g{ Zht am{H$m OmEJm& 1. am¡` H$m ha ZmJnaH$ Ûr-[wÈf g_mZ h° Am°a g^r H$m{ A[Zr AZw. 15 (2) _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV Am°a OZOmoV H{$ AmYma [a ^{X^md OrodH$m AoO©V H$aZ{ H$m g_mZ AoYH$ma h°& H$aZm doO©V oH$`m J`m h°& 2. 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AmoW©H$ T>m±Mm Bg ‡H$ma H$m ]Zm`m OmE oOgg{ YZ H$m H{$›–r`H$aU odH$mg H{$ obE ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h°& Z hm{ Am°a [°Xmdma H{$ g^r Ûm{V gm_m›` oZ`ßÃU _ß{ hm{ß& AZw¿N{>X 15 (3) Am°a 15 (4) H{$ ‡mdYmZ 16 (3) d 16 (4) [a 4. g_mZ H$m`© H{$ obE g_mZ d{VZ H$m og’mßV _m›` hm{Jm Am°a `h ^r Zm°H$na`m{ß _{ß AmajU H{$ gß]ßY _{ß g_mZ Í$[ g{ bmJy hm{V{ h¢ Am°a AZw. g^r Ûr [wÈfm{ß [a g_mZ Í$[ g{ bmJy hm{Jm& 14 H{$ g›X^© _{ß ^r AZw. 16 (3) d 16 (4) H{$ AZwgma AmajU d°Y h°& 5. am¡` E{gr Ï`dÒWm H$a{Jm oOg_{ß _OXya AmX_r _ohbmE± Am°a ]Ém{ß AZw¿N{>X 17- Bg AZw¿N{>X H{$ AZwgma gßodYmZ ¤mam Nw>Am-Ny>V H{$ H{$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ _{ß AmoW©H$ H$_Om{ar ]mYH$ Z ]Z{ gmW hr AmMaU H$m{ J°a H$mZyZr Am°a X S>Zr` ]Zm`m J`m h°& oH$gr ]É{ `m ]y∂T{> H$m{ CZH$r C_´´ H{$ od[arV H$m{B© [{em H$aZ{ H{$ obE odde AZw¿N{>X 19 -gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 19 _{ß ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ Z H$a{& (1) odMma Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVm, (2)g^m H$aZ{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm,(3) 6. ]Ém{ß H$m{ em{fU g{ _w∫$ aIm OmEJm& gßJR>Z ]ZmZ{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm,(4) Ky_Z{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm, (5) ]gZ{ H$r AZw¿N{>X 46-AZw¿N{>X 46 ‡mdYmZ X{Vm h° oH$ g_mO H{$ H$_Om{a ÒdVßÃVm, (6) Ï`dgm` H$r ÒdVßÃVm h°& dJ© ImgH$a AZw. OmoV/OZOmoV H$m{ e°ojH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ AZw¿N{>X 20 -AZw¿N{>X 20 g›X{h H{$ A[amY _{ß X S> g{ _wo∫$ obE em{fU g{ _w∫$ Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE& AZw¿N{>X 21 -AZw¿N{>X 21 OrdZ ajm H$r Jma›Q>r X{Vm h°& AZw¿N{>X 330-AZw¿N{>X 330 _{ß bm{H$g^m _{ß AZw. OmoV/OZOmoV AZw¿N{>X 22 -AZw¿N{>X 22 O]aZ oJa‚Vmar Am°a AdÈ’ H$aZ{ g{ ajm H{$ obE AmaojV grQ>m{ß H$m ‡mdYmZ h°& AZw¿N{>X 23-24 -AZw¿N{>X 23-24 ha AmX_r H$m{ em{fU H{$ odÈ’ AZw¿N{>X 338-AZw¿N{>X 338 _{ß Ï`dÒWm h° oH$ amÓQ≠>[oV AZw. OmoV/ AoYH$ma X{Vm h°& A] H$m{B© Ïò∫$ `m C⁄m{J BH$mB© oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ ]ßYwAm OZOmoV H{$ H$o_ÌZa H{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ AoYH$mar H$r oZ`wo∫$ H$a{Jm Om{ _OXya Zht aI gH$Vr h° Am°a Z O]aZ ]{Jma b{ gH$Vr h°& H$m{B© Mmh{ oH$ AZw. 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OmoV/OZOmoV H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE gßodYmZ H$r - AZw¿N{>X 29-30 _{ß Ï`dÒWm h° oH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ Am°a e°ojH$ AoYH$ma 10 df© H$r AdoY H{$ ]mX EH$ ode{f AoYH$mar H$r oZ`wo∫$ H$a{Jm& ha Ïò∫$ `m dJ© H$m{ A[Zr gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H$m [yam AoYH$ma h° AZw¿N{>X 340-AZw¿N{>X 340 amÓQ≠>[oV o[N>∂S>r OmoV`m{ß H{$ obE Om{ CgH$m{ oH$gr ‡H$ma am{H$m Zht Om gH$Vm h°& e°ojH$ Am°a gm_moOH$ —oÓQ> g{ o[N>∂S{> h¢& EH$ Am`m{J H$m JR>Z H$a{Jm& `h AZw¿N{>X 35-AZw¿N{>X 35 H{$ AZwgma ha ZmJnaH$ H$m{ gßodYmZ _{ß Am`m{J Om{ og\$mnae H$a{Jm C›h{ß am¡` bmJy H$a{Jm& `h Am`m{J A[Zr ‡XŒm _mZdmoYH$mam{ß{ H$m{ bmJy H$amZ{ H{$ obE ›`m`mb` _{ß OmZ{ H$m AoYH$ma na[m{Q©> amÓQ≠>[oV H$m{ X{Jm amÓQ≠>[oV Bg na[m{Q©> H$m{ oZU©`mW© gßgX _{ß [{e h°& òX H$m{B© gßÒWm/gaH$ma gßodYmZ ¤mam ‡XŒm AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡`m{J _{ß H$a{Jm& Adam{Y CÀ[fi H$aVr h° `m gßd°YmoZH$ C[]„Ym{ß H$m{ bmJy Zht H$aVr h°, Vm{ AZw¿N{>X 341- AZw¿N{>X 341 H{$ AZwgma amÓQ≠>[oV H$m{ AoYH$ma h° Cg{ naQ> H$aH{$ ›`m`mb` g{ bmJy H$am`m Om gH$Vm h°& oH$ dh A[Zr AoYgyMZm ¤mam oH$gr ^mJ _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ oH$gr OmoV `m AZw¿N{>X 36-51 - gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 36 g{ 51 VH$ am¡` H{$ Q≠>mBd H$m{ AZwgyoMV OmoV _{ß g_mohV H$aZ{ H$r Km{fUm H$a gH$Vm h°& Bgr ZroV oZX}eH$ og’mßVm{ß H$r Ï`mª`m h°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 172 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

‡H$ma gßgX H$mZyZ ]ZmH$a oH$gr OmoV H$m{ AZwgyoMV OmoV H$r gyMr g{ amOgŒmm (odYm`r Am°a H$m`©H$mar) H•$À`m{ß ¤mam g_Vm`w∫$ g_mO H$r oZH$mb gH$Vr h° Am°a goÂ_obV H$a gH$Vr h°& ÒWm[Zm H$m ‡`ÀZ H$a{ß& gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ Bg _yb^yV _mZdr` og’mßV AZw¿N{>X 342- AZw¿N{>X 342 amÓQ≠>[oV oH$gr am¡` `m H{$›– emogV H$m{ gßodYmZ _{ß AZ{H$ Í$[m{ß _{ß _m›`Vm o_br h°& ‡X{e _{ß dhm± H{$ am¡`[mb H$r gbmh [a oH$gr Q≠>mBd H$m{ AZwgyoMV OZOmoV gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ _{ß goÂ_obV H$aZ{ H$r AoYgyMZm Omar H$a gH$Vr h°& 1. Eg.Eb. gmJa - "gm_moOH$ ›`m`', _w–H$ gmJa o‡ßoQß>J ‡{g, gßgX H$m{ H$mZyZ ]ZmH$a oH$gr am¡` H$r oH$gr Q≠>mBd H$m{ AZwgyoMV _°Z[war, ‡H$meH$ gmJa ‡H$meZ _°Z[war, 1999, OZOmoV H$r gyMr _{ß goÂ_obV H$aZ{ Am°a oZH$mbZ{ H$m AoYH$ma h°& oh›Xy 2. S>m∞. Ama.EZ. oÃd{Xr, S>m∞. E_.[r. am` - "^maVr` gaH$ma Edß ogodb bm∞ H$m oZ_m©U gßodYmZ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ hr oZo_©V oH$`m amOZroV', H$mb{O ]wH$ oS>[m{, 83 oÃ[m{br ]mOma O`[wa - 2, J`m h°& oOg_ß{ Zmar H$m{ [wÈf H{$ g_mZ hr gÂ[oŒm _{ß ohÒg{Xmar, oddmh, 3. gr. [md©Y›`m - "e{S>Áyb H$mÒQ> Edß Q≠>mB„g', 1984, Amerf oddmh od¿N{>X, Jm{X b{Zm, âU [m{fU, AÏ`ÒH$ gßajU H{$ odf` _{ß ]am]a [o„boeßJ hmCg, 8/81 [ßOm]r ]mJ, ZB©oXÑr, H{$ AoYH$ma oXE JE h¢& 4. Ûm{V ^maV gaH$ma 1968, h° S>]wH$ AmZ e°S>Áyb H$mÒQ> Edß Q≠>mB„g, oZÓH©$f- gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$m Ao^‡m` h° oH$ _ZwÓ`-_ZwÓ` H{$ ]rM od_b M›–m, ¤mamO C[Am`w∫$. gm_moOH$ oÒWoV H{$ AmYma [a oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m ^{X^md Z _mZm OmE 5. gr. [md©Y›`m - "e°S>Áyb H$mÒQ> Edß Q≠>mB„g' - 1984, Amerf ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ A[Zr eo∫$`m{ß H{$ g_woMV odH$mg H{$ g_mZ Adga [o„boeßJ hmCg, 8/81 [ßOm]r ]mJ, ZB©oXÑr, C[b„Y hm{ß oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m oH$gr Í$[ _ß{ em{fU Z hm{ g_mO H{$ ‡À`{H$ 6. ^maVr` gßodYmZ, [•ÓR> gß. 5, ‡W_ gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ 1951 H$r Ïò∫$ H$r OrdZ H$r ›`yZV_ AmdÌ`H$VmE± [yar hm{ß AmoW©H$ gŒmm M›X Ymam 2 ¤mam Om{∂S>m J`m h°. hmWm{ß _{ß H{$o›–V Z hm{ g_mO H$m H$_Om{a dJ© A[Z{ H$m{ Aghm` _hgyg Z 7. S>m∞. S>r. d{H{$Q>daby - hnaOZ A[a H$mÒQ> H$o›\$ob∑Q>≤g 1990, H$a{& gm_moOH$ ›`m` gwb^ H$aZ{ H{$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ X{e H$r oS>ÒH$dar [o„boeßJ hmCg ZB© oXÑr .

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 173 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU Edß gßdY©Z _{ß J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Z

S>m∞. gß‹`m Am_Jm *

‡ÒVmdZm - _mZd AoYH$mam{ß g{ Ao^‡m` _m°obH$ AoYH$mam{ß Edß ÒdVßÃVm H$r C[`w∫$ gbmh Edß ghm`Vm X{V{ h° E{g{ gßJR>Z H$m{ J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z g{ h°, oOgH{$ g^r _ZwÓ` AoYH$mar h°& AoYH$mam{ß Edß ÒdVßÃVm H{$ CXmhaU H$hm OmVm h° gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK (UNO) H$r AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ [nafX≤≤ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oOZH$r JUZm H$r OmVr h°, CZ_{ß ZmJnaH$ Am°a amOZroVH$ ¤mam EH$ ‡ÒVmd 27 \$adar, 1950 H$m{ AßJrH$ma oH$`m J`m, oOg_{ß AoYH$ma ^r goÂ_obV h¢& O°g{ oH$ OrdZ Am°a AmOmX ahZ{ H$m AoYH$ma, [na^mofV oH$`m J`m oH$ J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z H$m AW© h°- """H$m{B© E{gm Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdVßÃVm Am°a H$mZyZ H{$ gm_Z{ g_mZVm Edß AmoW©H$, A›VaamÓQ≠>r` gßJR>Z, Om{ gaH$mar H$ama ¤mam ÒWmo[V Zht oH$`m gm_moOH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gmW hr gmW gmßÒH•$oVH$ OmVm h°, Xyga{ e„Xm{ß _{ß, Bg e„X H$m ‡`m{J oH$gr E{g{ o]Zm bm^ JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ^mJ b{Z{ H$m AoYH$ma, ^m{OZ H$m AoYH$ma, H$m_ H$aZ{ H{$ gßJR>Z H{$ obE ‡`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°, Om{ gaH$ma g{ ÒdVßÃ H$m AoYH$ma Edß oejm H$m AoYH$ma AmoX emo_b h°& hm{'hm{'hm{' _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$m BoVhmg - AZ{H$ ‡mMrZ XÒVmd{Om{ß Edß ]mX H{$ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK, J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z VWm _mZd AoYH$ma - gß`w∫$ Ymo_©H$ Am°a Xme©oZH$ [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß E{gr AZ{H$ AdYmaUmEß h°, oO›h| amÓQ≠> gßK (UNO) H{$ ‡maÂ^ (gZ≤≤ 1945) g{ hr J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z _mZdmoYH$mamß{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oMo›hV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& E{g{ ‡b{Im{ß _{ß CÑ{IZr` BgH{$ gh`m{Jr H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`© H$aV{ ah{ h¢, gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK ¤mam h¢, Aem{H$ H{$ AmX{e [Ã, _whÂ_X ¤mam oZo_©V _XrZm H$m gßodYmZ AmoX& "_mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m A›VaamÓQ≠>r` o]b" (International Bill of Human AmYwoZH$ _mZdmoYH$ma H$mZyZ VWm _mZdmoYH$ma H$r AoYH$mße A[{jmH•$V Rights) ]ZmE OmZ{ _{ß BZ gßJR>Zm{ (NGO) H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m ahr Ï`dÒWmEß g_gm_o`H$ BoVhmg g{ gÂ]ßoYV h¢& The Twelve Articles h° J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ Z{ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H{$ odo^fi AßJm{ ¤mam g_`- of the Black Forest(1525) H$m{ `yam{[ _{ß _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m gd©‡W_ g_` [a H$r JB© _mZdmoYH$ma g{ gÂ]ßoYV odo^fi Km{fUmAm{ß Edß CZH{$ XÒVmd{O _mZm OmVm h°& `h O_©Zr H{$ oH$gmZ od–m{h Òdmo]`[ gßK H{$ H$m`m©›d`Z _{ß ^r ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$r h°& g_j CR>mB© JB© oH$gmZm{ß H$r _mßJ H$m hr EH$ ohÒgm h°& o]óQ>e o]b Am∞\$ J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ H$m{ gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H{$ MmQ©>a (UN Charter) H{$ amBQ>≤g Z{ `wZmBQ{>S> oHß$JS>_ _{ß ogbogb{dma VarH{$ g{ gaH$mar X_ZH$mar AZw¿N{>X 71 (Artiacle 71) H{$ A›VJ©V _m›`Vm ‡m· h° oOg_{ß `h H$ma©dmB`m{ß H$m{ Ad°Y H$ama oX`m& 1776 _{ß gß`w∫$ am¡` _{ß Am°a 1978 _{ß Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h° oH$ AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ [nafX (UN Economic & \´$m›g _{ß 18 dt eVm„Xr H{$ Xm°amZ Xm{ ‡_wI H´$moV`mß KQ>r& oOgH{$ Social Council) ¤mam Bg ‡H$ma H{$ ‡`mg oH$E OmEßJ{, oOgg{ J°a- \$bÒdÍ$[ H´$_e: gß`w∫$ am¡` A_{naH$m H$r ÒdVßÃVm H$r Edß \´$mßgrgr gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ H$m{ [am_e©XmÃr ^yo_H$m (Consulative) oZ^mZ{ H{$ _ZwÓ` H$r _mZd VWm ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$r Km{fUm H$m Ao^J´hU obE ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m Om gH{$, `y. EZ. H$r AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ [nafX≤ hwAm& BZ Xm{Zm{ß H´$moV`m{ß Z{ hr Hw$N> oZoÌMV H$mZyZr AoYH$ma H$r ÒWm[Zm ¤mam J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ H$m{ VrZ ‡H$ma g{ gbmhH$mar XOm© H$r& oH$gr ^r X{e _{ß _mZdmoYH$mam{ßß H$m{ b{H$a oddmX ]Zm ahVm h°& `{ g_P (Consulative Status) ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h° EH$ gmYmaU XOm© (Gen- [mZm _woÌH$b hm{ OmVm h° oH$ ∑`m dmH$B© _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r gmW©H$Vm h°& eral Status) Xygam, ode{f XOm© (Special Status) VWm Vrgam am{gQ>a `h oH$VZm Xw^m©Ω`[yU© h° oH$ V_m_ ‡mX{oeH$, amÓQ≠>r` Am°a AßVaamÓQ≠>r` (Rostar), dV©_mZ `y. EZ. H$r AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ [nafX≤≤ H{$ A›VJ©V ÒVa [a gaH$mar Am°a J°a gaH$mar _mZdmoYH$ma gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX bJ^J 4045 J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ H$m{ gbmhH$mar XOm© ‡m· h° `h _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m [na—Ì` V_m_ Vah H$r odgßJoV`m{ß Am°a od–y[VmAm{ß g{ gßJR>Z gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$m{ g_`-g_` [a _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ hZZ H$r âm [∂S>m h°& oH$gr ^r BßgmZ H$r oOßXJr, AmOmXr, ]am]ar Am°a gÂ_mZ H$m gyMZm X{V{ h¢ Am°a hZZ H{$ H$maUm{ß H$r Om±M H$amZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aV{ AoYH$ma hr _mZdmoYH$ma h°& ^maVr` gßodYmZ BZ AoYH$mam{ß H$r Z og\©$ h°& JmaßQ>r X{Vm h°, ]oÎH$ Bg{ Vm{∂S>Z{ dmb{ H$m{ AXmbV{ß gOm ^r X{Vr h¢& _mZdmoYH$ma g{ gÂ]o›YV AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z - odÌd J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Z - oH$gr X{e _{ß ^rVa E{gm gßJR>Z Om{ g_mO H{$ ÒVa [a _mZdmoYH$mam{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV ]hwV J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z H$m`© H$a C[{ojV bm{Jm{ß H{$ ohVm{ß H$r X{Ia{I H$aVm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ `{ bm{J Òd`ß A[Z{ ah{ h¢, oOZ_{ß ‡_wI Bg ‡H$ma h¢- AoYH$ma H$r ajm H{$ obE [`m©· gßJoR>V d g_W© Zht hm{V{, E{g{ gßJR>Z 1.1.1. E_Z{ÒQ>r BßQ>aZ{eZb (Amnesty International) - CZH$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m [Vm bJmH$a, CZH{$ H$maUm{ß H$r Om±M H$aV{ h° Am°a _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU H{$ obE H$m`©aV J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß _{ß "E_Z{ÒQ>r CZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m _wª`V: H$mZyZr Tß>J g{ gwbPmZ{ H{$ obE ‡^modV bm{Jm{ß BßQ>aZ{eZb' H$m gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°, `h EH$ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` *‡mMm`©, gw^mf `mXd _{_m{na`b oS>J´r _hmod⁄mb`, ]m{amdm∞ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 174 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

_mZdmoYH$ma gßÒWm h° BgH$r ÒWm[Zm o]óQ>e ZmJnaH$ [rQ>a ]{ZgZ ¤mam 3.3.3. _mBZm∞naQ>r amBQ>≤g J´w[ (Minority Rights Group) - 28 _B©, 1961 H$m{ H$r JB© Wr gßÒWm H$m A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _wª`mb` b›XZ _{ß AÎ[gßª`H$m{ß H$r Xem gwYmaZ{ h{Vw EH$ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gßJR>Z _mBZm∞naQ>r oÒWV h° dV©_mZ _{ß Bg gßÒWm H{$ odÌd H{$ bJ^J 170 X{em{ß _{ß 12 bmI amBQ>≤≤g J´w[ (MRG) ‡^mdr h°& BgH$r ÒWm[Zm gmR> XeH$ H{$ ‡maÂ^ _{ß gXÒ` Edß g_W©H$ h°& hwB©, BgH$m _wª`mb` b›XZ (UK) _{ß oÒWV h¢, Bg gßJR>Z H$m{ `y.EZ. E_Z{ÒQ>r BßQ>aZ{eZb H$m Amkm-[Ã (Mandate) gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gßK H$r AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ [nafX≤≤ H{$ A›VJ©V gbmhH$mar XOm© (Con- (UNO) H{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gmd©^m°o_H$ Km{fUm-[Ã (Universal sultative Status) ‡m· h°& Declaration of HR) [a AmYmnaV h°& `h gßJR>Z odÌd â _{ß gd©Ã ^maV _{ß _mZdmoYH$ma g{ gÂ]o›YV ‡_wI J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z - E{g{ H°$oX`m{ß H$m{ Nw>∂S>mZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVm h°, Om{ A[Zr amOZroVH$ Edß ^maVr` gßgX ¤mam df© 1993 _{ß [mnaV "_mZdmoYH$ma gßajU AoYoZ`_ A‹`moÀ_H$ odMmaYmam, ode{f ZÒb VWm OmoVJV AmYmam{ß [a ]ßXr h° (Human Rights Protection Act.1993) H$r Ymam 12(I) (Article VWm oO›hm{ßZ{ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$r ohßgm _{ß ^mJ Z ob`m hm{ `h gßJR>Z 12(I)) H{$ AZwgma amÓQ≠>r` _mZdmoYH$ma Am`m{J (NHRC) g{ `h A[{jm _•À`wX S> VWm CÀ[r∂S>Z H{$ odÍ$’ ^r AmdmO CR>mVm h°& H$r OmVr h° oH$ dh _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m`© H$a ah{ J°a-gaH$mar E_Z{ÒQ>r BßQ>aZ{eZb AoYH$mam{ß H{$ obE gßKf©aV Ïò∫$`m{ß, gßÒWmAm{ß gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ ‡`mgm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a{-CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ ^maV _{ß J°a gaH$mar VWm gßJR>Zm{ß H$r ghm`Vm H$aVm h°& BgH{$ gmW hr `h gßJR>Z A[Z{ H$m`m} gßJR>Zm{ß H$m [ßOrH$aU (Registration) gm_m›V: [ßOrH$aU AoYoZ`_, h{Vw _roS>`m-‡]›YZ VWm ode{fk ghm`Vm ^r b{Vm h°& E_Z{ÒQ>r 1860 H{$ A›VJ©V hm{Vm h°, ^maV _mZdmoYH$ma g{ gÂ]o›YV ]hwV g{ J°a BßQ>aZ{eZb _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ odÍ$’ oH$E JE g^r ‡H$ma H{$ _m_bm{ß H$m{ gaH$mar gßJR>Z (NGO) H$m`© H$a ah{ h°, oOZ_{ß ‡_wI h°- ‡H$me _{ß bmVm h° `h gßJR>Z _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß Vœ`mÀ_H$ na[m{Q©> 1.1.1. [r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ogodb (PUCL) - "[r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ‡H$moeV H$a CÑßKZH$Vm© amÓQ≠>m{ß H$m [Xm©\$me H$aVm h°& ogodb ob]Q>r©O E S> S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ amBQ>g' H$r ÒWm[Zm O`‡H$me "E_Z{ÒQ>r BßQ>aZ{eZb' EH$ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` [nafX, A›am©ÓQ≠>r` H$m`©H$mar ZmamÙ (JP) ¤mam df© 1976 _{ß Am[VH$mb H{$ Xm°amZ H$r JB© Wr, go_oV, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` Z{Q>dH©$ Edß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` goMdmb` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ df© 1980 _{ß [r[wwÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ogodb ob]Q>r©O E S> S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ gßMmobVm hm{Vm h°& Bg gßJR>Z H{$ H$m`m} H$m{ gÂ[moXV H$aZ{ h{Vw "A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amBQ>≤≤g Z{ A[Z{ EH$ gÂ_b{Z _{ß gßÒWm H$m{ "[r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a [nafX' gdm}É ‡moYH$mar h°& BgH{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m M`Z A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ogodb ob]Q>r©O [r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ogodb ob]Q>r©O (PUCL) H$m`©H$mar go_oV (IEC) H{$ gXÒ`m{ß Edß AZw^mJ H{$ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß ¤mam Zm_ oX`m& CÑ{IZr` h° oH$ [r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a ogodb ob]Q>r©O hm{Vm h°, BgH$r ]°R>H$ "A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` H$m`©H$mar go_oV' ¤mam oZYm©naV oVoW (PUCL) ¤mam Xmà OZohV `moMH$m H$r gwZdmB© H{$ [ÌMmV hr [a Xm{ df© H{$ A›Vamb [a hm{Vr h°& gßÒWm ¤mam _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßajU _{ß gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ 27 ogVÂ]a 2013 H$m{ Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ dm{oQß>J g\$bVm[yd©H$ H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ obE gZ≤ 1977 _{ß gßÒWm H$m{ "Zm{]b emo›V _erZm{ß (EVMs) _{ß "C[`w©∫$ _{ß g{ H$m{B© Zhr' (NOTA/Zm{Q>m) [waÒH$ma' ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m& odH$Î[ C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$m MwZmd Am`m{J H$m{ oZX}e oX`m h°& 2.2.2. ¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g dmM (Human Right Watch) - ¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g 2.2.2. [r[wÎg `yoZ`Z \$m∞a S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ amBQ>≤≤g (PUDR) - [r[wÎg dmM (Human Right Watch) H$r ÒWm[Zm df© 1978 _{ß "h{bogßH$r `yoZ`Z \$m∞a S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ amBQ>≤≤g (PUDR) H$r ÒWm[Zm AÒgr H{$ dmM' (Helsinki Watch) H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$r JB© Wr, oOgH$m AmaoÂ^H$ C‘{Ì` XeH$ H{$ ‡maÂ^ _{ß 1981 _{ß OZVm _{ß bm{H$VmßoÃH$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ "BbogßH$r EH$mS>g©' (Helsinki Accords) ¤mam oZoÌMV oH$E JE ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ obE H$r JB©, BgH$m _wª`mb` oXÑr _{ß oÒWV h° `h _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m CÑßKZ gm{od`V gßK H{$ am¡`m{ß ¤mam (Soviet Bloc) gßÒWm OZVm _{ß bm{H$VmßoÃH$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJ••oV bmZ{ h{Vw Vm{ Zht oH$`m Om ahm h°, BgH$r Om±M H$aZm Wm Bgr oXem _{ß A_arH$m Z{ g_`-g_` [a gÂ_{bZ, Jm{oÓR>`m±, b{I ‡oV`m{oJVm, dmX-oddmX _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ hZZ H$r Om±M H{$ obE gZ≤≤ 1981 _{ß "A_arH$r dmM' ‡oV`m{oJVm AmoX H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡Mma-‡gma H$aVr h°& (America Watch) H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Bgr AmYma [a A›` X{em{ß _{ß ^r 3.3.3. Am∞b Bo S>`m \{$S{>a{eZ Am∞\$ Am∞J}ZmBO{eZ \$m∞a S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r oZJamZr H{$ obE dmM H$_{oQ>`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©, amBQ>≤≤g - `h gßÒWm df© 1982 _{ß ÒWmo[V H$r JB©, Om{ odo^fi O°g{-Eoe`m dmM ( df© 1985 _{ß Asia Watch ) A\´$rH$m dmM (df© N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> j{Ãr` gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ o_bm-Owbm _ßM h° `h ^r _mZdmoYH$mam{ß 1988 _{ß Africa Watch ) o_oS>b B©ÒQ> dmM ( Middle East Watch) H{$ hZZ H{$ _m_b{ CR>mVr h°& AmoX gZ≤1988 _{ß "¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g dmM' H{$ A›VJ©V g^r j{Ãr` BH$mB`m{ß 4.4.4. Bo `Z [r[wÎg ¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g H$_reZ - Bo `Z [r[wÎg ¯y_Z H$m{ goÂ_obV H$a oX`m J`m dV©_mZ _{ß "¯y_Z amBQ>≤g dmM' bJ^J 85 amBQ>≤≤g H$_reZ H$r ÒWm[Zm df© 1987 _{ß H$r JB© `h EH$ bm{H$ X{em{ß _{ß H$m`©aV≤ h°& ›`m`moYH$ma O°gr gßÒWm h°, `h H$_reZ _mZdmoYH$ma hZZ H{$ ¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g dmM H{$ AZwgßYmZH$Vm© odÌd H{$ g_ÒV j{Ãm{ß _wH$X_m{ß H$r gwZdmB© _{ß `m{JXmZ X{Vm h°& _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ CÑßKZ H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß Vœ`m{ß H$m A›d{fU H$aV{ h¢ BgH$m dV©_mZ _{ß _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ gßajU Edß gßdY©Z _{ß J°a-gaH$mar _wª` C‘{Ì` _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ CÑßKZ H$r Va\$ odÌd g_wXm` H$m ‹`mZ gßJR>Zm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ - dV©_mZ _{ß J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z _mZdmoYH$ma AmH$of©V H$aZm hm{Vm h° VWm Bg na[m{Q©> H$m{ gaH$mar Edß A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ gßdY©Z Edß gßajU (Promotion & Protection of HR) _{ß VrZm{ß H{$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$aZm hm{Vm h°& VÀ[ÌMmV≤≤ ¯y_Z amBQ>≤≤g dmM A[Z{ oZÓH$fm~ Í$[m{ß _{ß ghm`H$ hm{ gH$V{ h°, ‡W_ `h oH$ _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ CÑßKZ H$m H$m{ ‡oV df© A[Zr na[m{Q>m~ _{ß ‡H$moeV H$aVm h° ¯w_Z amBQ>≤≤g dmM H$m [Vm bJmH$a OZgmYmaU H{$ ‹`mZ _{ß bmZm VWm CZH{$ oZdmaU H{$ obE _wª`mb` ›`y`mH©$ (gß`w∫$ am¡` A_arH$m ) _{ß h°& ‡`ÀZ H$aZm, Xygam `h h° oH$ J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Z H$m OZgmYmaU g{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. 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Ow∂S{> hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ CÑßKZ H{$ Jß^ra _m_bm{ß _{ß A›d{fU oZÓH$f© - dV©_mZ _{ß J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß ¤mam am¡` hr Zht ]oÎH$ H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß ha ‡H$ma g{ _XX H$aZm & Vrgam, O°gm oH$ amÓQ≠>r` X{e-odX{e _{ß _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßdY©Z Edß gßajU H{$ j{Ã _{ß _hÀd[yU© _mZdmoYH$ma Am`m{J H$hVm h°, _mZdmoYH$ma H$m`© _{ß odoeÓQ> j{Ãm{ß _{ß J°a- ^yo_H$m oZ^mB© Om ahr h°& AV: gaH$ma ¤mam ^r _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ gßaj m gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H$r oZOr Edß CÉ-ÒVar` ode{fkVm Am`m{J H{$ obE H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m`© H$a ahr J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm AÀ`oYH$ C[`m{Jr Ûm{V ]Z gH$Vr h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ Am`m{J odoeÓQ> _w‘m{ß d MmohE& gaH$ma H$m{ MmohE oH$ dh BZ gßJR>Zm{ß H$r ghm`Vm g{ am¡` H{$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aVm h° Am°a CgH{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß A[Zr og\$mnae{ß odo^ﬁ ohÒgm{ß _{ß _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$r oÒWoV H$r Om±M g_`-g_` [a ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& H$amVr ah{ Am°a g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß ¤mam dV©_mZ _{ß _mZdmoYH$ma H{$ gßdY©Z Edß gmW odMma od_e© H$a{ß& BZ gßJR>Zm{ß H$m{ ^r MmohE oH$ _mÃ A[Zr gßajU _{ß oZ^mB© Om ahr ^yo_H$m Bg ‡H$ma h° - bm{H$o‡`Vm H{$ obE gaH$ma H$r CoMV H$m`©dmoh`m{ß H$m odam{Y Z H$a{ß. VmoH$ 1. _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV g_mO _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZm& OZVm H$m odÌdmg BZ gßJR>Zm{ß [a ]Zm ah{. BZ gßJR>Zm{ß [a ^r CoMV 2. OZohV `moMH$mEß XmoIb H$a emgZ ‡emgZ [a X]md ]ZmZm& _m‹`_ g{ AZwldU Edß [`©d{jU oH$E OmZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmohE& 3. gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ ^mJrXmar oZ^mZm& 4. _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ obE _mZH$ oZoÌMV H$aZm& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 5. _mZdmoYH$ma g{ gÂ]o›YV H$mZyZm{ß H$m{ g_gm_o`H$ ]ZmZ{ h{Vw em{Y 1. https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/human_rights H$aZm& 2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International 6. gaH$ma ¤mam ]Zr `m{OZmAm{ß, H$m`©H´$_m{ß, H$mZyZ d Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m 3. "Who we are". Amnesty International. Retrieved 16 ghr H$m`m©›d`Z h{Vw gh`m{J H$aZm& 7. _‹`ÒWVm H$r ^yo_H$m& March 2015. 4. http://nhrc.nic.in/ 8. ododY ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm& 5. ^grZ AZre, J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Z Am°a _mZdmoYH$ma, ‡oV`m{oJVm 9. A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` oZH$m`m{ß Edß gaH$mam{ß g{ dmVm©bm[& X[©U, _B© Edß OyZ 2015

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 176 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ^maV _{ß odo^›Z `wJm{ß _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ _mZdmoYH$ma - EH$ A‹``Z

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H$r aMZm hwB©& BZ_{ß _ZwÒ_•oV H$m{ hr Ï`dhma H$r H$gm°Q>r _mZm J`m& Bg Am°a d{ Òd`ß ^r A[Z{ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hwB©& _ohbmAm{ß H{$ H$mb _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m Km{a hZZ hm{Z{ bJm& Bg H$mb _{ß _mZdmoYH$mam{ß [a ode{f ‹`mZ oX`m J`m h°&9 gm_moOH$ Am°a Ymo_©H$ gßH$rU©Vm Z{ A[Zr O∂S{> O_m br& Mß–mdVr bIZ[mb ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV [oÌM_ g{ H$B© AWm} _{ß o^›Z h°& `hm± Z{ Bg H$mb _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H{$ hZZ H$m oMÃU H$aV{ hwE obIm Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ oZajVm Am°a o[N>∂S>m[Z hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r AmgmZr g{ AoYH$ma h°& îBg H$mb _{ß oÛ`m± J•hb˙_r g{ `moMH$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß oXImB© X{Z{ bJr& ‡m· h°& ^maVr` _ohbmE± odYr oZ_m©U H{$ oH$gr ^r gdm}¿M [X [a AmgrZ _mVm g{ g{odH$m ]Z JB© OrdZ Am°a eo∫$ ‡Xmo`Zr X{dr A] oZ]©bVmAm{ß hwB© h°& goX`m{ß H{$ CVma-M∂T>md H{$ [ÌMmV ^maVr` _ohbmE± AmO ^r A[Zr H$r ‡VrH$ ]Z JB©& Ûr, Om{ oH$gr g_` A[Z{ ‡]b Ïò∑ŒmÀd H{$ ¤mam H$m{B© Ò[ÓQ> N>od Zht aIVr h°& Hw$N> ]mVm{ß _{ß h_{ A[Z{ ]rM AßV: odam{Y X{e H{$ gmohÀ` Am°a g_mO H{$ AmXem} H$m{ ‡dmohV H$aVr 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Jr. No. 64728) 178 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II obE gaH$ma g{ og\$mnae H$aZm, CZH$r H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H{$ oZamH$aU _{ß od^mJ, CŒma ‡X{e, 1998, [•. H´$.22. ghm`Vm X{Zm Am°a _ohbmAm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV _m_bm{ß H{$ ZroV oZYm©aU _{ß gaH$ma 8. oVdmar, Am.[r. Edß ew∑bm S>r.dr. (_‹`H$mbrZ EoVhmgrH$ H$m{ gbmh X{Zm BgH$ _wª` C‘{Ì` h¢&13 [na‡{˙` _{ß ^maVr` Zmar), E.[r.EM. [o„boeßJ H$m∞a[m{a{eZ ZB© gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ oXÎbr, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-22-24. 1. odH$mg H$m{ g_o[©V _mogH$ [oÃH$m (`m{OZm [oÃH$m) AJÒV 9. g_mMma [Ã (X°oZH$ OmJaU) 15 oXgÂ]a, 1999. 2001 oXÎbr, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-2. 10. (^maV _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV H$m A‹``Z), ^maV gaH$ma, 2. H$m`ÒW _hm g^m [oÃH$m (oMÃJw· ]›Yw) OyZ, 2001. 1971. 3. lrdmÒVd, gwYmamZr (^maV _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r d°YmoZH$ oÒWoV) 11. oÃ[mR>r, JU{eXÀV (AmYwoZH$ H$mÏ` gßH$bZ), ^m{[mb, _.‡Ã H$m∞_Zd{Î` [o„beg©, ZB© oXÎbr, 2007 [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-11. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, 1986 [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-32. 4. Bo›Xam (‡mMrZ ^maV _{ß oÛ`m{ß H$r oÒWoV), ]Â]B©,1951 [•ÓR> 12. amZr, gr_m (_ohbmAoYH$am{ H{$ ‡oV ‡emgoZH$ ‡oV]’Vm), H´$_mßH$ 12-13. _{aR>, 2007. 5. amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J dmof©H$ na[m{Q©>, 1996-97 : [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 13. lrdmÒVd, gwYmamZr ([dmy}∫$), [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$-270. 22-24. 14. AdÒWr, e°b{›– Hw$_ma (_mZdmoYH$ma odoY), Am{naE›Q> [o„boeßJ 6. bVm, _ßOw (AZwgyoMV OmoV _{ß _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z), AOw©Z [o„boÌmßJ H$Â[Zr, ZB© oXÎbr, 2005, [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 472-473. hmCg, 2008, [•. H´$.4-8. 15. ZmamUr, ‡H$me ZmamÙ (_ohbm OmJ•oV Am°a H$mZyZ), AodÓH$ma 7. odoeÓQ>, odoZVm (Zmar Vw_ A]bm H$_ VH$), g_mO H$Î`mU [o„beg©, O`[wa &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 179 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$r _ohbm geo∫$H$aU _{ß ^yo_H$m

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hH$& CZH$m AmJ´h ÒdV›ÃVm, g_mZVm Am°a e°joUH$ ‡JoV [a AmYmnaV ahm& C›hm{ßZ{ Wm oH$ ohß›Xw H$mZyZ _{ß AßVaOmVr` oddmh H$m{ ^r _m›`Vm Xr OmE& Bg gm_moOH$ ›`m`, gm_moOH$ [hMmZ, g_mZ Adga Edß gßd°YmoZH$ o]b _{ß AßVoZ©ohV `{ ›`yZV_ og’mßV Ymo_©H$ aroV g{ oddmohV oÛ`m{ß H$m{ ÒdVßÃVm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Zmar geo∫$aU H$m{ hr gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$ Edß BZ AoYH$mam{ß H$m BÒV{_mb H$aZ{ Am°a bm^ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ Adga ‡XmZ gmßÒH•$oVH$ ‡JoV H$m gyMH$ _mZm& H$aV{ h¢& AÂ]{S>H$a oh›Xw H$m{S> o]b H{$ OnaE Ymo_©H$ AmMaU H{$ j{Ã _{ß AÂ]{S>H$a H$hV{ W{ oH$ ^maVr` g_mO o[V•gŒmmÀ_H$ g_mO h°& BgobE ‡JoVerb _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ aI H$a oZOr j{Ã H$m{ o\$a g{ odoYdV [na^mofV `hmß [a _ohbm odf`H$ odf_ gmßÒH•$oVH$ dM©Òd H{$ H$maU A] Òd`ß H$aZm Am°a CZ gm_moOH$ AmMaUm{ß H$m{ ]XbZ{ H{$ obE AmYma oZo_©V H$a _ohbmEß ^r Òd`ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Am°a CÀgwH$ Zht h°& 25 X{Zm MmhV{ W{, Om{ oh›XwAm{ß H{$ OrdZ H$m{ odH•$V H$a ah{ W{& Bg ‡H$ma oh›Xw oXgß]a 1927 H$m{ _hm∂S> gÂ_{bZ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gß]m{oYV H$aV{ hwE C›hm{ßZ{ 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X{H$a AÂ]{S>H$a EH$ Am{a oddmh H$r Aod¿X{YVm H$m{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [hMmZ Edß Jna_m H$m{ OrodV H$aZ{ H$m H$m`© AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ oH$`m& MwZm°Vr X{V{ h¢ Vm{ Xygar Am{a Ûr H$m{ [wÍ$f H{$ ‡À`{H$ A›`m` H$m{ ghZ 1920 _{ß ZmJ[wa _{ß _ohbm gÂ_{bZ H$m{ gß]m{oYV H$aV{ hwE C›hm|Z{ H$aZ{ H$r ]m‹`Vm g{ Nw>Q>H$mam oXbmV{ h¢& [wÍ$f H{$ EH$ oddmohV [ÀZr H{$ H$hm oH$ "geo∫$H$aU H$m AW© h°, A[Zr j_VmAm{ß H$m{ ]ZmZm Am°a Cg{ ahV{ Xygam oddmh H$aZ{ H$r Ny>Q> [a ‡oV]ßY bJm H$a CgH$r _Z_mZr [a odH$ogV H$a g_mO H$r _wª`Ymam H$m EH$ Ah_ ohÒgm ]ZZm& gßodYmZ AßHw$e bJmV{ h¢ Am°a [ÀZr H$r ÒdmYrZVm Am°a AmÀ_gÂ_mZ H$m{ gßaojV ‡mÍ$[ go_oV H{$ A‹`j H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›h{ß gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z H$m odYmZ H$aV{ h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma Ûr H$m{ [wÍ$f H$r gß[oŒm _{ß CŒmamoYH$ma ‡XmZ H$aH{$ d{ oZo_©V H$aZ{ H$m ÒdoU©_ Adga ‡m· hwAm& C›hm{ßZ{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gßodYmZ CgH$r AmoW©H$ [aoZ^©aVm H$m{ IÀ_ H$a X{Zm MmhV{ h¢& oh›Xy H$m{S> o]b H{$ _{ß g_mZ Í$[ g{ AZ{H$ AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E h°& (1) AZw¿N{>X-14 _{ß `{ VrZm{ß ‡mdYmZ oZÌM` hr Ûr-[wÍ$f H$m{ g_mZ YamVb [a I∂S>m H$a g_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma o]Zm oH$gr ^{X^md H{$ oX`m J`m h°& (2) AZw¿N{>X [nadmnaH$ gm_moOH$ g_agVm H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ dmb{ h°& 15- oH$gr ^r ZmJnaH$ g{ CgH{$ Y_©, OmoV, obßJ H{$ AmYma [a ^{X^md oZÓH$f© Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ odMma oMßVZ _{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. 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_ohbmAm{ß g{ gß]oYV ‡ÌZ oH$gr ^r A›` ]∂S>r g_Ò`m g{ ^r AoYH$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ OoQ>b W{& `h OoQ>bVm [nadma, g_mO, gßÒH•$oV, H$mZyZ d am{OJma ‡À`{H$ 1. JXm© bZ©a - "oX oH´$EeZ Am∞\$ [{Q≠>maH$r' & ÒWb [a g¢H$∂S>mß{ Í$[m{ß _{ß C[oÒWV Wr& CZH$m _mZZm Wm oH$ Bg OoQ>bVm 2. YZßO` H$ra - S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a, OrdZ Am°a b˙` _wÂ]B© 1954 H$m{ ZOaßXmO H$aZm X{e H$r AmYr Am]mXr H{$ ‡oV A[amY H{$ g_mZ h°& 3. S>„Î`y. EZ.Hw$]{a - ]r.Ama. AÂ]{S>H$a & CZH$m Xmdm Wm oH$ Bg odemb Am°a OoQ>b X{e _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ gßKf© H$ht 4. S>r.Ama OmQ>d- AÂ]{S>H$a H$m gm_moOH$ Xe©Z AmJam, 1985 AoYH$ H$ÓQ>H$mar Am°a Jha{ ah{ h°& BZ gßKfm~ H$r gmßÒH•$oVH$ O_rZ H$m{ 5. gwYra, amOmam_ X{da{- ^maVr` gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm oXÑr 2004 [wªVm H$aZm Ûr ÒdV›ÃVm H$r ‡mWo_H$ Am°a AoZdm`© eV© h°& CZH{$ 6. 4 AJÒV 1913 H$m{ ›`y`mH©$ g{ [Ã & AZwgma _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ g_mO _{ß Xm{`_ XO~ H{$ ÒWmZ [a ÒdV›ÃVm, g_mZVm 7. S>m∞. ]m]mgmoh] AÂ]{S>H$a, amBoQß>J E S> Ò[rM{O & Jm°ad d gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrdZ OrZ{ H$m Adga ‡XmZ oH$`m hr OmZm MmohE& 8. Eb.Or._{lm_ - S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Amb{I Edß Ao^^mfU, I S>-‡W_, [•.17 ZB© oXÑr &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 182 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Z∑gbdmX C›_ybZ h{Vw amOZroVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ ‡`mg

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* ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) ehrX ^r_mZm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 183 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II h°,Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° - ò ÒWmZr` `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ^Vr© H$a AoYH$ ]Q>mob`Z ]ZmB© OmE& ò OmoV Am°a dJ©JV Agm_ZVm& ò j{Ãr` gwoI`m VßÃ V°`ma oH$`m OmE& ò bMa ‡emgZ& ò J°a-amOZroVH$ amÓQ≠>r` aUZroV ]ZmB© OmE& ò am¡` H$r g{Zm H$m{ _mAm{dmoX`m{ß H$r Mmb H$m ]hwV H$_ kmZ h°& ò ‡oejU H{$ obE g{Zm H{$ AoYH$mna`m{ß Am°a g{dmoZd•Œm AoYH$mna`m{ß ò gr.Ama.[r.E\$. Z{ Iwo\$`m V›Ã ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE AoYH$ ‡`mg Zht H$m goH´$` gh`m{J ob`m OmE& oH$E JE& ò Z∑gbr Z{VmAm{ß H$m{ ohßgm H$m amÒVm N>m{∂S>H$a bm{H$VßÃ _{ß OJh ]ZmH$a ò h_b{ H{$ obE g_›d` Am°a Vmb_{b Am°a ]b H$r V°ZmVr _{ß A[Zr b∂S>mB© b∂S>Zr MmohE& AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ AZwÍ$[ gwYma Zht& ò Z∑gbdmX H$r O∂S{> CZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß AoYH$ Jhar h° Ohmß odH$mg `m Vm{ ò gwajm ]bm{ß H{$ [mg AÀ`mYwoZH$ C[H$aUm{ß H$m Z hm{Zm& [hwßM Zht gH$m AWdm CgH$r a‚Vma ]hwV Yr_r h°& E{g{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß V{O ò Z∑gbr gaH$ma H$m{ ZrMm oXImZ{ H{$ obE [wobgdmbm{ß H$m{ ]{ah_r g{ odH$mg H{$ OnaE hr Z∑gbdmX H$r H$_a Vm{∂S>r Om gH$Vr h°& _ma ah{ h¢& ò amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ H$m`©H$Vm© Mmh{ Vm{ E{g{ j{Ãm{ß _{ß Z∑gb g_W©H$m{ß ò _wH$m]bm H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡oejU _{ß H$_r& H$m{ g_Pm-]wPmH$a C›h{ß amÓQ≠>r`Vm g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H{$ R>m{g ‡`mg H$aZ{ ò AÀ`mYwoZH$ C[H$aUm{ß H$m Z hm{Zm& hm{ßJ{& amOZroVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ g_mYmZ - ò gwajm ]bm{ß H$m{ eo∫$embr ]Zm`m Om`& ò h_mar amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ Ï`dÒWmE± g]H$m{ odH$mg ò gr.Ama.[r.E\$. OdmZ Z∑gb ‡^modV BbmH$m{ß H{$ ^m°Jm{obH$ hmbmV H$aZ{ H{$ g_mZ Adga ‡XmZ H$a X{, Vm{ `h g_Ò`m± ÒdV: g_m· hm{ Am°a gm_moOH$ [nad{e g{ AZOmZ hm{V{ h°, BgobE CZH{$ gmW [wobg OmEJr& H$r gj_ Qw>H$∂S>r H$m hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ò gm_moOH$ odf_Vm H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ ‡`mg& ò Z∑gob`m{ß g{ oZ[Q>Z{ _{ß gj_ H$_mßS>m{ XÒVm{ß H$m JR>Z oH$`m OmE& ò em{fU [a AßHw$e& ò Z∑gbdmX g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE gwajm H{$ _m{M} H$m{ XwaÒV H$aZ{ H{$ gmW ò OZohV h{Vw emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oZ_m©U Edß oH´$`m›d`Z& hr amOZroVH$ Am°a gm_moOH$ ÒVa [a ^r Om{ ‡`mg A[{ojV hm{ ò amOZroVH$ B¿N>meo∫$ H$m{ ]∂T>mdm& CZg{ ^r [rN{> Zht hQ>m OmZm MmohE& ò A[amoY`m{ß H{$ ‡oV H$∂S{> H$mZyZ H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmohE VWm ›`m` ò Z∑gbdmX g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H$r XrK©H$mobZ amOZroV [a AmJ{ ]∂T>Zm hm{Jm& Ï`dÒWm _{ß gwYma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm& bÂ]{ g_` g{ Omar Bg b∂S>mB© _{ß odO` [mZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma H$m{ g^r ò am{OJmam{›_wIr oejm& gß^d VarH$m{ß H$m C[`m{J H$aZm MmohE& ò [wZ: Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm& oZÓH$f© - oZÓH$f© _{ß `h H$hZm hm{Jm oH$ ododY C[m` H$aH{$ gaH$ma X{e ò Z°oVH$ CŒmaXmo`Àd& g{ Z∑gbdmX H$r g_Ò`m g_m· H$a gH$Vr h°& dV©_mZ g_` _{ß Bg g_Ò`m ò ÒWmZr` bm{Jm{ß H$m{ [wobg gßajU& g{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ obE gaH$ma ¤mam Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a `m{OZmE± V°`ma H$r JB© h°& ò AmdmJ_Z H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m odH$mg & Bg `m{OZm _{ß Z∑gb ‡^modV j{Ãm{ß _{ß AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ odH$mg [a ò X{e H{$ ‡oV amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$r ^mdZm& ode{f ]b oX`m Om ahm h° Am°a am¡` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ oZX}e oXE JE h° oH$ d{ ò [∂S>m{gr X{em{ß H{$ CJ´dmoX`m{ß H$m{ ^maV _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE ^yo_ gwYma V{Or g{ bmJy H$a{ß& Z∑gb ‡^mdr j{Ãm{ß _{ß ]woZ`mXr gwodYmAm{ß gaH$ma H$m{ amOZroVH$ Edß Hw$Q>ZroVH$ C[m`m{ß H$m{ A[ZmZm hm{Jm& H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om ahm h°, VmoH$ g_Ò`m AmZ{ [a Z∑gbdmX g_m· ò ^´ÓQ>mMma [a AßHw$e& H$aZ{ H{$ obE ha gß^d ‡`mg oH$`m Om gH{$& ò amÓQ≠> H{$ odH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam g{ Z∑gob`m{ß H$m{ Om{∂S>Zm& BgH{$ oZXmZ H{$ obE ^maV gaH$ma VWm am¡` gaH$ma{ A[Z{-A[Z{ ò Z∑gob`m{ß H$m{ ]mha g{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ ‡À`{H$ gh`m{J H$m{ am{H$Zm& ÒVa [yU© g_›d` H{$ gmW ododY VarH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE ‡`mg H$a ò Z∑gob`m{ß H$m{ ghm`Vm X{Z{ dmb{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ KamZm{ß [a H$mZyZr ahr h°& H$m`©dmhr& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- ò Q≠>mB]b g] ﬂbmZ H$m Í$[`m Om{ Xyga{ _Xm{ß _{ß IM© hm{ ahm h°, [a 1. hare Hw$_ma IÃr - _‹`‡X{e H$m emgZ Edß amOZroV, H°$bme ‡oV]ßY& [wÒVH$ gXZ, ^m{[mb, 2012 ò OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß ¤mam AmoXdmog`m{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ odYmZg^m 2. 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Jr. No. 64728) 187 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II oH$`m& BgH{$ gmW hr ÒdVßÃVm Am›Xm{bZ H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ _ß{ ]mgdmZ›X o_l, Z{ gÀ`mJ´h [a bJm ‡oV]ßY hQ>m oX`m& ^∫$ Xe©Z, lr od⁄mXŒm ]hwI S>r, lr S>„]bogßh Z{Jr, B©Ìdar XŒm e_m©, gZ≤ 1942 B©0 H{$ ^maV N>m{∂S>m{ Am›Xm{bZ _ß{ ^r J∂T>dmb [rN{> Zht Jm{[mb ZmamÙ, Jm{[mb ogßh AmoX Z{VmAm{ß Z{ goH´$` ^yo_H$m oZ^mB©& ahm& AmZ›X eaU aVy∂S>r H$m{ 1942B©0 H{$ Am›Xm{bZ H{$ VhV AmJam O{b S>m S>m_ßS>r j{Ã _ß{ lr AmoXÀàm_, lr gm{hZ ogßh amdV, bmbm ‡Vm[ ogßh ^{Om J`m& J∂T>dmb H{$ ^maV N>m{∂S>m{ Am›Xm{bZ _ß{ B›–XŒm, H$mbram_, AmoX goH´$` W{& H•$ÓUmZ›X, oXZ{e M›– gH$bmZr, _m{hZ ogßh Z{Jr, [na[yUm©Z›X [°›`ybr, gZ≤ 1932 B©0 g{ 1934 H{$ _‹` Hw$_mßD$ H$o_ÌZar _ß{ ANy>Vm{¤ma [mVram_, [yaUogßh, \$agyam_, Y_m©Z›X, ZmJ{›– gH$bmZr AmoX ‡_wI H$m`©H´$_ A[Zm`m J`m& 1932B©0 _ß{ ]–rXŒm Om{er ES>dm{H{$Q> H$r A‹`jVm Z{Vm W{& ]∂S>H$m{Q> H{$ Hw$ßda ogßh d A›` H$B© Z{VmAm{ß Z{ ^r ^maV N>m{∂S>m{ _ß{ "Hw$_mßD$ g_mO gwYma' gÂ_{bZ Am`m{oOV oH$`m J`m& Bgr gmb Xm{J»m Am›Xm{bZ _ß{ ^mJ ob`m Wm&7 _ß{ ^r XobVm{¤ma gÂ_{bZ hwAm& BZ gÂ_{bZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_mO _ß{ Ï`m· gZ≤ 1942B©0 H$r E{oVhmogH$ OZH´$mßoV, ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ H$r EH$ H$R>m{a dU© Ï`dÒWm H$r oZßXm H$r JB© Am°a ey– H$r CfioV A›` dUm~ H$r am{_mßMH$mar KQ>Zm h°& Ohmß gÂ[yU© ^maV _ß{ "AßJ´{Om{ß ^maV N>m{∂S>m{" H$r AmdmO ^mßoV _mZr JB© d Cg{ gwYmaZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m&6 [ya{ X{e H{$ H$m{Z{-H$m{Z{ _ß{ JyßO CR>r& dht J∂T>dmb H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aZ{ gZ≤ 1932 B©0 _ß{ X{hamXyZ _ß{ H$a]ßXr, odX{er _mb H$m ]ohÓH$ma Am°a H$mßJ´{g _hm go_oV H$r ]°R>H$ _ß{ oQ>har J∂T>dmb g{ ^r lrX{d gw_Z Or Z{ ^r eam] H$r ô≈`m{ß [a YaZm oX`m J`m& Bg Am›Xm{bZ H$m AmaÂ^ F$ofH{$e ^mJ ob`m Wm& Bg E{oVhmogH$ AJÒV Am›Xm{bZ _ß{ g^r ^maVdmgr H{$ H$B© gmYw g›Vm{ß ¤mam Ymam 144 H$m CÑßKZ H$a H{$ oH$`m J`m& A[Zr-A[Zr goH´$` ^yo_H$m oZ^mZ{ H{$ obE Hy$X [∂S{> W{& 23 \$adar gZ≤ 1938 B©0 H$m{ X{hamXyZ _ß{ oQ>har gm_›V emhr H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ oIbm\$ am¡` ‡Om_ S>b H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r J`r& lrX{d gw_Z BgH{$ goH´$` 1. [≈o^ grVm a_Ê`m - ohÒQ≠>r Am∞\$ Bo S>`Z Z{eZb H$mßJ´{g ^mJ-4 gXÒ` W{& C›hm|Z{ oQ>har gm_›Vemhr H{$ oIbm\$ OZM{VZm H$m ‡gma oH$`m& A‹`m`-EH$ [•0gß0-702 oXÑr& gZ≤ 1938 _ß{ lrZJa J∂T>dmb _ß{ EH$ d•hX amOZ°oVH$ gÂ_{bZ Am`m{oOV 2. [mR>H$ e{Ia - _m{hZ Om{er, EH$ A‹``Z gßÒH$aU 1978 CŒmamI S> oH$`m J`m, oOg_ß{ Odmha bmb Z{hÍ$ Am°a odO`b˙_r [o S>V Z{ ^mJ ^maVr ‡H$meZ [•0gß0-9 ob`m Wm& Bg gÂ_{bZ _ß{ Xm{Zm{ß J∂T>dmbm{ß (o]óQ>e J∂T>dmb d oQ>har J∂T>dmb) 3. [mR>H$ e{Ia - [ydm}∫$ [•0gß0-6-7 H$r AI S>Vm H{$ odf` _ß{ d J∂T>dmb H$r `mVm`mV H$r gwodYm H{$ obE _m{Q>a 4. ZaX{demÛr - X{hamXyZ Am°a J∂T>dmb H{$ amÓQ≠>r` Am›Xm{bZ H$m _mJm~ H$m oZ_m©U H$m`©H´$_ [a Om{a oX`m J`m& Bgr df© J∂T>dmb _ß{ "OmJ•V BoVhmg gßÒH$aU 1931 X{hamXyZ [•0gß0-85 J∂T>dmb gßK' H$r ÒWm[Zm ^r H$r J`r& oOg_ß{ [mßM AmZm ]∂T>r bJmZ H{$ 5. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 188 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ]bmÀH$ma EH$ gm_moOH$ A‹``Z

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Astralian Institute of Criminology-rape: Social, ‡oVd{XZ - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß odJV [mßM dfm~ H{$ (2009 g{ A] VH$) criminological and legal aspects-1976. 5. Bourke, Joanna-Rape: Sex, Violence, History- ]bmÀH$ma A[amYm{ß H$r Hw$b dmof©H$ XO© gßª`m H$r JB© h°& oOgH{$ AZwgma Shoemaker & Hoard-2007. A] VH$ Hw$b 605 KQ>ZmEß XO© H$r JB© h°& oOZ_{ß 110 AZwgyoMV OmoV, Journals - 344 AZwgyoMV OZOmoV, 146 A›` _ohbmAm{ß H{$ gmW ]bmÀH$ma hwE h°& 1. Bakshi, Pratiksha-Justice is a secret compromise in oOZ_{ß _{ß 243 Zm]mobH$ (18 df© g{ H$_) Edß 362 ]mobJ _ohbmE h¢& rape trial-Jawaher Lal University New Delhi-2nd Feb oOZH$r df©dma gßª`m Bg ‡H$ma h°& 2011. gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :ñ 2. Desai, Druve-Sexual Harassment & rape law in India- 1. Aldow, Allison, Jules-A Legal case study In Sentencig- Symbiosis Society'S law college - Sep.1995. Macmillan Education Australia-1993. 3. Fitzgerald, Nora- Drug facilitatd Rape-National Institute 2. Allison, Julie-Rape, the Misunderstood Crime-SAGE- for justice-April 2000. 1993. 4. Kate-Child Sexual abuse and the “Grooming" 3. Andrew. Taslitz-Rape and the culture of the court-NYU processs-Pandora's Project-2009. press-1999. 5. Krieg, Sarah H-Culture, Violence and Rape Adjudication-Internet Journal of criminology-2007

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OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ bm{H$H$WmE ]hwbVm g{ ‡MobV h¢& nadmO h°& _•VH$m{ß H$r Ò_•oV`m{ß H$m{ oMaÒWm`r ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE "JmVm' `m ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ bm{H$H$WmAm{ß g{ Ame` E{gr bm{H$H$WmAm{ß g{ h¢, oOg_ß{ _wª` "JmVbm' H$r ÒWm[Zm AZwÓR>mZ [yd©H$ H$aVr h°&14 ode{f [dm} [a Adgam{ß [mÃ _mZd Z hm{H$a A›` ‡mH•$oVH$ AZwMa [mÃm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[oÒWV hm{V{ [a "JmVmAm{ß' H$r [yOm AM©Zm H$r OmVr h°& `{ "JmVm' _•À`w H{$ "‡VrH$ oM›h' h¢& E{gr bm{H$H$WmAm{ß _{ß _mZd[mÃ H$^r-H$^ma hr [mE OmV{ h¢&10 `m "‡VrH$ ÒVÂ^' H{$ Í$[ _{ß [yO{ OmV{ h¢ Am°a Bg H$mÓQ> ÒVÂ^m{ß _{ß H$B© ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ H$WmAm{ß _{ß _wª` [mÃ ‡m`: Ord-O›Vw, [{∂S>-[m{Y{, AmdÌ`H$Vm ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ oMÃm{ß H$m AßH$Z oH$`m OmVm h°& oOgg{ Cg OZOmoV H$r H{$ g_mZ O°g{-Hw$oR>bm, Hw$oR>br, [Bbm, Hw$Í$Am, bmR>r, ]Ñ_, IoQ>`m, [hMmZ AWm©V `h oH$g OZOmoV H$m _•VH$ ÒVÂ^ h°& Bg ]mV H$r OmZH$mar _oM`m, bm{Q>-bwoQ>`m, Vmbm], Hw$Am AmoX hm{V{ h¢& o_b OmVr h°& OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß A[Z{ Jm{Ã H{$ ‡VrH$ oM›h (Q>m{Q>_) H{$ AZwgma _‹` ‡X{e H$r g^r OZOmoV`m{ß _ß{ Z•À` H$bm H{$ H$B© ‡H$ma h¢& oOg_{ß Am^yfU ]ZdmE OmV{ h°&11 C›ht ‡VrH$ oM›hm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Z{ eara EH$ Z•À` "_wIm°Q>m' [hZH$a oH$`m OmVm h°& Jm°a-Z•À` H$m _wIm°Q>m Jm°a H{$ [a Jm{XZm ^r AßoH$V H$admV{ h¢& CgH$m VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$ CZH{$ Jm{Ã H$m gtJ, [oj`m{ß H{$ [ßI Edß H$m°o∂S>`m{ß H$m{ Pmba g{ oZo_©V hm{Vm h°& Om{ `h ‡VrH$ Bhbm{H$ Am°a [abm{H$ _{ß ^r CZH{$ gmW ah{Jm& Ï`∫$ H$aVm h° oH$ BZ _wIm°Q>m{ß _{ß [yar g•oÓQ> g_mohV h°& OZOmVr` g_mO H$r g^r [yOZ gm_moJ´`m± ‡VrH$ Í$[ _{ß [yOr OmVr BZ_{ß g{ AoYH$V_ ¡`mo_Vr` AmH•$oV`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß h¢& O°g{-bm¢J H$m{ ]ob H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm OmVm h°& bm¢J H$m \y$b Vm{∂S>H$a Jm{XZm AmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°, Om{ oH$gr Z oH$gr ‡VrH$ Í$[ [yOZ{ g{ Cg{ EH$ ]ob H{$ ]am]a _mZm OmVm h°& ]°JZ H$m{ H$mQ>Zm ]H$a{ H$r H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVr h°& OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ eara H{$ ‡À`{H$ AßJm{ß [a oH$E ]ob X{Z{ H{$ ]am]a _mZm OmVm h°& Bgr ‡H$ma H$H$∂S>r, Iram H$m{ H$mQ>Zm _wJ} OmZ{ dmb{ Jm{XZm H$m EH$ C‘{Ì` `m H$h{ß H$r ‡VrH$ Í$[ Cg C‘{Ì` H$m H$r ]ob X{Z{ H{$ ]am]a _mZm OmVm h°& g\{$X H$XXy oOg{ "]nahm-Hw$Âh∂S>m" ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aVm h°&15 Om{ oZÂZoboIV h°-_ÒVH$ [a Jm{XZm-^mΩ` H$hV{ h¢, Cg{ H$mQ>Zm Za]ob H{$ ]am]a _mZV{ h¢& bJ^J g^r OZOmoV`m{ß oZ_m©U H$m ‡VrH$, OmßKm{ß [a Jm{XZm-AÌd H{$ g_mZ eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$, _{ß "Hw$Îhm∂S>r' H$m{ H$_© H$m{ ‡VrH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß [yOm OmVm h°& ]mhm{ß _{ß Jm{XZm-eo∫$ ‡mo· H$m ‡VrH$, _wßh _{ß Jm{XZm-OmXy-Q>m{Zm, Q>m{Q>H$m Cgr ‡H$ma H$B© OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß X{dr-X{dVm H{$ _wIm°Q{> ‡VrH$ Í$[ _{ß AmoX H$m{ ‡^mdhrZ H$a CZH{$ ajm H$m ‡VrH$ h°& djÒWb [a-XmÂ[À` ‡`m{J oH$E OmV{ h¢& H$hm OmVm h° oH$ BZ _wIm°Q>m{{ß H$m{ bJmH$a [yOm, Z•À`, gwIr OrdZ H$m ‡VrH$, eara H{$ odo^fi AßJm{ß _{ß Jm{Ã oM›h H$m oMÃmßH$Z- AZwÓR>mZ AmoX H$aZ{ g{ X{dr X{dVm ‡gfi hm{V{ h¢& Bgr ‡H$ma H$B© Jm{Ã [yd©Om{ß Edß _•VmÀ_mAm{ß H$m gßajU Edß Amerdm©X ‡mo· H$m ‡VrH$ h°& eara oM›hm{ß (Q>m{Q>_m{ß) Am{a CZH{$ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ AWm} H$r EH$ gmaUr oZÂZmZwgma H{$ odo^fi AßJm{ß _{ß Jm{Ã-oM›h H$m oMÃmßH$Z-[yd©Om{ß Edß _•VmÀ_Am{ß H$m h¢-_N>br-‡OZZ H$m ‡VrH$, hmWr-—∂T>Vm H$m ‡VrH$, _`ya-‡{_ Am°a gßajU Edß Amerdm©X ‡mo· H$m ‡VrH$, H$bmB`m{ß _{ß-ÒdJ© _{ß A[Zm{ß g{ gm°›X`© H$m ‡VrH$, ZmJ-AfiV B¿N>mAm{ß H$m ‡VrH$, AÌd-D$Om© Am°a o_bZ H$m ‡VrH$ h°& eo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$, H$Nw>Am-Y°`© Am°a B¿N>meo∫$ H$m ‡VrH$, d•j-g•oÓQ>, OZOmVr` Z•À`m{ß H{$ ^r ‡VrH$ Í$[ hm{V{ h°-e°bm Z•À`-[d©V H$m OrdZ Am°a ‡H•$oV H$m ‡VrH$, o]¿Ny>-H$m_m{Œm{OZm H$m ‡VrH$, Am_-g_•’Vm ‡VrH$, H$_m© Z•À`-H$_© H$m ‡VrH$, Pa[Q> Z•À`-N{>∂S>N>m∂S> H$m ‡VrH$, o]ahm H$m ‡VrH$, _m{a-kmZ Am°a odd{H$ H$m ^r ‡VrH$, Vm{Vm-]wo’ Am°a ‡{_ H$m Z•À`-o]ah H$m ‡VrH$ _mZm OmVm h° BÀ`moX Z•À` ‡MobV h°& ‡VrH$& OZOmVr` Am^yfU H{$ ^r ‡VrH$ Í$[ hm{V{ h¢-o]ßoX`m-]°a ZmeH$, Bgr ‡H$ma H$B© ‡VrH$ oM›hm{ß H$m{ OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß "Jm{XZm' H{$ Q>rH$m-Q>m{Zm AmoX g{ ajm, hßgbr-hg_wI Ï`dhma, M›XZhma-MmßXZr H{$ Í$[ _{ß [yU© _m›`Vm ‡m· h°&O°g{12-Vm{Vm Am°a _m{a-‡{_ H{$ ‡VrH$, ZmJ- Í$[ _{ß AßYH$mam H$m{ hQ>mZm, _mbm-_Z H$r _brZVm H$r Òd¿N>Vm, ]mOy]ßX- B¿N>m eo∫$, H$mb H$m ‡VrH$, _N>br-gÂ[fiVm H$m ‡VrH$, o]¿Ny>- ]mOr _maZ{ H$r ‡d•oŒm, H$JßZm-H$_© H$m ‡VrH$, N>Ñr-N>b Edß H$[Q> H$m H$m_dmgZm H$m ‡VrH$, H$Nw>Am-B›–r` gß`_ (Y°`©) H$m ‡VrH$, H$m{`b- À`mJ, [°∂S>r-[aohV Am°a ‡gfiVm, Am°a o]Nw>Am-[oV g{ odbJ Z hm{Z{ H$r _Ywa dmUr (_rR>r ]m{br H{$ ‡VrH$), dQ> d•j-oMa›Va ahZ{ (‡mU H$m H$m_Zm BÀ`moX ‡_wI h°& ‡VrH$), \y$b-g›XaVm H$m ‡VrH$, \$b\y$b g{ `w∫$ d{b-g_•o’ Am°a h_mam gmam gßgma hr ‡VrH$m{ß g{ âm hwAm h°& AmoXH$mb g{ b{H$a gÂ[fiVm H$m ‡VrH$ AmoX h°& OZOmVr` oÛ`m{ß _{ß gm°^mΩ` Am°a _mV•Àd H{$ AmO VH$ `{ ‡VrH$ hr h_ma{ OrdZ H$m{ gßMmobV Am°a oZò_V H$aV{ ah{ h¢& Í$[ _{ß Jm{XZm "Jm{Xdm`m' OmVm h°& BZ Jm{XZm AmH•$oV`m{ß _{ß _ÒVH$ H$m "Bgr ‡H$ma OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß "Q>m{Q>_' ^r EH$ ‡H$ma H$m ‡VrH$ hr hm{Vm h° Om{ Jm{XZm CZH$r OmoV H$m{ ‡VrH$ Í$[ _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aVm h°& BZ Jm{XZm hmoZH$maH$ d•j `m [ew hm{Vm h°& BZ Q>m{Q>_ ‡VrH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß AmH•$oV`m{ß g{ h_ `h OmZ OmV{ h¢ oH$ `h H$m°Z gr OZOmoV h°& ^` VWm AmXa Xm{Zm{ß ^md [mE OmV{ h¢& ]°Jm _{ß EH$ AßYodÌdmg AZwgma "JrX∂S>' H{$ amÒVm H$mQ>Z{ [a Cgr AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ BZ OZOmoV`m{ß H$m OrdZ ‡VrH$ g{ ÒWmZ [a EH$ "Q>hZr' ([Vbr gr bH$∂S>r) aIH$a CgH{$ D$[a EH$ ]∂S>m âm [∂S>m h° Am°a `{ bm{J hr BZ ‡VrH$m{ß H$r ghr Ao^Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m A[Z{ [ÀWa aI oX`m OmVm h°& Q>hZr ]°JmAm{ß _{ß eÃw H$m ‡VrH$ _mZr OmVr h°& OrdZ _{ß Ï`∫$ H$aV{ h° `m H$h{ oH$ AmÀ_gmV H$a CgH$m [yU© oZÓR>m g{ H$hm OmVm h° oH$ oOgZ{ ^r JrX∂S> H$m{ ^{Om Wm Am°a [ÀWa CgH$r H$]´ H$m [mbZ H$aV{ h°& OZOmVr` Ymo_©H$ ‡VrH$m{ß _{ß CZH{$ BVZ{ gma{ A—Ì` Am°a ‡VrH$ h°& VWm BgH{$ ]mX AmJ{ Om`m Om gH$Vm h°& Jm{ßS> OZOmoV _{ß AZJ∂T> X{dVmAm{ß H{$ ‡VrH$ Í$[, Q>m{Q>_ AWm©V Jm{Ã oM›h VWm CZH{$ [yOm ]mK{Ìda X{dVm H$r [yOm H$r OmVr h°, Om{ e{a H$m ‡VrH$ Í$[ hr h°&13 ]mK{Ìda [mR> _{ß Ow∂S{> ]hwV gma{ ‡VrH$ gm_J´r H$m ‡`m{J BZ OZOmVr` g_mOm{ß _{ß H{$ ‡VrH$ ]mK `m Q>m{Q>_, e{a H$r H$mÓQ> _yoV© ]ZmZ{ H$r [aÂ[am Jm{∂S>m{ß _{ß [mB© oH$`m OmVm h¢& OZOmVr` [yam gßgma hr Y_© g{ Am{V-‡m{V ahVm h°& AV: OmVr h°& ]mK{Ìda X{d H$r [yOm ^mna`m OZOmoV _{ß ^r H$r OmVr h°& Jm{ßS>, CZH{$ Bg gßgma (OrdZ) g{ Oy∂S>r g^r gm_mZ ‡VrH$ hr H$hbmV{ h°& `{ ^rb Am°a H$m{aHy$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß _•VH$ ÒVÂ^ ]ZmZ{ H$r ‡Wm h°, `m H$hß{ß oH$ ‡VrH$ BZH{$ OrdZ _{ß BVZ{ aM ]g JE h° oH$ BZH{$ o]Zm OrdZ OrZm Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 195 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Zht _•À`w H{$ g_mZ h°& BbmhmdmX [•.gß. 164 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 9. OZOmVr` od_e©- Bo›Xam JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` OZOmVr` od.od. 1. oZaJwU{ ]g›V, bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV: _.‡. oh.J´. AH$m.^m{[mb 1996 ‡. A_aH$›Q>H$ 2013 [•.gß. 80 121;125 10. oVdmar amO{e OZOmVr` Z•À`H$bm _{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ VßÀd- 2. dhr [•. gß 121;125 A.‡.og.od.od.ardm A‡H$moeV em{Y [Ã 3. lrdmÒVd od_b _m{ohZr,'^maVr` H$bm _ß{ ‡VrH$ ,odÌd ^maVr` 11. _hmda oZaOßZ-(Jm{XZm b{I) Mm°_mgm df©-8 AßH$ 25 1991 [•.gß. ‡H$meZ dmamUmgr 2002 [•. ‡ÒVmdH$ g{ 39 4. oVdmar oed Hw$_ma ,'_‹` ‡X{e H$r OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV' _.‡. oh.J´ßW 12. Mm°_mgm AßH$ 77 df© 24,df© 2008 [•.gß. 42 AH$m. ^m{[mb 1999 [•. 62 13. d_m© ]r.Eb. "^rbm{ H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm" ∑bmogH$b [o„boeßJ 5. lrdmÒVd od_b_m{ohZr ,'^maVr` H$bm _ß{ ‡VrH$- odÌd ^maVr` H$Â[Zr ZB© oXÑr 1992 [•.gß. 68 ‡H$meZ dmamUgr 2002 [•.gß 01 14. Mm°_mgm df©-19 AßH$ 59 df© 2002 [•.gß. 96-99 6. oZaJwU{ ]g›V- bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV _.‡.oh.J´.A. ^m{[mb 1996 [•.gß. 71 15. _m{hÂ_X ear\$- ^maV _{ bm{H$ Z•À`- _.‡.oh.J´.A. ^m{[mb 2010 7. Jw· OJXre ‡mJ°oVhmogH$ ^maVr` oMÃH$bm. Z{eZb [o„boeßJ [•.gß. 79 hmCg ZB© oXÎbr 1967 [•.gß. 146 16. dhr [•.gß. 21,31,40,43 8. ]K{b oH$aU-^maVr` g_mO Am°a gßÒH•$oV' [wÓ[amO ‡H$meZ 17. dhr [•.gß. 78-79

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 196 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _wJbH$mb _{ß oÛ`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV - EH$ odd{MZ

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Jr. No. 64728) 197 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II oZoÌMV g_` H{$ obE oH$`m Wm) H{$ AßVJ©V Mma g{ ^r ¡`mXm emoX`m± oÛ`m± gbdma VWm H$_rO [hZVr Wr&15 A_ra dJ© H$r oÛ`m{ß H$m ‡_wI H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmOmX W{& [hZmdm H$Ì_rar em∞b Am°a H$adm Wm& _woÒb_ oÛ`m± Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bZ{ ]mboddmh - ^maV _{ß _woÒb_ AmH´$m›VmAm{ß H{$ ‡d{e H{$ ]mX ]mboddmh [a H$mb{ dÛ H{$ ]wH}$ H$m ‡`m{J H$aVr Wr& ‡Wm H$m ‡MbZ ewÍ$ hwAm& _woÒb_ emgH$ Am°a A_ra dJ© H{$ bm{J Í$[dVr gm¢X`©-‡gmYZ - _wJbH$mb _{ß ohßXw VWm _woÒb_ oÛ`m± odo^fi ‡H$ma ohßXw H$›`mAm{ß H{$ gmW A[_mZOZH$ Ï`dhma H$aV{ W{& `h ‡Wm _wJbH$mb H{$ ‡gmYZm{ß ¤mam A[Zm ˚m•ßJma H$aVr Wr& oÛ`m± H$mOb, o]ßXr bJmH$ma, _{ß ^r ‡MobV Wr& ]mb oddmh H{$ H$maU oÛ`m{ß H$r CfioV H$m _mJ© ]ßX hm{ _m±J âH$a, _m{oV`m{ß Am°a aÀZm{ß g{ d{Ur gOmH$a A[Z{ Am[H$m{ g±dmaVr OmVm Wm ∑`m{ßoH$ C›h{ß A¿N>r ‡H$ma H$r CÉ oejm Zht o_b [mVr Wr& Wr& oÛ`m{ß _{ß ]mbm{ß H$m Ow∂S>m ]ZmZ{ Am°a Am±Im{ß _{ß gwa_{ H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ H$m _wH$›Xam_ H{$ AZwgma "Om{ o[Vm A[Zr H$›`m H$r emXr 9 df© H$r Am`w _{ß H$a \°$eZ Wm& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ eara H$m{ oga g{ [°a VH$ Am^yfUm{ß g{ gOmZ{ X{Vm Wm, dh ^mΩèmbr Am°a B©Ìda H$m H•$[m[mÃ g_Pm OmVm Wm&'888 ohßXwAm{ß H$m em°H$ Wm& oÛ`m± Jb{ _{ß hma, gm{Z{ H$m Z{H$b{g, ]mOwAm{ß _{ß ]mOy]ßX, H$r ^m±oV ]mboddmh H$r ‡Wm _woÒb_m{ß _{ß ^r ‡MbZ _{ß Wr& _wJb ]mXemh Hß$JZ, H$∂S{>, Mw∂S>r Am°a hmWm{ß H$r AßJwob`m{ß _{ß AßJwoR>`m± [hZVr Wr& ohßXw AH$]a ]mb oddmh H$m odam{Yr Wm Am°a CgZ{ AmX{e oX`m oH$ 21 df© g{ H$_ odYdmE± Z Vm{ Am^yfUm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aVr Wr Am°a Z hr _mW{ [a o]ßXr Am`w H{$ b∂S>H{$ Am°a 16 df© g{ H$_ Am`w H$r b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r emXr Zht hm{ gH$Vr& bJmVr Wr&161616 Ûr-oejm - _‹`H$mb _{ß ode{fH$a _wJb H$mb _{ß ohßXw oÛ`m{ß H$m{ oejm _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmYZ - _wJbH$mbrZ ^maV _{ß _Zm{aßOZ H{$ AZ{H$ gmYZ J´hU H$aZ{ H$r gwodYmE± gm_m›`V: Zht Wr, o\$a ^r C›h{ß gmohÀ`, W{& oÛ`m± Z•À`, gßJrV, ZmQ>H$ Am°a eVaßO H$m I{b I{bH$a A[Zm Xe©ZemÛ, Y_©, gßJrV, Z•À` AmoX H$r oejm Xr OmVr Wr& ohßXw VWm _Zm{aßOZ H$aVr Wr& gm_wohH$ Am`m{OZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß _{b{ Am°a À`m°hma ^r _woÒb_ YZr [nadmam{ß H$r oÛ`m{ß H$m{ ode{f gwodYmE± Xr OmVr Wr& _ram]mB© _Zm{aßOZ H{$ ‡_wI gmYZ W{& J∂T>_w∫${Ìda H$m _{bm ohßXwAm{ß H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m ^r EH$ ‡og’ H$do`Ãr Wr oOgZ{ Zagr Or H$m _{ham, JrV Jm{od›X H$r _{bm Wm, Ohm± hOmam{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß ohßXw OmV{ W{&17 ohßXw oÛ`m± AZ{H$ À`m°hma Q>rH$m, amJ Jm{od›X AmoX ‡og’ [wÒVH$m{ß H$r aMZm H$r Wr&999 _woÒb_ oÛ`m{ß _ZmH$a A[Zm _Zm{aßOZ H$aVr Wr& AH$]a ajm ]ßYZ H{$ Adga [a A[Z{ _{ß oejm H$m H$m\$r ‡Mma Wm& ]mXemh AH$]a Z{ \$V{h[wa grH$ar _{ß b∂S>oH$`m{ß hmW _{ß amIr aIVm Wm& ]gßV-[ßM_r H{$ CÀgd [a ohßXw Am°a _woÒb_ oÛ`m± H{$ obE EH$ ÒHy$b H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& A_ra dJ© H$r oÛ`m{ß H$r oejm H{$ obE ]mJm{ß _{ß Iwoe`m± _ZmVr Wr&18 Xrdmbr H{$ Adga [a _wgb_mZ ^r, Img- AbJ g{ A‹`mo[H$mE± oZ`w∫$ H$r OmVr Wr& ]m]a H$r [wÃr Jwb]XZ ]{J_ Vm°a [a J´m_dmgr _wgb_mZ A[Z{ Kam{ß [a Xr[H$ ObmH$a am{eZr H$aV{ W{& EH$ gwoeojV _ohbm Wr, Om{ \$magr Edß VwH$r© _{ß Ymam‡dmh ]m{b Edß obI B©X H{$ À`m°hma [a ohßXw oÛ`m± A[Z{ _woÒb_ o_Ãm{ß H$m{ _w]maH$]mX X{Vr Wr& gH$Vr Wr& CgZ{ "hw_m`y±Zm_m' Zm_H$ EH$ ‡og’ J´ßW H$r aMZm H$r& "e]{-]amV' [d© [a ohßXw Am°a _wgb_mZ Xm{Zm{ß hr AmoVe]mOr H$m _Om A„Xwbahr_ ImZImZm H$r ]{Q>r Om∞Z ]{J_ Z{ Hw$amZ [a EH$ oQ>fl[Ur obIr b{V{ W{&191919 oOg{ AH$]a Z{ 50000 XrZma BZm_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oXE&101010 C[`w©∫$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ _wJb H$mb _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r d{Ì`mAm{ß H$r oÒWoV - _wJbH$mb _{ß Jmo`H$mAm{ß Am°a d{Ì`mAm{ß H$m EH$ gm_moOH$ Xem AÀ`ßV X`Zr` Wr& ohßXw oÛ`m{ß H$r Xem _woÒb_ oÛ`m{ß H$r AbJ dJ© hm{Vm Wm& `{ AZ{H$ Adgam{ß [a ]mXemhm{ß VWm A_ram{ß H$m A[Zr VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ AgßVm{fOZH$ Wr& _wJbH$mbrZ ^maVr` g_mO _{ß ohßXw H$bm H{$ ¤mam CZH$m _Zm{aßOZ H$aVr Wr& Am°aJßO{] Z{ d{Ì`md•oV [a am{H$ VWm _woÒb_ Xm{Zm{ß hr dJm{™ _{ß AZ{H$ gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`m± O°g{- gVr- bJm Xr Wr, o\$a ^r `h Hw$‡Wm Í$H$ Z gH$r& odX{er `mÃr Q{>daoZà ‡Wm, Om°ha ‡Wm, ]mb oddmh, ‡Xm©-‡Wm BÀ`moX ‡MbZ _{ß Wr oOZH{$ Jm{bHw$ S>m ZJa H$m dU©Z H$aVm hwAm H$hVm h° oH$ AH{$b{ Jm{bHw$ S>m ZJa H$maU Xm{Zm{ß hr dJm{™ H$r oÛ`m{ß H$m g_mO _{ß H$_ gÂ_mZ hm{Vm Wm Am°a 20 hOma d{Ì`mE± Xam{Jm H{$ aoOÒQ>a _{ß XO© Wr&11 _whÂ_Xemh H{$ emgZH$mb CZH$r CfioV H$m _mJ© AdÍ$’ hm{ J`m Wm& _{ß Zya]mB© amOYmZr oXÑr _{ß A[Z{ gßJrV Z•À` H{$ obE ‡og’ Wr& am¡` H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ]∂S{>-]∂S{> A_ra CZH$m{ YZ Am°a aÀZ X{H$a A[Z{ Ka [a Am_ßoÃV H$aZ{ H{$ 1. S>m∞. ogßh Am{_‡H$me, _‹`H$mbrZ ^maV H$m amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$, obE V°`ma ahV{ W{& ZmoXaemh CgH{$ gßJrV Am°a Z•À` g{ ‡^modV hwAm gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß AmoW©H$ BoVhmg (750 g{ 1761B©0 VH$), [•. gß. Am°a CgZ{ Cg{ \$mag b{ OmZ{ H$r B¿N>m Ï`∫$ H$r&121212 360, Bbmhm]mX-2001 ^m{OZ - _wJbH$mb _{ß ohßXw VWm _woÒb_ Xm{Zm{ß hr dJm{™ H$r gm_m›` oÛ`m± 2. Jw·, Ama.H{$., _‹`H$mbrZ g_mO, Y_©, H$bm Edß dmÒVwH$bm, [•. gß. gmYmaU ^m{OZ g{ hr A[Zm OrdZ oZdm©h H$aVr Wr& CZH$m _wª` ^m{OZ 75, O`[wa-2004 AmQ{> g{ ]Zr am{Q>r, Xmb Am°a g„Or hm{V{ W{& Jo_©`m{ß _{ß J{hy± Am°a goX©`m{ß _{ß 3. dhr, [•. gß. 75 ]mOma{ H$m ^m{OZ oH$`m OmVm Wm& CÉ dJm{™ H$r oÛ`m{ß H$m ^m{OZ ]hwV hr 4. S>m∞. ogßh Am{_‡H$me, _‹`H$mbrZ ^maV H$m amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$, H$r_Vr hm{Vm Wm& ImZ{ H{$ obE odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ \$b Am°a _{d{ H$m]wb Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß AmoW©H$ BoVhmg (750 g{ 1761B©0 VH$), [•. gß. H$Ì_ra g{ _ßJdmE OmV{ W{& XyY H$m [{` H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm Wm& 366, Bbmhm]mX-2001 AoVoW`m{ß H$m [mZ-]r∂S>m g{ ÒdmJV oH$`m OmVm Wm& oÛ`m{ß H$m{ oXZ â 5. S>m∞. ZmJm{ar Eg.Eb., lr_Vr ZmJm{ar H$m›Vm _‹`H$mbrZ ^maV H$m [mZ M]mZ{ H$r AmXV Wr&131313 gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß AmoW©H$ BoVhmg, [•. gß. 66, O`[wa- dÛ - _wJbH$mb _{ß ohßXw oÛ`m{ß H$r AoYH$Va [m{emH{$ß bmb aßJ H$r hm{Vr 2007 Wr& ohßXw Am°aV{ß gm∂S>r H$m ‡`m{J H$aVr Wr& gm∂S>r H{$ ZrM{ [{Q>rH$m{Q> H$m ‡`m{J 6. ]oZ©à Q≠>°dÎg BZ Xm _wJb EÂ[mXà, [•. gß. 267 oH$`m OmVm Wm&14 ]mha OmV{ g_` MmXa `m Xw[≈{> H$m ‡`m{J H$aVr Wr& 7. S>m∞. ZmJm{ar Eg.Eb., lr_Vr ZmJm{ar H$m›Vm _‹`H$mbrZ ^maV H$m Om∂S>m{ß _{ß H$∂T{> hwE gwßXa H$Ì_rar embm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm Wm& _woÒb_ gm_moOH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß AmoW©H$ BoVhmg, [•. gß. 66, O`[wa- Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 198 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

2007 14. _ZyH$r, ^mJ-3, [•. 40 8. dhr, [•. gß. 66 15. S>m∞. ogßh Am{_‡H$me, _‹`H$mbrZ ^maV H$m amOZroVH$, gm_moOH$, 9. Jw·, Ama.H{$., _‹`H$mbrZ g_mO, Y_© H$bm Edß dmÒVwH$bm, [•. gß. gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß AmoW©H$ BoVhmg (750 g{ 1761B©0 VH$), [•. gß. 77, O`[wa-2004 369, Bbmhm]mX-2001 10. dhr, [•.gß. 78 16. dhr, [•. gß. 370 11. Q{>daoZ`a Q≠>°dÎg BZ Xm BßoS>`m, ^mJ-1, [•.gß. 127 17. OhraC‘rZ _obH$-a{Z Am∞\$ _whÂ_Xemh, [•. gß. 352 12. OhraC‘rZ _obH$-a{Z Am∞\$ _whÂ_Xemh, [•. gß. 365-66 18. dhr, [•. gß. 352 13. Q{>daoZ`a Q≠>°dÎg BZ Xm BßoS>`m, ^mJ-1, [•.gß. 127 19. dhr, [•. gß. 352

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 199 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II amOÒWmZ H$r F$U ‡Umbr - EH$ Adbm{H$Z (17dt g{ 19dt eVm„Xr)

S>m∞. Hw$bd›V ogßh e{ImdV *

em{Y gmamße - _‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ H$r odŒmr` Ï`dÒWm _{ß F$U H$m b{Z-X{Z ‡_wI [j Wm& X{er` ]¢H$am{ß H{$ ¤mam emgH$m{ß, H•$fH$m{ß, XÒVH$mam{ß Edß Am_ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ A∂S>mUm F$U, IßYr F$U Edß AZmO F$U oX`m OmVm Wm& gmhyH$mam{ß ¤mam F$U dgybr H{$ obE odo^ﬁ C[m` A[ZmE OmV{ W{& am¡` ^r F$U oddmXm{ß H{$ oZ[Q>ma{ß _{ß ^yo_H$m oZ^mV{ W{& ‡ÒVwV Amb{I _{ß 17dt g{ 19dt eVm„Xr H{$ Xm°amZ H{$ XÒVmd{Om{ß H{$ AmYma [a F$U ‡Umbr _{ß ‡MobV [’oV`m{ß, Ï`dÒWmAm{ß, „`mO Xa, oZ`_m{ß Edß ode{fVmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h¢& e„X Hwß$Or - X{er` ]¢H$a, _‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ, gmhyH$ma, F$U [’oV&

‡ÒVmdZm - amOÒWmZ H{$ _‹`H$mbrZ gm_ßVr` g_mO Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm R>m{S>m{ß H$r O_m H$m{ AmaojV H$aZ{ H$m g]g{ Ï`m[H$ Edß odÒV•V CÑ{I _{ß H$m{R>rdmb, gam©\$m, _hmOZ Edß ]m{ham Zm_H$ Ï`dgmo`H$ dJ© odŒmr` ]rH$mZ{a H{$ _hmamOm gyaVogßh ¤mam od.gß. 1884 (1827 B©.) _{ß MyÍ$ H{$ JoVodoY`m{ß H$m gßMmbZ H$aV{ W{& d{ Ï`m[ma H{$ gmW hw S>r, ]r_m, _w–m ‡og’ g{R> o_Om©_b [m°’ma g{ 4 bmI 1 Í$[`{ H$m F$U ob`m Wm oOgH{$ odoZ_` Edß F$U X{Z{ H$m Ï`dgm` H$aV{ W{& oOg_{ß F$U X{Z{ H{$ Ï`dgm` ]Xb{ emgH$ Z{ EH$ hw S>r (dMZ-[Ã) gmhyH$ma H$m{ gm¢[r oOg_{ß am¡` _{ß odo^ﬁ ‡H$ma H{$ ]¢H$a gßbæ W{& amOÒWmZ _{ß F$U X{Z{ H{$ Ï`dgm` H$m{ H$r Am` H{$ AZ{H$ Úm{Vm{ß H$m{ gmhyH$ma H{$ [j _{ß AmaojV oH$E W{& oOg_{ß ]m{aJV Ï`dgm` H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm Wm& amOJ∂T>, ^mXam, N>ÃJ∂T>, Zm{ha Edß amdVga AmoX [aJZm{ß Edß MyÍ$ H$Ò]{ß H{$ _‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ H$r ]m{aJV ]oh`m{ß _{ß F$U H{$ b{Z-X{Z H{$ 9 Jm±dm{ß H$m ^y-amOÒd, 11 Mram{ß (EH$ ‡emgoZH$ BH$mB©) H$r Í$Idmbr oboIV XÒVmd{O C[b„Y h¢& BgH$m{ "H$mJO' "IV' Edß Q>r[ obIZm H$hV{ H$r ^mN> (am¡` ¤mam ob`m OmZ{ dmbm gwajm H$a) H{$ gmW AZ{H$ ‡H$ma W{&111 17dt 18dt eVm„Xr _{ß _madm∂S> am¡` H{$ _{∂S>Vm H$Ò]{ß _{ß [marH$ ]´m˜U H{$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ Ï`m[mnaH$ ewÎH$ Edß H$am{ß H$r amoe emo_b Wr&444 ]¢H$a ]m{aJV H$m`© _{ß gßbæ W{& BZH$r ]oh`m± "bm{H$_Ur gßJ´h' H{$ Zm_ g{ gmhyH$mam{ß H{$ [mg XÒVmH$ma, N>m{Q{> Ï`m[mar, H•$fH$ Edß gm_m›` OZ kmV h° Om{ ^maVr` od⁄m _o›Xa em{Y ‡oVÓR>mZ, ]rH$mZ{a _{ß C[b„Y h°& A[Z{ Am^yfU, I{V, XwH$mZ, _H$mZ oJadr aIV{ W{& g_` [a F$U AXm`Jr CZ ]oh`m{ß _{ß ‡m· F$U-[Ãm{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ [Vm MbVm h¢ oH$ F$U [Ã _{ß Zht hm{Z{ [a Cg{ Am`r-J`r H$aH{$ gmhyH$ma A[Z{ F$U H$r ^a[mB© H$aVm gd©‡W_ F$U [Ã H{$ erf© [a B©ÓQ> X{d H$m Zm_ H$m AßoH$V hm{Vm Wm& F$UXmVm Wm& O] VH$ F$U H$m oZ[Q>mam Zht hm{Vm V] VH$ gmhyH$ma CZ gß[oŒm`m{ß g{ F$Ur H$m Zm_, OmoV, oZdmg, F$U amoe, „`mO Xa, ^wJVmZ H{$ VarH{$, hm{Z{ dmbr Am` H$m C[^m{J H$aVm Wm&555 F$U b{Z{ H{$ C‘{Ì`, F$U H$r EdO _{ß oJadr aIr dÒVw H$m [yU© oddaU, Jar] F$Ur H{$ [mg ^m°oVH$ gß[oŒm Zht hm{Z{ H$r oÒWoV _{ß dh A[Z{ O_mZVr Edß F$Ur ¤mam br OmZ{ dmbr e[W Am°a AßV _{ß gmoj`m{ß H{$ ^r [ewAm{ß, Òd`ß A[Z{ [mnadmnaH$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ gmhyH$ma H{$ [mg oJadr aIVm obI{ OmZ{ H$r [aÂ[am Wr&222 Wm& dh ^m{Job`m, hmbr ahH$a A[Z{ emarnaH$ l_ ¤mam F$U Eßd CgH{$ F$U H{$ ‡H$ma - X{er` F$U ‡Umbr _{ß H$B© ‡H$ma H$r F$U [’oV`m{ß H$m „`mO AXm`Jr H$aVm Wm& 19dt eVm„Xr _{ß bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV em{Y gßÒWmZ, ‡MbZ Wm oOg_{ß A∂S>mUm F$U, IßYr F$U Edß AZmO F$U ‡_wI Wr& ZJa lr MyÍ$ H{$ oZOr [m{‘ma gßJ´h _{ß E{g{ XÒVmd{O o_b{ h°, oOZ_{ß hmbr 1.1.1. A∂S>mUm F$U [’oV - _‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ _{ß gmhyH$ma Edß ]m{ham{ß Edß ^m{Job`m Ï`dÒWm H{$ Ò[ÓQ> CXmhaU o_bV{ h°& 1833 _{ß MyÍ$ H{$ g{R> ¤mam A∂S>mUm F$U H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm Wm BgH{$ obE ahZ, o_Om©_b H{$ [mg 101 Í$[`{ F$U H{$ ]Xb{ I{V{ ]JoS>`m Z{ hmbr ahZm oJadr, JhZm Edß ^m{Job`m AmoX e„Xm{ß H$m ‡`m{J o_bVm h°& Bg F$U ÒdrH$ma oH$`m&666 [’oV _{ß F$U amoe H$r dgybr gab Edß gwb^ hm{Vr Wr ∑`m{ßoH$ gmhyH$ma 2.2.2. AZmO F$U - F$U ‡Umbr H{$ gmhyH$ma AoYH$Va ZJX amoe F$U H{$ [mg A∂S>mU{ aIr dÒVwAm{ß [a AoYH$mnaH$ oÒWoV Wr& Cg H$mb _{ß `h _{ß X{Vm Wm BgH{$ obE ]oh`m{ß H{$ F$U [Ãm{ß _{ß "am{H$∂S>m XrZm N°>' e„X H$m F$U [’oV ‡MbZ Edß ‡`m{J _{ß AoYH$ bmB© OmVr Wr& ‡`m{J hwAm h°& BgH{$ Abmdm gmhyH$ma ode{fV: H•$fH$ H$m{ CgH$r H•$ofJV Cg H$mb _{ß emgH$m{ß, CÉ [XmoYH$mna`m{ß Am°a ÒWmZr` OmJraXmam{ß Edß Ka{by AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ obE AZmO H$m{ F$U H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{Vm Wm& AoYH$Va ¤mam F$U H$r EdO _{ß A[Z{ AoYH$ma j{Ã _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ Am` H{$ ododY oH$gmZ H{$ obE E{gm F$U b{V{ W{& oOg{ dh gmhyH$ma H$m{ gdm`m, S>Ám{S>m Am` Úm{Vm{ß (R>m{S>m{ß H$r O_m) H$m{ gmhyH$ma H{$ Zm_ AmaojV H$a X{V{ W{& MwH$mVm Wm&777 Om{Y[wa H{$ _hmamOm JOogßh (1619-38 B©.) Z{ A[Z{ am¡` _{ß gmd©OoZH$ bm{H$_Ur gßJ´h ]hr _{ß _{∂S>Vm H{$ gmhyH$ma d•›XmdZ Ï`mg g{ H•$fH$ oZ_m©U H{$ H$m`© H$admE oOgH{$ obE ]m{ham g{ 13 bmI Í$[`{ F$U ob`m Òdm_r CXm[war Z{ od.gß. 1823 (1766 B©.) _{ß gm∂T{> VrZ _U Edß Mma g{a oOgH$r EdO _{ß Ombm°a [aJZm A∂S>mU{ [a aIm Wm&333 YmZ ob`m oOg{ \$gb H$Q>Z{ H{$ g_` MwH$mZ{ H$m dm`Xm oH$`m Wm&888

* od^mJm‹`j (BoVhmg) amOH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, O°VmaU, [mbr (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 200 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

3.3.3. IßYr F$U - gmhyH$ma F$Ur g{ F$U amoe Edß „`mO H$r dgybr EH$ CgH$m Ka Cg{ gm¢[Z{ H$m AmX{e hwAm& BZ oddmXm{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> oZoÌMV g_`mdoY _{ß oH$ÌVm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$aV{ W{ E{gm F$U oQ>∏$r, IßYr Edß hm{Vm h¢ oH$ g_H$mbrZ F$U ‡Umbr _{ß Hw$N> Ï`dhmaJV oZ`_ ‡MbZ _{ß W{ ahVr H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm Wm&999 oH$ÌV{ gmhyH$ma oXZm{ß, _hrZm{ß Edß dfm~ H{$ oOZH$r AZw[mbZm gmhyH$ma Edß F$Ur H$m{ H$aZr [∂S>Vr Wr& oH$amE [a Xr AmYma [a oZoÌMV H$a gH$Vm Wm& `h F$U A¿N{> ‡MbZ _{ß Wm, gmhyH$ma JB© gß[oŒm H$m{ oJadr Z aIZm, EH$ ]ma oJadr aIr ^m°oVH$ gß[oŒm A›` H$m{ A[Zm IßYr Ï`dgm` H{$ gßMmbZ H{$ obE am¡` g{ AZw_oV b{Zr [∂S>Vr gmhyH$ma H{$ [mg oJadr dÒVw H$m{ N>m{∂S> X{Vm Wm& gmhyH$ma F$U [Ã H$m{ A›` Wr& H$m{Q>m Edß O`[wa am¡`m{ß H{$ emgH$m{ß ¤mam E{g{ AmX{e Omar H$aH{$ IßYr gmhyH$ma H$m{ ÒWmZm›VaU Zht H$a gH$Vm Wm& Ao[Vw A∂S>mUm F$U _{ß gmhyH$ma F$U H$m Ï`dgm` gßMmbZ H$aZ{ H$r gmhyH$mam{ß H$m{ AZw_oV ‡XmZ H$r Wr& H$m{ ode{f AoYH$ma ‡m· hm{V{ W{& Bg Vah Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ amOÒWmZ _{ß 17dt g{ O`[wa am¡` _{ß oQ>∏$rdmb Ï`m[mar Bgr Vah H{$ IßYr F$U X{Z{ H{$ Ï`dgm` 19dt eVm„Xr _{ß F$U ‡Umbr odH$ogV AdÒWm _{ß gßMmobV Wr& _{ß gßbæ W{&101010 ]rH$mZ{a am¡` Z{ gmhyH$ma ohÂ_VJra Edß CXòJa g{ 170 Í$[`{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ F$U amoe br Wr& oOgH$r 1797 B©., 1798 B©., 1799 B©., 1800 B©., 1. Omdob`m, ]•O_m{hZ (2002) gm{oe`m{-BH$m∞Zm{o_H$ Hß$S>reZ BZ 1801 B©., 1802 B©. _{ß H´$_e: 30, 30, 30, 30, 30 Edß 20 Í$[`m{ß amOÒWmZ (1650-1750), Om{Y[wa, [•. gß. 141-144 oH$ÌV| oZoÌMV H$r JB©&111111 2. ^maVr` od⁄m _o›Xa ‡oVÓR>mZ ]rH$mZ{a _{ß C[b„Y bm{H$_Ur gßJ´h „`mO Xa{ß - _‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ „`mO Xa{ß F$Ur gmhyH$ma H{$ [maÒ[naH$ ]oh`m{ß H{$ F$U [Ã& gÂ]›Ym{ß, F$U H{$ ‡H$ma, F$Ur H$r AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ [naoÒWoV [a oZ^©a 3. Om{Y[wa am¡` H$r ª`mV, aKwdraogßh/_Zm{haogßh amUmdV (gß.) Wr& ‡mMrZ ^maV _{ß gm_moOH$ AmYma [a „`mO Xam{ß H$m oZYm©aU oH$E OmZ{ O`[wa, 1988, [•.gß. 195 H$m CÑ{I o_bVm h°& _Zw ¤mam ]´m˜U, j{oÃ`, d°Ì` Edß ey– H{$ obE H´$_e: 4. AJ´dmb, Jm{od›X (1976), MyÍ$ _ßS>b H$m em{Y[yU© BoVhmg, bm{H$ 24, 36, 48 Edß 60 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ Xam{ß H$m oZYm©aU oH$`m J`m Wm&121212 gßÒH•$oV em{Y gßÒWmZ ZJa lr MyÍ$, [•.gß. 486-89 amOÒWmZ H{$ gmhyH$mam{ß H$r ]m{aJV ]oh`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z g{ [Vm MbVm 5. e{ImdV, Hw$bd›Vogßh (2005) "_‹`H$mbrZ amOÒWmZ H$r A∂S>mUm h° oH$ AoYH$Va 12, 15, 18, 24 Edß 36 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ Xam{ß g{ „`mO F$U [’oV' amgm{ AßH$-1, g•OZ gßÒWmZ AO_{a, [•.gß. 86-95 dgybm J`m Wm&131313 6. lr Ì`m_gwßXa [m{‘ma, H$mJO Zß. 67, bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV em{Y gßÒWmZ, F$U ‡Umbr _{ß ‡MobV oZ`_ - F$U ‡Umbr _{ß Ï`dhmaJV ‡MobV ZJa lr MyÍ$, _Í$ lr em{Y [oÃH$m, MyÍ$, AßH$ 2-3 OZdar-OyZ, oZ`_m{ß gÂ]›Yr _m°obH$ Edß ‡_moUH$ gyMZmE± g{R>-gmhyH$mam{ß H$r ]m{aJV 1980, [•.gß. 25-26 ]oh`m{ß Am°a X{er na`mgVm{ß H{$ amOH$r` XÒVmd{Om{ß g{ ‡m· hm{Vr h¢& F$Ur- 7. amOÒWmZ ÒQ{>Q> JO{oQ>à, dmÎ`y_-III, O`[wa 1996, [•. gß. 304 F$UXmVm H{$ Am[gr oddmX hm{Z{ [a ›`m`mb` H$r eaU b{V{ W{& am¡` H{$ 8. F$U [Ã lmdU gwoX Zd_≤, gßdV 1823 (1776 B©.), bm{H$_Ur ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam oXE JE oZU©` g{ Cg g_` F$U ‡Umbr _{ß ‡MobV gßJ´h ]hr, ^maVr` od⁄m _o›Xa em{Y ‡oVÓR>mZ, ]rH$mZ{a & oZ`_m{ß H$m [Vm MbVm h°& 9. Jw·m, ]r. Eb. (1987), Q≠>°S> E S> H$m∞_g© BZ amOÒWmZ S>ÁynaßJ EQ>tW ]rH$mZ{a Edß _madm∂S> am¡` H$r H´$_e: H$mJXm{-ar-]oh`m{ß Edß gZX g{›Mwar, O`[wa, [•.gß. 163 [admZm ]oh`m{ß _{ß E{g{ XÒVmd{O ‡m· hm{V{ h°, oOZ_{ß F$Ur-gmhyH$ma H{$ 10. ]m{ham H$r b{Im ]hr, ^ßS>ma Zß. 7 ]ÒVm 14, od.gß. 1878 (1821 Am[gr oddmXm{ß Edß am¡` H{$ ›`m`mb`m{ß ¤mam oXE JE oZU©`m{ß H$r OmZH$mar B©.), H$m{Q>m naH$m∞S©>≤g, amOÒWmZ am¡` Ao^b{ImJma, ]rH$mZ{a & o_bVr h°& gZX [admZm ]hr Zß. 105 H{$ AZwgma gmhyH$ma ]°Uram_ Ï`mg 11. H$mJXm{-ar-]hr Zß. 10, od.gß. 1854 (1797 B©.) ]rH$mZ{a H{$ [mg gßdV≤ 1865 (1808 B©.) 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H$m{ "H$oddMZgwYm' _{ß obIm oH$ "oZO ^mfm CfioVAh° g]CfioV H$m{ _yb& "MwßJr Am°a Q°>∑g H$r oZÓRw>aVm H$m{ ^r Am[H$r H´$yaVm _mV H$aVr h¢&...... g{ o]Z oZoY ^mfm kmZ H{$,o_Q°> Z oh` H$m{ eyb'&& VwÂhmam de MbVm h¢&5 Z Vm{ ^maV{›Xw `ht Í$H{$ [a Am°a Z hr "H$oddMZgwYm' o]óQ>e gaH$ma o]bHw$b ^r Zht MmhVr Wr oH$ oh›Xr H$m odH$mg hm{ ∑`m{ßoH$ `hm± [a AmH$a Í$H$r& B›hm{Z{ oZa›Va AßJ´{Om{ß H{$ oIbm\$ obIm& EH$ b{I C›h{ß _mby_ Wm oH$ òX oh›Xr H$m g_woMV odH$mg hm{ J`m Am°a òX gma{ _{ß C›hm|Z{> obIm oH$ "h{ X{edmog`m{ß Bg oZ–m g{ Mm°H$m{& BZH{$ (AßJ´{Om{ß) X{e _{ß `h ^mfm ÒdrH$m`© H$m{ JB© Vm{ h_{ß amO H$aZm _woÌH$b hm{ OmEJm& âm{g{ _{ _V \w$b{ß ahm{, `{ od⁄m (AßJ´{Or) Hw$N> H$m_ Z Amd{Jr&'6 AßJ´{{ßOr *AoVoW od¤mZ (BoVhmg) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, O°Vhar, oObm - AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 202 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gaH$ma H{$ ‡À`{H$ X_ZH$mar H$X_ H$m odam{Y H$aZm "H$oddMZ gwYm' H$m A[Zm OrdZ OrZ{ H$m [yam hH$ h°' gVr ‡Wm O°gr Hw$‡WmAm{ß H$m A›V b˙` ]Z J`m Wm& V^r Vm{ OZVm [a bm`g{ßg g{ H$a bJm`m Vm{ hm{Zm MmohE& 25 OyZ 1881 B©. H{$ AßH$ _{ß "CoMVd∫$m' Z{ EH$ [mR>H$ H$m "H$oddMZgwYm' Z{ Bg H$a H$m{ Am`H$a H{$ "XmXm' H{$ Zm_ g{ gÂ]m{oYV oH$`m&7 [Ã ‡H$moeV oH$`m& Bg_{ß [mR>H$ Z{ obIm Wm oH$ "EH$ oXZ `h odYdmAm{ß g_mMma [Ãm{ß _{ß amÓQ≠>r`Vm H$r ^mdZm [a [`m©· ‡H$me S>mbm OmVm H$r Amh Am[oŒm bmd{Jr Am°a o\$a bmd{Jr ∑`m dm{ Am hr MwH$r, X{oIE H$m°Z Wm& Bgr H{$ gmW h_ ^maVr`m{ß _{ß Om{ \y$Q> Wr Am°a CgH$m bm^ odX{er b{ ah{ gr Xem Bg ^maV H$r hwB© h°& `h B›ht odYdmAm{ß H{$ em[ H$m ‡oV\$b h¢& Bg ]mV H$m{ Am_ OZ VH$ [hwMmZ{ H$m H$m`© H$a ah{ W{& Bg Vah h¢&'12 18 g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mE± H$m Xmàm A] ]∂T>Vm Om ahm Wm, Z og\©$ X{edmog`m{ß H$m ‹`mZ AmH•$ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE H$mer g{ ‡H$moeV [oÃH$m A] odYdm Am°a ]mb oddmh O°g{ odf`m{ß [a gro_V W{ ]oÎH$, Nw>AmNy>V, "H$oddMZgwYm' Z{ obIm oH$ "em{H$ H$m ÒWmZ h¢ oH$ ^maVdmgr bm{J A] Jm{-dY O°gr Hw$aroV`m{ß [a ^r O_H$a ‡mhma H$aV{ W{& BZ g]H{$ [rN{> VH$ Bg ]mV g{ AZo^k h°& oH$ Bg X{e H$r AdZoV H$m _yb `hr [aÒ[a BZH$m EH$_mÃ CXX{Ì` OZVm H$m{ BZg{ Nw>Q>H$mam oXbmZm Wm& ¤{f h¢ Am°a Bgr \y$Q>, ]°a g{ ^maV E{gr hrZ Xem H$m{ [hwßMm& Bgr ¤{f H{$ AßJ´{Om| H$r odÒVmdmXr ZroV H$r ^yI A^r em›V Zht hwB© Wr V^r Vm{ H$maU ]∂S{>-]∂S{> am¡` ZÓQ> hm{ JE Am°a Bgr B©Ó`m© H{$ hmW [∂S> ]∂S{>-]∂S{> bm{Jm{ß C›hm{ßZ{ bmS©> ZmW© ]´wH$ H$r OJh bmS©> obWZ H$m{ gZ 1876 B©. _{ß dm`gam` Z{ A[Zm OrdZ ZÓQ> H$a oX`m&'8 AßJ´{O A[Z{ H$m{ g‰`, oeojV hm{Z{ H$m ]Zm H$aH{$ ^{Om& obQ>Z H$m{ ^maV ^{OZ{ H$r ZroV H{$ [rN{> A\$JmoZÒVmZ Xmdm H$aV{ W{ Am°a h_{ß Ag‰` Am°a ]]©a H$r C[moY g{ ZdmOV{ W{& C›hm{{ßZ{ H$m _gbm Wm& AßJ´{O oH$gr ^r gyaV _{ß A\$JmoZÒVmZ H$m{ A[Z{ AoYH$ma ^maV [a amO H$aZ{ H{$ ha hWH$ S{> H$m{ A[Zm`m, d{ h_ma{ gmW Xm{`_ XO} _{ß X{IZm MmhV{ W{& obQ>Z Z{ AmV{ hr A[Zr odÒVma gß]ßYr A\$JmoZÒVmZ H$m Ï`dhma H$aV{ W{& ›`m` Ï`dÒWm _{ß ^r Xm{`_ XO} H$m Ï`dhma hm{Vm H$r ZroV Amaß^ H$r& BgH{$ gmW A[Zr ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV ]Zm H$a Cg [a Wm& EH$ hr A[amY H{$ obE ^maVr`m{ß H$m{ AbJ Am°a H$R>m{a X S> O]oH$ A_b H$aZm ewÍ$ oH$`m& bmS©> obQ>Z H{$ H•$À` H$m VÀH$mbrZ g_mMma [Ã- `yam{o[`Zm{ß Am°a AßJ´{Om{ß H$m{ Cgr A[amY H{$ obE _m_ybr gr gOm X{H$a `m [oÃH$mE± Z{ O_H$a odam{Y oH$`m& bmS©> obQ>Z H$m{ b˙` H$aH{$ "gmagwYmoZYr' o\$a C›h{ß `{Z-H{$Z-‡H$ma{U Ny>Q> H$m bm^ X{H$a _w∫$ H$a oX`m OmVm Wm& Z{ df© 2 H{$ AßH$ 17 _{ß obIm oH$ "Y›` h° Am[H$m{ß Z_ÒH$ma h°& Am[H$r brbm X{edmog`m{ß H$m ‹`mZ AmH•$ÓQ> H$amV{ hwE AßJ´{Om{ß H$r Bg ZroV [a A[aß[ma h° Am[ Om{ H$hV{ h¢ g] gÀ` h°&.....oH$›Vw bmS©> obQ>Z H$m ‡Vm[ "gma gwYmoZoY' Z{ O_H$a ‡hma oH$`m& AßJ´{Om{ß H$r ›`m` Ï`dÒWm H$m{ CZg{ ^r ]∂T>H$a oXImB© X{Vm h° oH$ oZa[amYr ]rg H$am{∂S> ^maVdmgr H$m{ EH$ b˙` H$aH{$ A[Z{ 39 d{ß AßH$ _{ß "gmagwYmoZoY' Z{ Cfigdt gXr o]óQ>e odY A[amYr H$a g^r EH$ hr X S>mkm ¤mam JyßJm Am°a b¡Om H$a ]°R>m`m& am¡` o]óQ>e ›`m`" erf©H$ g{ obIm oH$ "Vw_ g]H$m{ EH$ ]ma Z_ÒH$ma h°, AmÌM`© h° oH$ BZH$r Bg C_´ H$m{ X S> ododY H{$ AZwgma Am[ ^r h_mar ^mΩ`hrZ oh›XwAm{ß X{Im{ `⁄o[ VwÂhma{ AßJ-^ßJ Vame{ OmE Vw_ My± Z H$a Ï`Wm gwZZ{ H$r [amßJ_wI hm{ A^r H$mb H$r ‡Vrjm H$r Amkm X{V{ h°&'13 CR>Zm, ZJa _{ß Q{>ß-Q{>ß H$am{J{ hdmbmV _{ß N>m{∂S{> OmAm{ßJ{, [Ãm{ß _{ß oMÑmhQ> gmagwYmoZoY `hr AmH$a Zht Í$H$Vm, dh bmS©> obQ>Z g{ ‡W_ df© H{$ 38dß _MmAm{J{ ‡{g E∑Q> EH$ hr H$m°a _{ß VwÂh{ß Im OmEJm, VwÂhma{ g_` ‡^w AßH$ _{ß "H$m]wb H$m Ï`` H$m°Z X{Jm' erf©H$ g{ [yN>Vm h°oH$ "H$m]wb H$m `w’ Vm{...... hm`! _hmamZr odOo`Zr& ∑`m Am[Z{ h_ hV≤^mΩ`H$mam{ß H$m{ eaU ^maV df© H{$ ode{f ohV H{$ obE Z hm{H$a BΩb° S> H{$ ohV H{$ obE hwAm Wm& _{ß b{, A[Z{ od_b è [a bmßjZ bJm`m'9 VÀH$mbrZ g_` H{$ g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mE∞ Z{ ^maVr` OZVm H$m{ Z VÀH$mbrZ g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mE± Z{ Z og\©$ o]óQ>g gaH$ma H$r og\©$ AßJ´{Om| H{$ odÍ$’ OJm`m ]oÎH$ C›h{ß gm_moOH$ ]wamB`mß{ H{$ ]ma{ _{ Ambm{MZm VH$ A[Z{ H$m{ gro_V aIm ]oÎH$ ^maVr` g_mO H{$ oh›Xy Am°a ^r OmJ´V H$aZ{ H$m H$m_ H$aV{ ah{& _wgb_mZm{ß H{$ Am[gr d°_ZÒ` [a ^r O_H$a ‡hma oH$`m& g_mMma [Ãm{ß ¤mam Bg ‡H$ma H{$ ‡hma Ï`J`mßÀ_H$ bhOm{ß _{ß oH$`m OmVm Wm& ogVÂ]a gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ 1879 B©. H$m{ oh›Xr ‡Xr[" Z{ A[Zm Ï`ßΩ` Bgr H$m{ b˙` H$aH{$ obIm 1. H•$ÓU o]hmar o_l-oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-[•.-114 Wm& oH$'...... EH$ [o S>V Or dU© [a Hw$N> d∫$•Vm H$a ah{ W{, BVZ{ _{ß EH$ 2. dhr [•.-115 _gIam ]m{b CR>m-[o S>V Or Hw$Œm{ H$r ∑`m OmoV h° oh›Xy `m _wgb_mZ& 3. CXY•V S>m∞. dßerYa bmb-^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm Am°a oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm- [o S>V Or Z{ O]md oX`m-Hw$Œmm Vm{ oh›Xy _mby_ hm{Vm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ òX [•..123 _wgb_mZ hm{Vm Vm{ Xyga{ Hw$ÀV{ H$m{ A[Z{ gmW oIbmZ{ß _{ß Z ^yßH$Vm...'10 Bgr 4. dhr [•.-133 Vah "H$oddMZgwYm' Z{ ^maVr`m{ß H$r Am[gr \y$Q> [a C›h{ß ZgrhV X{V{ hyE 5. CXY•V : S>m∞. dßerYa bmb-^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm Am°a oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm- EH$ gyÃ _{ß ]±YH$a ahZ{ H$m g›X{e X{V{ hwE, 8 OyZ 1874 B©. H{$ AßH$ _{ß obIm [•.123 oH$ "^mB`m{ß A] Vm{ gfi’ hm{ OmAm{ß Vmb R>m{H$ H$aH{$ BZH{$ gm_Z{ Vm{ I∂S{> hm{ 6. CXY•V dhr [•.-133 OmAm{ Am°a X{Im{ ^maV df© H$m YZ oOgg{ OmZ{ Z [md{, C[m` H$am{&'11 7. d{X ‡Vm[ d°oXH$- oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm - ododY Am`m_ ^mJ- 1 [•. 89 ^maVr` g_mO _{ß Cg g_` H$B© Hw$aroV`m± Am°a A›Y- odÌdmg \°$b{ 8. H•$ÓU o]hmar o_l-oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-[•.-150 hwE W{& BZ [a ^r g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mE± _{ß b{I hm{V{ W{& Hw$N> g_mMma [Ãm{ 9. dhr [•.- 174 H$m{ [mR>H$m{ H{$ [Ã ^r ‡m· hm{V{ W{,d{ C›h{ ¡`m| H$m À`m| N>m[ X{V{ W{& Bgg{ 10. S>m∞. dßerYa bmb-^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm Am°a oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm [•.-96 AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Yra{-Yra{ ^maV _ß{ amOZroVH$ Edß 11. CXY•V dhr [•.-99 gm_moOH$ M{VZm Am ahr Wr& H$B© ^maVr`m{ß H$m{ _hgyg hm{ ahm Wm oH$ ]mb 12. H•$ÓU o]hmar o_l-oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm-[•.-231 oddmh O°gr Hw$aroV`m{ß H$m{ g_mO g{ Xya hQ>Zm MmohE' odYdmAm{ß H$m{ ^r 13. CXY•V dhr [•.-163-164 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 203 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _‹`‡m›V H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h (1930 g{ 1931 B©.VH$) ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ [na[{j _{ß

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em{Y gmamße - Jm∞YrOr ¤mam godZ` Adkm Am›Xm{bZ [ya{ amÓQ>≠ _| g_w– VQ> d odemb [mZr dmb{ ÒWmZm{ß [a Z_H$ ]ZmH$a "Z_H$ H$mZyZ' Vm{∂S>H$a Mbm`m J`m, gmW hr My∞oH$ _‹`‡m›V _{ß E{g{ odemb [mZr dmb{ ÒWmZ Zht W{ CgH{$ ÒWmZ [a, AßJ´{O gaH$ma ¤mam ]ZmE JE "dZ H$mZyZ' H{$ odam{Y _{ß dZ H$mZyZ H$m CbKßZ H$a AohßgmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' Mbm`m J`m& `h A‹``Z _‹`‡m›V _{ß ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' (1930-1931 B©. VH$) [a AmYmnaV h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' _‹`‡m›V _{ß Xm{ MaUm{ß _{ß Mbm`m J`m& _{ß AmdÌ`H$ Am°a C[`m{Jr og¤ hm{Jm E{gr Amem h°& _‹`‡m›V Adbm{H$Z - _‹`‡m›V o]óQ>e AmYrZ ^maV H$m EH$ ‡m›V OßJb gÀ`mJ´h - _‹`‡mßV _{ß My∞oH$ E{g{ odemb [mZr dmb{ ÒWmZ Zht W{ Wm& _‹` ‡m›V H$m oZ_m©U gZ 1861 B© _{ß hwAm& `h ‡m›V _‹` ^maV H{$ BgobE Bg H$mZyZ H$m odam{Y ‡X©eZ Owbyg Edß ^mfUm{ß ¤mam Vm{ Iy] CZ am¡`m{ß g{ ]Zm Wm, oO›hß{ AßJ´{Om{ Z{ _amR>m{ß Edß _wJbm{ß g{ OrVm Wm& Bg oH$`m J`m [a›Vw aMZmÀ_H$ Í$[ _{ß `h H$m`©H´$_ Zht Mb [m`m& BgH{$ ‡m›V H$r amOYmZr ZmJ[wa Wr& `h j∂{∂Ã Zm∞Z a{Ω`yb{eZ ‡mßV H{$ Í$[ _{ß ÒWmZ [a AßJ´{O emgZ H$mb _{ß "dZ H$mZyZ' (oOgH{$ A›VJ©V ahdmog`m{ß ZmJ[wa oÒWV Mr\$ H$o_ÌZa H{$ AYrZ aIm J`m Wm& _‹`‡m›V _{ß gmJa- H$m{ ObmD$ bH$∂S>r, H$mÒVH$mar C[`m{J h{Vw bH$S>r, _d{oe`m{ß H$m{ OßJb _{ß Z_©Xm j{Ã H{$ gmJa, X_m{h, O]b[wa, _ S>bm, ogdZr, ]°Vyb, Zaogßh[wa, MamZ{ d Kmg H$mQ>Z{ [a ‡oV]ßY Wm) H{$ odam{Y _{ß [ß. ¤maH$m ‡gmX o_l Z{ hm{eßJm]mX Edß ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ ZmJ[wa, Mm∞Xm, ^ S>mam, oN>›Xdm∂S>m, am`[wa, "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ JmßYrOr g{ odMma-od_e© H$a Z{hÍ$Or g{ ]ÒVa VWm ]am{Xm oOb{ emo_b oH$E JE W{& `⁄o[ Bg j{Ã H{$ ^rVa OmoV, AZw_oV b{H$a [ya{ ‡mßV _{ß AohßgmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ H$m`m©o›dV H$am`m& `h _‹` ^mfm Am°a AmMma-odMma H$r odo^fiVm od⁄_mZ h°, Vm{ ^r Bg_{ß oÒWV ‡mßV H$m My∞oH$ A[Zm oZOr H$m`©H´$_ Wm, BgobE `hmß H{$ Zm{VmAm{ß O°g{ g{R> oOb{, OmoV`m± VWm dJm} _{ß g{ AZ{H$ `m Vm{ EH$ g_mZ h° `m CZ_{ß Am[g _{ß Jm{od›X Xmg, E_.Ïhr. A‰`ßH$a, aodeßH$a, AZgwB©`m ]mB© H$mb{, S>r.[r. R>m{g gm¤Ì` VWm EH$ Í$[Vm h¢& ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ A›VJ©V Vmb{Jm∞d, Vyna`m o_lm, V{O ]hmXwa g‡y, am`]hmXwa _mYdamd JU{e X{e[mßS{>, E_.[r.H$mb{, Jm∞d, dYm©, Mm∞Xm, `dV_mb, AH$m{bm, am_Q{>H$ H{$ "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' H$m gr.dr.[mnaI, XwJm©]mB© Om{er, EZ.Eg.[moQ>b, S>m∞.B©.amKd{›–, Eg.]r.Vm∞]{ A‹``Z ‡ÒVwV h°& AmoX ‡_wI Z{VmAm{ß H{$ Hw$eb _mJ©Xe©Z _{ß ÒWmZr` oZdmog`m{ß H{$ gh`m{J C‘{Ì` - AmYwoZH$ ^maVr` BoVhmg H{$ Bg H$mbIßS>r` ogßhmdbm{H$Z _{ß g{ ]∂S{> CÀgmh Edß AohßgmÀ_H$ VarH{$ g{ ZmJ[wa j{Ã _{ß "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' CZ g^r ‡gßJm{, KQ>ZmAm{ß VWm gm_moOH$ gmßÒH$oVH$ [nadV©Zm{ß H$m ‡ÒVwV H$m{ Mbm`m J`m& H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om ahm h° oO›h| g_H$mbrZ H$U©Ymam{ß Z{ Edß Am_ ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ oZÂZ "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h" H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° - ZmJnaH$m{ß Z{ A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß KoQ>V hm{V{ hwE X{Im& Bg odoeÓQ> E{oVhmogH$ Vmb{Jm∞d H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h -Vmb{Jm∞d _{ß [hb{ OÀW{ H$m Z{V•Àd oQ>H{$H$a ‡dmh H{$ Xm{ [j h¢ EH$ ^maVr` Am°a Xygam o]óQ>e& EH$ Am{a O] odX{er Z{ oH$`m, C›hm{ßZ{ 28 Òd`ß g{dH$m{ß H{$ gmW 24 OwbmB© H$m{ ZmJ[wa g{ ‡ÒWmZ gŒmm X{e H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß H$m{ OH$∂S> ahr Wr Vm{ Xygar Am{a Jwbm_r H$r oH$`m Am°a [°Xb `mÃm H$aV{ hwE Jm°S>I{ar, ]OmaJm∞d, H$m{T>br, WmZ{Jm∞d, H$o∂S>`m{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>Z{ H$m ‡`mg ^r Mb ahm Wm& `h ‡`mg amÓQ≠>o[Vm _hmÀ_m H$a{Om, VWm gmadmS>r _{ß R>haV{ hwE A[Z{ oeoda _{ß 31 OwbmB© H$m{ gmß`H$mb JmßYr H{$ gmoZ‹` _{ß gwÏ`doÒWV OZ Am›Xm{bZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß Mbm& 1930- [hw∞M{& 1 AJÒV H$m{ Òd`ß g{dH$m{ß H$m Mb g_mam{h OßJb H$r gr_m [a [hw∞M 34 B©. H$m godZ` Adkm Am›Xm{bZ ^r _hmÀ_m JmßYr ¤mam [ya{ amÓQ≠> H{$ J`m Am°a C›hm{ßZ{ Z{ AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ H$m`©H$mnaUr go_oV H$m ‡ÒVmd H´ß$ 6 gmW _‹`‡mßV _{ß ^r Xm{ MaUm{ß _{ß Mbm`m J`m, oOg_{ß ‡W_ MaU 1930 g{ oX`m& oOg_{ß emgH$r` H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m H$hm J`m Wm oH$ d{ odX{er gaH$ma 1931 B©. VH$ H$r AdoY _{ß Om{ ^r KQ>ZmEß, gÀ`mJ´h, YaZm, ]ohÓH$ma H$r g{dm À`mJ X{& AoYH$mna`m{ß Z{ Òd`ßg{dH$m{ß g{ [yN>m oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ emgH$r` H$m`©H´$_ hwE VWm gm_moOH$ Edß gmßÒH´$oVH$ j{Ã _{ß Om{ [nadV©Z AmE CZH$m dZ _{ß ‡d{e H$r AZw_oV ‡m· H$r Wr Vm{ CŒma ZH$mamÀ_H$ o_bm& Òd`ß g_woMV, godÒVma dU©Z H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om ahm h°& g{dH$ OßJb _{ß Kwg J`{ Am°a Kmßg H$mQ>Zm ‡maß^ H$a oX`m& ¡`m{ß hr gÀ`mJ´h _‹`‡mßV H{$ ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ ]ma{ _{ß Bg H$mb H$m H$m{B© ‡_moUV g_J´ ‡maß^ hwAm g_ÒV KmQ>r H$U©^{Xr Zmam{ß g{ JyßO CR>r& bm°Q>V{ g_` Òdß` BoVhmg A^r VH$ ‡H$moeV Zht hwAm h°, Om{ ^r kmZ C[b„Y h°& dh g{dH$m{ß H$m{ oJa\$Vma H$a ob`m J`m& `h EH$ gm_yohH$ gÀ`mJ´h H$m _m_bm gÂ[yU© ^maV H{$ godZ` Adkm Am›Xm{bZ Edß Cgg{ OwS>∂{ KQ>ZmH´$_ H{$ Wm& oOg_{ß Hw$b 500 bm{ßJm{ß H$r gm_yohH$ oJa‚Vmna`mß hwB©& gßX^©© _{ß o_bVm h¢& AV: Bg odf` [a `h em{Y H$m`© BoVhmg H{$ A‹``Z Vwna`m J´m_ H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h -ogdZr-ZmJ[wa _mJ© [a oÒWV Vyna`m * (BoVhmg) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, BN>mda, oObm - grhm{a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 204 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

J´m_ _{ß _yH$m bwhma Am°a CgH{$ gmoW`m{ß Z{ 9 A∑Qy>]a H$m{ emgZ H$m{ gyoMV H$mamdmg H$r gOm gwZmB© JB© -o_. aßJZmW amd H{$ÎH$a gd© lr Ã`Â]H$amd H$a Vyna`m H{$ oZH$Q> gaH$mar OßJb _{ß Kmg H$mQ>Z{ [hw∞M{& H$b{∑Q>a gr_{Z dahmbH$a, gXm oedamd gÂ^m Or, _hmX{d ZmamÙ Am°a b˙_U gImam_ H{$ oZX}e _{ [wobg BßÒ[{∑Q>a Z{ _yH$m bwhma Am°a CZH{$ gmoW`m{ß H$m{ o]Zm gd©lr oH$eZ aß^m Or, am_M›– ZmamÙ, H$meram_ ZœWy A_´V odR>m{dm Kmg H$mQ{> oJa‚Vma H$a ob`m& bm{Jm{ß H$m{ _yH$m H$r oJa‚Vmar I]a gwZH$a [wS>obH$, grVmam_ Am°a _m{Vram_ JZy `h g^r bm{J oJa‚Vma oH$E JE& bm{J ]∂S>r gª`m _{ß [wobg H{$Â[ H$r Am{a ]∂S{> Vm{ [wobg Z{ Jm{br Mbm Xr, BZ g^r [a gm_yohH$ `m AbJ-AbJ H$mZyZ Vm{∂S>Z{ H$m A[amY H$m`_ oOg_{ß 3 oÛ`mß Edß 1 [wÍ$f H$r KQ>Zm ÒWb [a _À`w hm{ JB© Am°a H$B© bm{J Wm& Km`b hm{ JE& Bg KQ>Zm H{$ ]mX gm_yohH$ Í$[ g{ H$B© AmoXdmgr g_yhm{ß oZÓH$f© - _‹`‡m›V _{ß ZmJ[wa j{Ã H{$ "OßJb gÀ`mJ´h' _{ß ]∂S{>- ]y∂T{>, oOg_{ß Ûr-[wÍ$fm{ß Z{ o_bH$a aojV dZm{ß _{ß Kmg H$mQ>r d ObmD$ bH$∂S>r Zd`wdH$, ]Ém{ß Edß _ohbmAm{ß Z{ ^mJ ob`m Edß dZ H$mZyZ H$m CÑßKZ ^r H$mQ>r Am°a A[Zr oJa‚Vmar H$m Am_ßoÃV H$aV{ ah{ Om{ Zht hwB©& H$B© Kmg H$mQ>H$a, ObmD$ Edß H$mÒVH$mar H{$ C[`m{J H$r bH$∂S>r H$mQ>H$a, _ßd{er OJh 10 g{ 15 hOma VH$ bm{J Kmg H$mQ>Z{ _{ß ohÒgm b{V{ ah{& OßJbm{ß _{ß MamH$a oH$`m& _‹`‡m›V H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß Am›Xm{b H{$ ‡W_ MaU _{ß dYm© H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h - dYm© j{Ã H{$ hrJZ KmQ> H{$ oOamY Jm∞d _{ß `h Am›Xm{bZ ]∂S>r g\$bVm Edß AZwemogV VarH{$ g{ Mbm& OßJb gÀ`mJ´h dYm© _{ß Ama.E. 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Am°a A›` gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ 31 AJÒV H$m{ EohV`mV H{$ Vm°a [a oJa‚Vma H$a ob`m Wm& 1. VmamMßX - ohÒQ>r Am∞\$ \´$rS>_ _yd_{›Q> EZ BßoS>`m & Mm∞Xm H{$ EH$ ]JrM{ _{ß OßJb od^mJ ¤mam bJmE JE 20 MßXZ H{$ [{∂S>m{ß _{ß g{ 2. gr.dmB©. oMßVm_oU - BßoS>`Z [moboQ>∑g og›g ∑`yQ>dr & 18 [{∂S> oH$gr Z{ amV _{ß H$mQ>H$a gaH$ma H$m{ ZwH$gmmZ [hw∞Mm`m Wm, Bg 3. S>r.[r. o_lm - _‹`‡mßV _{ß ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ H$m BoVhmg & gß]ßY _{ß H$B© Zd`wdH$m{ Edß gÀ`mJóh`m{ß g{ [yN>VmN> H$r JB©& 4. ]r.Eb.J´m{da - ^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm gßßJ´m_ VWm gßd°YmoZH$ odH$mg & am_Q{>H$ H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h - am_Q{>H$ _{ß bm{Jm{ß Z{ gm_yohH$ OßJb 5. [Q>Q>mo^ grVma_°`m - H$mßJ´{g H$m BoVhmg & gÀ`mJ´h' H$m Am`m{OZ 8 AJÒV H$m{ g{]{a{ am_Q{>H$ g{ 8 _rb Xyar [a 6. Jd©Z_{ßQ> Am∞\$ _‹`‡X{e Xm ohÒQ>r Am∞\$ _yd_{ßQ> Am∞\$ _‹`‡X{e gaH$mar OßJb _{ß oH$`m& gÀ`mJóh`m{ß Z{ oOZ_{ß ]hwV gr oÛ`m∞ ^r Wr ZmJ[wa _‹`‡X{e & Owbyg ]ZmH$a OßJb H$r Am{a ‡ÒWmZ oH$`m Am°a VhgrbXma VWm A›` 7. \$ma{ÒQ> oS>[mQ©>_{ßQ> 1.4.1931 ]ama gß^mJ H{$ H$o_ÌZa S>r. H$m Zm{Q> & d›`H$o_©`m{ß Edß [wobg H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß Kmg H$mQ> H$a OßJb H$mZyZ Vm{S>m& 8. Zm{Q> Am∞Z oX ogodb oS>gAm{odoS>`{›g _yd_{ßQ> BZ oX g{›Q≠>b ‡mod›g{O ]hwV gr Kmg H$mQ>H$a aÒgr ]mßY ]m{Pm ]ZmH$a A[Z{ Ka bmB© JB©& gaH$ma E S> ]ama -1930. H$r Va\$ g{ H$m{B© ^r oJa‚Vmar Bg_{ß Zht hwB© Am°a g^r gÀ`mJ´hr "OßJb 9. [m{oboQ>H$b E S> o_b{Q>ar grS>r.E_.-1930. H$mZyZ' Vm{∂S>H$a am_Q{>H$ dm[g bm°Q> AmE& ZmJ[wa g{ S>m∞. Hw$bH$Ur© 11 10. gw^mg M›– ]m{g - Xm BßoS>`Z ÒQ≠>{Jb -1920-1942. Òd`ß g{dH$m{ß H{$ gmW am_Q{>H$, Km`b hyE gÀ`mJóh`m{ß H{$ BbmO H{$ obE 11. Z{hÍ$ [{[g© - Z{hÍ$ Qy> Jm±Yr & J`{ W{ [a›Vw E{gm _m°H$m Zht Am`m (Z bmR>rMmO© hwAm Am°a Z hr oH$gr H$r 12. E.AmB©.gr.gr. [{[g© \$mBb gr. - 1929-30. oJa‚Vmar)& 13. S>m∞. E.H{$. o_Œmb - ^maV H$m BoVhmg 1858-1950 B©. 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VH$ & AH$m{bm H$m OßJb gÀ`mJ´h -"OßJb H$mZyZ' AH$m{bm _{ß ^r gm_yohH$ 18. .ohVdmX 14 OwbmB© 1930, ohVdmX 25 ogVÂ]a 1930, Edß ohVdmX Z{V´Àd H{$ gmW Vm{∂S>m J`m oZÂZ H$mßJ´{g H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß H$m{ 4 _mh H{$ gml_ 25 ogVÂ]a 1930. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 205 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II XobVm{’ma AmßXm{bZ

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Jr. No. 64728) 206 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II hnaOZ g{dH$ gßK H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r& 1933 _{ß gm·mohH$ hnaOZ H$m ‡H$mfZ AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ g_mO g_Vm gßK ÒWmo[V oH$`m& C›hm{ßZ{ [•WH$VmdmXr H$aZm ‡maÂ^ oH$`m& 1933-1934 _{ß 2000 oH$_r. H$r ^maV _{ß hnaOZ —oÓQ>H$m{U A[Zm`m VWm XobVm{ß H{$ ob`{ gßodYmZ H{$ ¤mam AmajU `mÃm H$r& Bg hnaOZ `mÃm H{$ Xm°amZ C›hm{ßZ{ C”m{ofV oH$`m, "ANy>Vm{ß H{$ Ï`dÒWm H$r _m±J H$r& 1930 H{$ XeH$ _{ß AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ `h H$hZm ‡maÂ^ H$Î`mU H$m H$m`© V[Ò`m h°, oOg{ oh›XwAm{ß H{$ ‡jmbZ h{Vw H$aZm hm{Jm&' H$a oX`m Wm oH$, ANy>Vm{ß H$r oÒWoV H$m{ gwYmaZ{ H$m EH$_mÃ C[m` oh›Xy S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m AmßXm{bZ - "XobV dJ© H{$ Mhw±_wIr odH$mg H{$ ob`{ _¢ Y_© H$m [naÀ`mJ h° AV: C›hm{ßZ{ `h Zmam oX`m -"Am[H{$ [mg A[Z{ Y_© [yU© oZÓR>m H{$ gmW AÀ`ßV H$R>m{a [nal_ H$Íß$Jm& Bgr H$m`© H{$ ob`{ _¢Z{ H$m{ Im{Z{ H{$ AoVna∫$ Am°a Hw$N> ^r Zht h°& 1950 H{$ XeH$ _{ß oh›Xy Y_© H$m BVZm kmZ AoO©V oH$`m h°.... AÒ[•Ó`m{ß H{$ g_j odH$Q> MwZm°oV`mß h¢& _¢ [naÀ`mJ H$a ]m°’ Y_© ÒdrH$ma H$a ob`m Wm& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m _V Wm oH$ OmJÈH$ hy± oH$ _¢ CZH$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m hb gÂ^dV`m Zht H$a gHy$ß, Bg ‡H$ma H$r gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm H$m{ A[Zm`m OmZm Mmoh`{ Om{ oH$ oH$›Vw _wP{ odÌdmg h° oH$ _¢ BZ MwZm°oV`m{ß H$m{ gßgma H{$ g_j ‡ÒVwV H$a g_mZVm ÒdVßÃVm Am°a eB©Mma{ H$r bm{H$VmßoÃH$ AmÒWmAm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ hm{& gH$Vm hy±.... òX _¢ MwZm°Vr Í$[r BZ oh_mb`m{ß H$m{ ^yfm`r Z H$a gH$m, oZÓH$f©V: h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ o^fi g_`mdoY _{ß AbJ AbJ Í$[m{ß H$am{∂S>m{ß AÒ[•Ó` _{a{ a∫$aßoOV oga H$m{ X{IH$a oh_mb` H$m{ ZV H$aZ{ H{$ _{ß Bg XobV AmßXm{bZ Z{ gm_moOH$ odf_VmAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg ob`{ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m ]obXmZ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡d•Œm hm{ßJ{....S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a oH$`m& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ oZÂZ dJ© H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ gßajU ‡m· hwAm, Z{ A[Zr e[W H$m{ AmÀ_gmV H$a ob`m Am°a A[Zm gd©Òd OrdZ AßVOm©Vr` gÂ[H©$ ]∂T{>, oejm H{$ AoYH$ma o_b{ VWm OoQ>b H$_©H$m S> XobVm{ÀWmZ H{$ ob`{ g_o[©V H$a oX`m&' Am°a AÒ[•Ó`Vm g_m· hwB©, XobVm{ß H$m gm_moOH$ ÒVa D∞$ßMm CR>m& Bg ‡H$ma ]m]m gmh{] Z{ A[Zr [wÒVH$ `'H$mÒQ> BZ Bo S>`m X{à _{H{$oZ¡_, BZ gm_moOH$ AmßXm{bZm{ß H{$ [hb d ‡`mgm{ß H$r ]∂S>r C[bo„Y _mZr JB©& O{Z{ogg E S> S{>dbd_{ Q> 1915 _{ß ‡mMrZ g_` g{ Mbr Am ahr gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm [a A[Zm —oÓQ>H$m{U ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& C›hm{ßZ{ XobV Am›Xm{bZ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ H$B© H$m`© oH$`{ oOZ_{ß _amR>r [mojH$ [oÃH$m 1. ]m°’ Edß O°Z- Y_© VWm Xe©Z, S>m∞. gÀ`ZmamÙ Xw]{ èaV{›Xy', _yH$Zm`H$ H$m 31 OZdar 1920 H$m{ ‡H$meZ oH$`m& AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ _hmamÓQ≠> odÌdod⁄mb` ‡H$meZ, dmamUgr 2004 _{ß 1920 H{$ XfH$ _{ß ]hwV ]∂S{> AÒ[•Ó`Vm AmßXm{bZ H$m gyÃ[mV oH$`m Om{ 2. S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a: E oH´$oQ>H$b ÒQ>S>r, Ïhr. EZ. Hw$]{a AmO H$B© Í$[m{ß _{ß oH´$`merb h° Am°a BgZ{ AoIb emaVr` Í$[ J´hU H$a 3. S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a, S>m∞. gy`©ZmamÙ aUgw^{, amYmH•$ÓU 1992 ob`m h°& 1924 _{ß AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ ]Â]B© _{ß XobV dJ© gßÒWmZ ]ohÒH•$V 4. _hof© X`mZßX gaÒdVr- OrdZ H$m`© Edß Xe©Z, Ambm{H$ ‡H$meZ, ohVH$mnaUr g^m H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r VWm VrZ df© [ÌMmV≤ 1927 _{ß _amR>r 1996 ‡W_ gßÒH$aU& [mojH$ ]ohÓH•$V ^maV H$m ‡H$meZ oH$`m& 1927 _{ß hr gdU© oh›XwAm{ß 5. Am`© g_mO H$m BoVhmg ^mJ-2 gmd©X{oeH$ Am`© ‡oVoZoY g^m, VWm ANy>Vm{ß _{ß gm_moOH$ g_mZVm H{$ og’m›V [a ‡Mma H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ZB© oXÑr, 1957

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 207 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II [oÌM_r oZ_m∂S> H$m AmoW©H$ bm{H$ OrdZ

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VmobH$m H´$. 02 Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh H$m JR>Z B›Xm°a df© 1999-98 df© 1999-2000 em.od. ¤mam EZ.Or.Am{. ¤mam ]¢H$ emIm ¤mam em.od. ¤mam EZ.Or.Am{. ¤mam ]¢H$ emIm ¤mam - 20 -- 25 - df© 2000-01 106 26 02 df© 2000-01 145 149 09 - df© 2002-03 237 177 155 -

VmobH$m H´$. 06 g_yhm{ß [a ]¢H$ H$r F$U amoe (bmIm{ß _{ß) df© g_yh gßª`m F$U amoe ]¢H$ ¤mam Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh H$m{ CÀ[mXZ 1998-99 20 0.10 H$r [yoV© h{Vw F$U ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h°, 1999-00 25 0.37 VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ B›Xm°a ‡ro_`_ ]¢H$ 2000-01 20 1.73 ¤mam g_yh H$m{ df© 1998-99 _{ß 20 g_yh 2001-02 45 3.30 H$m{ 0.10 F$U amoe ‡XmZ H$r JB© & Bgr 2002-03 125 7.02 ‡H$ma 1999-2000 H{$ 25 g_yh H$m{ 0.37 bmI Í$. ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m &

VmobH$m H´$. 07 ‡m· [wZod©V (bmIm{ß _{ß) df© g_yh gßª`mF$U amoe ]¢H$ ¤mam [na`m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V Òd`ß ghm`Vm 1998-99 20 0.10 g_yhm{ß H$m{ Omar oH$E JE g_ÒV F$U odVaU 1999-00 25 0.37 H{$ _m_b{ _{ß amÓQ≠>r` ]¢H$ g{ [wZod©V ‡m· hwAm 2000-01 4 0.27 h°, ]¢H$ H$m{ 100 ‡oVeV [wZod©V 7 ‡oVeV [a 2001-02 6 0.9 ‡m· hwAm h°, Òd`ß ghm`V g_yhm{ß H$m{ F$U odVaU 2002-03 52 6.21 H{$ ]¢H$ H$m{ F$U _ßOya oH$`m OmVm h°, Om{ ‡À`{H$ _m_b{ _{ß Cg{ 10 dfm} _{ß MwH$mZm hm{Vm h° VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ df© 1998-99 _{ß 20 ‡H$aUm{ß H{$ 0.10 bmI Í$. ‡m· hwE df© 1999-2000 _{ß 25 g_yh H$m{ 0.37 bmI Í$. ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 216 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II e°joUH$ JoVerbVm [a S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ odMma

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_{ß oejm H$m{ Ah_ _mZV{ W{ & CZH$m _mZZm Wm oH$ oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H$r BZ gßª`mAm{ß H$m{ Xm{ g{ JwUm H$aZ{ [a JwUmH$ma Xg Am°a ]rg AmVm h° & ‡JoV H$m AZw_mZ Bg ]mV g{ bJm`m OmVm h° oH$ Cg amÓQ≠> _{ß Zmar H$r AV: [m±M H$m{ Xm{ g{ Am°a Xg H$m{ EH$ g{ JwUm H$aZm MmohE AWm©V≤ g_mO ‡JoV H$m _m[XßS> ∑`m h° ? H$r g^r OmoV`m{ß H$m{ g_mZ ÒVa [a bmZ{ H$m gßH$Î[ hm{ Vm{ o\$a g_mZVm C›hm{ßZ{ Zmar M{VZm H{$ obE Am°a CZH{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$r Om{aXma dH$mbV H{$ VÀd H$m{ oZa›Va ‡oV[moXV H$aZ{ H{$ ]Om` Om{ o[N>∂S>m dJ© h°, C›h{ß H$r Wr & [aß[amdmXr Ymo_©H$ H$_©H$m S> d oZ`_m{ß Z{ Zmna`m{ß [a AZ{H$ ‡H$ma AoYH$ gwodYmE± ‡XmZ H$aZr MmohE Am°a Om{ CfiV dJ© h° CgH$r gwodYmAm{ß H$r gm_moOH$, Ymo_©H$, e°joUH$ oZ`m}Ω`VmE± Wm{[ aIr Wr & _{ß H$Q>m°Vr H$aZm MmohE & ZJar` oZH$m`m{ß, [ßMm`Vm{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV`m{ß d oejm EH$ Hw$ßOr h°, oOgg{ kmZ H$m Vmbm Iwb gH$Vm h° & BgH$m OZOmoV`m{{ß H{$ ob`{ Om{ AmajU oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m h°& dh S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a AmH$bZ ]m]m gmh{] g{ hr hm{ J`m Wm & oejm hr gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z H$m H$r hr X{Z h° & _m‹`_ h°, BgH$m Ehgmg C›h{ß `m°dZmdÒWm _{ß hm{ J`m Wm & AVEd XobV AmO H$r Zmar oejm VWm AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ [mH$a OrdZ H{$ ha j{Ã Mmh{ dJ© H$m odH$mg o]Zm oejm H{$ gß^d Zht h°& `h OmZH$a O] ^r XobV gßMma hm{, _roS>`m dJ© hm{, AßVnaj, H$Âfl`yQ>a, Q{>∑Zmbm∞Or, oejm j{Ã, dJ© H$m{ kmZm{[X{e X{Z{ bJ{ V] VH$ C›hm{ßZ{ ^mfUm{ß _{ß oejm H{$ _hÀd H$m{ AmoW©H$ j{Ã, amOZ°oVH$ j{Ã, gm_moOH$ j{Ã _{ß A[Zr g\$b C[oÒWoV odeX oH$`m & ]mbH$ Am°a ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r oejm [a ¡`mXm ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$m XO© H$am ahr h° & AmJ´h oH$`m & `{ ]m]mgmh{] H{$ odMmam{ß Edß oh›Xy H$m{S> o]b H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H{$ H$maU hr hm{ [m`m h° & [aÂ[amJV g_mO H$r ]{o∂S>`m{ß g{ _w∫$ hm{H$a Zmar A[Z{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- ôdÓ` H$m{ C¡Odb ]Zm ahr h° & Zmar H$r Bg g\$bVm _{ß oeIa [wÈf S>m∞. 1. AÎV{H$a, S>m∞. AZ›V gXmoed, ‡mMrZ ^maVr` oejU [’oV& AÂ]{S>H$a H$m ode{f `m{JXmZ ahm h° & 2. AÂ]{S>H$a ]r. Ama., gß[yU© dmL>≤_`, IßS> 4, 1994, ‡H$meH$, S>m∞. oejm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ H$hm h° - AÂ]{S>H$a H$Î`mU _ßÃmb` & "gaH$ma H$m{ gm_m›` Ïò∫$ H$m{ oejm gwb^Vm g{ ‡m· hm{ gH{$' BgH$r 3. _.bm.ehma{ Edß AoZO ZobZr, 1993, ‡H$meH$ g{J_{ßQ> ]w∑g ZB© Ï`dÒWm H$aZr MmohE & oZÂZV_ dJ© H$m{ CÉV_ oejm H{$ obE H$m\$r YZ oXÑr, [•. 65 IM© H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°, BgobE CÉ oejm gÒVr hm{Zr MmohE & oZÂZ dJ© H$m{ 4. ]gw E_. EZ. "o\$ÎS> _{WS>≤g BZ EZW´m{[m{bm∞Or E S> AXa gmBßg{g' CÉ dJ© H{$ g_H$j bmZ{ H{$ obE C›h{ß na`m`V{ß X{Zr MmohE & [m±M Am°a Xg 1961

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 218 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ]XbVm [nad{e Am°a H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE±

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‡ÒVmdZm - AmO OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ß ]∂S>m [nadV©Z Am`m h¢& dV©_mZ AmYm ohÒgm h¢, b{oH$Z XwoZ`m H$r Am_XZr H$m Xgdmß ohÒgm C›h{ß o_bVm [nad{e H$r ha EH$ A¿N>r ]war [naoÒWoV`m{ß [a AZ{H$ ÛrdmXr gmohÀ`H$mam{ß h° Am°a XwoZ`m H$r gß[oŒm H{$ gm¢d{ß ohÒg{ g{ ^r H$_ gß[oŒm _ohbmAm{ß H{$ [mg Z{ A[Zr [°Zr H$b_ MbmB© h¢& AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr gmohÀ` gßgma [a —oÓQ> h°&' S>mb{ Vm{ AoYH$mße Zmar MnaÃ ÒdV›Ã M{VZm, AmÀ_gßKf© Am°a A[Z{ AmoW©H$ ^{X^md H{$ MbV{ [y±OrdmXr g_mO _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r [wÍ$fm{ß AoÒVÀd H$r [hMmZ g{ ¡`mXm A[Z{ Xw:Im{ß Am°a gßKfm~ g{ [na[yU© h¢& dV©_mZ [a oZ^©aVm H$m\$r hX VH$ ]∂T> OmVr h°& _hmZJam{ß _{ß H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß Zmar ÒdV›Ã hm{H$a ^r ÒdV›Ã Zht h¢& g_mO H{$ AZ{H$ ]ßYZ Cg{ OH$∂S{> H$m{ _ohbm hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{ ode{f Vm°a [a AmoW©H$ Edß emarnaH$ em{f m H$m ahV{ h¢& oeH$ma hm{Zm [∂S>Vm h¢& oMÃm _wX≤Jb Or H{$ Amdmß C[›`mg H$r [mÃ Zo_Vm "AmYwoZH$ _ohbm b{IZ oZa›Va MMm© H$m odf` ahm h¢, _ohbm H$m{ ^r H$m_H$mOr _ohbm hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU [hb{ Afim gmh] Am°a o\$a gßO` H$WmH$am{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ OrdZ d Ïò∫$JV OrdZ g{ Ow∂S{> ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ gmW H$Zm{B© H{$ em{fU H$m oeH$ma hm{Zm [∂S>Vm h°& Zo_Vm H$m ¤›¤ BZ e„Xm{ß _{ß gmhogH$ Ao^Ïò∫$, Ohm± g_mO _ß{ Ûr H$r oÒWoV H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVr h°, Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° - "gwZ›Xm H$r _m°V Z{ _{a{ oZU©` H$m{ Am°a ^r [wªVm H$a oX`m dht AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r H$m _mJ©‡eÒV H$aVr ZOa AmVr h¢&' AmO Ûr H$r h°& BZ AamOH$ Job`m{ß _{ß _¢ gmßg{ß Zht â gH$Vr& _¢ A[Z{ obE EH$ ZB© _mZogH$Vm _{ß [nadV©Z Am`m h°& dh [wÍ$f H{$ gmW Hß$Y{ g{ Hß$Ym o_bm H$a XwoZ`m H{$ ¤ma Im{bZm MmhVr hy±, A^mdm{ß H$r o]bo]bmhQ> g{ Xya N>Ÿ hÀ`mAm{ß g\$bVm H$r ZB© D±$MmB©`m{ß H$m{ Ny> ahr h¢ Am°a h_ma{ g_mO H$r ]XbVr gm{M Am°a ^rVaKmVm{ß g{ [a{&' ^r Cg{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ H$r ‡{aUm X{ ahr h¢& AmYwoZH$ ]m{Y H{$ H$maU AmO H$r Zmar _{ß Òdmo^_mZ VWm AmoW©H$ dV©_mZ g_` _{ß Zmar H{$ OrdZ _{ß AZ{H$ [nadV©Z AmE h°& Ûr O] ÒdmdbÂ]Z H$m ^md Am`m h¢& AmO H$r _ohbm oddmh H{$ ]mX ^r AWm}[mO©Z am{Or-am{Q>r H$r Vbme _{ß A[Z{ Ka H$r MmaXrdmar H$r b˙_U a{Im H$m{ bmßK ]ßX Zht H$aZm MmhVr h°& H{$db AWm©O©Z H$r oM›Vm g{ hr Zht ]oÎH$ A[Z{ H$a ]mha Am`r Vm{ CgH$r OrdZ oÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ]hwV A›Va Am J`m& Ïò∫$Àd H$r Vbme _{ß Zmar A[Z{ Ka H$r XhbrO g{ H$X_ ]mha aIVr h°& o[V• gŒmmÀ_H$ gm_moOH$ gßÒH$mam{ß dmb{ [nadma H{$ _‹` O] EH$ Zmar H{$db Ka [nadma _{ß ]ßY H$a gßVwÓQ> ^md g{ Or Zht [m ahr h°& BgobE _ohbm Ka g{ ]mha oZH$bVr h°, Vm{ Cg{ A[Z{ [nadma H{$ gmW gmW g_mO AmoW©H$ AmdÌ`H$Vm Z hm{V{ hwE{ ^r CÉ dJ© Edß _‹`_ dJ© H$r _ohbmE± g{ ^r gßKf© H$aZm [∂S>Vm h¢& dV©_mZ g_mO Mmh{ Ûr ÒdV›ÃVm d g_mZVm AWm©O©Z H$a ahr h°& AmO H$r H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß H$m\$r H$r ]mV H$aVm hm{, [a dmÒVodH$Vm BgH{$ od[arV h°& Ka [nadma _{ß EH$ [nadV©Z Am`m h°, oOgH{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ dh [yar —∂T>Vm Am°a Òdmo^_mZ H$m_H$mOr _ohbm Xm{har ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h° Am°a [yar oZÓR>m d B©_mZXmar g{ H{$ ]b [a AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ H$m{ V°`ma hm{ JB© h°& A[Z{ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m{ [yam H$aVr h° O]oH$ H$m_H$mOr [wÍ$f dJ© A[Z{ PyR{> Vgbr_m ZgarZ H$r H$odVm Bgr gßX^© _{ß h° - Ah_≤ H{$ H$maU Bg Xm{har oOÂ_{Xmar _{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gmW X{Z{ g{ H$VamV{ "`h A¿N>r Vah `mX aIZm, h¢& [wÍ$f dJ© H$m H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV Om{ ZOna`m h°, Cg_{ß ]Xbmd Vw_ O] Ka H$r Mm°IQ> bm±Km{Jr, bmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ O] VH$ h_mam ZOna`m H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß bm{J VwÂh{ß Q{>∂S>r-_{∂S>r ZOam{ß g{ X{I{ßJ{ß& H{$ ‡oV Zht ]XbVm h°, V] VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmÀ_gßKf© H$m{ H$_ Zht OJ Vw_ Jbr g{ hm{H$a JwOam{Jr, oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& bm{J VwÂhmam [rN>m H$a{ßJ{ß, grQ>r ]OmE±J{ß, "_wª` Í$[ g{ AZ{H$ odgßJoV`m{ß Am°a AmoW©H$ H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m{ P{bZ{ O] Vw_ Jbr [ma H$aH{$ _wª` g∂S>H$ [a [hw±Mm{Jr, H{$ ]mX ^r _ohbmE± [nadma H{$ ‡oV g_o[©V h¢& `h oZU©` CgH$m ‡mWo_H$ VwÂh{ß MnaÃhrZ H$hH$a Jmob`m± X{ßJ{ß& oZU©` h°& Zm°H$ar[{em Ûr ]mhar H$m`©ÒWb [a ^r A[Zr j_Vm H$m{ og’ Vw_ Ï`W© hm{ OmAm{Jr, AJa [rN{> bm°Q>m{Jr, H$aVr h° Am°a Ka [a ^r dh [ÀZr d _m± H{$ Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m{ dhZ H$aVr h°, Xm{Zm{ß daZm O°gr Om ahr hm{ OmAm{&' Am{a H{$ g_m`m{OZ _{ß dh Vbdma H$r Yma [a MbVr h°&' "AmYwoZH$ gmohÀ` _{ß Hw$N> _ohbm MnaÃ Ka{by, H$m_H$mOr, A›V_©wIr ]XbVr OrdZ e°br _{ß _ohbmE± Ka g{ ]mha oZH$b H$a A[Z{ Am[ h°& CÉ _‹`_dJr©` Zmar MnaÃm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›h{ß X{Im Om gH$Vm h¢, `{ Zmar H$m{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ gw—∂T> ]ZmZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a ahr h¢, [a›Vw _ohbmE± A^r MnaÃ oeojV, `m{Ω` Edß odH$mg H$r gß^mdZmE± obE h¢ VWm Ka d ]mha ^r AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m oeH$ma ]ZVr h¢& "_ohbmE± XwoZ`mß H$r Am]mXr H$m Xm{Zm{ß H$r oOÂ_{Xmar H$m{ [yam H$aVr h¢&' [X [mH$a ^r A[Z{ [nadma H{$ ‡oV * em{YmWr©, H$m{Q>m odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 219 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Zmar _{ß gOJVm h°, Vm{ A[Z{ H{$na`a Am°a H$V©Ï` H{$ ‡oV ^r gOJ h°& H{$ ‡oV [wÍ$fm{ß Am°a _ohbmAm{ß H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U _{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ ]Xbmd Zht AmO XwoZ`mß H$r Ywar AW© hm{ J`m h°& Bgr H{$›–r` eo∫$ H$m{ ‡m· AmV{ h¢, V] VH$ BZH{$ gßKf© H$m{ IÀ_ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& H$aZ{ H{$ obE Zmar B¿N>m[yd©H$ d AoZ¿N>m[yd©H$ H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]m‹` gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- hwB© h°& H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß H$r N>od ^maVr` g_mO _{ß ]XbVr Om ahr h°, 1. XmXybmb Om{er : "g_H$mbrZ ]m{Y Am°a Ûr od_e©' [a›Vw dV©_mZ g_` _ß{ ^r H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß H$m AmÀ_gßKf© Omar h°& 2. Y_m© `mXd : "Ûr od_e© Am°a oh›Xr Ûr b{IZ' h_ma{ g_mO H$r Í$o∂T>`m± Cg{ ÒdV›ÃVm g{ OrZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ^r Zht X{Vr 3. gwX{e ]Ãm : "‡oVam{Y H{$ Òda : ^maVr` b{oIH$mAm{ß H{$ AmÀ_H$œ`' h¢& AmÌM`© Bg ]mV H$m h° oH$ BZ Í$o∂T>`m{ß H$r gßaojH$m d [m{ofH$m [wÍ$fm{ß g{ 4. H$mÀ`m`Zr : "Vrga{ XeH$ H$r Zmar-_wo∫$-M{VZm Am°a _mYwar' ¡`mXm Òd`ß Zmar h°& Hw$N> bm{J `h gdmb CR>mV{ h¢ oH$ _ohbmE± oH$g H$r_V 5. oMÃ _wXJb : "Am`m' [a Zm°H$ar H$a ahr h¢? Ka [nadma H$r H$r_V [a `m ]Ém{ß H$r H$r_V [a? 6. H•$ÓUH$mßV gw_Z : "B∏$rgdt gXr H$r Am{a' _ohbmE± Zm°H$ar N>m{∂S>Z{ H$m{ ghO V°`ma Zht hm{Vr, dV©_mZ H$m_H$mOr 7. ‡_rbm H$[ya : "H$m_H$mOr ^maVr` Zmar' _ohbmE± [°g{ H$r Aho_`V Am°a OÍ$aV H$m{ g_PVr h°& CZH$m _mZZm h¢ oH$ 8. _Yw Aam{∂S>m : "H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± Am°a ]É{' : OZgŒmmm, 19 A‡°b [oV [a oH$g MrO H{$ obE AmolV ahm OmE? O] VH$ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm{ß 2015

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 220 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II [bm`Z H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H{$ _yb oZdmg ÒWmZ [a g_yh MMm© ¤mam A‹``Z (IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ ^JdmZ[wam,g{Jmßd Vhgrb H{$ gßX^© _{ß)

S>m∞. Ama. H{$. `mXd *

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[bm`Z H$m ∑`m ‡^md _hgyg H$aV{ h° - bJ^J g^r [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ ah{ h°& gß]ßoYVm{ß Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ [bm`Z H$m Aga ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a hm{Vm h°& J´m_ CŒmaXmVm H{$ _yb ÒWmZ [a - A‹``Z H{$ Xm°amZ em{YmWr© Z{ A‹``Z [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ ObH$a, o]Obr H$a AmoX H$m ^wJVmZ g_` [a Zht hm{Vm& j{Ã H$r Xm{Zm{ß Vhgrbm{ß H{$ MòZV Jm±dm{ß Ohmß g{ A‹``Z H{$ obE BH$mB©`m{ß oH$gmZm{ß g{ MMm© H{$ Xm°amZ `h ^r kmV hwAm oH$ [bm`Z H{$ H$maU lo_H$ H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& dhmß Òd`ß OmH$a g_yh MMm© H$r& Bg g_yh MMm© _{ß dJ© A›` ÒWmZm{ß [a H•$of H$m`© `m A›` H$m`m} g{ ]mha Mbm OmVm h°& g_mOOZm{ß _{ß AoVna∫$ BZ Ïò∫$`m{ß g{ ^r MMm© H$r Om{ BZ AmoXdmgr oOgg{ _OXyar Xa _{ß d•o‹X hm{ OmVr h°& g_` [a _OXya Zht o_b [mV{ h°& [nadmam{ß g{ gß]ßoYV h°& AWm©V dh V_m_ Ïò∫$ oOZ [a [bm`Z H$m ‡^md ]M{ hwE _OXya _Z_mZ{ Tß>J g{ _OXyar b{V{ h°& H$B© ]ma \$gb H$m Iam] hm{ ahm h°& H{$db ‡À`j hr Zht daZ≤ CZ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ ^r MMm© _{ß emo_b hm{Z{ H$m ^` hm{Vm h°& g_` [a ]rO Zht ]m{`{ OmZ{ (]m{Zr bJZ{) g{ \$gb oH$`m J`m oOZ [a A‡À`j Í$[ g{ [bm`Z H{$ H$maU ‡^md hm{ ahm h°& H$m ght odH$mg Zht hm{ [mVm & gm_m›`V: Vm{ H•$of H$m`© _{ß AZ{H$ E{g{ [bm`Z g{ gßß]ßoYV AZ°H$ Vœ` E{g{ h°, Om{ o]Zm MMm© H{$ ‡H$me _{ß Zht H$m`© h°, oOg_{ß _mZd l_ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& I{V hbZ{,]IaZ{, bmE Om gH$V{ W{& ga[ßM hm{ `m [ßMm`V goMd _Za{Jm g{ gß]ßoYV, [ßMm`V ]wAmB©, oZßXmB© Am°a _wª` Í$[ g{ H$Q>mB© Am°a \$gb MwZZ{ _{ß ^mar _mZd l_ _{ß H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ ghm`H$ goMd g{ ^r MMm© H$r JB©& [bm`Z H$m ‡^md H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& _OXyamß{ H{$ [bm`Z H{$ H$maU _mZd l_ H$r ^mar CZ gßÒWmAm{ß O°g{ ÒHy$b, AmßJZdm∂S>r Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh J°aemgH$r` H$_r hm{ OmVr h°& \$gb H$r H$Q>mB© g_` [a Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU \$gb ZÓQ> gßJR>Z, ÒdmÒœ` H$m`©H$Vm©, VWm ode{f Í$[ g{ Ï`m[mar, oH$gmZ AmoX hm{Z{ bJVr h°& Hw$N> \$gb{ß Vm{ E{gr hm{Vr h° oOg_{ß g_` [a H$Q>mB© Am°a g] g{ MMm© H$r JB© MMm© H{$ _wª` o]›Xy VWm [naUm_ oZÂZ W{ - MwZmB© AmdÌ`H$ h°, E{g{ _{ß ]S>∂{ oH$gmZ ‡^modV hm{V{ h°& AZ{H$m{ß ]ma _mZd * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 221 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II l_ \$gb H$r H$Q>mB© H{$ obE ]mha Mbm OmVm h°& j{Ã _{ß l_ H$r _mßJ ]hwV ^r Am ahr h°& [bm`ZH$Vm© `Xm-H$Xm [nadma g{ o_bZ{ AmVm h°& [a›Vw ]∂T> OmVr h° oOgH{$ H$maU N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> H$m_m{ß H{$ obE ^r _erZm{ß H$m ‡`m{J [bm`ZH$Vm© H{$ [nadma H{$ gmW d°gm Ï`dhma Zht _hgyg hm{Vm h°, O°gm H$aZm hm{Vm h°, Om{ ]∂S>m _hßJm gmo]V hm{Vm h°, oOgg{ \$gbm{ß H$m bmJV [yd© _{ß Wm& Hw$N> _mVm-o[Vm H$m Vm{ H$hZm Wm oH$ [bm`ZH$Vm© H$m [nadma _yÎ` ]∂S> OmVm h° Edß _wZm\$m H$_ hm{ OmVm h°& H{$ gmW ^mdZmÀ_H$ gß]ßY bJ^J g_m· hm{ ah{ h°& E{g{ [bm`ZH$Vm© 3. A›` gßÒWmAm{ß [a [bm`Z H$m ‡^md - A›` ÒHy$b oejH$m{ß, oO›hm{ßZ{ AH{$b{ [bm`Z oH$`m h°& [oÀZ VWm ]É{ß oOZH{$ _yb ÒWmZ [a hr AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$VmAm{ß g{ MMm© H{$ Xm°amZ BZH{$ ¤mam ]Vm`m J`m oH$ h°& dh oZa›Va _yb ÒWmZ [a AmV{ OmV{ ahV{ h°& [nadma H{$ g^r gXÒ`m{ß [bm`Z H{$ H$maU ÒHy$bm{ß H{$ ES>o_eZ [a H$m\$r Aga hm{Vm h°& AZ{H$ H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© ^r H$aV{ h°& oH$›Vw [bm`Z ÒWb g{ Jmßd `m [nadma E{g{ g_` [bm`Z H$a OmV{ h°, O] ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß ES>o_eZ H$admZm _yb ÒWmZ [a H$^r-H$^r hr AmV{ h°& gßMma H{$ _m‹`_m{ß ode{fV: _m{]mB©b hm{Vm h°& H$B© [nadma A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ gmW b{ OmV{ h°, oOgH{$ H$maU Z Vm{ [a I°a-I]a b{V{ ahV{ h°& AmßJZdmo∂S>`m{ß _{ß A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ ^{O [mV{ h° Am°a Zht ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß XmoIb{ EH$mßH$r [nadma H{$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU, AZ{H$ [a{emoZ`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aV{ H$adm [mV{ h°, E{g{ _{ß ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß N>mÃ gßª`m ‡^modV hm{Vr h°& BVZm hr Zht h°& ode{fVa gXÒ`m{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` Iam] hm{Z{ H$r Xem _{ß [ÀZr H$m{ ]∂S>r MMm© _{ß `h ]mV H$r gm_Z{ AmB© H$r H$B© ]ma [nadma dm[g _yb oZdmg [a [a{emZr H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& ]Ém{ß H$r oOÂ_{Xmar H{$ H$maU [ÀZr Am OmV{ h°& V] A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ XmoIb{ H{$ obE AmV{ h°, oH$›Vw gÃ H{$ _‹` H{$m A›` H$m`© I{Vr-_OXyar H$aZ{ _{ß ]∂S>r [a{emZr hm{Vr h°& Hw$N> [oÀZ`m{ß _{ß XmoIbm H$admZm _woÌH$b hm{ OmVm h°& H$B© ]ma N>mÃ-N>mÃmE _‹` gÃ _{ß H$m H$hZm Wm oH$ ]É{ß A[Z{ o[Vm H$m{ ]hwV `mX H$aV{ h°& ]Ém{ß H$m{ gß^mbZm hr ÒHy$b N>m{∂S>H$a A[Z{ [bm`Z H$aZ{ dmb{ _mVm-o[Vm ^mB©-]hZ H{$ gmW _woÌH$b hm{ OmVm h°& H$m_ H$aZ{ O] ]mha OmV{ h° O] ]Ém{ß H$r X{I-^mb Mb{ OmV{ h°& oOgH{$ H$maU CZH$r [T>mB© ]rM _{ß hr Ny>Q> OmVr h° `m ÒWoJV H{$ obE [mg-[∂S>m{g `m naÌV{Xma H{$m Odm]Xmar X{Zr [∂S>Vr h°& Ka H$m gmam hm{ OmVr h°& embm N>m{∂S>Z{ dmb{ E{g{ N>mÃ-N>mÃmAm{ß H$m{ H∞$naà Iam] hm{ H$m`© h_{ß hr H$aZm hm{Vm h°& X°oZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H{$ obE ]mOma OmVm h° `m _woÌH$b _{ß [∂S> OmVm h°& AmoX ^r h_{ß hr OmZm [∂S>Vm h°& Hw$N> [oÀZ`m{ß H$m `h ^r H$hZm Wm oH$ 4. AoYH$mar/H$_©Mmna`m{ß g{ MMm© - `h kmV hwAm oH$ emgH$r` V_m_ [a{emoZ`m{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^r [bm`Z H{$ H$maU Om{ [°gm _OXyar H{$ Í$[ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß bm{J bm^ b{Z{ H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZ ahV{ h°& Vm{ d{ dm[g _{ß o_bVm h°& Bg [°g{ g{ Ka gwMmÍ$ Í$[ g{ Mbm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Ka{by bm°Q> H$a Zht AmV{ h°& V_m_ ‡Mma-‡gma H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^r bm{J Í$oM Zht AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© AmgmZr g{ hm{ OmVr h°& Ka _{ß J•hÒWr H{$ g_mZ H{$ b{V{ h°& B›h{ß O] ^r emgZ g{ H$m{B© AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h° ode{fH$a AoVna∫$ A›` gm_mZ ^r IarXm Om gH$Vm h°& Ka _{ß [ßIm, _m{]mB©b, H•$of j{Ã _{ß, A›` `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß amoe H$m C[`m{J A›` ÒWmZ [a O°g{ gm`H$b, VWm Q>r.dr.IarXm Om gH$m h°& gm_mZ IarXZ{, emXr-„`mh Am°a A›` gm_moOH$ H$m`m} _{ß BgH$m C[`m{J Hw$N> [nadmam{ß H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ [bm`Z H{$ H$maU Yra{ Yra{ H$O© g{ H$a b{V{ h°& H$B© ]ma Vm{ `h gm_J´r VH$ odH´$` H$a X{V{ h°& AZ{H$m{ß ]ma Vm{ _w∫$ hm{ ah{ h°& Hw$N> [ewYZ oOg_{ß ]H$ar, _wJr©, Jm`, [bm`Z H{$ H$maU E{g{ g_` [a H$m{B© ^r Ka [a o_bV{ hr Zht h°& amhV H$m`m} VWm o_bZ{ dmbr _OXyar g{ IarXm J`m h°& E{g{ Hw$N> [nadma ^r W{ oOZH{$ am{OJmam{›_wIr `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gßMmbZ H{$ g_` ^r E{g{ [nadma C[oÒWV gXÒ` ]∂S>r ]MV H$aV{ h°& dh H$m`© H{$ AoVna∫$ H$m`© H$aV{ ahV{ h°& EH$ hr Zht hm{V{ h°& ameZ H$mS©> H$m ^r XwÍ$[`m{J hm{Vm h°& [bm`Z H$aZ{ H{$ g_` [nadma H{$ EH$ g{ AoYH$ gßª`m _{ß [bm`Z H$aV{ h°& VWm H$∂S>r _{hZV H$aV{ _{ß A[Zm ameZ H$mS©> gmW b{ OmV{ h° `m Xygam{ß H$m{ X{ OmV{ h°& oOgH$m h°& oOgH{$ H$maU Hw$N> ]S>∂{ H$m`© H$a [mV{ h°& gm_moOH$ VWm [mnadmnaH$ XwÍ$[`m{J ameZ XwH$mZ dmbm `m A›` H$m{B© H$aVm h°& CÀgdm{ß _{ß ^mJ b{V{ h° VWm A[Zm `m{JXmZ ^r X{V{ h°& bÂ]{ g_` VH$ H$m`© 5. 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Jr. No. 64728) 222 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 223 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II H•$of ZdmMma H$m OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV [a ‡^md (]∂S>dmZr oOb{ H{$ ode{f g›X^© _{ß)

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8. odf` dÒVw H{$ g›X^© _{ß Am` Edß am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ß H$r Im{O]rZ gd}ojV [nadmam| _{ß gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV ZJ ` ahm h°,oejm H{$ H$aZm& ÒVa H{$ AZwgma 46.20 ‡oVeV Ïò∫$ oZaja h°,AWm©V AmO ^r bJ^J 9. emgH$r` odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m [bm`Z [a am{H$ VWm ‡^md& AmYr OZgßª`m gmja Zht h°,31.62 ‡oVeV ‡mWo_H$ oejm, 12.62 gß_H$m{ß H$m gßH$bZ - ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z _{ß ‡mWo_H$ Edß o¤Vr`H$ ‡oVeV _m‹ò_H$ oejm, 4.79 ‡oVeV hmB©ÒHy$b, 2.59 ‡oVeV hmà gß_H$m| H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& g{H$ S>ar, 1.77 ‡oVeV ÒZmVH$ d 0.91 ‡oVeV ÒZmVH$m{Œma `m CÉ A. ‡mWo_H$ gß_H$-‡mWo_H$ gß_H$mß{ _{ß ‡ÌZmdbr AZwgyMr gmjmÀH$ma oejm ‡m· h°& AmO ^r BZ AmoXdmog`m{ß _{ß oejm H$m ÒVa ]hwV H$_ h°& Edß Adbm{H$Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ ‡ÌZm{ß H$m{ obo[]’ AV: oejm H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ oH$`m OmZm MmohE& H$aH{$ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H{$ Ïò∫$JV gmjmÀH$ma H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AZwgyMr AmoW©H$ oÒWoV -A‹``Z j{Ã H{$ [nadmam{ß H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m _wª` âr JB© h°& AmYma H•$of h°, H•$of \$gbm{ß H{$ oZÂZ CÀ[mXZ Edß JwUdŒmm _{ß H$_r g{ B. o¤Vr`H$ gß_H$ - o¤Vr`H$ Am±H$S>m{ß H$m gßH$bZ [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß, Im⁄mfi g_Ò`m CÀ[fi hm{ OmVr h°, BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m g_mYmZ H•$of dmof©H$ na[m}Q>, J´m_ dZ go_oV na[m}Q>, dZ [naj{Ã, dZ _ßS>b CÀ[mXZ h°& H$m`m©b`, ^y-amOÒd Ao^b{I Edß ]›Xm{]ÒV H$m`m©b` AmoX g{ ‡m· H•$of H$aZm BZ AmoXdmog`m{ß H$m ‡mWo_H$ Ï`dgm` h° oH$›Vw H•$of oH$`{ J`{ & _{ß odH$mg H{$ g_ÒV gmYZm{ß H{$ A^md H{$ H$maU BZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV odõ{fU - A. gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$m C‘{emZwgma - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ H$_Om{a hm{ OmVr h°& 1.1 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) dmof©H$ Am` gd}ojV Jm±dm{ _{ß [mQ>r odH$mgI S> H{$ ]w›Xr Jm±d H{$ 168 Ïò∫$ h°, VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.4 oOZH$m 9.59 ‡oVeV ^mJ AmVm h°, g]g{ H$_ OZgßª`m [mZg{_b Hw$b dmof©H$ Am` gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV odH$mgI S> H{$ Am_oPar Jm±d H$r h°, oOgH$m ‡oVeV 5.02 h°& 0-5000 -- B. gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$m Am`w H{$ AmYma [a dJr©H$aU - 5000-10000 -- VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.2 10000-15000 28 10.00 (gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$m Am`w dJr©H$aU) 15000-20000 79 28.21 H´$. $ Am`w dJ© Hw$b OZgßª`m ‡oVeV 20000 g{ AoYH$ 173 61.79 1. 0-14 575 32.83 `m{J 280 100.00 2. 15-20 299 17.07 VmobH$m H´$. 1.4 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r Hw$b dmof©H$ 3. 21-40 545 31.12 Am` 20000 g{ AoYH$ AWm©V 61.80 ‡oVeV [nadma H$r h°, VWm g]g{ 4. 41-50 190 10.85 H$_ dmof©H$ Am` dmb{ [nadmam{ß H$r gßßª`m 28 h°, oOZH$r dmof©H$ Am` 5. 51-60 86 4.91 10000 g{ 15000 H{$ ]rM h°, BZH$m ‡oVeV 10 h°& 6. 61 g{ AoYH$ 56 3.19 Ï`dgm` H$r oÒWoV (gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r) Hw$b `m{J 1751 100 VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.5 gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r Hw$b OZgßª`m _{ß 32.83 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m H´$.$ Ï`dgm` H$m ‡H$ma [nadma H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV 0-14 df© H$r Am`w H$r h°, Om{ bJ^J 01 oVhmB© h°& g]g{ H$_ OZgßª`m 1. ]{am{OJma -- 3.19 ‡oVeV 61 df© H$r h°& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.2 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°& 2. _OXyar 195 69.64 d°dmohH$ oÒWoV - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) 3. H•$of 280 100.00 gd}ojV [nadmam{ _{ß Hw$b OZgßª`m _{ß 47.05 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m 4. H$marJar 09 3.21 oddmohV h°,Om{ Bg ]mV H$m{ BßoJV H$aVr h°, AmoXdmog`m{ß _{ß H$_ C_´ _{ß 5. Zm°H$ar 13 4.64 oddmh H$a oX`m OmVm h°& 6. Ï`m[ma/XwH$mZ 05 1.78 C.gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ß oejm H$m ÒVa - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.3 7. [ew[mbZ 02 0.71 H´$. oejm H$m ÒVa gd}ojV [nadmam{ß ‡oVeV VmobH$m H´$.1.5 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ß g^r [nadma H$r gßª`m H•$of H$m`© H$aV{ h°, BgH{$ Abmdm 69.64 ‡oVeV [nadma _OXyar ^r 1. AoeojV 809 46.20 H$aV{ h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ H•$of H$m`© df© â Zht hm{Vm h°, 4.64 ‡oVeV [nadma 2. oeojV 942 53.80 Zm°H$ar H$aV{ h°, 3.21 ‡oVeV [nadma H$mnaJar H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h°, 1.76 3. ‡mWo_H$ 545 31.12 ‡oVeV [nadma XwH$mZ MbmV{ h° VWm 0.71 ‡oVeV [nadma [ew[mbZ 4. _m‹ò_H$ 221 12.62 H$aV{ h°& 5. hmB©ÒHy$b 84 4.79 _H$mZm{ß H$m ‡mÍ$[ - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.6 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) 6. hmà g{H$ S>ar 45 2.59 VmobH$m H´$.1.6 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ 7. ÒZmVH$ 31 1.77 114 [nadmam{ß H{$ [mg H$Ém _H$mZ h°, Om{ Hw$b gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H{$ 40.71 8. ÒZmVH$m{Œma `m AoYH$ 16 0.91 ‡oVeV h° VWm g]g{ H$_ 62 [nadmam{ß H{$ [mg hr [∏$m _H$mZ h°,oOZH$m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 225 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

‡oVeV 22.14 h°& _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmYZ [rZ{ H{$ [mZr H$r Ï`dÒWm VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.10 VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.7 H´$.$ _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmYZ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß ‡oVeV H´$.$ gmYZ gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV H$r gßª`m 1. ZXr -- 1. a{o∂S>`m{ 42 15.00 2. gmd©OoZH$ Hw$±Am 20 7.14 2. Q{>[ naH$mS©>a 14 5.00 3. h{ S>[Â[ 185 66.07 3. Q{>brodOZ 181 64.64 4. Q>Áy]d{b 75 26.78 4. gr.S>r. flb{à 97 34.64 `m{J 280 100 5. _m{]mB©b 81 28.92 gd}ojV [nadmam{ß _{ß [rZ{ H{$ [mZr H{$ obE g]g{ AoYH$ 66.07 6. A›` 5 17.85 ‡oVeV h{ S>[Â[ g{ [mZr bmV{ h°, gmd©OoZH$ Hw$±Am g{ [mZr H$r Ï`dÒWm _Zm{aßOZ H{$ gmYZm{ß H{$ C[`m{J _{ß AmoXdmgr dJ© ^r [rN{> Zht h°, ]hwV H$_ 7.14 ‡oVeV [nadma hr H$aV{ h°, BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ 64.64 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß H{$ [mg gßMma H{$ AmYwoZH$ gmYZ Q>r.dr. h°, AmoXdmgr bm{J o]Ia{ hwE Q>m{bm{ _{ß ahV{ h°, BgobE Hw$±Am{ß H$r ]Om` h{ S>[Â[ ∑`m{ßoH$ dV©_mZ _{ß Q>r.dr. H$r H$r_V H$_ hm{Z{ g{ `{ bm{J AmgmZr g{ H´$` H$m ‡`m{J AoYH$ H$aV{ h°& H$a b{V{ h°, 28.92 ‡oVeV [nadma gr.S>r. flb{à ^r aIV{ h°, 34 ‡oVeV C[b„Y gwodYm [nadma a{oS>`m{ß Edß Q{>[ Xm{Zm{ß H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ h°, bJ^J 18 ‡oVeV VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.8 [nadmam{ß H{$ [mg _m{]mB©b ^r h°, Bgg{ `h ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ BZH$m gm_moOH$ H´$.$ C[b„Y gwodYmE± gd}ojV [nadmam{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV Edß AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z V{Or g{ hm{ ahm h°& 1. em°Mmb` 10 3.57 oZÓH$f© - H•$of ZdmMma g{ OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z 2. agm{B© Ka 264 94.28 H•$of ZdmMma _{ß gd}ojV j{Ã H{$ AmoXdmog`m{ß ¤mam ZdrZ H•$of C[H$aUm{ß, 3. [ewAm{ß H$m{ aIZ{ 266 95.00 ogMmB© [’oV, CfiV ]rO d ImX H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m Om ahm h°, Am°a oOgg{ H$m ÒWmZ H•$of CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>m h°,CÀ[mXZ ]∂T>Z{ g{ CZH{$ gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV AmoXdmgr bm{J [ewAm{ß H$m{ [mbZ{ H$m H$m`© ^r H$aV{ h°, bJ^J 95 [a ‡^md ^r hm{ ahm h°, [a›Vw `h ‡^md H$r JoV Yr_r h°, BgH$m H$maU ‡oVeV [nadma [ewAm{ß H$m{ ]m±YZ{ H{$ obE AbJ g{ ÒWmZ aIV{ h°, bJ^J Bg j{Ã _ß{ dfm© H$r H$_r, Om{Vm{ H$m AmH$ma N>m{Q>m d C]∂S>-Im]∂S> ^yo_ h°& BVZ{ hr ‡oVeV bm{Jm| H{$ [mg Òd`ß H$m agm{B© Ka h°& g]g{ X`Zr` oÒWoV AV: emgZ H$m{ Bg j{Ã _{ß H•$of ZdmMma H$m{ Am°a AoYH$ JoV X{Z{ h{Vw em°Mmb` g{ gÂ]o›YV h°, `{ bm{J Iwb{ ÒWmZ [a em°M H{$ obE OmV{ h°& gd}ojV j{Ã H{$ AmoXdmog`m{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ oH$`m OmZm MmohE d H•$of [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ odo^fi o]_mna`m{ß H$m{ O›_≤ X{V{ h°& od^mJ ¤mam CfiV ]rO, Cd©aH$, H•$of `ßÃ AmoX odo^fi gßÒWmAm{ß Edß o]Obr H$r Ï`dÒWm ghH$mar go_oV`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odVnaV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& H´$.$ o]Obr H$r Ï`dÒWm gd}ojV [nadmam{ß ‡oVeV gwPmd - H$r gßª`m 1. oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gwYma d `mVm`mV gmYZm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mZm MmohE& 1. o]Obr Zhr h° 26 9.28 2. ImX, ]rO, XdmB©`m{ß H$m CoMV _yÎ` [a odVaU H$aZm MmohE& 2. Ad°Y 18 6.42 3. amgmòZH$ ImX H{$ ÒWmZ [a O°odH$ ImX H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ obE 3. EH$ ]Œmr H$Z{∑eZ 182 65.00 AmoXdmog`m{ß H$m{ ‡{naV H$aZm MmohE& 4. _rQ>a H$Z{∑eZ 54 19.28 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ `m{J 280 100 1. Mm°Yar, S>m±. ]r.Eb.2004 -[`m©daU A‹``Z Edß oOV{›– [m S{>` VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.9 E`{∑g [o„boeßJ hmCg, CX`[wa (amOÒWmZ) & C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _‹`‡X{e emgZ H$r ZroV H{$ AZwgma 2. _m_m{na`m,S>m±. MVw^w©O - _mZd ^yJm{b gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH{$eZ, bJ^J 65 ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß H{$ [mg EH$ ]Œmr H$Z{∑eZ h°, Am°a A[Z{ ZB© oXÑr & [nadmam{ß H{$ odH$mg _ß{ Bg gaH$mar gwodYmAm{ß H$m bm^ CR>m ah{ h°,19.28 3. oVdmar, oedHw$_ma - oh›Xw gm_moOH$ gßÒWmE± oH$Vm] _hb, ‡oVeV [nadmam{ß Z{ hr _rQ>a bJdmE h° VWm 6.42 ‡oVeV [nadma AmO Bbmh]mX, 1961 ^r Ad°Y Í$[ g{ o]Obr H$r Mm{ar H$aH{$ A[Zm H$m`© H$aV{ h°, [a›Vw 9.28 4. _mWwa,Eg.Eg. 1991 - o\$oO∑g oO`m{J´m\$r Am∞\$ BßoS>`m Z{eZb ‡oVeV [nadma emgZ H$r odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>, ZB© oXÑr & AßY{a{ _{ß ahZ{ H$m{ _O]wa h°&

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 226 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Mythical Elements In The Plays Of Girish Karnad

* Twishampati De

Abstract - Post Independence Literature consists of many playwrights. Among them, Girish karnad is most significant. Through his innovative and imaginative style, he has portrayed folk tales and myths in his plays which reflect the social reality. According to Shastri, “Myth, at all events, is raw material, which can be stuff of literature”. Indian playwrights like Sri Aurobindo and kaliasam selected their themes from the myths and legends of Indian Literature. Karnad’s purpose of using myths in his plays is to expose the absurdity of human life with all its elemental passions and conflicts, men’s eternal struggle to achieve perfection. Key words - Myths, archetypes, folktales, Hindu mythology, supernatural elements, supernatural qualities, magic elements, social hierarchy, mythical tale.

Introduction - Karnad has taken the plot of the play to mankind. The story of "Hayavadana" comes partly from ""Yayati"" from the first chapter of the Mahabharata in which Thomas Mann’s story titled “Transposed Heads” and also "Yayati" is cursed by Shukracharya and Sharmishtha’s son on the stories in “Vetal Panchavimshati” and Pooru rescues "Yayati" from the curse. "Yayati" is a play on “Kathasaritsagar”. Karnad’s play in a characteristic way the theme of responsibility where "Yayati" himself is not begins where the Vetal story ends. In “Vetal ready to shoulder his responsibility. At last he accepts it, Panchavimshati” Prince Dhavala marries Madansundari, after enjoying youth for one thousand years. In Girish the daughter of a king named Suddhapata’s. One day Karnad’s "Yayati", he accepts it only after the death of Svetapata, Suddhapata’s son proceeds to his own country Chitralekha. “Karnad’s "Yayati" retells the age-old story of along with his sister and her husband. On the way, they the king who in his longing for eternal youth does not come across the temple of goddess Gauri. Dhavala goes hesitate to usurp the youth and vitality of his son. Karnad into the temple and pays homage to the goddess. Through invests new meaning and significance for contemporary some urge he cuts off his head with a sword and presents life and reality by exploring the king’s motivations. In the it to the goddess. As Dhavala does not come even after Mahabharata, "Yayati" understand the nature of desire itself waiting for some time, Svetapata goes inside and when he and realizes that fulfillment neither diminishes no eliminates finds Dhavala has cut his head off, he also offers his head desire. In the drama, Karnad makes "Yayati" confront the to goddess. When Madansundari, after a long time, enters horrifying consequences of not being able to relinquish the temple, she sees the dead bodies lying before the desire; and through the other characters he highlights the goddess. And in great grief she begins to cut off her own issue of class, caste and gender coiled within a web of head but the Goddess Gauri appears and asks her to shape desire.” (B.Yadav Raju 18) Karnad’s originality lies in their heads on their shoulders. But in excitement the heads working of the motivations behind "Yayati"’s choice. In are changed. Vetala’s question is who is Madansundari’s Karnad’s "Yayati", "Yayati" recognizes the horror of his own husband? And the king answers “of course the person with life and assumes his moral responsibility only after symbolic Dhavala’s head on his shoulders.” Each of these stories encounter of Chitralekha. Chitralekha is Karnad’s own posses a riddle at the end, which the Vetal challenges the creation. In the Mahabharata, "Yayati" recognizes the desire king to solve. A modern source of the plot of Hayavadan is itself and realizes that fulfillment does not diminish even Thomas Mann’s narrative, The Transposed Heads”. Mann after thousand years. who got the story from Zimmer changes and elaborates it Karnad is attracted to the myths, histories, and folk further making it a vehicle for the expression of favourite stories for personal reasons. This autobiographical idea, namely, the ironic confrontation between opposite in dimension is indubitably evident in "Yayati", "Tughlaq" and human life. “If Mann’s aim was to stress the ironic ""Hayavadana"". Next, he is excited by the universal impossibility of uniting perfectly the spirit and the flesh in characteristics of certain recurrent archetypes –problems, human life, Karnad tries to pose existential ideas like characters, situations, themes and so on. Hence, the problem of ‘Being’ and the metaphysical anguish of the personal and the social, the past and the present, human condition.” (M.K.Naik 137) commingle in Karnad’s plays which will ever remain relevant The practice of going back to mythology is not totally * Guest Lecturer, Keshpur, Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 227 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II new in Indian English drama. The playwrights before Girish Karnad writes in the preface of his play, ‘‘I wrote Tale-Danda Karnad, have drawn stories from mythology and interpreted in 1989when the ’Mandir’ and the ‘Mandal’ movements were them a new. Karnad also realizes that the relationship beginning to show again how relevant the questions posed between theatre and mythology is very close. As the function by these thinkers were for our age. The horror of subsequent of theatre is to reflect society, best signified in myths and events and the religious fanaticism that has gripped our the best reservoir of it is epics. Time is generally divided national life today have only proved how dangerous it is to into present, past and future and the division exists only on ignore the solutions they offered.’’(Girish Karnad’s Preface a conscious level. At the subconscious or unconscious level, of the play Tale- Danda) When Babari Mosque was there is no such compartmentalization. That’s why myths demolished by Hindu people, the Indian philosophers, being the representatives of our subconscious and literary figures and people who believed in Indian culture unconscious mind never get old. Some critics have accused were disturbed. It was a great blot on India’s history. The Karnad of writing with western audience in mind and of foundation of Indian society is based on the caste system using themes and techniques that might shock or startle in it. Manchi Sarat Babu writes, ‘‘The Hindu society consists the Indian viewers. But this doesn’t seem to be true as far of four recognized classes called ‘varnas’ and one as "Hayavadana" is concerned. Karnad wants to illustrate unrecognized class called ‘avarnas.’ They are Brahmins man’s universal predicament in new twentieth century (priests, poets, teachers and ministers), kshatriyas (kings awareness. As banal methods would not do for the purpose, and warriors), Vaishyas (tradesmen), Shudras (craftsmen) as the established myths were found insufficient, he and the Panchamas (menial workers). Shudras and invented a myth and dramatized it. Panchamas toil and produce wealth which people of higher The play "Nag -Mandala" is based on two oral folk tales classes enjoy. According to a Hindu myth, the four from Karnataka. According to Karnad, women tell these recognized classes emanated from the mouth, the arms, stories to their children while patting them to bed or while the thighs and the feet of Brahma, the God of Creation doing household work. In the presence of children and respectively. Such myths and literature created and women, they gave expression with their own point of view perpetuated by Brahmins, seek to justify the social hierarchy which otherwise remains unrecognized. According to Girish and sanction their superiority.”(M. Sarat Babu 45) Karnad, “These stories represent a distinctly woman The myth is taken from the Mahabharata. There are understanding of the reality abound her, a lived counterpoint innumerable tales in the Mahabharata and myth of Yavakri to the patriarchal structures of classical texts and is one of them. It is found in ‘Vanaparva’. In the narrative of institutions.” (Karnad 17) The title of play is based on Naga Paravasu, Arvasu and Yavakri, Karnad found the plot of (Snake). In Hindu mythology, Naga represents several "The Fire and the Rain". The play also dramatizes one more images. In south India, many houses have their shrines= archetype and that is the archetype of fratricidal strife which have a grove reserved for snakes where there are between Indra and his brothers Vishwarupa and Vritra. In lots of trees. Snake symbolizes strength of man. They are the myth, Indra kills Vritra to become supreme in power. sometimes portrayed as handsome man as half man and The mythical tale is taken from ‘Rig-Veda’. Karnad in this half Cobra, it is considered/ believed that they can assume play has exploited the myth of Yavakri. With the help of this the form of any man or woman. Many people worship Naga myth he brings into light the age long antagonism between (snake), as well as the people believe that snake/Cobra father and son. can fulfill the wishes of the people. In the play also, Rani, In the Mahabharata, when Yavakri violates the sanctity neglected by her husband Appanna, gets everything which of Vishakha, the lake dries up. But in the play, the land is she would never have expressed openly. She gets a devoted afflicted with draught for ten years. The original episode husband, a son and a lifelong maid. It is due to her lover ends with the release of Brahma Rakshasa. Though the (Naga) who fulfills all her wishes and leaves her life when myths are taken from diverse sources, Karnad has selected she becomes happy with her husband Appanna. elements required for his play and worked on them so that Due to this interesting story, the Sutradhara also they will suit his purpose. Unless one has the knowledge of remains awake for the whole night and saves his life. Now, the background, context of myths, it will be difficult for one he has to pass the story on according to his promise made to be able to interpret the purpose of the playwright. to the ‘story’. It also shows that an artist is bound to represent The matured artist, Girish Karnad has used the myths his art as well as the tradition of storytelling from generation in the very appropriate manner. The legend of Indra, Vritra to generation to be carried out. Many devices used in folk is intertextual with the myth of Arvasu and Paravasu. P. tale or mythic patterns are included in the play e.g. Jayalaxmi writes, “ Karnad’s mastery lies in his successful supernatural elements, superhuman qualities, magic weaving of the contradictions and dilemmas that the myth elements i.e. paste of root, extraordinary ordeals etc. All from the Mahabharata glossed over. He re- interprets and these elements help in increasing the reader’s interests, represents the myth with definitive statement in the context as well as they are the need of folk tales. of the present”.(P.Jayalaxmi 261). Though there are certain Girish Karnad uses history and historical characters in differences between the original episodes and the play order to comment on the contemporary situation of India. beneath the superficial differences, there lies a principle Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 228 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II and reality which is universal? The underlying reality 4. Girish Karnad, Three Plays, Naga-Mandala, principle remains there always. "Hayavadana", Tughlaq, Oxford University Press, New References :- Delhi, 2009, p.27 1. Girish Karnad, Three Plays, Naga-Mandala, 5. Jayalaxmi P. ‘Politics of power. A study of Gender and "Hayavadana", Tughlaq, Oxford University Press, New caste in The Fire and the Rain in Girish Karnad’s plays Delhi, 2009, p.12 performance and critical perspectives (ed.) By 2. 47. Girish Karnad, Three Plays, Naga-Mandala, Mukherjee Tutun Delhi: Pencraft International,2006. "Hayavadana", Tughlaq, Oxford University Press, New clxxxiv Delhi, 2009, p.11 6. Ratna Sheila Mani, K. ‘The Betrayal of Motif in Karnad’s 3. Girish Karnad, Three Plays, Naga-Mandala, Tughlaq’ in The Plays of Girish Karnad.( Ed.) "Hayavadana", Tughlaq, Oxford University Press, New Jaydipsingh Dodiya, New Delhi: Prestige, 1999. Delhi, 2009, p.16

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H$m°Z hm{ ^md g{ âr h°& dh A[Z{ _mVm-o[Vm g{ A[Z{ ‡{_ H$m{ b{H$a gßKf© H$aZ{ Vw_ `{ H$hZ{ dmb{? _¢ JbV Zht hy±&'7 Bg ‡oH´$`m _{ß [aÂ[am VZmd H$r H$m{ ^r VÀ[a hm{ OmVr h°& dh Òd`ß H{$ odf` _{ß oZU©` b{Zm MmhVr h° VWm oÒWoV Am°a gßKf© VrZm{ H$m Am^mg hm{Vm h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m AmH´$m{e, e{Ia H{$ ‡oV Amo∫$ ^md H$m{ ‡H$Q> H$aZm MmhVr h°& "A] dh gm{MVr h° oH$ ‡oVoH´$`mdmXr oMßVZ H$m AmJ´hr oXImB© X{Vm h°, d{ A[Z{ Ïò∑Àd H$r ajm ‡{_-gß]ßY _{ß Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r [hb H$m AoYH$ma [wÈf H$m{ Wm, b{oH$Z `h _{ß AoYH$ eo∫$ H{$ gmW I∂S>r hm{ OmVr h°& Bg YamVb [a d{ oZ^©H$ Edß AoYH$ma Zmar H$m{ ∑`m{ß Zht h°&'12 Bg H$hmZr _{ß oZohV gßKf©-M{VZm H{$ _{Ymdr h¢, A[Z{ hmd-^md Ï`dhma g{ Xem©Vr h¢ oH$ [aß[am H{$ ‡oV odam{Y ÒdÍ$[ H$m dUZ© h°- "Ka H$r MmaXrdmar AmX_r H$m{ gwajm X{Vr h¢ [a gmW Am°a AÒdrH$ma _ybV: gßKf© H$r ^yo_ _{ß hr gß^d h°& AV: [wamVZ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ hr Cg{ EH$ gr_m _{ß ]mßYVr ^r h°& ÒHy$b H$m∞b{{O Ohm± Ïò∫$ H{$ _oÒVÓH$ H$m Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 231 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II odH$mg H$aV{ h¢, dht oZ`_-H$m`X{ß Am°a AZwemgZ H{$ Zm_ [a CgH{$ _w∫$ H$a{ Am°a A[Z{ eara g{ CXmgr H$r [aV H$m{ ItMH$a AbJ H$a{? dh Ïò∫$ H$m{ Hw$ßoR>V ^r H$aV{ h¢ ]mV `h h° dYy H$r hma H$m odam{Y CgH{$ ^rVa gmhg Zht OwQ>m [mVr Hw$N> H$hZ{ H$m& o\$a dh H$h{ ^r Vm{ oH$g _w±h g{, hr ahVm h°&'13 ogÂ_r hof©Vm Z{ ^r Zmar-gßKf© H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m oMÃU A[Zr O]oH$ dh OmZVr h° oH$ _m± Am°a o[VmOr IwX CgH{$ obE da Ty>ß∂T>V{-Ty>ß∂T>V{ H$hmZr "CgH$m _Z' _{ß Hw$ebVm g{ oH$`m h°& [∂S>m{g _{ß ahV{ hwE EH$ -Xyga{ WH$ J`{ W{ Am°a A] O°g{ CgH{$ oddmh H$r ]mV hr ^yb J`{ hm{ß& O°g{ dh hr g{ AmH•$ÓQ> hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r [wÈf H$r Am{a g{ oH$gr Vah H$r [hb Z H$aZm CZ g]H$r o[Vm hm{ Am°a g] CgH{$ ]É{ hm{, _m± ]m]y Or H$m ^r Am°a BZ Zmar H{$ _Z H$m{ gmbVm ahVm h°& dh gm{MVr h°- ‡{_ H{$ _m_b{ _{ß Ao^Ïò∫$ g]H$m [{Q> âZm CgH$m \$O© hm{ J`m hm{&' H$r [hb [wÈf H$r Va\$ g{ hr hm{Zr MmohE- E{gm ∑`m{ß h°? dh Xm{Zm{ß Va\$ Ûr H{$ gßKf© H$m ÒdÍ$[ O°gm ^r hm{, [a dmÒVd _{ß gßKf© O∂S>-Ï`dÒWm EH$ ‡oVÓR>m Am°a Òdmo^_mZ H$m ‡ÌZ ∑`m{ß h°? 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Jr. No. 64728) 232 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

H$_m ahr h° oH$ Zht, _hrZ{ H{$ _hrZ{& gmam Jm±d V{ar B¡OV ? ]mV `hr h°& dh H$_mEß hwE [°gm{ß H$m{ emXr H$r _m°O-_ÒVr _{ß C∂S>m X{Vr h° Am°a [hw±Mr Wr oH$ _aX Z{ bmV _ma Cg{ IoQ>`m g{ ZrM{ oJam oX`m Wm& o\$a EH$ oddmhm{[amßV AmoW©H$ gßH$Q> P{bVr h°& "o_OmO' H$hmZr _{ß oÒWoV Hw$N> o^fi Ky±Q> _{ß Mm` gQ>H$, CgH$r JaXZ [a Am gdma hwAm Wm& [rR> [a Ym°b h° Ìd{Vm H$m [oV hm{Q>b _{ß CgH{$ AmH$f©H$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m{ X{IH$a emXr H$m O_mH$a ]m{bm Wm, "gm° Í$[Ñr H$m ^yV M∂T> J`m oga [a, ham_OmXr Am°a Vm{ ‡ÒVmd Vm{ aI X{Vm h°, b{oH$Z Am°aV H$m{ A[Z{ g{ H$_Œmma g_PZ{ H$r Am°a, N>m{am CgH$m, ]mobÌV â H$m, ]mV H$r X{Im-X{Ir M∂T> Am`m Wm oga _mZogH$Vm H{$ MbV{ CgH$r Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>odm X{Vm h°& CgH$r oO›XJr Ka [a Am°a MrIH$a ]m{bm Wm, "N>m{∂S> [a{ gmar Zm°H$ar, H$b hr OmH$a Nw>≈r H$a& VH$ og_Q>H$a ah OmVr h°& ÒWmZ Mmh{ Om{ ^r hm{ H$r_V Zmar H$m{ hr MwH$mZr h_{ß Zhr MmohE V{a{ gm° Í$[{`&'23 [∂S>Vr h°& _•Xwbm JJ© Z{ emaXm]{Z H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$m_H$mOr Am°a AmoW©H$ em{fU H$r odS>Â]Zm H$m{ gmH$ma oH$`m h° [wÈf H$r oZH•$ÓQ> _mZogH$Vm Am°aV H$m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- _hÀd X{IH$a Cg{ B©Ó`m©bw ]Zm X{Vr h°& Cg{ A[Zm AoÒVÀd gßH$Q> _{ß oXImB© 1 Zmogam e_m©, g]rZm H{$ Mmbrg Mm{a, oM_JmX∂S{> [wÓR> 139 X{Z{ bJVm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ goX`m{ß g{ [wÈf Am°aV H$m{ X]mH$a hr Cg [a amO 2 amOr g{R>, Xyga{ X{eH$mb _{ß, H$] VH$ [•ÓR>- 87 H$aVm Am`m h°& AÈUm ]yQ>m H$m _mZZm h° oH$ [wÈf g\$b Am°aVm{ H$m{ gßeo∫$ 3 dhr - [• 89 hm{H$a X{IV{ h¢& d{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ gßH$Q> H{$ oeH$ma h¢& [wÈf EH$ Iw]gyaV Jwo∂S>`m 4 dhr [• 89 MmhVm h° Om{ ha oZU©` _{ß Cg [a oZ^©a H$a{& dh oXImZm MmhVm h° oH$ 5 Ak{` [naoÒWoV Am°a gmohÀ`H$ma [•ÓR>- 55 56 ]mJS>m{a Cgr H{$ hmW _{ß h°& 7 You say I am wrong who are you who is anybody to [wÈf Mmh{ Hw$N> ^r gm{M{, emaXm]{Z garIr Am°aVm{ß H$r A[Zr B¡OV say I am wrong? I am not wrong. D. H. Lawrance. H$m ]m{Y h°& _mJ© _{ß oH$VZ{ hr Adam{Y AmEß, Cg{ Vm{ A[Zr _ßoOb [a [hwßMZm 8 S>m∞ ZJ{›–, AmÒWm H{$ MaU [• 15 hr h°& emaXm]{Z H$m{ Ahgmg h° oH$ oXZ-amV EH$ H$aH{$ ^r EH$ AXX 9 Cfm o‡`ßdXm, —oÓQ>H$m{f, [• - 54 Am°aV gm° Í$[{` _hrZ{ H$r ]ßYr-]ßYmB© [Jma Zht [m gH$Vr& [yam [nadma 10 __Vm H$mob`m, Nw>Q>H$mam [• 35 bJVm h° V] OmH$a Mma-[mßM Í$[`m am{O Am_XZr hm{Vr h°& Aa{ oH$VZr h° 11 Cfm o‡`ßdXm, _m{h]ßY [• - 15 Bg Jmßd _{ß Om{ emaXm]{Z garIr 100 Í$[`m [mVr h°& N>m{a{ H$m{ ÒHy$b _{ß 12. dhr - [• 64 o]Zm ZmJm [∂T>mB© H$aH{$ [∂T>mVr h°& Jd© g{ CgH$r N>mVr \y$b JB©& AoYH$mße 13. dhr - [• 164 b∂S>oH$`m{ß H{$ gm_Z{ oddmh H{$ [hb{ hr Zm°H$ar N>m{∂S>Z{ H$r eV© aIr OmVr h° 14 ogÂ_r hof©Vm, H$_a{ _{ß ]ßX Am^mg [•ÓR>- 142 `m oddmhm{[amßV Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>dm Xr OmVr h°& _•Xwbm JJ© H$r "]mhar OZ' 15 oMÃm _w“b, _m_bm AmJ{ ]∂T{>Jm A^r, MoM©V H$hmoZ`m± [•ÓR>-123 Zm_H$ H$hmZr H$r ZßoXZr oddmh g{ [hb{ Zm°H$ar H$aVr Wr, oH$›Vw ]∂S{> Ka 16 oMÃm _w“b, ]mdOOyX BgH{$, Ω`mah H$hmoZ`m±, [•ÓR>- 155 H$m b∂S>H$m o_bZ{ [a CgH$r Zm°H$ar Nw>∂S>dmXr OmVr h°& dh Xm{]mam Zm°H$ar 17 dhr- [• 164 ^r OwQ>m gH$Vr h°& [a CgH$m [oV BVZr AmaOy g{ o_bm _m± H$m OdmB© Am°a 18 _{hÈoZÒgm [ad{O, gm{Z{ H$m ]{ga, od–m{h [•ÓR>- 171 ]∂S{> Ka H$m AmXe© ]{Q>m, oZoVZ H$^r Zht _mZ{Jm& 19 _•Xwbm JJ©, MoM©V H$hmoZ`m±, [•ÓR>- 34 [oV H$r ZH$ma H{$ AmJ{ ZßoXZr H$m{B© oZU©` Zht b{ gH$Vr& Cg{ g_ÒV 20 _•Xwbm JJ©, Qw>H$∂S>m -Qw>H$∂S>m AmX_r [•ÓR>72 gwI-gwodYmEß Vm{ ‡m· h°, oHß$Vw A[Zr _Z_mZr MbmZ{ [a Cg{ CZ g]g{ 21 _•Xwbm JJ© MoM©V H$hmoZ`m± ^yo_H$m g{ hmW Ym{Zm [∂S{>Jm& `hm± ^r Zmar odde h°- "ewH´$ h° H$hm Zht CgZ{, og\©$ 22 _•Xwbm JJ© Ωb{oeà [•ÓR>- 50 gm{Mm, H$hZ{ H$m _Vb] hm{Zm, `h AmbremZ H$m{R>r, Zm°H$a-MmH$a, Jm∂S>∂r 23 dhr- [• -4 S≠>mBda N>m{∂S>H$a [oV H$r Am` H{$ _wVmo]H$ Xm{ H$_a{ H{$ ‚b°Q> _{ß ahZm& 24 hßg _mM© 2001 [• 39 "dh _¢ hr Wr H$r Zmo`H$m H{$ obE AmoW©H$ ÒdVßÃVm odbmg H$r dÒVw 25 _•Xwbm JJ© eha H{$ Zm_ [• 6

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Jr. No. 64728) 234 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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OmH$m JwÍ$ h° AßYam, M{bm Iam oZaßY& ]´˜ Í$[ h° S{>ham, ]´˜ Om{V PbH$mV&& gmIr 1124 BH$ XyO{ H$m{ R{>ob`m±, Xm{›`y± Hy$[ [∂S>›V&& (H$]ra J´ßWmdbr) AWm©V _° ]´˜ _{ß Am°a ]´˜ _wP_{ß g_m`m hwAm h°& A] gmYH$ bm°oH$H$ A\$Ob- ]ßYZm{ß g{ D$[a CR>H$a ]´˜ hr hm{ J`m h° `hm± VH$ oH$ oZdmg ÒWmZ ^r ]´˜ A\$Ob, gm] grI _ Mmb Zht, JwÍ$ gXm Za AßY& hr h° Am°a Cg_{ß ]´˜ H$r hr ¡`m{oV PbH$ ahr h°& Bg ‡H$ma A\$Ob Z{ Xm{›h Xmd H$a Sy>]{, _w`{ [∂S{> O_ \ß$X&& gmIr 749 ahÒ`[aH$ AZw^yoV`m{ß H$m oMÃU oH$`m h° H$mÏ` _{ß _m`m H$m ^r odam{Y A›` ^∫$ Am°a gßV-H$od`m{ß H$r Vah A\$Ob H$r _m›`Vm h° oH$ oH$`m J`m h°& "H$]ra _m`m [mo[Zr \ß$X b° ]°R>r hmoQ>" òX H$]ra H$r AZw^yoV oZJwa{ H$m{ _wo∫$ Zhr o_bVr& oZJwam Ïò∫$ Mmh{ oOVZm ‹`mZ Am°a ô∫$ h° Vm{ A\$Ob H$r ^r AZw^yoV —ÓQ>Ï` h° - H$a{ Cg{ H$m{B© bm^ Zhr hm{ gH$Vm& A\$Ob H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß ]´ãßY´, AZhXZmX, A\$Ob _m`m [mo[Zr A`gr dmar gr`mam ^r Jy Im`m& _•XßJ, H$aVmb, A_•V Hw$ßS>, [Vbr S>m{ar H{$ ghma{ JJZ _ßS>b [a [hw±MZm, A] Vm{ hmb Iwgr h`, [rN{> ZaI _{ß Om`&& gmIr 1564 o]Oob`m{ß H$m M_H$Zm, gy`© H{$ ‡H$me H{$ gmW-gmW Vmam{ß H$m OJ_JmZm BgrobE A\$Ob OZ-OZ H$m{ M{VmdZr X{V{ h° oH$ _m`m R>oJZr h°, AmoX Am‹`moÀ_H$ `m ahÒ`dmXr AZw^yoV`m{ß H$m AZw^yV g{ gß]ßoYV ‡VrH$m{ß Bg [a H$m{B© odÌdmg _V H$aZm, BgH$r ‡roV Vm{ JoUH$m H$r Vah h°& `h H$r AZw^yoV`m{ß H$m{ A^md h° oH$›Vw H$]ra H$r Vah XwJ©_ ahÒ`_mJ© H$m AÀ`ßV hR>rbr h°, _m{h H$m{ CÀ[fi H$aVr h° Am°a O°g{ ÌdmZ h»r MygH$a ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ dU©Z [`m©· _mÃm _{ß C[b„Y h°& g_PVm h° oH$ ÒdmX h»r _{ß Am ahm h° [a dmÒVd _{ß O]∂S>m H$Q> OmZ{ g{ Òdß` A\$Ob ^r H$]ra H$r hr ^m±oV Hw$ßS>obZr eo∑V H$m{ OmJ•V H$a, H{$ a∫$ H{$ ÒdmX H$m{ dh h»r H$m ÒdmX g_mPVm h° - AZmhX ZmX H$m{ gwZZ{ Am°a ghÛma VH$ [hw±MH$a ¤›¤mVrV hm{ OmZ{ H{$ A\$Ob _m`m R>oJZr Z{ H$B© Ka R>J{, PZ H$m{B© H$am{ odgdmg& odf` _{ß BVZ{ AoYH$ AmÌdÒV hm{ J`{ oH$ odo^fi `m{JmZw^d CZH{$ _m`m ‡rV JoUH$m H$r, H$g H{$ aohE [mg&& gmIr 1063 ^mdOJV H$r oZoY ]Z JE& `m{J_ybH$ ahÒ`dmX H$]ra H{$ H$mÏ` H$m A\$Ob _m`m hR>r _m{h H$r, Myg h` gwdmZ& _hÀd[yU© AßJ h°& o[ S> _{ß ]´˜m S> H{$ Xe©Z H$r AX≤^wV Ao^Ïò∑V —ÓQ>Ï` AZßV OwJ g{ â_ ahm gm{ _wHw$Q> H$r hm{d{ hmU&& gmIr 1064 h° - _Z Am°a _m`m H$m AÀ`ßV KoZÓR> gß]ßY h°& g“wÍ$ H$m Aml` [mH$a A\$Ob g] Hw$ß^ _{ß PbH$ a˜m, O{C Xa[Z _ß{ Pm`& _Z OmJ OmVm h°, V] _m`m H$m [Xm© hQ> OmVm h°, ^´_ H$r JmßR{> Iwb OmVr h° CbQ>r Ymam gagV H$r, AßY{ Hw$ gyO ZmW&& gmIr 779 V] bJVm h° oH$ A] oOVZ{ H{$ ob`{ Hw$N> ^r e{f Zhr h°& _Z H$r MßMbVm AWm©V oOg ‡H$ma X[©U _{ß ‡oVo]Â] —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h° Cgr ‡H$ma oZod©dmX h°& Bg MßMbVm H{$ H$maU hr ]ßYßZ H$r oÒWoV`m± oZo_©V hm{Vr h°& Hw$ß^ _{ß [a_ [wÍ$f H$r N>m`m —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vr h°, dhm± A_•V PaZ{ dmbr Mm°amgr bmI `m{oZ`m{{ß _{{ß ^Q>H$Z{ H{$ g_ÒV gßÒH$ma _Z _{ß hr gßoMV ahV{ h°& gaÒdVr H$r CbQ>r Ymam h° Om{ AßYm{ H$m{ oXImB© Zhr X{Vr& g_moY AdÒWm Bg _Z H$m{ de _{ß H$aZ{ g{ hr ]´˜ H$r amh [a Ord AmVm h° - H$m Om{ AZw^d A\$Ob H$r gYw∏$∂S>r ^mfm _{ß hwAm h°, dh EH$ [hw±M{ hwE, A\$Ob _Z Í$[ h° [dZ H$m, bI Mdamgr KmQ>& og’mdÒWm ‡m· `m{Jr H$m hr AZw^d h° - _Z OZ_ H$a aIm{, bhm{ ]´˜ H$r ]mQ>&& gmIr 1230 A\$Ob, AmV{-OmV{ X{IH$a ghO g_mZm gwßZ& A\$Ob _Z hr oZaßOZ X{d h`, _Z hr h` gßgma& AmH$me _ßS>b H{$ _‹`{, ‡{_ VßV XagZ&& gmIr 780 _Z H{$ OrV{ OrV h`, _Z H{$ hma{ hma&& gmIr 1239 JJZ _ßS>b _{ß oÒWoV oZdm©U [wÍ$f H$m oMÃU VWm AmkmMH´$ [a gmYZm Vm{ _Z H$r hm{Vr h° dhr oZaßOZ X{d h°, Vm{ dhr gßgma h°, CgH{$ hm{Z{ dmbm ‡H$me-Xe©Z Am°a D$‹d© ey›` H{$ D$[a PrZr-PrZr YwßY _{ß OrVZ{ g{ OrV hm{Vr h° Am°a _Z H{$ hmaZ{ g{ hma hm{ OmVr h°& H$hZ{ H$m Cg [aVÀd `m [a]´˜ H{$ Xe©Z H$r Co∫$ A\$Ob Z{ oOg odÌdmg Am°a Ame` `h h° oH$ _Z ]ßYßZ Am°a _m{j H$m H$maU hm{Vm h°& A\$Ob H$r AoYH$ma H{$ gmW H$r h° dh oH$gr gmYmaU od^yVoV b[{Q>Z{ dmb{, H$Z\$Q{> _m›`Vm h° oH$ - `m ogßJrZmX H$aZ{ dmb{, [ßMmoæ V[Z{ dmb{, hR>`m{J _{ß _mÃ H$m`m ObmZ{ A\$Ob _Z ]´˜ H{$ ]rM _{ß, ]´˜ _Z H$h{ dm`& dmb{ `m{Jr H$r Co∫$ Zhr h° Ao[Vw ]´˜ H{$ gmjmÀH$ma H$r ÒdH$r` AZw^yoV _Z g{ Xg AdVma h°, _Z H$r H$b ]Zm`&& gmIr 1240 h° - A\$Ob Z{ A[Z{ H$mÏ` _{ß g_mO H$m{ AZX{Im Zhr oH$`m h°& dJ© A\$Ob, [yZ_ H°$gr Mm±XZr, oPbo_b Yy[& ^{X, OmoV-[moV, [aÒ[a d°_ZÒ`, ohßgm VWm ZrM H$_m} H$m odam{Y CZH{$ VÀd `{H$ oZadmZ h` Zhr, Í$[ gÍ$[&& gmIr 782 H$mÏ` _{ß Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ Ao^Ï`ßoOV hwAm h°& H$]ra H$r ^m±oV A\$Ob ^r A\$Ob VÀd `{H$ AZy[ h`, PrZm YwßY h` gma& _mZd H$m{ _mZd Í$[ _{ß ‡oVoÓR>V hm{V{ X{IZm MmhV{ h°& BgobE oh›Xy Am°a CaY gwßZ H{$ D$[a, X{Im hÂ_ oZhma&& gmIr 783 _wgb_mZ Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ C›hm¢Z{ ]´˜ ‡mo· H$m _mJ© ]Vm`m h°& BZH{$ Am[gr ]´˜ H$m Xe©Z hwAm, A^roflgV [yU© hwAm, O›_-O›_mßVam{ß H$r fl`mg oddmX hm{V{ hr BgobE h¢ oH$ `{ ]´˜ H$m{ Zht OmZV{& BgobE A\$Ob Z{ ]wP JB© Am°a gd©Ã ]´˜ H$r hr gŒmm H$m Am^mg hm{Z{ bJm& H$]ra H$r Vah BZ Xm{Zm{ß g{ ZmVm Vm{∂S> oX`m h°& d{ H$hV{ h¢ - oH$ "]mha ^rVa [mZr' H$m ]m{Y A\$Ob H$m{ ^r hwAm h°& dh N>H$ J`m, WH$ A\$Ob Oa{ oh›Xy VwaH$ _{ß [hMmZ hm{Vr, Vm{ h_ H{$C BZg{ X{V{ Vm{∂S>& J`m, oMŒm H$r MßMbVm Z{ odam_ Z{ ob`m& A] A›Xa Am°a ]mha H{$db ]´˜ ]´˜ _mJa H$r Mmb Mb{, V] _wH$V grg ]ßYm _m{∂S> && gmIr 1592 H$r gŒmm ‡VrV hm{Z{ bJr h° - A\$Ob, oh›Xy VwaH$ _ma _aB, PyR> H$m H$a ]h{dma& A\$Ob A] _{ß `m{ß WH$ J`m, [rdV ]wP JB© fl`mg& OaZ _aZ PyR> X{I, h_ BZH{$ [ßW g{ Vm{∂S>m [ma&& gmIr 1596 _{ß ]´˜ H{$ ]rM _{ß, ]´˜ _{a{ [mg&& gmIr 787 ]´˜ H$r gŒmm gd©Ã h°& dh ha Ïò∫$ _{ß od⁄_mZ h°, Mmh{ oh›Xy hm{ `m A\$Ob, ]´˜ h_ _{ß h_ ]´˜ _{ß, ]´˜ h_mar OmV& _wgb_mZ& _wI g{ oZ:g•V hm{Z{ dmbr dmUr ]´˜ H$r h° [a BgH$m AZw^d Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 238 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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AmaÂ^ hm{Vm h° Am°a Ao›V_ Xm°a VH$ oZa›Va Jham hm{Vm OmVm h°& gmohÀ` h°&' `wJrZ ]Xb{ [nad{e _{ß aMZmH$ma g_mO H$m oZ›XH$ Am°a Xm{f oXImZ{ _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ oOg _mZd H$r ‡oVÓR>m H$r h°& dh aroVdmXr H$mÏ` H{$ AoVaßoOV dmbm hr Zht, CgH$m gwYmaH$ ^r hm{Vm h°& dh oO›XJr Am°a _yÎ`m{ß H{$ `WmW© dU©Zm{ß H$m Zm`H$ Zht h°; dh AZ{H$ H´$mo›VH$mar H$od`m{ß H$m AoV_mZd H$r [hMmZ hm{Vm h°& BgobE gm_moOH$ OrdZ-AZw^d Am°a gm_moOH$ Zht h°, oOgH$m oMa-CfiV oea X{IH$a oh_mb` H$m oeIa ZVoeIa hm{ —oÓQ>dmb{ H$od oZambmOr H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß H$odVm Hw$Hw$a_wŒmm, ]mXb amJ, Vm{∂S>Vr OmVm hm{& oZambmOr Z{ oOg draVm H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°, dh OrdZ-gßJ´m_ [ÀWa _{ß oZambmOr Z{ Ï`ßΩ` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odf_Vm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$r draVm h°, dh Cg _ZwÓ` H$r draVm h° Om{ Xw:I Am°a [amO`, gßKf© H$r oH$`m h°& "ZB© H$odVm' Am°a ode{fV`m [adVr© "ZB© H$odVm' H$r ‡H•$oV hr H$oR>ZmB`m{ß Am°a _mJ© H{$ Adam{Ym{ß g{ ^br-^m±oV [naoMV h°& "]mXb amJ' Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$ h°& BgH$m H$ma m `h h° oH$ ÒdmYrZVm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maVr` H$m odflbdr ]mXb AoV_mZd H{$ g]g{ oZH$Q> h°& CgH{$ dO´-‡hma g{ ^yYa g_mO oZaßVa odgßJoV`m{ß g{ J´ÒV hm{Vm Mbm J`m h°& H$WZr Am°a H$aZr, jV-odjV hm{V{ h¢, g_mO H{$ AmVßH$dmXr em{fH$ CgH$r dO´-hwßH$ma g{ hr AmMaU Am°a _yÎ` H{$ ]rM odam{Y ]∂T>Vm J`m& H$od H$r `WmW©dmXr —oÓQ> H$m±[ CR>V{ h¢& oHß$Vw `h odflbdr dra Xw:I g{ [naoMV h°, Xygam{ß H{$ Xw:I g{ hr h_ma{ gm_moOH$ amÓQ≠>r` Am°a Ïò∫$JV OrdZ H{$ OoQ>b AßVod©am{Ym{ß H{$ Zht, Òd`ß ^r Xw:I H$m AZw^d H$a MwH$m h°& oZambmOr H$r H$odVm `m{ß ewÍ$ C”mQ>Z H{$ obE Ï`ßΩ` H$m ghmam b{H$a Mbr BgobE Ï`ßΩ` ZB© H$odVm hm{Vr h°, [o∫$`m± —ÓQ>Ï` h°- H$r _yb ‡H•$oV ]Z J`r& Za{e _{hVm H{$ AZwgma, "oOg g_mO _{ß _mZd "oVaVr h° g_ra-gmJa [a _Z ]r_ma Am°a Hw$o R>V hr Zht Im{Ibm ^r h°, Cg g_mO _{ß aoMV H$mÏ` _{ß AoÒWa gwI [a Xw:I H$r N>m`m-OJ H{$ XΩY ˆX` [a Ï`ßΩ`mÀ_H$Vm H$m Am OmZm Òdm^modH$ hr h°&' oZX©` odflbd H$r flbmodV _m`m&' N>m`mdmX H{$ _yb _{ß Ag›Vm{f H$r ^mdZm h°& dÒVwV: OrdZ H{$ (am_odbmg e_m©, "oZambm H$r gmohÀ` gmYZm) —oÓQ>H$m{U ]Xb ah{ W{& ‡mMrZ Í$o∂T>`m{ß Z{, Ï`W© H{$ Z°oVH$ ]›YZm{ß Z{ EH$ Va\$ OJ H$m XΩY ˆX` h°, Xygar Va\$ ]mXb Òd`ß XwI H$r Zd`wdH$m{ß H$r A›VÌM{VZm H$m{ Hw$ßoR>V H$a aIm Wm& ‡mMrZ d°dmohH$ ‡Wm N>m`m h°& ZrM{ AoÒWa gwI, D$[a Xw:I H$r N>m`m-`h h° oZambmOr H$m _{ß KwZ bJ MwH$m Wm& ‡mMrZ oddmh-gÂ]›Y ‡{_ H$r Am›VnaH$ C_ßJ [a H´$mo›VH$mar dra& Xw:I H$r Bg AZw^yoV H{$ H$maU dh AoV_mZd ]ZZ{ g{ AmYmnaV Z Wm& [mÌMmÀ` oejm H{$ ‡^md g{ Z`{ H$od C›_w∫$ ‡{_ H{$ ]M OmVm h°& ‡b` H$m gm Vm S>d H$aVr hwB© Ymam O] ]hVr h° V] gma{ Ao^bmfr ]ZZ{ bJ{ W{& g_mO H$r Jbr-g∂S>r Í$o∂T>`m{ß g{ C›h{ß ]hwV oM∂T> ]›YZ T>rb{ hm{ OmV{ h¢& `{ oH$gH{$ ]›YZ h¢ ? ]∂S{> XÂ^ g{ Om{ ^yYa I∂S{> hwE Wr& AV: CZH$m _mZogH$ Ag›Vm{f H$odVm _{ß Ï`ßoOV hm{Z{ bJm& d°kmoZH$ W{, d{ Cg Ymam H{$ hr _mJ© H{$ Adam{Y W{& d{ Cg{ ]mobH$m g_P{ W{; A] `wJ H$r C[O [y±OrdmXr [’oV Am°a CgH{$ em{fU Z{ g_mO H$m{ odZme, CZH{$ C[bIßS> ]hmVr hwB© dh jw– Ymam H$mobH$m ]Z JB© h°& H$od Z{ oOg [r∂S>m Edß Ï`Wm _{ß Sw>]m oX`m Wm& amOZroV _{ß JmßYrdmX AmÀ_[r∂S>Z H$m `wJ H$Í$Um-H´$›XZ H{$ Í$H$Z{ H$r ]mV H$hr h°, dh ∑`m Bgr ]mobH$m H$m H$Í$U- Wm& Bg `wJ H$m ‡^md N>m`mdmXr H$od`m{ß [a ]am]a [m`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ H´$›XZ Zht h° ? 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 245 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II H$bm[j H{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß _wo∑V]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` g•OZ

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Jß^ra KQ>ZmAm{ß Z{ H{$ Òdm^modH$ ‡`m{J H$m EH$ CXmha m X{oIE- `wJ OrdZ gagm`m&4' "bm{H$ohV o[Vm H$m{ Ka g{ oZH$mb oX`m C[`w©∫$ [ßo∫$`m± _wo∫$]m{Y H{$ o]ß] oZ_m©U H$m°eb H$m [naM` Vm{ X{Vr OZ-_Z H$Í$Um-gr _mß H$m{ hH$mb oX`m, hr h°, gmW hr CZH$r AX≤^yV H$mÏ`H$bm H$m{ ^r ‡_moUV H$aVr h°& H$od H{$ ÒdmW© H{$ Q{>naà Hw$Œmm{ß H$m{ [mb ob`m, H$mÏ` o]ß] Mmh{ oOg ^r j{Ã g{ Ow∂S{> hm{ß d{ OrdZ Am°a g_mO H$m{ Ord›V ^mdZm H{$ H$V©Ï`..... À`mJ oXE, Í$[ _{ß COmJa H$aV{ MbV{ h¢& H$od H$r o]ß] `m{OZm H$m{ g_J´ Í$[ _{ß òX ÙX` H{$ _ßVÏ`..... _ma S>mb{! X{IZm h°, Vm{ CZH$r H$odVm "AßYa{ _{ß' CÀH•$ÓQ> CXmhaU h¢, Ambm{MH$ Zm_da ]wo’ H$m ^mb hr \$m{∂S> oX`m, ogßh H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ß- "_wo∫$]m{Y H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r AW©dŒm \w$Q>H$b e„X VH$m~ H{$ hmW CIm∂S> oXE, ‡`m{Jm{ß g{ Zht Am±H$r Om gH$Vr Am°a Z Xm{ - Mma o]ß]m{ß AWdm ^md-oMÃmß{ O_ JE, Om_ hwE, \ß$g JE, g{ _m[r Om gH$Vr h°& CZH$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r Jna_m H$m [Vm Cg odamQ> A[Z{ hr H$rM∂S> _{ß Yßg JE&& o]ß]-bm{H$ g{ MbVm h°, Om{ "AßY{a{ _{ß' O°gr _hmH$mÏ`mÀ_H$ H$odVm A[Zr odd{H$ ]Kma S>mbm ÒdmWr™ H{$ V{b _{ßß g_J´Vm g{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h°&'5 Bg ‡H$ma _wo∫$]m{Y H$m gÂ[yU© H$mÏ` o]ß]m{ß AmXe© Im JE&'8 g{ Am{V‡m{V h°& ‡VrH$ `m{OZm- H$mÏ` _{ß ‡VrH$m| H$m ‡`m{J gmßH{$oVH$ Í$[ Bg ‡H$ma AßbH$mam{ß H{$ gw›Xa ‡`m{J Z{ H$od H{$ H$mÏ` H$m{ ‡IaVm _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& _wo∫$]m{Y H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß ‡VrH$m{ß H$r ‡mMwaVm h°, Om{ CZH{$ ‡XmZ H$r h°& My±oH$ _wo∫$]m{Y H{$ H$mÏ` H$m{ OZgm_m›` H$r [r∂S>m g{ gßd{oXV H$mÏ` H$m{ odoeÓQ> JwU Jna_m g{ _ßoS>V H$aVm h°& H$od H$r ‡VrH$ `m{OZm _{ß H$mÏ` _mZm OmVm h°& E{g{ _{ß AbßH$ma `m{OZm CZH{$ H$mÏ` H$m{ bm{H$ gßd{XZm odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ O°g{ E{oVhmogH$, [m°amoUH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, g°’mßoVH$ H{$ AZwHw$b ]ZmH$a OrdZ H{$ `Wm©W H$m C”mQ>Z H$aVr h°& [m°amoUH$ Edß AmYwoZH$ `wJ]m{Y g{ Ow∂S{> ‡VrH$ g_mohV h¢& _wo∫$]m{Y em{fH$ \°$ßQ{>gr odYmZ - \°$ßQ{>gr _{ß aMZmH$ma H$Î[Zm H$m Aml` b{H$a A[Z{ dJ© Am°a em{fUH$mar ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H{$ Ywa odam{Yr ah{ h¢& Bg AÏ`dÒWm H$m{ ^mdm{ß H$m{ e„Xm{ß H$m Om_m [hZmVm h°& \°$ßQ{>gr `WmW© g{ [bm`Z Zht H$aVr o_Q>mZ{ H{$ obE C›hm{ßZ{ BoVhmg g{ Ow∂S{> ‡VrH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m h°& H$od H{$ ‡À`wV aMZmH$ma H$r g•OZ j_Vm H$r CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm H$m{ C^maVr h°& gmohÀ` H$mÏ` _ß{ ‡H•$oV g{ J´hU oH$E JE ‡VrH$m{ß H$m ]mhwÎ` h°& OZ_mZg _{ß OJV _{ß \°$ßQ{>gr H$m{ b{H$a _wo∫$]m{Y Or H$m\$r ‡og’ ah{ h°& H$od Z{ A[Zr Ï`m· oZamem, odemX AmßVH$ H{$ oMÃmßH$Z _{ß H$od Z{ ]aJX, [hm∂S>, H$_b, bÂ]r H$odVmAm{ß H$m Om{ VmZm-]mZm ]wZm h°& \°$ßQ{>gr H$m Cg_{ß _hÀd[yU© Vwbgr Edß H°$∑Q>g O°g{ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m g\$bVm[yd©H$ ‡`m{J oH$`m h°& EH$ ÒWmZ ahm h¢& \°$ßQ{>gr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ CZH$r H$odVmAm{ß _{ß [na—Ì` ]XbV{ CXmhaU X{oI`{- ahV{ h¢, oOgg{ oH$ bß]r H$odVm ^r AoVXrK© hm{Z{ g{ ]M OmVr h°& Bg "^`ßH$a ]aJX ‡H$ma "O] oh›Xr H$r ‡JoVerb H$odVm [a `h Am[{j bJm`m Om ahm Wm g^r C[{ojVm{ß, g_ÒV dßoMVm{ß oH$ Cg_{ß oeÎ[ H$r C[{jm h° V] _wo∫$]m{Y Z{ ‡JoVerb H$odVm H$m{ \°$ßQ{>gr Jar]m{ß H$m dhr Ka, dhr N>V H$m JÂ^ra oeÎ[ X{H$a Cg{ EH$ Z`m ÒdÍ$[ oX`m&'9 \°$ßQ{>gr H$m{ b{H$a H$od CgH{$ hr Vh-Im{h AßY{a{ _{{ß gm{ ah{ Z{ oOg \°$ßQ>moÒQ>H$ XwoZ`m H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m h° dh A[Zr eo∫$ VWm gm¢X`© J•hhrZ H$B© ‡mU'6 _{ß ]{Om{∂S> H$hr Om gH$Vr h°& \°$ßQ{>gr g{ Ow∂S>r "AßY{a{ _{{ß' H$odVm H$r Hw$N> H$od Z{ ‡VrH$mß{ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Xmo`Àd]m{Y Am°a _mZdr` gßdX{Zm H$m{ [ßo∫$`m± Bg ‡H$ma h¢ - Z`{ Am`m_ X{Z{ H$r g\$b H$m{oee H$r h°& "H$_b' H$m{ ‡VrH$ b{H$a CZH$r [a_ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$odVm "AßY{a{ _{ß' H$r Hw$N> [ßo∫$`m± —ÓQ≠>Ï` h¢- AodaV Ky_Vr h° OJ _{ß "A] Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ gma{ IVa{ [Vm Zht OmZ{ H$hmß, OmZ{ H$hmß CR>mZ{ hr hm{ßJ{& dh h°& Vm{∂S>Z{ hm{ßJ{ hr _R> Am°a J∂T> g] BgobE _¢ ha Jbr _{ß [hw±MZm hm{Jm XwJ©_ [hm∂S>m{ß H{$ Cg [ma Am°a ha g∂S>H$ [a V] H$ht X{IZ{ o_b{ßJr ]mh{ß PmßH$-PmßH$ X{IVm hy± ha EH$ M{ham oOg_{ß oH$ ‡oV\$b H$mß[Vm ahVm ‡À`{H$ JoVodoY, AÍ$U H$_b EH$&'7 ‡À`{H$ MnaÃ, H$od Z{ A[Z{ ^m{J{ hwwE `WmW© H$m{ ‡VrH$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Z`r AW©dŒm d ha EH$ AmÀ_m H$m BoVhmg'10 H{$ gmW C›hm{ßZ{ [mR>H$ dJ© H{$ g_j aIm h°& H$hZm Z hm{Jm oH$ _wo∫$]m{Y \°$ßQ{>gr _wo∫$]m{Y H$m{ AÀ`ßV o‡` ahr h° Am°a CZH$r g_yMr H$mÏ` H{$ ‡VrH$ CZH{$ H$mÏ` H$r Hw$eb oeÎ[ ‡dUVm H$m{ Xem©V{ h¢& g•OZ ‡oH´$`m H$r AoZdm`© dÒVw ^r h°& 3.3.3. AßbH$ma `m{OZm - AßbH$ma d{ e„X gmYZ h¢ oOZg{ H$mÏ` gm¢X`© Nß>X odYmZ - H$od Z{ A[Zr H$odVmAm{ß H$m{ Nß>X H{$ ]ßYZ g{ _w∫$ aIm h° oZIaH$a gm_Z{ AmVm h°& _wo∫$]m{Y Z{ AbßH$mam{ß H$m ghO[yd©H$ ‡`m{J VWmo[ H$ht-H$ht [a ododY Nß>Xm{ß H$m ‡^md AdÌ` oXImB© [∂S>Vm h°& VwH$mßV oH$`m h°& Cg{ H$mÏ` H{$ D$[a hmdr `m CgH$r dOh g{ H$mÏ` H$m{ ]m{oPb o‡`Vm Edß JÀ`mÀ_H$Vm CZH{$ H$mÏ` _{ß ‡À`j Xoe©V hm{V{ h¢& _wo∫$]m{Y Zht hm{Z{ oX`m h°& AZw‡mg, C[_m, Í$[H$, CÀ‡{jm, A[›hwoV, _mZdrH$aU H$m{ Nß>Xm{ß H$m gÂ`H$ kmZ Wm oH$›Vw odf` Am°a `wJ H{$ AZwÍ$[ hr C›hm{ßZ{ AmoX AßbH$ma CZH{$ H$mÏ` _{ß gm`mg ‡`w∫$ hwE h¢& `{ AbßH$ma odf`dÒVw Nß>X H$m{ ‡YmZVm Xr h¢& H$od H$r H$odVm _{ß JrVmÀ_H$Vm H$m gwßXa oZdm©h Edß ^mdmZwHy$b ]∂S{> hr AmH$f©H$, _Zm{a_ Am°a gw]m{Y bJV{ h¢& C[_m AßbH$ma —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h° `Wm- Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 247 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

^mJ J`r Or[, Vw_ Vm°a [a oZ`w∫$ H$aVm h°& Q>m[V{ IS>∂{ ah{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ hm`! A[Z{ Am[ [a 1. ^mfm Am°a gßaMZm, b{IH$ - S>m∞. am_ÒdÍ$[_ MVwd}Xr [•.gß. 61 PtI - PI_maV{ 2. _wo∫$]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` gm°ÓR>d, b{IH$ - S>m∞. eßH$a ]gßV _wXJb d H$mß[V{ - IS>∂{ ah{ M›–bm{H$ ‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa, gßÒH$aU 2005 [•.gß.170-171 T{>bm_ T{>b YH$m[{b 3. _wo∫$]m{Y aMZmdmb IßS> - 5, gß[mXH$ - Z{o_M›– O°Z, amOH$_b ^r∂S> _{ß ^r o]`mdmZ ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU- 2011, [•.gß. 215 g∂S>H$ EH$ gwZgmZ 4. _wo∫$]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` gm°ÓR>d, b{IH$ - S>m∞. eßH$a ]gßV _wXJb Am°a Vw_ O_rZ _{ß M›–bm{H$ ‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa, gßÒH$aU 2005 [•.gß. 182 J∂S{> ah{,JS>∂{ ah{& 5. H$odVm H{$ ZE ‡oV_mZ, b{IH$ - Zm_da ogßh, amOH$_b, ‡H$meZ, I∂S{> ah{, ,I∂S{> ah{&11 ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU 2016 [•.gß. 230 gmYmaUV: _wo∫$]m{Y Z{ odf` Am°a oÒWoV H{$ AZwgma Nß>X `m{OZm 6. _wo∫$]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` gm°ÓR>d, b{IH$ - S>m∞. eßH$a ]gßV _wXJb H$m{ A[Zm`m h°& M›–bm{H$ ‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa, gßÒH$aU 2005 [•.gß.196 _wo∫$]m{Y H{$ H$mÏ` H{$ H$bm[jr` g_ÒV o]›XwAm{ß H{$ A‹``Z H{$ 7. dhr, [•.gß.198 [ÌMmV oZÓH$f©V: h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ CZH$m H$mÏ` oeÎ[ CÑ{IZr` ahm 8. _wo∫$]m{Y kmZ Am°a gßd{XZm, b{IH$ - ZßXoH$em{a Zdb amOH$_b h°& oZ:gßoXΩY Í$[ g{ H$od H$m H$mÏ` bm{H$mo^_wI h°& H$mÏ` H{$ H$œ` H$m{ ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU 2014 [•.gß.490 gmaJo^©V Edß gOrd g]mZ{ _{ß A[Zr [yar j_Vm Pm{ßH$ Xr h°& Mmh{ ^mfm hm{ 9. g_H$mbrZ oh›Xr H$odVm H$m [na‡{˙`, b{IH$- S>m∞. OJﬁmW [ßo∂S>V, `m o]ß], ‡VrH$, AßbH$ma, Nß>X `m \°$ßQ{>gr ‡`m{J g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß d{ ‡`m{JY_r© Z_Z ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU 2002 [•.gß. 29 ah{{ h¢& _wo∫$]m{Y H$r H$odVm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß gmohÀ`H$ma am_odbmg e_m© obIV{ 10. _wo∫$]m{Y kmZ Am°a gßd{XZm, b{IH$ - ZßXoH$em{a Zdb amOH$_b h¢- "_wo∫$]m{Y H$r H$odVm AgwaojV OrdZ H$r H$odVm h°& Cg_{ß ^md]m{Y ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr, gßÒH$aU 2014 [•.gß. 483 H$r AoÒWaVm Am°a odMmam{ß H$r CbPZ ^r h°& b{oH$Z `h g] oH$g_{ß Zht 11. _wo∫$]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` gm°ÓR>d, b{IH$ - S>m∞. eßH$a ]gßV _wXJb h°? BgobE ^r CZH$r H$odVm _{ß grIZ{ Am°a g_PZ{ H{$ obE ]hwV Hw$N> h¢ M›–bm{H$ ‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa, gßÒH$aU 2005 [•.gß. 213 ImgVm°a g{ H$od`m{ß H{$ obE&'12 AÒVw H$bm[j H{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß _wo∫$]m{Y H$m 12. Z`r H$odVm Am°a AoÒVÀddmX, b{IH$ - am_odbmg e_m©, amOH$_b H$mÏ` g•OZ C›h{ EH$ gßd{XZerb, oOßXmoXb Am°a ‡JoVerb H$od Z{ ‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr,, gßÒH$aU 2014 [•.gß.152

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em{Y gmamße - ^mfm AoYJ_ g{ [yd© ‡À`{H$ AoYJ_H$Vm© _{ß A[Zr Òdm^modH$ Edß Am‹`moÀ_H$ `m AmoÀ_H$ eo∫$`m± A›V: oZohV ahVr h°& ‡À`{H$ AoYJ_H$Vm© `m N>mÃ H$r A›V:eo∫$`m∞ [•WH$-[•WH$ odo^fiVmE∞ hm{Vr h°& BZ eo∫$`m{ß H$m odoYdV≤ ÒdÍ$[ [hMmZH$a EH$ oh›Xr A‹`m[H$ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ A[Zr Am{a AmH$of©V H$a odo^fi oejU odoY`m{ VH$ZroH$`mß{ H$m ‡`m{J g_`mZwgma H$aVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$jm oejU ‡^mdr ]Z OmVm h° VWm oh›Xr A‹`m[H$ ¤mam oejU H$m{ ‡^mdr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE AZ{H$ ‡`m{J Edß A‰`mg oH$E OmV{ h°& BZ_{ g{ gy˙_ oejU VH$ZrH$r ^r EH$ A‰`mg hr h°& ‡ÒVmdZm - gy˙_ A‹`m[Z A‹`m[H$m{ß H$m{ H$jm A‹`m[H$ ‡oH´$`mAm{ AZwHy$b Ï`dhma ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h° VWm Bg Ï`dhma H$m{ ‡Xe©Z H$aZ{ H{$ H$r oejm X{Z{ h{Vw oZo_©V ZdrZ ‡oejU ‡Umbr h°& ^maV Am°a odÌd H{$ Vwa›V ]mX BgH$r [woÓQ> Xr Om`{ Vm{ Ï`dhma H{$ [wZ: ‡H$Q> H$amZ{ H$r ‡H•$oV AZ{H$ ^mJm{ß _ß{ Bg [a em{Y H$m`© hm{ MwH{$ h° Am°a o[N>b{ EH$ XeH$ _{ß Ò[ÓQ> H$_ hm{ OmVr h°& VWm Yra{-Yra{ EH$ E{gr oÒWoV Am OmVr h° H$r Cg Ïò∫$ hm{ J`m h° oH$ A‹`m[H$m{ß H{$ ‡oejU _{ß `h ‡Umbr H$_ g_` _{ AoYH$ H$m dh Ï`dhma g_mo· H$r Am{a Mbm OmVm h°& Xg og’m›V H$m C[`m{J C[`m{Jr og’ hwB© h°& gy˙_ oejU g{ ‡oejmoW©`mß{ H$m{ droS>`m{ , Q{>[ Edß [`©d{jH$ ¤mam A‹`m[Z A‹`m[H$m{ H$m{ Om{ g{dm [yd© AWdm A›V: g{dm ‡oejU h{Vw AmV{ H{$ VwaßV ]mX oX`m OmVm h° My∞oH$ BgH$m g_` 5-10 o_ZQ> H$m hm{Vm h°& h°,Bg ‡oH´$`m ¤mam H$_ g_` _{ß A‹`m[Z H$m°eb ¤mam ‡oejU oX`m AV: Ï`dhma oH$ ‡oV[woÓQ> _{ß AoYH$ g_` Zht bJVm h°& OmVm h°& A›V: g{dr A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r A‹``Z oH´$`mAmß{ _{ß gwYma ^r Bgr gy˙_ oejU VH$ZrH$ H{$ [X - ‡Umbr ¤mam bmZm gß^d h°& CZg{ bÂ]{ 40-45 o_ZQ> H{$ [mR> [∂T>>dmZm gy˙_ oejU A‰`mg H{$ gm_m›`V: oZÂZoboIV [X hm{V{ h°- AdmÒVodH$ Edß g_` H$m XwÍ$[`m{J h°& Bg h{Vw gy˙_ A‹`m[Z ]hwV hr 1.1.1. [mR> oZ`m{OZ - oejU A‰`mg H$aZ{ g{ [yd© oejU H$m°eb [a gwodYmZH$ Edß g\$b ‡Umbr h°& odMma-od_e© H$a oZYm©naV oejU H$m°eb H$r [mR> `m{OZm V°`ma gy˙_ oejU H$m Ao^‡m` - gy˙_ oejU oejH$---‡oejU H$m EH$ H$a br OmVr h°& [mR> `m{OZm oZ_m©U H{$ g_` Bg ]mV H$m ‹`mZ aIm E{gm ‡À`Z h° oOg_{ß ‡oejUmWr© H$m{ dmÒVodH$ A‹`m[Z g{ [yd© odo^fi OmVm h° oH$ A^rÓQ> H$m°eb H{$ odo^fi Ad`dm{ß H$m AoYH$moYH$ ‡`m{J A‹`m[Z H$m°ebm{ ßH$m ‡oejU oX`m OmVm h°& Bg_{ß gm_m›` H$jm-oejU oH$`m OmE& H$r OoQ>bVmAm{ H$m{ gab H$a oX`m OmVm h°& A‹`m[H$ ‡oejU H$r 2.2.2. oejU gÃ- [mR> oZ`m{OZ H{$ ]mX oejU gÃ MbVm h°,oOg_| ‡`m{Jembm VH$ZrH$ ¤mam dmßoN>V oejU-H$m°eb EH$-EH$ H$a odH$ogV ‡oejUmWr© H$m{ 5-10 o_ZQ> VH$ A[Z{ oZYm©naV H$m°eb H$r odf`- oH$E OmV{ h°& BgH{$ AßVJ©V N>mÃm‹`m[H$ 5-10 N>mÃm{ß H$r H$jm H$m{ 5- dÒVw H$m oejU H$admZm hm{Vm h°& H$jm _ß{ 5 g{ 10 od⁄mWr© hm{ 10 o_ZQ> VH$ [∂T>mVm h°& [T>mB© OmZ{ dmbr gm_J´r ^r EH$ N>m{Q>r -gr gH$V{ h°& dmÒVodH$ odYmWr© Am°a g^r N>mÃm‹`m[H$ od⁄≤mWr© H{$ Í$[ gßH$Î[Zm hm{Vr h°, Om{ H$m°eb [a H{$o›–V hm{Vr h° & Bg Vah H$jm N>m{Q>r,g_` _{ß H$m`© H$a gH$V{ h°& H$_ VWm [mR> ]hwV N>m{Q>m hm{Vm h°& 3.3.3. [nadrjU- oejU gÃ H{$ Xm°amZ oejH$-‡oejH$m{ß H$m,gh[moR>`m{ß gy˙_ oejU H$m EH$ bKw Í$[ h°& `h EH$ E{gr ‡`m{Jembr` odoY H$m Am∞oS>`m{/droS>`m{ Q{>[ AmoX ¤mam ‡oejmUmWr© H$m [nadrjU oH$`m h°,oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ oejH$-‡oejUmoW©`m{ß _|> oejU H$m°eb EH$-EH$ OmVm h°& H$aH{$ odH$ogV oH$E OmV{ h°& oejU H$m{ `hm± H$B© oejU H$m°ebm{ß H$m 4.4.4. ‡oV-[woÓQ> gÃ - oejU gÃ H{$ [nadrjH$ Edß N>mÃm‹`m[H$ Am[g `m{J _mZm J`m h°& _{ß [nadrjU H{$ AmYma [a oejU ÒVa H$r MMm© H$aV{ h°& Am∞oS>`m{ß- gy˙_-oejU _{ß oZohV og’mßV- gy˙_ oejU _wbV: Xg og’mßV [a droS>`mß{ Q{>[ AmoX H$r gßJ´hrV gm_J´r H$m{ N>mÃm‹`m[H$ H$m{ gwZm`m AmYmnaV h° oH$ oejU ‡oH´$`m H$m{ AZ{H$ Ï`dhmam| _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m Om Edß oXIm`m OmVm h° VWm A^rÓQ> oejU H$m°eb H$m{ [wÓQ> H$aZ{ H{$ gH$Vm h°& BZ H$jmJV oejH$m{ß H$m{ oejU H$m°eb Ï`dhma H$hm OmVm h°& gwPmd oXE OmV{ h°& BgH{$ obE 5 g{ 10 o_ZQ> H$m g_` oX`m OmVm h°& oejU H$m°eb H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV dmVmda m _{ß odH$ogV oH$`m OmVm gÂ^d 5.5.5. [wZoZ©`m{OZ- ‡oV-[woÓQ> gÃ _{ ‡m· gwPmdm| H{$ AZwgma hm{Vm h°& òX _Zm{d°kmoZH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ X{Im OmE Vm{ gy˙_ oejU oÒH$Za N>mÃm‹`m[H$ A[Z{ [mR> H$m{ gßem{oYV,[na_moO©V Edß [nadmo¤©V ¤mam ‡oV[moXV AoYoZ`_ [a h°& Bg ogXm›V H{$ AZwgma òX H$m{B© Ïò∫$ H$aVm h°& Bg_ß{ 10 g{ 15 o_ZQ> H$m g_` oX`m OmVm h°& * em{YmWr© (oh›Xr) oh›Xr A‹``Zembm odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 249 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

6.6.6. [wZ: oejU gÃ - [mR> H{$ [wZoZ©`m{OZ H{$ ]mX ‡oejUmWr© [wZ: ‡ÌZ,H$Wm dÒVw J´hU ‡ÌZ, odõ{fUmÀ_H$ ‡ÌZ,odH$mgmÀ_H$ Edß 5 g{ 10 o_ZQ> VH$ oejU H$m`© H$admVm h°& [yd© oejU gÃ H$r Ï`mª`mÀ_H$ ‡ÌZ& BZ g^r ‡ÌZm{ß H$m{ [yN>Z{ _ß{ oh›Xr A‹`m[H$ H$m{ Hw$eb ^m∞oV Bg oejU gÃ H{$ Xm°amZ ^r [nadrjU H$m`© oH$`m OmVm h°& hm{Zm MmohE & oH$g g_` [a H$m°Z-gm ‡ÌZ,oH$g ‡H$ma,oH$gg{ [yN>Z{ h°, 7.7.7. [wZ: ‡oV-[woÓQ> gÃ- [wZ- oejU H{$ C[am›V N>mÃm‹`m[H$ VWm `h kmZ A‹`m[H$ H$m{ ^br ‡H$ma g{ hm{Zm MmohE& ‡ÌZm{ß H$r ^mfm [oadrjH$ oejU ÒVa [a MMm© H$aV{ h° Am°a [nadrjH$ [wZ: gab,Ò[ÓQ> Am°a gßoj· hm{Zr MmohE& ‡oejUmWr© H$m{ ‡oV-[woÓQ> ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& Bg Vah g{ gy˙_ oejU 3.3.3. C¤r[Z [nadV©Z H$m°eb - Q{>da,Ωb{ga Am°a e{\$a H{$ AZwgma- H$m EH$ MH´$ [yam hm{ OmVm h°& Bg_ß{ 35-40 o_ZQ> H$m g_` bJVm `íoH$gr [naoÒWoV _{ß,KQ>Zm AWdm dmVmdaU _{ [nadV©Z g{ òX odYmoW©`m{ h°,Om{ oH$ EH$ [aÂ[amJV [mR> H{$ ]am]a hm{Vm h°& `h MH´$ H´$_e: V] H{$ Ï`dhma _ß{ [nadV©Z hm{Vm h° Vm{ Cg{ C¤r[Z H$hV{ h°'& Bg [na^mfm H{$ VH$ MbVm ahVm h°, O] VH$ ‡oejmUr© Cg oejU H$m°eb _{ß [`m©· ‡H$me _{ß h_ X{I gH$V{ h° oH$ C¤r[Z H$m AW© Ïò∫$ H{$ dmVmdaU [nadV©Z Hw$eb Zht hm{ OmVm& g{ h°& gmW hr C¤r[Z H$m{ Ï`dhma [nadV©Z _ß{ ghm`H$ _mZm J`m h°& A‹`m[Z-H$m°eb - A‹`m[Z H$m°eb g{ VmÀ[`© oejH$ H{$ CZ H$jmJV Ï`dhma [nadV©Z hr AoYJ_ _mZm OmVm h°,AV: h_ C¤r[Z H$m{ AoYJ_ Ï`hmam{ß g{ h°,Om{ oH$ ]mbH$ H$r AoYJ_ oH´$`m H$m{ ‡À`j `m A‡À`j Í$[ ‡oH´$`m H$m _yyb VÀd ^r H$h gH$V{ h°& C¤r[Z [nadV©Z H$r g\$bVm g{ ‡^modV H$aV{ h°& EH$ g\$b A‹`m[Z H{$ obE EH$ oejH$ _ß{ H$m°Z- ode{fV: oejH$ Am°a N>mÃm{ß H$r A›V:oH´$`m e°ob`m{ß [a oZ^©a H$aVr h°& H$m°Z g{ A‹`m[Z H$m°eb hm{Zm MmohE,Bg [a od¤mZm{ß _{ß _V^{X h°,o\$a C¤r[Z [nadV©Z H$m{ emarnaH$ gßMmbZ,hmd-^md dmH$≤ [¤oV _{ß [nadV©Z, ^r oZÂZoboIV H$m°eb gm_m›`V: g^r Z{ ÒdrH$ma oH$E h°- A›V:oH´$`m e°br _ß{ [nadV©Z,—Ì` gßoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß [nadV©Z AmoX ‡^modV 1. [mR>m{[ÒWm[Zm H$m°eb& H$aV{ h°& EH$ A‹`m[H$ H$m{ BZ g^r _{ß Hw$eb hm{Zm MmohE& 2. ‡ÌZ H$m°eb& 4.4.4. CXmhaU X{Z{ H$m H$m°eb - b{ S>Z H{$ e„Xm{ _{ß "CXmhaUm{ß _ß{ Z 3. C¤r[Z [nadV©Z H$m°eb& H{$db Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm hm{Vr h° Ao[Vw `{ kmZ H$m{ ÒWm`r ^md ‡XmZ 4. CXmhaU X{Z{ H$m H$m°eb H$aZ{ _{ß ^r ghm`H$ h°'& gmYmaUV`m O] H$m{B© ]mV oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$r g_j 5. Ì`_[Q>≤ H$m°eb& _{ Zhr AmVr h°, Vm{ Hw$N> CXmha m X{H$a Cg ]mV H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m OmVm h° & 6. [wZ]©bZ H$m°eb& oejU _{ß oH$gr H$oR>Z ‡gßJ , ÒWb ,^md `m Vœ` H$m{ ˆX`ßJ_ H$amZ{ H{$ 1.1.1. [mR>m{[ÒWm[Zm `m ‡ÒVmdZm H$m°eb- H$jm-oejU _ß{ O] obE N>mÃm{ß H{$ [yd© [naoMV —ÓQ>m›V,C[_m `m Í$[H$ H$m{ ‡`m{J H$aZ{ AWdm oejH$ [mR> [T>mZm ‡maÂ^ H$aVm h°, Om{ dh [mR> H$m{ Bg ‡H$ma g{ ewÍ$ oH$gr dÒVw ,KQ>Zm `m Vœ` g{ gmÂ`-d°eÂ` oXImZ{ H$m{ CXmhaU H$hV{ h{& H$aZm MmhVm h°,oOgg{ oH$ g^r ]mbH$ Cg [mR> _{ Í$oM b{& A‹`m[H$ H$m A‹`m[Z H$admV{ g_` E{g{ H$B© CXmhaU H$m_ _{ß ob`{ OmV{ h°,Om{ odf`- C¤{Ì` [mR> AmaÂ^ H$aV{ g_` H{$db Í$oM CÀ[fi H$aZm hr Zht hm{Vm,]oÎH$ dÒVw H$m{ ‡^mdr, Ò[ÓQ> Am°a Í$oMH$a ]Zm X{V{ h°& `{ oejU _{ß ghm`H$ h°, CgH$m C‘{Ì` [yd© AZw^dm{ß H$m{ OmJ´V H$a,CgH$m C[`m{J H$aZm ^r hm{Vm AV: BZH$m C[`m{J ‡À`{H$ ÒVa H{$ oejU _{ß A‹`m[H$ H$m{ H$aZm MmohE h°& oh›Xr _{ß [mR>maÂ^ H$aZ{ H{$ obE oZÂZoboIV `wo∫$`m∞ [mR> H$r ‡H•$oV CXmhaUm| H{$ ¤mam A_yV© Edß OoQ>b ‡À`` gab Edß Ò[ÓQ> ]Z OmV{ h°,]mbH$ H{$ AZyÍ$[ H$m_ _{ß br Om gH$Vr h¢- H$m ‹`mZ odf` dÒVw [a H{$o›–V hm{ OmVm h°& CXmhaU gab, Ò[ÓQ>, C[`w∫$ 1. gÂ^mdr H$odVm [mR> gßoj·, am{MH$ `WmW© VWm gÀ` hm{Z{ MmohE& 2. H$od `m H$odVm H$m [naM` 5.5.5. Ì`m_[Q>≤ H$m°eb - Ì`m_[Q>≤ oejU _ß{ C[`m{Jr —Ì` gmYZ H{$ 3. [yd©-[oR>V H$odVmße H$m [mR> Í$[ _ß{ ‡`w∫$ oH$`m OmVm h°& Ì`m_[Q>≤ H$m{ CoMV Edß ghr odoY[yd©H$ ‡`w∫$ 4. bKw H$hmZr/‡gßJ H$Wm/ A›VH©$Wm H$aZ{ g{ [mR> H$m ‡^mdr odH$mg hm{Vm h°& [mR> H$m{ am{MH$ ]ZmZ{ _{ VWm 5. H$hmZr,ZmQ>H$,JßYme-gmamße H$WZ N>mÃm{ H$m{ [mR>Á-dÒVw g_PmZ{ _ß{ ‡^mdr ^yo_H$m ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& Ì`m_[Q>≤ 6. dm∑` H{$ Í$[ _{ ^mofH$ CXmhaU A‹`m[Z oH´$`m H$m _wª` ghm`H$ Ûm{V h°& EH$ A‹`m[H$ H$m{ BgH{$ C[`m{J 7. ‡ÌZ (gÂ]¤,gßõ{fUmÀ_,odõ{fUmÀ_H$) _{ß Hw$eb hm{Zm MmohE& A‹`m[H$ H$m Ì_`m[Q>≤ b{I Ò[ÓQ>, gab, gwßXa, 8. lÏ`-—Ì` gm_J´r H$m C[`m{J& H´$_]’ Am°a Ï`doÒWV hm{Zm MmohE & Ì`m_[Q>≤ H$m`© H$m°eb `⁄o[ gm_m›` 2.2.2. ‡ÌZ H$m°eb - am`]Z© Z{ ‡ÌZ H$aZm A‹`m[Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ AÀ`›V oejU H$m°eb h°, oOgH$r ‡À`{H$ odf` H{$ A‹`m[H$ H$m{ AmdÌ`H$Vm _hÀd[yU© _mZm h°& CZH{$ AZwgma- "`h H$hZm AoVÌ`m{o∫$ Z hm{Jm oH$ hm{Vr h°, b{oH$Z ^mfm-oejU _ß{ BgH$m Ah_ ÒWmZ h°& òX `h H$hm OmE EH$ [mR> H{$ g\$b A‹`m[Z H$m AmYma A‹`m[H$ H$r ‡ÌZ H$m°eb `m{Ω`Vm Vm{ H$m{B© AoVÌ`m{o∫$ Zht hm{Jr oH$ Bg H$m°eb H$m AmYma ^mfm -oejU h°'& ‡ÌZ [yN>Zm EH$ H$bm h°& `h H$bm A‹`m[H$ H$r Hw$ebVm [a oZ^©a H{$ g_` hr V°`ma hm{Vm h° ∑`m|oH$ Bg_|$ obo[ oM›h CZH$r ]ZmdQ>,CZH$m H$aVr h°& oejm H$r —oÓQ> g{ ‡ÌZ H$aZ{ H$r H$bm A‹`m[H$ H{$ obE daXmZ b{IZ BÀ`moX Om{ [j h°,d{ g]g{ [hb{ ^mfm oejU H{$ Aßh h°,AV: EH$ h°& oejm ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE `h EH$ CŒm_ gmYZ _mZm J`m h°& oejmodX≤ ^mfm oejH$ H$m{ AoZdm`©V: Ì`m_[Q>≤ H$m`© _ß{ Hw$eb hm{Zm MmohE& H$m `h _mZZm h° oH$ oejU H$r g\$bVm A‹`m[H$ H$r ‡ÌZ H$bm [a 6.6.6. [wZ]©bZ H$m°eb - oejU _ß{ g\$bVm ‡m· H$aZ{ h{Vw oejH$ AZ{H$ oZ^©a h°& Hw$N> oejmodX≤ H$m Vm{ `h ^r _mZZm h° oH$ A‹`m[H$ H$jm _| `wo∫$`mß{ H$m Aml` b{Vm h° & dh N>mÃm{ H{$ CŒmam{ [a ‡oVoH´$`m Ï`∫$ H$aVm oOVZr Hw$ebVmAm{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aVm h°, CZ_ß{ ‡ÌZ-H$m°eb gdm©oYH$ h°& òX ghr CŒma h°, Vm{ ‡gfi hm{Vm h°, òX Zhr h°, Vm{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ X{Vm h°& OoQ>b oH$›Vw AÀ`ßV C[`m{Jr H$m°eb h°& oh›Xr _ß{ H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ ‡ÌZ Bg H$m°eb _{ß C[{ojV Ï`dhma H$m{ ‡]b ]Zm`m OmVm h°& VWm JbV Edß A‹`m[H$ H$m{ N>mÃ g{ [yN>Z{ hm{V{ h°: O°g{-]m{Y ‡ÌZ,H{$›–r` ^md odMma AdmßoN>V Ï`dhma H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m H$r OmVr h& Bg H$m°eb _ß{ hm±, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 250 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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Jr. No. 64728) 252 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II hy± [a›Vw H{$db KQ>Zm H{$ dU©Z H{$ obE _¢ H$hmoZ`m± H$^r Zht obIVm& _¢ d°oÌdH$ gßX^© ‡XmZ H$aZm, ^rVar gß^mdZm H$m{ ]oV`mZm, H$œ` Am°a H$hmZr _{ß oH$gr Xme©oZH$ `m ^mdmÀ_H$ Vœ` H$m{ oXImZm MmhVm ofÎ[ _{ß gßd{XZfrbVm, H$Wm H{$ oMÃ[Q> _{ß d°oÌdH$ JoVfrbVm VWm aMZm hy±&'999 AWdm "H$m{B© ^r KQ>Zm H{$db b¿N{>Xma Am°a MwÒV, obImB© Am°a _{ß Òd-AZwemgZ H$r AoZdm`©Vm d gOJVm Z{ ‡{_MßX H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß H$m{ e°br H{$ M_ÀH$ma H{$ AmYma [a H$hmZr Zht ]Z OmVr& _{a{ odMma _{ß ‡mgßoJH$ ]Zm`m h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH$r H$hmoZ`m±, ha OrdZ, ha ∑bmB©_°∑g H$m hm{Zm AoZdm`© h° Am°a dh ^r ^mdmÀ_H$&'101010 H$mb H{$ obE ‡mgßoJH$ h¢ Am°a ah{ßJr& 5.5.5. ‡d•oŒm Am°a oZd•oŒm H{$ ]rM g{dm ^md - dhr OrdZ Am°a gmohÀ` gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- D±$MmB© VH$ [hw±MVm h°, Ohm± "‡d•oŒm Am°a oZd•oŒm Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ]rM _{ß g{dm 1. ]ÉZ ogßh - AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr Ambm{MZm H{$ ]rO e„X, amYmH•$ÓU _mJ© h°, Mmh{ Cg{ H$_©`m{J H$hm{, dhr OrdZ H$m{ gmW©H$ H$a gH$Vm h°& ‡H$meZ, Aßgmar am{S>, Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr - 110002, [•. 67 dhr OrdZ H$m{ D±$Mm Am°a [odÃ ]Zm gH$Vm h°&'11 ‡{_MßX H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß 2. ]ÉZ ogßh - AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr Ambm{MZm H{$ ]rO e„X, amYmH•$ÓU _{ß `h ^md Ò[ÓQ>V`m X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& CZH$r H$m{B© ^r H$hmZr CR>m ‡H$meZ, Aßgmar am{S>, Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr - 110002, [•. 67 broOE CZ_{ß _mZdr` g{dm H{$ ^md b{IH$r` H$_© H{$ gmW _m°OyX 3. ]ÉZ ogßh - AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr Ambm{MZm H{$ ]rO e„X, amYmH•$ÓU o_b{ßJ{& ‡H$meZ, Aßgmar am{S>, Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr - 110002, [•. 67 6.6.6. dmÒVodH$Vm Am°a gam{H$ma g{ Jham Ow∂S>md h°- `h ^md oOßXmoXb 4. ]ÉZ ogßh - AmYwoZH$ oh›Xr Ambm{MZm H{$ ]rO e„X, amYmH•$ÓU H$WmH$mam{ß _{ß hm{Vr h°& ‡{_MßX H$r H$hmoZ`m± B›ht ^mdm{ß H$m ‡`mU ‡H$meZ, Aßgmar am{S>, Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr - 110002, [•. 68 H$aVr hwB© g_`, g_mO Am°a OrdZ H$r dmÒVodH$ gam{H$mam{ß g{ Ow∂S> 5. S>m∞._h{›– H$moV©H{$` - gmohÀ` AW©dÀVm Am°a ôdÓ`, od⁄m ‡H$meZ [mVr h°& C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr "oXb H$r amZr' H$hmZr _{ß BÒbm_ H{$ BoVhmg _ßoXa, 1681, Xna`mJßO ZB© oXÑr-110002, gßÒH$aU 2002, _{ß V°_ya H{$ OrdZ H$r KQ>Zm H{$ AmYma [a ∑bmB©_°∑g V°`ma H$aV{ hwE [•. 49 obIV{ h¢- "V°_ya Z{ hOmam{ß VwH$m~ H$m{ _m°V H{$ KmQ> CVma oX`m Wm& E{g{ 6. am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r - ‡{_MßX H$m oMßVZ A[Zr O_rZ, bm{H$ ^maVr Omob_ VWm OmoV H{$ eÃw g{ EH$ VwH©$ Am°a oH$g ‡H$ma CZH$r Am{a ‡H$meZ, 15E, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX-1, gßÒH$aU 1991, PwH$r- Bg g_Ò`m H$m{ hb H$aZ{ g{ ∑bmB©_°∑g oZH$b AmVm Wm& [•. 85 V°_ya ]hwV gw›Xa Z Wm, BgobE Bg ]mV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hwB© oH$ 7. am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r - ‡{_MßX H$m oMßVZ A[Zr O_rZ, bm{H$ ^maVr Cg_{ß E{g{ Z°oVH$ VWm ^mdmÀ_H$ JwU [°Xm oH$`m OmE Om{ EH$ CÉV_ ‡H$meZ, 15E, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX-1, gßÒH$aU 1991, Ûr H$m{ CgH$r Am{a AmH$of©V H$a gH{$&'12 AVEd oMßVZ H{$ Ambm{H$ [•. 25 _{ß am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r H$m `h H$WZ CoMV ‡VrV hm{Vm h°& d{ H$hV{ h¢- 8. am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r - ‡{_MßX H$m oMßVZ A[Zr O_rZ, bm{H$ ^maVr "gmohÀ` H$m{ obIZ{ dmb{ H$m oZOr oO›XJr g{ Zht, g_mOr oO›XJr ‡H$meZ, 15E, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX-1, gßÒH$aU 1991, g{ gam{H$ma hm{Vm h°&'13 gM_wM ‡{_MßX H$m H$WmH$ma OrdZ Am°a _Z [•. 25 EH$ gmW gm_moOH$ h°& d{ A[Zr oZOr oO›XJr g{ ¡`mXm g_mOr 9. _XZ Jm{[mb - H$b_ H$m _OXya, ("_¢ H$hmZr H°$g{ obIVm hy±' g{) oOßXJr H$m{ _hÀd X{V{ h¢& amOH$_b ‡H$meZ ‡m.ob., 8 Z{VmOr gw^mf _mJ©, Z`r oXÑr- C[`w©∫$ ]mVm{ß/Vœ`m{ß H{$ Abmdm Am°a ^r o]›Xw h¢ oOZH{$ Ambm{H$ _{ß 110002, o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU 1984, [•.253 ‡{_MßX H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m{ oZÍ$o[V oH$`m Om gH$Vm 10. _XZ Jm{[mb - H$b_ H$m _OXya, ("_¢ H$hmZr H°$g{ obIVm hy±' g{) h°; O°g{- amOH$_b ‡H$meZ ‡m.ob., 8 Z{VmOr gw^mf _mJ©, Z`r oXÑr- 7. ^rVa H$r gß^mdZm H$m{ ]MmV{ hwE, dV©_mZ [r∂T>r H$r ImB© H$m{ [mQ>V{ h¢& 110002, o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU 1984, [•.254 8. H$hmZr H$r [aÂ[am CZH$r A[Zr h°& 11. am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r - ‡{_MßX H$m oMßVZ A[Zr O_rZ, bm{H$ ^maVr 9. aMZmÀ_H$Vm H$m oMÃ[Q> ^maVr` hm{V{ hwE ^r d°oÌdH$ YamVb [a ‡H$meZ, 15E, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX-1, gßÒH$aU 1991, JoVerb ahm h° [•. 74 10. aMZm H$m CZH$m A[Zm AZwemgZ h°& 12. _XZ Jm{[mb - H$b_ H$m _OXya, ("_¢ H$hmZr H°$g{ obIVm hy±' g{) 11. AmXe©, `WmW© Am°a o\$a AmXem}›_wI `WmW©dmX& amOH$_b ‡H$meZ ‡m.ob., 8 Z{VmOr gw^mf _mJ©, Z`r oXÑr- Bg Vah _wßer ‡{_MßX A[Zr gr_m OmZV{ h¢, A[Zm H$V©Ï` g_PV{ 110002, o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU 1984, [•. 254 h¢ Am°a A[Z{ gmohoÀ`H$ AZwemgZ _{ß ahV{ hwE gmohÀ` _{ß OrdZ-gr 13. am__yoV© oÃ[mR>r - ‡{_MßX H$m oMßVZ A[Zr O_rZ, bm{H$ ^maVr gßd{XZm H$m ‡dmh X{V{ h¢& BVZm hr Zht b{IZr H$m{ g_` gßXo^©V H$a ‡H$meZ, 15E, _hmÀ_m JmßYr _mJ©, Bbmhm]mX-1, gßÒH$aU 1991, ]XbV{ gßX^m} _{ß ^r ‡^mdH$mar ]ZmV{ h¢& oZoÌMV hr aMZm H{$ g_` hr [•. 24

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 253 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _ﬁw ^ S>mar H{$ H$Wm-gmohÀ` H$m A‹``Z - AmYwoZH$ OrdZ H{$ gß›X^© _{ß

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`mH$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` _ S>b{Ìda, oObm-IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 254 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr)emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Hw$jr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV ** ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) e.^r.Zm.emgH$r` ÒZmŒmH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. 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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 259 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II AÍ$U H$_b H$r ‡JoVerb H$odVmE{ß

S>m∞. gß‹`m Xw]{ *

‡ÒVmdZm - AÍ$U H$_b H$r aMZmE{ß h_{ß OZ-OrdZ H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß Am°a IwÌ]y aMV{ h¢ hmW'2 odH$mgerb X{em{ß H$r oM›VmAm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß AmH•$ÓQ> H$aVr h°& BZH$r aMZmE{ß amÓQ≠>r` - A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ^r AÍ$U H$_b H$r aMZmE{ß l_erb oO›XJr H$m BOhma H$aVr h°& H$od OmVr` XßJm{ß, gmÂ‡Xmo`H$Vm, h_{ß OZ-OrdZ H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß Am°a odH$mgerb X{em{ß H$r oM›VmAm{ß H{$ ^mfmdmX `m ‡mo›V`Vm H{$ oIbm\$ h° Am°a Cg Ï`dÒWm H{$ ^r oOg_{ß "EH$ ]ma{ _{ß AmH•$ÓQ> H$aVr h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ CgH$r ZOa "MmH$ [a aIr hwB© T>bVr hwB© Qw>H$∂S>m am{Q>r Am°a bmIm{ß ^w∑I∂S>' bmem{ß _{ß V„Xrb hm{ ah{ h¢& YaVr" H$m{ X{IVr h°& X°ZoXZ oO›XJr H{$ `Wm Vœ` oMÃU H{$ gmW _‹`dJr©` Am°a oZÂZdJr©` oÒWoV H$r ]marH$ [H$∂S> AÍ$U H$_b A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ^md^yo_ [a od`VZm_ Am°a H$Â]m{oS>`m H{$ ]ma{ _{ß gßOrXm gm{M H$r H$odVmAm{ß H$r CÑ{IZr` ode{fVm h°& H$od AZX{Ir ehmXV H{$ ‡oV H$od H{$ odÒV•V AmYma \$bH$ H$m d°od‹` âm gßH{$V X{Vm h°& `hm± em{f m AWdm OZgm_m›` `m oZÂZdJr©` `mVZmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV ]{hX gßd{XZerb H{$ oIbm\$ ‡JoVerb M{VZm H$m gmÂ` âm BOhma Jm°aVb] h°& H$od H$r h¢& hm{Q>b H$m b∂S>H$m (Zm°H$a) EH$ gwS>m°b har o_M© Am°a Wm{∂S>m-gm Z_H$ ^r gßKf©erb M{VZm AmÒWm Edß ]wbßXr H{$ gmW H$h CR>Vr h° - Wmbr _{ß ‡m· Zht H$a [mVm Am°a ÒdmoXÓQ> ^m{OZ H$r Wmob`m± [am{gVm h° "T{>a gma{ N>m{Q{> —Ì`m{ß H$m{ X{IZ{ g{ A¿N>m h° V_m_ J´mhH$m{ß H$m{& ]g EH$ hr ]ma X{IZm gm°›X`© H$m od[wb [wßO "O°g{ hr H$m{a CR>m`m / hmW ÈH$ J`m& J´hU H{$ ]mdOyX gy`© hr ahm gy`© gm_Z{ oH$dm∂S> g{ bJH$a / am{ ahm Wm dh b∂S>H$m J´hU H{$ ]mdOyX gy`© hr hm{Vm h° gy`©&' oOgZ{ _{a{ gm_Z{ / aIr Wr Wmbr&' em{fU H$r gm_ßVr [y±OrdmXr ‡oH´$`m H{$ oIbm\$ Am°a gŒmm-Ï`dÒWm em°ha g{ OwXm hwB© H$[∂S{> grVr Am°aV H$r oddeVm Am°a KwQ>Z hm{ `m Ka H$r A_mZdr`Vm H{$ odam{Y _{ß EH$OwQ> hm{H$a gmhogH$Vm H$m ÀdnaV Ao^`mZ g{ ]mha ^mB© H$r oM›Vm AWdm amOZroVH$ oKZm°Zm [na[{˙`, H$od H$r AÍ$U H$_b H{$ H$mÏ` H$r odoeÓQ> [hMmZ h° - ZOam{ß g{ [wobg H$r Jm{br, bme{ß, _wAmdOm Am°a A[amYm{ß H$m{ Xygam{ß H{$ oga "H$b Imbr Wr ]›XyH{$ß _∂T>Zm Am{Pb Zht hwAm h°& g_`, ÃmgXr Am°a _ZwÓ` H$r Aghm`Vm, AmO CZ_{ß Jm{ob`m± âr h¢ gm_´m¡`dmX H$r gmoOe Am°a oZarh BßgmZm{ß H$m g] Hw$N> Òdmhm hm{V{ X{I H$b o\$a g{ Imbr hm{ gH$Vr h¢ AÍ$U H$_b oMßoVV h° Am°a H$odVm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Z{ g_` H$m{ ]Iy]r H$b ∑`m{ß ? AmO ∑`m{ß Zht ?'2 Ao^Ïò∫$ X{ ah{ h¢& gm_ßVr [nad{e, [y±OrdmXr Hw$MH´$, Zmar CÀ[r∂S>Z Am°a VmZmemhr H´$yaVm ha ZXr H$m KmQ> e_emZ / ]JrMm X{IH$a AÍ$U H$_b AmX_r H$r Mwfl[r H$m{ Vm{∂S>Zm MmhV{ h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ `{ `mVZmE{ß H$o]´ÒVmZ / ]Z ahm h° / Am°a h_ B∏$rgdt Ïò∫$JV Zht daZ≤ gm_moOH$ h¢& `mVZm H{$ odam{Y _{ß I∂S>m hm{Zm h_ g]H$m eVm„Xr H$r Am{a Om ah{ h¢ Xmo`Àd h°& H$od H$r VmoH©$H$Vm `h og’ H$aVr h° oH$ J^© _{ß ]›X ]Ém ^r [hbr ]ma J^© YaVr `wdoV`m{ß H{$ J^© oJa ah{ h¢& g]H$r ZOam{ß _{ß ‡À`j h° V] Jm{[Zr` Am°a Jw· ∑`m h° ? AV: H$od H$r _mVmE{ß _{a{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ O›_ X{ ahr h¢ Am°a aMZmE{ß gßKf© _{ß earH$ hm{Z{ H$m AmàmhZ H$aVr h° - _mZdr` gßd{XZm ohO∂S{> Mm°amhm{ß [a W[m{∂S>r ]OmV{ / gm{ha Jm ah{ h¢& AmYma [a& `h OZ - OmJ•oV H$m ‡`mg h°, gm_moOH$ ^yo_H$m [a _{hZVH$e B›gmZm{ß H{$ hmWm{ß IwÌ]y aMZ{ H$r ]mV JßXr ]ÒVr H{$ ]rM gmhogH$Vm H$m C”m{f h° Am°a _ZwÓ` H$r Mwfl[r [a gdmobE oZemZ ^r - H$r oO›XJr H$m{ hr gßH{$oVH$ Zht H$aV ]oÎH$ h_mar gO©Zm Am°a h_ma{ "H°$gm g_` h° oH$ Nw>≈>m gm±S> ^rVa H{$ aMmd H$m gßH{$V ^r X{Vr h°& Jm±dm{ß H$r ZtX _{ß gtJ _ma ahm h° "`ht Bg Jbr _{ß ]ZVr h° Am°a H$m{B© ]m{b Zht gH$Vm _wÎH$ H$r _ehya AJa]oŒm`m± Ohm± H$ht Xw:I _{ß h° AmX_r B›ht J›X{ _whÑm{ß H{$ J›X{ bm{J Ohm± H$ht _wo∫$ H{$ obE b∂S>Vm h° AmX_r ]ZmV{ h¢ H{$d∂S>m, Ig Am°a amVamZr AJa]oŒm`m± dhm± Hw$N> ^r Zht h° oZOr XwoZ`m H$r gmar IwÌ]y Hw$N> ^r Zht h° Jw· aMV{ ahV{ h¢ hmW o\$a ^r Vw_ Mw[ ∑`m{ß hm{ ?'1 * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) [yZ_M›X Jw·m dm{H{$eZb H$m∞b{O, I S>dm (_.‡) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 260 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

AÍ$U H$_b H$r H$odVmE{ß "‡m`d{Q> ]ßXyH$m{ß _{ß gaH$mar Jm{br' H$m Iwbm ]`mZ H$r VmH$V,oXZm{ß oXZ jrU [∂S>Vr Om ahr h°/ AßJ´{Om{ß g{ Z\$aV H$aZm MmhVm, H$aVr h°& Mmh{ O_tXma H{$ Jw S{> hm{ß `m \$mJ I{bVr hÀ`mam{ß H$r Q>m{br, g^r oO›hm{ßZ{ Xm{ gXr h_ [a amO oH$`m/ Vm{ e{∑g[rà Am∂S{> Am OmV{,oOZH{$ YYH$V{ BbmH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV H$od H$r gßd{XZerbVm H$odVm H$m AmH$ma [mVr _wP [a Z OmZ{ oH$VZ{ AhgmZ h¢, h°& Cg{ "‡OmVßÃ H{$ _hm_hm{Àgd' _{ß hÀ`m H$r gmoOem{ß H$m{ ]{ZH$m] H$aZm _wÒb_mZm{ß g{ Z\$aV H$aZ{ MbVm/ Vm{ gm_Z{ Jmob] AmH$a I∂S{> hm{ h°& Mmh{ har Xy] [a ^r eH$ H$aZ{ dmb{ Omgygr Hw$Œm{ hm{ß `m Km{∂S>m{ß H{$ Xb OmV{, A] Am[ hr ]VmE oH$gr H$r Hw$N> MbVr h°/ CZH{$ gm_Z{ ? gohV [wobg dmb{, H$od Xm±V J∂S>mZ{ dmb{ BZ Ï`mHw$b Hw$Œmm{ß H$m{ Zht ]ªeVm& dÒVwV : AmO Aohßgm, H$Í$Um, X`m Y°`©, gohÓUwVm, [am{[H$ma, oh›Xr H$r ‡JoVerb H$odVm H{$ AÍ$U H$_b O°g{ Z`{ H$od`m{ß g{ ]hwV CXmaVm AmoX _mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß H{$ ÒWmZ [a ohßgm, odÓRw>aVm, AmH´$m_Vm, gÂ]b o_bVm h° Am°a dh ^r Bg Iy]gyaVr H{$ gmW oH$ ‡MmamÀ_H$Vm H$r bwQ> - ªgm{Q>, PwR> - \$a{] AmoX O°g{ A_mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß H$r d•o’ hm{ ahr h°& H$ht JßY Zht& CZH$r H$odVmE{ß gm˙` `m Jdmh h°, Om{ g_H$mbrZ oO›XJr dV©_mZ gXr _{ß _ZwÓ` ^` Am°a AodÌdmg H{$ _mhm°b _{ß gmßg b{ ahm h°& Bg H{$ d°od‹` H$m{ CH{$aVr h°& CZH{$ [mg gm_moOH$ - amOZ°oVH$ Hw$N> E{g{ Xm°a H{$ `wdm H$od EH$m›V lrdmÒVd A[Zr "g_w– [rN{> oIgH$ ahm h°' Am°a R>m{g "g]yV' h¢ Om{ H$R>Ka{ _{ß{ I∂S{> _wOna_ H{$ hb\$Zm_{ H$m{ PyR> gmo]V "S>a' H$odVm _{ß obIV{ h¢ - H$aZ{ _{ß g_W© h¢& `hm± Ïò∫$ Am°a g_mO EH$ Í$[ h¢ Am°a `{ H$odVmE{ß A[Zr O°g{ oXZm{ß - oXZ H$_ hm{Vm h°/ [yoU©_m H{$ ]mX MmßX AW©dŒmm _{ß OrdZ H{$ a{e{ H$m{ Om{ VmZm-]Zm X{Vr h¢ dh Ò_aUr` h¢& H$_ hm{Vr Om ahr h° CÂ_rX{ß/ AmX_r [a AmX_r H$m âm{gm H$od Hw$_ma AÂ]wO H$r "H´$yaVm' erf©H$ H$odVm H$m `mX hm{ OmZm Òdm^modH$ H$_ hm{Vr Om ahr h° ...... & h° - V] AmEJr H´$yaVm _•À`w g{ ‡m` : g] S>aV{ h¢/ _Ja `hm± Vm{ OrZ{ H$r XheV h°, [hb{ ˆX` _{ß AmEJr Am°a M{ha{ [a Z XrI{Jr H$X_ - H$X_ [a ...... & (Am0 bm{0 Owbm - ogV0 o\$a KoQ>V hm{Jr Y_©J´›Wm{ß H$r Ï`mª`m _{ß 2000,[•ÓR> - 90) o\$a BoVhmg _{ß Am°a ôdÓ`dmoU`m{ß _{ß B∏$rgdr gXr H$r H$odVm am{O_am© H{$ OrdZ Eßd oMßVZ H$r gßd{XZmAm{ß o\$a dh OZVm H$m AmXf© hm{ OmEJr g{ Ow∂S>r& dÒVwV : BgH$r ewÍ$AmV ]rgdt gXr H{$ CŒmam’© H{$ [wamZr Eßd ZB© dh gßÒH•$oV H$r Vah AmEJr CgH$m H$m{B© odam{Yr Z hm{Jm& [r∂R>r H{$ H$od`m{ß ¤mam hm{ MwH$r Wr& Am.bm{. H{$ Owbm. - ogV. - 01 _{ß H$m{off og\©$ `h hm{Jr oH$g Vah dh AoYH$ g‰` hareM›– [mßS{> H$r "Hw$Va{ JE \$b' "b{ X{H$a EH$' "hoW`mB© JB© O_rZ ` Am°a AoYH$ E{oVhmogH$ hm{, "BYa _¢Z{ CR>mB© h°' "oIbm°Z{` "H$mß] oZH$mbm' "]Mm bm{ Bg{` "OßJb _{ß `hr ¡`mXm gß^d h° oH$ dh AmE amÒVm' "H$O©' g[Zm Am°a "gwAa H$m ]Ém' AmoX H$odVmE{ß Am°a bß]{ g_` VH$ h_{ß [Vm hr Z Mb{ CgH$m AmZm& (Am0 bm{0 02 gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ - A‡°b - OwZ) dÒVwV : Bg H´$yaVm â{ _mhm°b _{ß ^r h_mar gmPm gßÒH•$oV 1. AÍ$U H$_b "g]yV' dmUr ‡H$meH$, ZB© oXÑr & A[Zr [hMmZ ]ZmE hwE h°& Bg [na‡{˙` _{ß Hw$±daZmamÙ H{$ ZE gßJ´h 2. AÍ$U H$_b "A[Zr H{$db Yma' dmUr ‡H$meH$, ZB© oXÑr & "BZ oXZm{ß' H$r H$odVmEß Jdmh h¢ Om{ oH$ h_ma{ g_mO H$r gmßP{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ 3. AÍ$U H$_b "Z`{ BbmH{$' dmUr ‡H$meH$, ZB© oXÑr & _yÎ`m{ß H$r dH$mbV H$aVr h° Am°a EH$ ZB© gßd{XZm H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h¢& 4. dgwYm H$_bm‡gmX oZambm ZJa, ^X^Xm am{∂S>, ^m{[mb & EH$ AOr] gr _woÌH$b "_{ß hyß BZ oXZm{ß/ _{ar â[wa Z\$aV H$a gH$Z{ 5. oh›Xr AZwerbZ - ^maVr` oh›Xr [nafX≤, Bbmhm]mX &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 261 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II AmoXdmgr gmohÀ` _| Zmar od_e©

S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b *

em{Y gmamße - AmoXdmgr oh›Xr C[›`mgm{ß _{ Zmar d Zmar b{IZ H{$ —oÓQ>JV b{oIH$mAm{ß d C[›`mgm{ß H$r gßª`m ^r AÀòYH$ h°& gZ≤ 1982 _{ß oh_mßew Om{er H$m gw-amO, gZ≤ 2000 _{ß _°Ãr` [wÓ[m H$m AÎ_m H$]yVar Am°a gZ≤ 2010 _{ß ‡H$moeV gVre Xw]{ H$m S{>am ]ÒVr H$m g\$aZm_m BZ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß b{IH$m{ß Z{ß A[Zr Im{Or —oÓQ> g{ ‡H$me S>mbV{ hwE A[Zr ghmZw^yoV[aH$ —oÓQ> g{ AmoXdmgr Zmar H$r AoÒ_Vm Am°a CgH$r oddeVm H$m{ a{ImßoH$V oH$`m h°& h¢& oh›Xr C[›`mgm{ß _{ß [wÍ$f d Zmar [mÃ Xm{Zm{ H{$ OrdZ gßKf©, Zmar OrdZ H$r [r∂S>m, CZH$r oddeVm odf_Vm, Ag_W©Vm, CXmaVm, _hmZVm H$r ^dZmAm{ß AmoX H$m{ ]Iy]r A[Z{ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß CVmam h°& dV©_mZ g_` _{ß AmoXdmgr oh›Xr C[›`mg gmohÀ` Z{ A[Zr EH$ AbJ [hMmZ ]Zmbr h°& AmoXdmgr OrdZ H$m{ H{$›– [a aI H$a CZH$r bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV , Y_©, Xe©Z, AmoX H$m oM›VZ H$aZ{ _{ß oZoÌMV hr AmO H{$ oh›Xr AmoXdmgr C[›`mgH$ma g\$b hwE h¢&1 e„X Hw$ßOr-AmoXdmgr, Zmar, C[›`mgm{ß, oh›Xr gmohÀ`, _wª`Ymam, g_mO, gßÒH•$oV, [hMmZ & ‡ÒVmdZm - AmoXdmgr e„X H$m emo„XH$ AW© h°, ‡mMrZH$mb H$m dmgr [a `{ 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K•Um H$aV{ AmoXdmgr Zmar A[Zr Ka, J•hÒWr Am°a XmÂ[À` OrdZ `m[Z H$aVr h°& hwE ^r CgH{$ J^© g{ oIbdm∂S> Zhr H$aVr& OßJob`m WmZ{ H{$ R>rH$ Cgr * Egm{ogEQ> ‡m{\{$ga (oh›Xr) emgH$r` R>mHw$a aU_V ogßh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 262 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II g_` _mam OmVm h°& H$X_]mB© EH$ ]{Q{> H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h°, oOgH$m Zm_ amUm Ï`m· Aoêm[ H$m{ ^m{JV{ hwE `hmß H$r _ohbmEß Hw$aroV`m{ß g{ g{ C[Or ‡Wm aIm Om h°& AÎ_m am_ ogßh H$]yVam H$r BH$bm°Vr ]{Q>r h°& AÎ_m H$r V{ah H{$ AZwgma X{h Ï`dhma H$m{ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ]m‹` hm{Vr h°& Bg ‡H$ma gVre Mm°Xh df© H$r C_´ _{ß CgH{$ OrdZ _{ß amUm Zm_H$ Zm°OdmZ H$m ‡d{e hm{Vm Or H$m `h S>[›`mg Bg g_mO _{ß hm{ ah{ Zmar X°ohH$ fm{fU H$m XÒVmd{O h°& AÎ_m ‡{o_H$m H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r oXImB© X{Vr h°& amUm H$m gmW Cg{ _Z g{ h°& ]mßN>∂S>m g_mO _{ß Zmar H$m X°ohH$ em{fU Iwb{ Am_ ‡Wm H$r Am∂S> _{ß oH$`m ZOXrH$ bmVm h°& Xm{Zm{ H{$ _Z _{ odH$ogV ‡{_ C›h{ß BVZm [mg bmVm h° oH$ Om ahm h°& X{h Ï`m[ma H$r _O]yar H{$ Bg _w‘{ H$m{ oH$gr EH$ OmoV ode{f g{ AÎ_m amUm [a EH$ [ÀZr H{$ g_mZ AoYH$ma OVmZ{ bJVr h°& CgH$r `hr Om{∂S>H$a Zhr X{Im OmZm MmohE& `h Zmar H$r AoÒ_Vm d OrdZ _yÎ`m{ß g{ AoYH$ma H$r ^mdZm g^r ]ßYZm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a emarnaH$ gß]ßYm{ß VH$ [hßwMmVr Ow∂S>m ‡ÌZ h°& Bg ‡H$ma gVre Xw]{ Or H$m S{>am]ÒVr H$m g\$aZm_m C[›`mg h°& AÎ_m J^©dVr hm{Vr h° [a AmJ{ ^`mdh hmXg{ g{ Cg{ J^©[mV≤ H$m oeH$ma ]mßN>∂S>m g_mO _{ß ‡MobV Zmar X{h Ï`m[ma H{$ H$maUm{ßß Edß CgH{$ ‡maß^ [a hm{Zm [∂S>Vm h°& AÎ_m Am°a amUm H$m ‡{_ AmJ{ OmH$a og\©$ EH$ `mXJma hr A[Zr Im{Or —oÓQ> g{ ‡H$me S>mbV{ hwE A[Zr ghmZw^yoV[aH$ —oÓQ> g{ ]ZH$a ah OmVm h°&4 am_ogßh H{$ gßoXΩY Ï`dhma H$m{ X{IH$a JbV\$h_r Zmar H$r AoÒ_Vm Am°a CgH$r oddeVm H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aV{ h¢& Bg ‡H$ma H$m oeH$ma amUm AÎ_m H$m{ ]rM amÒV{ _{ N>m{∂S>H$a AZZ{ H$]rb{ [a ^mJ Zmar OrdZ [a AmYmnaV oh›Xr AmoXdmgr C[›`mgm{ß H$r l•ßIbm AZ{H$ OmVm h°& amUm H$m{ O] A[Zr JbVr H$m Ehgmg hm{Vm h° V] VH$ ]hwV X{a C[›`mg obI{ J`{ [a bm{H$o‡`Vm H$r oeIa [a oOZ C[›`mgm{ß Z{ hm{ OmVr h°& o[Vm am_ ogßh ¤mam ob`{ J`{ H$O© H$m{ CVmaZ{ H{$ obE AÎ_m g\$bVm [m`r CZ_{ß gwamO, _°Ã{`r [wÓ[m H$m C[›`mg AÎ_m H$]yVar H$m{ oJadr aIm OmVm h°& o[Vm H$m H$O© CVmaZ{ H{$ obE dh AmJ{ gyaO^mZ AmoXdmgr OmoV H{$ OrdZ `WmW© H$m OrVm OmJVm XÒVmd{O ‡ÒVwV H$aVm H$m{ ]{Mr OmVr h°& gyaO^mZ CgH{$ X{h H$m C[`m{J H$a ]∂S{> bm{ßJm{ß H$m{ Iwe h°& BgH{$ Abmdm gVre Xw]{ H$m S{>am ]ÒVr H$m g\$aZm_m AmoX C[›`mgm{ß H$aZm MmhVm h°& A[Z{ gmW KoQ>V AÀ`mMma AÎ_m H$m{ ÒdrH$ma Zhr h°& _{ß Zmar H$r AoÒ_Vm Am°a CgH$r oddeVm H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aVm h°& BgH{$ odam{Y H$m{ X]mZ{ H{$ obE Cg{ H$_a{ _{ß H°$X H$aH{$ aIm OmVm h°& oZÓH$f© `h h° oH$ AmoXdmgr gmohÀ` AmoXdmog`m{ß H{$ OrdZ, g_mO gyaO^mZ, H$]yVam g_mO H$r Am°aVm{ß H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& `h Am°a gßÒH•$oV H$m{ hmoe`{ g{ _wª`Ymam _{ß bmZ{ H$m gdm}Œm_ ‡`mg h°& dh Ahgmg oXbmZ{ H{$ obE CgH$r ]mßh [a AÎ_m H$]yVar JwXdmVm h°, oOg{ AVrV H{$ J^© g{ oVZH{$ ]Q>m{aH$a A[Z{ BoVhmg H$r Ztd aI ahm h°& X{IH$a dh ha ]mV H$m{ oZòV g_PH$a P{b gH{$& AÎ_m H$m gm¢X`© hr AmoXdmog`m{ß ¤mam oH$E Om ah{ gßKf© H$m ]{]mH$ oMÃU AmO H{$ oh›Xr CgH$m XwÌ_Z ]ZH$a Cg{ [°g{ H$m gmYZ AZm X{Vm h°& gyaO^mZ H$r H°$X C[›`mgm{ß _{ß X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& dV©_mZ g_` _{ß AmoXdmgr g_mO H$r _{ß AÎ_m ]bmÀH$ma H$r oeH$ma hm{Vr h°& AÎ_m [a oXZ ‡oVoXZ hm{Z{ dmb{ gßÒH•$oV, ahZ, ghZ, CZH{$ JrV, X›VH$WmAm{ß, bm{H$H$WmAm{ß AmoX H$m{ AÀ`mMma Cg{ [naoÒWoV g{ g_Pm°Vm H$aZm ogImV{ h¢& dh H$_Om{a J´hU H$a ahm h°& AmoXdmgr g_mO H$r oMßßVmAm{ß g{ gßdmX H$amZ{ H{$ obE ^mdZmAm{ß g{ I{b H$aZ{ bJr& hßgr, _wÒH$mZ, fl`ma, odÌdmg, O°gr MrO{ß& AmoXdmgr gmohÀ` EH$ ge∫$ _m‹`_ ]Z MwH$m h°& AmoXdmgr gmohÀ` g{ lram_ emÛr g{ gß]ßY Am°a CZH$r hÀ`m o\$a AÎ_m H$m amOZroV _{ß ‡d{e Ow∂S{> odf`m{ß [a AÀòYH$ gßª`m _{ß em{Y H$m`© hm{ ah{ h¢& AZ{H$ [Ã- [oÃH$mEß Am°a o\$a CgH$m gŒmm ‡m· H$aZm & Bg ‡H$ma AÎ_m [naoÒWoV`m{ß g{ oZH$b ahr h¢& oh›Xr gmohÀ` b{IH$ A[Zr H•$oV`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_Pm°Vm H$aV{ hwE _m°H{$ H$m \$m`Xm CR>mH$a EH$-EH$ gr∂T>r H{$ _m‹`_ g{ AmoXdmog`m{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß, gßKf© AmoX H$m oM›VZ _ZZ H$a A[Z{ gŒmm ‡mo· H$m amÒVm ]Zm b{Vr h°& Bg ‡H$ma Zmar OrdZ [a AmYmnaV oh›Xr C[›`mgm{ß _{ß Ï`∫$ H$a ah{ h¢& oh›Xr C[›`mgm{ß _{ß [wÍ$f d Zmar [mÃ _°Ã{`r [wÓ[m H$m C[ ›`mg AÎ_m AmoXdmgr OmoV H{$ OrdZ `WmW© H$m Xm{Zm{ H{$ OrdZ gßKf©, Zmar OrdZ H$r [r∂S>m, CZH$r oddeVm odf_Vm, OrVm OmJVm XÒVmd{O ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°&5 Ag_W©Vm, CXmaVm, _hmZVm H$r ^dZmAm{ß AmoX H$m{ ]Iy]r A[Z{ C[›`mgm{ß Zmar OrdZ [a AmYmnaV gVrf Xw]{ Or H$m H$m oh›Xr AmoXdmgr _{ß CVmam h°& dV©_mZ g_` _{ß AmoXdmgr oh›Xr C[›`mg gmohÀ` Z{ A[Zr C[›`mg S{>am]ÒVr H$m g\$aZm_m `h C[›`mg emgZ ¤mam AZwgyoMV EH$ AbJ [hMmZ ]Zmbr h°& AmoXdmgr OrdZ H$m{ H{$›– [a aI H$a CZH$r OZOmoV _{ß goÂ_obV ]mßN>∂S>m g_mO _‹`‡X{e H{$ CŒma- [o¸_ _mbdm bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV, Y_©, Xe©Z, AmoX H$m oM›VZ H$aZ{ _{ß oZoÌMV hr AmO H{$ j{Ã H{$ AJ^J 100 oH$bm{_rQ>a ^y- ^mJ _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbm{ß [a obIm oh›Xr AmoXdmgr C[›`mgH$ma g\$b hwE h¢&6 J`m h°& Bgg{ [hb{ ^r gVre Xw]{ Z{ ^rb AmoXdmog`m{ß [a H{$o›–V C[›`mg Hw$am©Q>r gohV gmohÀ` H$r AZ{H$ odYmAm{ß _{ß A[Zr aMZmÀ_H$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ‡oV^m H$m gm˙` ‡ÒVwV H$a MwH$m h°& Bg C[›`mg H$r AmÀ_H$Wm _{ß Xw]{ 1. AmoXdmgr od_e© Am°a oh›Xr gmohÀ`-Hw$_ma dra{›–,[°ogo\$H$ Or Z{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h° oH$ C[›`mg H$m{ ‡m_moUH$ XÒVmd{O ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE [o„bH{$eZ,oXÑr, [•>10 _°Z{ b{IZ g{ [yd© ]mN>∂S>m g_mO _{ß ‡MobV aroV- nadmOm{ß CZH{$ gm_moOH$ 2. B∏$mgdt gXr H$m H$Wm gmohÀ`-gÂ[mXH$, gwa``m e{I, ew^_ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ [hby H$m odeX A‹``Z oH$`m XWm gm˙` EH$oÃV oH$E& [o„bH{$eZ, H$mZ[wa,[•ÓR>,56, CgH{$ AmX hr C[›`mg `h AmH$ma J´hU H$a gH$m& H$WmZH$ _{ß 3. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> H$r OZOmoV`mß, S>m∞. gßO` AbßJ _mZgr [o„bH{$eZ, B›g{oÒQ>J{oQ>d na[m{oQ©>ßJ AmYma ]ZmV{ hwE ‡^modV ÒWmZ [a [hwßMH$a Vœ`m{ß oXÑr [•ÓR>, 126 H$r Im{O]rZ, odÌb{fU Am°a _yÎ`mßH$Z H$aV{ hwE VWmH$oWV g‰` g_mO 4. AmoXdmgr Òda Am°a Z`r eVm„Xr, a_oUH$m Jw·m, dmUr ‡H$meZ, H$r —oÓQ> _{ß ]XZm_ Am°a g_mO odam{Yr ‡d•Œm`m{ß _{ß gßbæ ahH$a OrdZ ZB© oXÑr [•ÓR>,56 `m[Z H$a ah{ EH$ ode{f ^yIßQ> _{ß o]Ia{ bm{Jm{ß H$r _wª` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>Z{ H$m 5. _.‡. H$r OZOmoV`mß g_mO Edß Ï`dÒWm- oed Hw$_ma oVdmar, _. ‡`mg Bg C[›`mg _{ß oH$`m h°& ]mN>∂S>m g_mO H$r AOr]m{Jard oO›XJr ‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r ¤mam ‡H$moeV, [•ÓR>,36 Am°a Cg_{ß Ï`m· Hw$‡Wm am{ßJQ{> I∂S>r H$a X{Z{ dmbr h°& gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß 6. Òd`ß H$m gd}jU Edß oZÓH$f© & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 263 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II _°Ãr` [wÓ[m H$m Zmar-odf`H$ oM›VZ-Zmar AoÒVÀd H$m ‡ÌZ

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CÂ_rXdma "]yW H°$fl`MnaßJ' H$m ghmam b{V{ h°& Bg MwZmd g{ Zmar-AoÒVÀd _°Ãr` [wÓ[m _yb ]mV H$hZm MmhVr h° oH$ Zmar AoÒVÀd gßH$Q> _{ß h°& H{$ obE EH$ ]∂S>m gß]b o_bVm h°& _°Ãr` [wÓ[m Z{ J´m_rU Am°a ehar Xm{Zm{ß j{Ãm{ß H$m oM›VZ oH$`m h°& J´m_rU "Ab_m H$]yVar' C[›`mg _{ß ^r "H$X_]mB©' gßKf© Am°a AoÒVÀd H{$ [nad{e _{ß _°Ãr` Or Z{ Zmar AoÒVÀd H$r ]mV H$hr h°& ‡ÌZ g{ OyPVr h°& o[Vm H$r _•À`y H{$ ]mX "Ab_m' ^r g_mO [wobg Am°a _°Ãr` [wÓ[m Z{ g]g{ [hb{ Zmar AoÒVÀd H$m ‡ÌZ CR>m`m h°&'g_•oV amOZ{VmAm{ß H{$ ¤mam hm{Z{ dmb{ X°ohH$ em{fU H$m{ ghVr h°& _°Ãr` [wÓ[m Z{ X{e' H$r ^wdZ H$m oddmh [mJb [oV H$m{ H$a X{Zm&']{Vdm ]hVr ahr' H$r "Ab_m H$]yVar' C[›`mg _{ß Zmar CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m{ CR>m`m h°& Ab_m CÀ[r∂S>Z Cd©er ]y∂T{> ]aOm{a H{$ hmWm{ß ]{MZm&"eoeaßOZ' H$r ]ohZ H$r ]mamV bm°Q>Zm& H$m{ ghV{ hwE Zmar-AoÒVÀd H$m{ ]MmZ{ _{ß H$m_`m] hm{ OmVr h°& "BX›Z_`" H$r _ßXr H$m Xa-Xa ^Q>H$Zm "Mm±H$' C[›`mg H$r "gmaßJ' H$m _°Ãr` [wÓ[m Z{ C[›`mg H$r Vah H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß J´m_rU g_mO _{ß Zmar- [oV ¤mam ‡Vmo∂S>V hm{Zm Zmar H$m AoÒVÀd H{$ ‡ÌZ H$m{ CR>mVm h°& AoÒVÀd H$m ‡ÌZ CR>m`m h°& g_mO _{ß Zmar H$r oÒWoV Am°a CgH$m AoÒVÀd gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ∑`m h° "A[Zm-A[Zm AmH$me _{ß H°$bm{em{ X{dr' A[Z{ [wÃm{ß H{$ ¤mam N>br 1. _°Ãr` [wÓ[m- "]{V]m ]hVr ahr' [•. 268,270,269 OmVr h°& VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$ ]wOw©J [r∂T>r `wdm [r∂T>r H{$ AÀ`mMmam{ß H$m oeH$ma 2. _°Ãr` [wÓ[- "Mm∞H$' C[›`mg [•. 326, 327,335 hm{Vr h°& V_m_ Om`XmX H$m dmnag hm{V{ hwE "H°$bmem{ X{dr' H{$ VrZm{ [wÃ 3. _°Ãr` [wÓ[m- "PybmZQ>' C[›`mg [•. 43, 18, 22 ]¢Jbm{a H{$ Aml_ _{ß oÔdm X{Zm MmhV{ h° VmoH$ dh Xm{]mam bm°Q>H$a Z Am 4. _°Ãr` [wÓ[m- BXfi__ C[›`mg [•. 268, 71, 118 oH$Vm] Ka oXÑr gH{$& 5. gwZrVm MVwd}Xr -A_•Vbmb ZmJa H{$ C[›`mgm{ß _{ß Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV dmUr ‡H$meH$ oXÑr- [•. 47, 50, 99

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 265 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II A_•Vbmb ZmJa H{$ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß Zmar-MnaÃmßH$Z

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_wo∫$]m{Y H$m{ oH$gr I{_{ _{ß ]mßYm Zht Om gH$Vm h°, d{ odMmam{ß Edß `ßÃ-]ßY JoV g{& _VdmXm{ß g{ _ybV: Am]’ Zht hwEß C›hm{ßZ{ CZH$m _ßWZ oH$`m Am°a CZ [a [a CZH$m ghr[Z gßVaU oH$`m Am°a `hr H$maU h° oH$ C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr H$odVm H$m{ Bg O_rZ ]hwV ]∂S>m Ï`ßΩ` h°& g{ Om{∂S>m h° Am°a odMmam{ß Z{ Cg{ EH$ R>m{g Í$[ oX` h°& CZH{$ AmÀ_gßKf© _{ß Bg gmar oÒWoV _{ß gÀ` EH$ Ï`ßΩ` _{ß ah OmVm h° Am°a o\$a ^r CgH$r odMmam{ß H$m gßKf© ^r X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& BoVhmg [aÂ[am odkmZ Xe©Z, Im{O Omar h¢& Qy>Q>r hwB© bmBZm{ß Am°a AÒ[ÓQ> oMÃm{ß _{{ß gÀ` Cg{ CbPm hwAm g_mOemÛ Am°a _m∑g©dmX AmoX g{ Am°a `h g_ÒV ¤›¤ ^maVr`Vm H{$ ‡VrV hm{Vm h°& YamVb [a AmH$a hm{Vm h°& AmYwoZH$ odkmZ Xe©Z gÀ` `m oH$gr ^r ‡À`` H$m{ oZa[{j Z Bg [na‡{˙` _{ß odkmZ ]m{Y H$m{ X{Im Om gH$Vm h°, odkmZ ]m{Y H$m _mZH$a CZH{$ gm[{j JoVerb odH$mgmÀ_H$ Í$[ H$m{ _m›`Vm X{Vm h° `hr EH$ _hÀd[yU© VÀd odõ{fU H$r ^mdZm h°, Om{ _wo∫$]m{Y H$r aMZm ‡oH´$`m H$maU h° oH$ _wo∫$]m{Y H$r H$odVm _{ß gÀ` `WmW© H$r gm[{jVm _{ß JoVerb H$m Ao^ﬁ AßJ h°& odkmZ H$m j{Ã ^r Bgr AmÀ_M{VZ gÀ` H{$ gmjmÀH$ma h°& `h odH$mg [aÂ[am H{$ gmW h°, Cgg{ AbJ Zht odH$mgdmX Bg Vœ` H$m j{Ã h° _wo∫$]m{Y H$r H$odVm _{ß `mßoÃH$Vm Am°a JoUV H{$ oZ`_m{ß H{$ H$m{ Bg ‡H$ma aIVm h° oH$ gÀ` `m X{dreo∫$ odH$mg [aÂ[am H{$ gmW AmYma [a gÀ` H{$ gm[{j ÒdÍ$[ [a `Xm-H$Xm gßH{$V ‡m· hm{Vr h° odkmZ odH$ogV hm{Vr h°, `h odH$mg g{ AbJ H$m{B© gŒmm Zht h¢& Am°a JoUV _{ß `ßÃ]’ H$maUm{ß g{ gÀ` H$m OmZm OmVm Wm [a ]mX _{ß H$od Bg odH$mg [aÂ[am _{ß g•oÓQ> Am°a ]´˜m S> H{$ ahÒ`m{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Bg{ "gVhr hr' gÀ` H$hVm h° H$odVm H$r H´$o_H$ odH$mgmÀ_H$ oÒWoV Bg h° Bg OmJÍ$H$Vm _{ß A›YodÌdmg Zht h° [a EH$ odõ{fZmÀ_H$ —oÓQ> h° ‡H$ma h°, Om{ H$odVm _{ß odõ{fUmÀ_H$ [’oV ¤mam Ï`ßoOV H$r J`r h° J´hm{ß Am°a ZjÃm{ß H$m d•ŒmmH$ma Ky_Zm CZH$m gabV_ _mJ© h°& oOgH$m d{ ‡W_ VWm Vœ` H$m Í$[ Bg ‡H$ma h¢- [mbZ H$aV{ h° Z oH$ H{$db JwÍ$ÀdmH$f©U H{$ ¤mam d{ oÒWV ahV{ h¢ Bg d°gm _{ß ]wo’_mZ d°kmoZH$ gÀ` H$m{ H$od Z{ aMZmÀ_H$ Í$[ oX`m h¢& AodaV, Bg d°kmoZH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ _wo∫$]m{Y H{$ H$WZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° `ßÃ]’ H$maUm{ß g{ gÀ` hyß& "Om{ [wamZm h° dh A] bm°Q> H$a Zht Am gH$Vm b{oH$Z Z`{ _{ß [wamZ{ H$m Am°a BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ `h AZw^yoV ÒWmZ Zht ob`m& Y_© ^mdZm J`r, [a d°kmoZH$ ]wo’ Zht Am`r& Y_© JoUV H{$ oZ`_m{ß H$r gahX{ß bmKZm h_ma{ OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ [j H$m{ AZwemogV oH$`m Wm d°kmoZH$ _mZdr` Òd`ß H{$ ‡oV oZV OmJZm —oÓQ> g{ Y_© H$m ÒWmZ Zht ob`m BgrobE H{$db h_ A[Zr A›V: ‡d•oŒm`m{ß ^`mZH$ AZw^d o\$a ^r _¢ H$aVm hy∞± H$m{oee& H{$ `ßÃ g{ MmobV hm{ CR{>&' _wo∫$]m{Y H$m H$mÏ` Bgr A›V‘©oÓQ> H$m [naM` Am°a Bg gmar odõ{fU ‡oH´$`m g{ dh `h H$hZ{ H{$ obE odode hm{ X{Vm h° Am°a odkmZ ]m{Y Bgr A›V—©oÓQ> H$m EH$ ge∫$ Aße h°, Om{ CZH$r OmVm h° oH$ H$odVm _{ß gmW©H$Vm ‡m· H$aVm h¢& BgobE gÀ` h_ma{ h° gVhr gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- [hb{ g{ ]Zr hwB© amhm{ß [a Yy_V{ h° 1. Ï`o∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 269 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II gmohÀ` H$m gm¢X`© Am°a gm¢X`© H$m gmohÀ`

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Jr. No. 64728) 270 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 271 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II bm{H$ X{dVm am_X{d [ra - EH$ [naM`

S>m∞. O`lr ^Q>ZmJa *

‡ÒVmdZm - ‡mMrZ g‰`VmAm{ß _ß{ X{dr X{dVmAm{ß VWm ‡mH•$oVH$ eo∫$`m{ß [wÃr Z°VbX{ H{$ gmW hwAm & H$r AmamYZm H$m{ _hÀd oX`m OmVm ahm h° & oOgH$m ‡_mU h_{ß d°oXH$ gßdV≤ 1424 _{ß am_X{d Z{ [m{H$aU g{ H$ar] 12 oH$bm{_rQ>a Xya EH$ gmohÀ` _{ß X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVm h°& d°oXH$ gmohÀ` _{ß J´hm{ß, [ßMVÀdm{ß, B›– Jmßd H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r & oOgH$m Zm_ Í$oUMm aIm J`m & am_X{d H$r H•$[m g{ dÍ$ m, gy`©, [•œdr, Aoæ AmoX X{dVm H{$ Í$[ _ß{ [yO{ OmV{ ah{ h°, Om{ Yra{ Í$oUMm Jmßd ham âm Edß _Zm{a_ hm{ J`m & Yra{-Yra{ bm{J `hmß ]gZ{ bJ{& Yra{ H$_ hm{V{ JE & BZ X{dVmAm{ß H$m{ Jm°U _mZm OmZ{ bJm & ô∫$H$mb _{ß am_X{d Or AßY{-]ha{, byb{,-bßJ∂S{>, Aghm`, XwIr, H$m{T>r, AmoX [a h_{em AmH$a Hw$N> X{dVmAm{ß H$m ‡mXw©^md hwAm, oOg_ß{ ]´Âhmm, odÓUw, _h{e, JU{e H•$[m H$aV{ ah{ h° & CZH{$ JwÍ$ ]mbrZmW Or W{ & oOZH$r g_moY Om{Y[wa _{ß AmoX H$r ‡YmZX{dVm H{$ Í$[ _ß{ C[mgZm hm{Z{ bJr & bm{H$ X{dVm _{ß Hw$N> oÒWV h° & H$hm OmVm h° oH$ am_X{dam (Í$oUOm) _{ß ^JdmZ am_X{d H$r E{g{ ^r X{dVm h°, oO›h{ß _m›`VmAm{ß _ß{ Jm°U Z _mZV{ hwE, CZ bm{H$ X{dVmAm{ß g_moY H{$ Xe©Z H$aZ{ g{ [hb{ CZH{$ JwÍ$ H$r g_moY [a _mWm Q{>H$Z{ [a hr H$m _hÀd ‡oVH$mÀ_H$Vm Edß AmÒWm H$r —oÓQ> g{ H$_ Zht Wm & B¿N>m[yU©H$Vm©, am_X{dam H$m `mÃm g\$b hm{Vr h° & AV: ^∫$ _ S>br [hb{ ]mbrZmW JwÍ$ od‹ZhVm© H{$ Í$[ _{ß [yoOV hm{V{ Mb{ Am ah{ h° & H$r g_moY H{$ Xe©Z H$aV{ hwE, am_X{dam (Í$oUOm) H{$ obE admZm hm{V{ h° & E{g{ bm{H$ X{dVmAm{ß _{ß V{OmOr, H{$bmX{dr, erVb _mVm, ]m[yOr, oHß$dX›Vr h° oH$ gßdV≤ 1442 H$m{ am_X{d Or Z{ A[Z{ hmW _{ß lr\$b b{H$a Jm{JmOr, am_X{d Or, OrU_mVm, H$aUr _mVm, erVbm_mVm, AmoX h°, g_ÒV ]wOwJm} H$m{ Z_Z oH$`m VWm g^r ]wOwJ© Z{ VZ, _Z Edß l’m g{ oOZH$m j{oÃ`Vm H{$ AmYma [a ode{f _hÀd h° & B›ht Jm°U X{dVm _{ß g{ EH$ am_X{d Or H$r Ao›V_ [yOm AM©Zm H$r & C›hm|Z{ A[Z{ Ao›V_ C[X{e _{ß am_X{d [ra h° & `hr H$hm oH$ ‡À`{H$ _mh H$r ew∑b[j XyO H$m{ [yOm AM©Zm ÔZ H$rV©Z, am_X{d [ra amOÒWmZ H{$ bm{H$ X{dVmAm{ß _{ß g{ h° & 15 dt eVm„Xr _{ß OmJaU H$a [dm}Àgd _Zm`m OmE & AV: ha df© Í$oUMm _{ß am_X{d Or OmoV ^{X^md, Nw>AmNy>V, byQ> Igm{Q> AmoX H{$ H$maU Mmam{ß Am°a H$r oÒWoV g_moY ÒWb [a _{bm bJVm h° Om{ EH$ _mh VH$ MbVm h° & Om{Y[wa amOÒWmZ ]hwV o]J∂S>r hwB© Wr & Cg g_` ^°ad amjg H$m AmVßH$ \°$bm hwAm Wm &E{gr _ß{ ^m–[j Edß A›` ÒWmZm{ß _{ß EH$ _mh VH$ l¤mbw H$m O_KQ> bJm ahVm odf_ oÒWoV _{ß [oÌM_ amOÒWmZ H{$ ‡og’ ZJa [m{H$aU H{$ [mg Í$oUMm h° & AZ{H$ ^∫$ ÒWmZ-ÒWmZ [a oZÌmwÎH$ ^m{OZ [mZr R>haZ{ H$r Ï`dÒWm Zm_H$ ÒWmZ _ß{ ^mXm{ß ew∑b [j XyO H{$ oXZ od.gß. 1409 _{ß ]m]m am_X{d l¤m ô∫$ g{ H$aV{ h° & AdVnaV hwE & CZH$r _mVm H$m Zm_ _{UmXr Edß o[Vm H$m Zm_ AO_b Wm & am_X{d Or H$r ]mb-brbmAm{ß H$m dU©Z amOÒWmZ bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß AmO_b Or ¤maH$mZmW H{$ [a_ ^∫$ W{ & ‡m· hm{Vm h° & H$hm OmVm h° oH$ EH$ ]ma am_X{d Z{ A[Z{ o[Vm AO_b g{ b{oH$Z g›VmZ Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU d{ h_{em XwIr ahV{ h° & Xygam XwI Wm Km{∂S{> H$r oOXX≤ H$r & o[Vm Z{ oIbm°Z{ ]ZmZ{ dmb{ H$m{ EH$ M›XZ Am°a _I_b oH$ [m{H$aU g{ VrZ _rb H$r Xyar [a CŒma oXem _{ß ^°ad amjg Z{ [a{emZ H{$ H$[S{> H$m Km{∂S>m ]ZmZ{ H$m{ H$hm & H$[S{> H$m{ X{I oIbm°Z{ ]ZmZ{ dmb{ H$m{ H$a aIm Wm & am_X{d H{$ O›_ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ C›h{ß g›VmZ gwI H$r ‡mo· hwB© & bmbM Am J`m & CgZ{ Wm{∂S>m H$[∂S>m H$m_ _ß{ ob`m Edß e{f H$[∂S>m A[Zr g›VmZ ‡moflV H{$ obE amOm AO_b gmYw g›Vm{ß H$m{ ^m{OZ H$amZm, XmZ [ÀZr H$m{ aIZ{ H$m{ X{ oX`m & ]m]m Cg Km{>S{>> [a ]°R{> Km{S>m C›h{ß AmH$me _ß{ b{ [w ` H$aZm, Edß oZÀ` hr ¤maH$mZmW H$m AmamYZm H$aV{ W{ & amOm AO_b J`m & am_X{d H{$ o[Vm Z{ ZmamO hm{H$a Km{∂S{>> dmb{ H$m{ O{b ^{OZ{ H$m AmX{e H$r oZ¿N>b ô∫$ g{ ‡g›Z hm{ B©Ìda Z{ C›h{ß Xe©Z oXE Edß C›h{ß da _mßJZ{ X{ oX`m, b{oH$Z am_X{d H$m{ Km{∂S{> [a dm[g AmV{ X{I H$[∂S{> dmb{ Z{ A[Zr H$m{ H$hm & C›hm|Z{ B©Ìda g{ `hr _mßJm oH$ _wP{ Am[H{$ g_mZ [wÃ Mmoh`{ JbVr ÒdrH$ma H$aV{ hwE am_X{d Or g{ _m\$r _mßJVm h° & am_X{d Cg{ _m\$ AWm©V Am[H$m{ hr [wÃ ]ZH$a AmZm [∂S{>Jm Edß amjg H$m{ _ma Y_© H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a X{V{ h° & AmO ^r am_X{d Or H$m{ H$[∂S{> H$m Km{∂S>m M∂T>m`m OmVm h° & H$aZr hm{Jr & ^JdmZ Z{ C›h{ß dMZ oX`m oH$ _¢ V{a{ Ka [wÃ ]ZH$a AmDß$Jm& Í$oUMm _ß{ _ßoXa H{$ [mg hr EH$ ]md∂S>r h°, oOgH$m Zm_ [Mm© ]md∂S>r h°& oOg amV _° AmCßJm Cg amV am¡` _{ß oOVZ{ ^r _ßoXa h°, CZH$r KßoQ>`m H$hm OmVm h° oH$ Cg [mZr H$m{ [rZ{ `m ÒZmZ H$aZ{ g{ g^r am{J, H$ÓQ> Xya ]OZ{ bJ{Jr & _hb _ß{ oOVZm ^r [mZr hm{Jm dh XyY _{ß [nadoV©V hm{ hm{ OmV{ h° & OmEJm & gmW hr _wª` XadmO{ g{ O›_ ÒWmZ VH$ Hw$_Hw$_ H{$ [°a ZOa AZ{H$ M_ÀH$ma hm{Z{ g{ bm{J Xya XamO g{ AmH$a, am_X{d H{$ Xe©Z Am`{J{ß & _°ß AdVma H{$ Zm_ g{ ‡og’ hm{ OmDß$Jm Am°a amOm AO_b H{$ Ka h{Vw Í$oUMm AmV{ h° & C›ht Xe©ZmoW©`m{ß _{ß g{ Hw$N> [ra _m°bdr Am°a [ra ^m–[j H$r XyO H$m{ am_X{d Or H$m O›_ hwAm & CZH{$ C[X{e g{ ‡gfi hwE & d{ OmoV [moV H{$ ^{X^md H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ am_X{d Or H$m oddmh gßV≤ 1426 _{ß A_aH$m{Q> H{$ R>mHw$a Xb Or H$r C[X{e X{V{ W{ & EH$ [ra Z{ A[Z{ [ra H$m{ Om{ _∏$m _ß{ ahV{ W{, C›h{ß AdJV * ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 272 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

H$am`m oH$ EH$ [ra [°Xm hwE h°, Om{ _a{ hwE H$m{ ^r oO›Xm H$a X{V{ h° & O] `{ AmO ^r Í$oUMm ÒQ{>eZ [a l¤mbw M∂T>V{ CVaV{ am_X{d [ra H$r O`- I]a _∏$m [hyßMr Vm{ [arjm h{Vw [mßM [ra Am`{ C›hm|>Z{ [yN>m Í$oUOm H$hm h°& O` H$ma H$m O`Km{f H$aV{ h° & `hr Zht ÒQ{>eZ [a a{bJmS>r AmZ{ H{$ [hb{ am_X{d Or Z{ H$hm Om{ Jmßd gm_Z{ oXImB© X{ ahm h° & dht Í$oUMm h° Am°a _° am_X{d [ra H$r VrZ ]ma O`H$ma C”m{f H$admVm h° V^r JmS>r AmJ{ H{$ hr am_X{d h±y & am_X{d [ram{ß H$m{ A[Z{ gmW b{ J`{ AmXa gÀH$ma oH$`m & ob`{ admZm hm{Vr h{ & b{oH$Z ^m{OZ H{$ g_` [ram{ß Z{ H$hm oH$ h_ ^m{OZ A[Z{ H$Q>m{a{ _{ß hr H$aV{ gßX^© JßW gyMr :- h° Am°a H$Q>m{a{ h_ _∏$m _{ß hr ^yb AmE & am_X{d Or Z{ bÂ]m hmW oH$`m Am°a 1. ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H{$ AmYma ÒV^ - S>m∞. H•$ÓUmH$mßV [mR>H$ & [mßMm{ß H$Q>m{a{ Am JE & `h X{I [ram{ß H$m{ am_X{d [a odÌdmg hm{ J`m& [mßMm{ß 2. bm{H$gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m a{Uw & [ram{ß Z{ H$hm oH$ AmO g{ XwoZ`m Am[H$m{ am_X{d [ra H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZr 3. bm{H$ gmohÀ` - S>m∞. am_ÒdÍ$[ lrdmÒVd ÒZ{hr & Omd{Jr & 4. oh›Xr gmohÀ` - S>m∞. odd{H$ eßH$a &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 273 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II CÉVa _m‹`o_H$ ÒVa [a JoUV Edß odkmZ oejU h{Vw Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m g_rjmÀ_H$ A‹``Z

aoÌ_ g∑g°Zm *

‡ÒVmdZm - Am°[MmnaH$ oejm h{Vw H$jm-oejU H$m{ ‡^mdembr d H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm ahm h°& O°g{-AmJ_Z oZJ_Z, gßõ{fU-odõ{fU, ‡{aUmÒ[X ]ZmZ{ h{Vw oejH$m{ß ¤mam oH$gr E{gr odoY H$m{ A[Zm`m OmZm Ï`mª`mZ odoY, ‡`m{Jembm odoY BÀ`moX& `⁄o[ H$m{B© ^r odoY A[Z{ _{ß MmohE oOgg{ oH$ oZYm©naV e°ojH$ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· hm{ gH{$ß& oejm H{$ [yU© Zht hm{Vr h°& AV: odoY H$m M`Z H$aV{ g_` `h ‹`mZ aIm OmVm h° C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m oZYm©aU H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ BZ C‘{Ì`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$ ‡ÒVwV odf`-dÒVw H$r ‡H•$oV H°$gr h°? Am°a ]mbH$m{ß H$m _mZogH$ odo^fi CoMV oejU odoY`m{ß H$m oZYm©aU Edß oH´$`m›d`Z H$aZm hm{Vm h°& ÒVa ∑`m h°? odkmZ Am°a JoUV oejU _{ß Hw$N> MòZV ‡H$aU E{g{ hm{V{ h° AV: H$jm oejU h{Vw BZ odoY`m{ß `m odoY g_yhm{ß H{$ M`Z Edß ‡`m{J, oO›h{ß H{$db Ï`mª`mZ odoY ¤mam AoYH$ C[`w∫$ Am°a ‡^mdembr Tß>J g{ odf` dÒVw H$r ‡H•$oV Edß ]mbH$ H{$ ÒVa H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIH$a oH$`m OmVm ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& h°& oOgg{ oH$ dh ‡ÒVwV [mR>Á gm_J´r H$m{ gabVm g{ AmÀ_gmV≤ H$a gH{$& Ï`mª`mZ odoY ¤mam hr N>mÃm{ß H$m{ `h kmZ H$am`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ oejU e„X g{ VmÀ[`© h° - kmZ ‡XmZ H$aZm& oejU H{$ ¤mam gß]ßoYV odf`-dÒVw H$r E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ ∑`m h°? Cg{ grIZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` ]mbH$ H$m{ kmZ ‡XmZ oH$`m OmVm h°, grIZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm Xr OmVr h°, C›h{ß ∑`m h°? `{ g^r OmZH$mar O] VH$ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ Zht hm{Jr V] VH$ CZ_{ß A[Zr eo∫$`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmVm h° Am°a odf`dÒVw H$m{ ]∂T>Z{ H{$ ‡oV Í$oM [°Xm Zht hm{Jm Am°a Z hr odf` H{$ ‡oV A[Z{ Amg[mg H{$ dmVmdaU g{ AZwHy$bZ H$aZm ogIm`m OmVm h°& CZH$m ‡{aUmÀ_H$ Edß ^mdmÀ_H$ odH$mg gÂ^d hm{Jm& emarnaH$, _mZogH$, gm_moOH$, MmnaoÃH$, Am‹`moÀ_H$ Am°a gßd{JmÀ_H$ AV: Bg ‡H$ma H{$ ‡ÒVwVrH$aU H{$ obE Ï`mª`mßZ odoY H$m ‡{aUmÒ[X odH$mg H$aH{$ Cg{ ^mdr OrdZ H{$ ob`{ V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°& hm{Zm ^r AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& oOgH{$ obE JoUVkm{ß Edß d°kmoZH$m{ß H{$ OrdZ Bg ‡H$ma oejU H{$ A›VJ©V oejH$ Edß oejmWr© Xm{Zm{ß H$m H$m`© d•Œm, E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ VWm ‡oV[moXV kmZ H$r C[`m{oJVm H$m{ goÂ_obV ahVm h°& Bg_{ß Z H{$db gdm}Œm_ odoY g{ kmZ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m odf`dÒVw H$m Aße ]Zm`m OmZm Mmoh`{& ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z H{$ _m‹`_ _mZogH$ ‡^md goÂ_obV ahVm h° Ao[Vw dh Z°oVH$ ‡^md ^r goÂ_obV g{ JoUV Edß odkmZ odf` H{$ ‡oV od⁄mWr© _{ß ^mdmÀ_H$ M{VZm H{$ odH$mg ahVm h° oOgg{ ‡{naV hm{H$a ]mbH$ kmZ H$m ‡`m{J Bg ‡H$ma H$aVm h° oH$ h{Vw Ï`mª`mZ odoY A‹`m[Z _{ß [aÂ[amJV odoY`m{ß H{$ ‡`m{J H{$ AoVna∫$ dh Cgg{ bm^mo›dV hm{Vm ah{& Bg ‡H$ma EH$ A¿N>m oejU [yd© oZ`m{oOV Ï`mª`mZ odoY H{$ ‡`m{J H$r C[`m{oJVm Edß ‡`m{OZr`Vm Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ{ hm{Vm h° Am°a EH$ oZoÌMV g_` _{ß oZoÌMV odoY`m{ß H{$ AZwgma oX`m OmVm H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& h°& Ï`mª`mZ odoY -Ï`mª`m H{$ AW© H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE E.EM. Jmob©H$ Z{ "Teaching is not telling but training".- Mam obIm h° - H$jm _{ß N>mÃm{ß H{$ grIZ{ VWm oejH$ H$r oH´$`mAm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV Om{ ^r 'Ï`mª`m H$m Ao^‡m` Cg ‡oH´$`m g{ h°, oOgH{$ ¤mam oH$gr e„X, H$m`© oH$E OmV{ h°& CZH{$ kmZ H{$ AmYma [a hr oejU [’oV H$m Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU e„X-g_yh `m H$WZ H{$ AW© H$r g] OoQ>bVm Xya hm{ OmVr h°&' hm{Vm h°& oejU H$m ‡_wI b˙` ]mbH$ H$m{ ZB© oXem ‡XmZ H$aZm h°& "By explanation is meant the process by which is oH$gr ^r oejH$ H$m `h H$Œm©Ï` h° oH$ dh ]mbH$ H$m{ oH$gr ^r odf` H$m cleared away from a word phrase or statement all abscurity AoYJ_ Bg ‡H$ma H$amE& oOgg{ oH$ CgH{$ Ï`dhma _{ß A[{ojV [nadV©Z of meaning". - A.H. Garlick hm{ gH{$ Am°a oejU ‡oH´$`m gÂ[fi hm{ gH{$& JoUV Edß odkmZ oejU H{$ A›VJ©V oH$gr ^r ‡H$aU H$m{ [∂T>mV{ Bg h{Vw oejH$ H{$ ob`{ `h OÍ$ar hm{ OmVm h° oH$ dh CoMV odoY H$m g_` A∑ga ^mdm{ß `m odMmam{ß H$r OoQ>bVm Am OmVr h°& BZH$m{ gab ^mfm hr ‡`m{J H$a{ß ∑`m{ßoH$ oejH$ odoY`m± hr EH$ _mÃ E{g{ gmYZ h° oOZH{$ _{ß ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ g_PmZm AmdÌ`H$ hm{ OmVm h°, E{gm Z H$aZ{ [a odMma ‡`m{J g{ ]mbH$ [mR>m{ß _{ß Í$oM b{Z{ bJV{ h°& [mR>Ágm_J´r C›h{ß AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> Zht hm{V{& AV: Ï`mª`mZ odoY _{ß oejU H$WZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odf` Ò[ÓQ> hm{Z{ bJVr h° Am°a d{ gabVm g{ Cg odf` dÒVw H$m{ AmÀ_gmV H$aZ{ dÒVw H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& dh A[Z{ H$WZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odf` gß]ßoYV _{ß g_W© hm{ OmV{ h°& gyMZm`{ß H$jm _{ß ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ Ï`mª`m odoY _ybV: bm{H$ Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ oejU odoY EH$ ‡H$ma H$m e°ojH$ gÂ‡{f m hr h°& H$m`m~ H$m ode{f H´$_ h° oOgH{$ ¤mam b˙` H$r ‡mo· hm{Vr h°& AV: oejU gyMZmAm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡H$aU g{ gß]ßoYV ‡VrH$, gyÃ, g_rH$aU, gß]ßY, H$m{ Í$oM[yU©, g\$b Edß ‡^mdembr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE odo^fi oejU odoY`m{ß \$bZ, [na^mfmE, AdYmaUmEß, Vœ`, og’m›V Edß oZ`_, VH$ZrH$r, *em{YmWr©, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 274 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II odoY`m± AmoX goÂ_obV ahV{ h°& BZ g]H{$ ‡ÒVwVrH$aU H{$ obE oejH$ _{ß ›`mXe© - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$jm 11dt Edß H$jm oZOr gwodYm, gm{M, JoUV, oejU H{$ ‡oV Ao^d•oŒm JoUV _{ß 12dt H{$ 25 oejH$m{ß H$m{ ob`m J`m h°& _m‹ò_H$ oejm _ S>b, _.‡. g{ Ao^`m{Ω`Vm, odf` kmZ, Ïò∫$Àd AmoX H$r ‡_wI ^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°& gß]ßoYV 6 od⁄mb`m{ß H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m J`m h°& oOg_{ß 2 od⁄mb` Ï`mª`mZ odoY H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ KQ>H$ - ‡^mdr Ï`mª`mZ H{$ obE emgH$r` Edß 4 od⁄mb` AemgH$r` h°& ›`mXe© H$m [yU© oddaU VmobH$m Ï`mª`mZ H$r `m{OZm ]ZmZm AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°& oejH$ H$m{ oZÂZ VrZ H´$_mßH$ 1.0 _{ß oH$`m J`m h° - ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ CŒma Ï`mª`mZ X{Z{ H{$ [yd© kmZ hm{Zm MmohE - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1.0 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a) ‡.1 Am[H{$ od⁄mWr© H$m°Z W{? em{Y C[H$aU - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß em{YH$Œmmm© ¤mam ÒdoZo_©V ‡ÌZmdbr AWm©V≤ A‹`m[H$ H$m{ _mby_ hm{Zm MmohE oH$ CgH{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°, Om{ oejH$m{ß H{$ Ao^_V b{Z{ h{Vw V°`ma H$r J`r h°& Í$oM`m± ∑`m h°? 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J`m& AWm©V≤ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r Ï`mª`mßZ _{ß Í$oM ]Zr ah{, Bg h{Vw oejH$ H$m{ JoUV Edß odkmZ odf`m{ß H{$ oejH$m{ß h{Vw V°`ma H$r J`r Ao^_Vmdbr am{MH$ CXmhaU, ‡{aUmÒ[X H$hmoZ`m{ß, ^mfUJV ‡ÌZ BÀ`moX H$] Am°a ¤mam ‡m· Am±H$∂S>m{ß H$m odõ{fU - ‡ÌZmdbr ¤mam ‡m· Ao^_Vm{ß H$m oH$VZ{ g_` ‡`m{J H$aZm h°? H$m [yd© _{ß hr oZÌM` H$a b{Zm MmohE& gmßª`H$r` odõ{fU oejH$m{ß H$r gh_oV H{$ ‡oVeV Am°a X S> Ama{I H{$ Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r odkmZ Edß JoUV oejU _{ß C[`m{oJVm - Í$[ _{ß oZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ ‡Xoe©V J`m h°& Ï`mª`mZ odoY JoUV Edß odkmZ oejU H{$ obE C[`w∫$ Zht h° Am°a BZ H$WZm{ß H{$ dJr©H$aU h{Vw VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1.1 odf`m{ß H$m{ Mm∞H$-Ì`m_[≈> `m _m∞S>b H$r ghm`Vm H{$ o]Zm Zht [∂T>m`m Om H´$.H´$.H´$. j{Ãj{Ãj{Ã H$WZm{ß H$r gßª`m gH$Vm h°& E{gm H$hZm gd©Wm AZwoMV h° ∑`m{ßoH$ JoUV oejU hm{ `m odkmZ 1. Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡`m{OZerbVm 08 oejU Xm{Zm{ß _{ß hr odf`dÒVw H$m{ [∂T>mV{ g_` od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ `h ]VmZm 2. odf`dÒVw H$r M`Z 05 AoV AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h° oH$ gß]ßoYV odf`dÒVw Om{ oH$ dh grI ahV{ h° 3. oejU odoY H$m M`Z 04 CgH$r E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ ∑`m h°? `m CgH$r AdYmaUm H$hm± g{ AmB©? 4. Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡^mderbVm Edß C‘{Ì` 05 CgH$m AmaÂ^ H$hm± g{ hwAm h°? Am°a odf`dÒVw g{ dm{ oH$g ‡H$ma gß]ßoYV 5. A‹`m[Z H$m`© h{Vw [`m©· gwodYmE 02 h°? VWm Bg{ dm{ ∑`m{ß [∂T> ahm h° `m grI ahm h°? BgH$r OrdZ _{ß ∑`m 6. N>mÃm{ß H$r ‡JoV 05 C[`m{oJVm h°? AmoX O] VH$ `h g^r ]mV{ß odf`dÒVw H$m{ [∂T>mZ{ g{ [yd© ò Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡`m{JerbVm H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß ¤mam N>mÃm{ß H$m{ [Vm Zht hm{Jm& V] V] Cg_{ß Cg odf`dÒVw H$m{ [∂T>Z{ H{$ ‡oV oXE JE _V ‡oVeV H{$ È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - Í$oM CÀ[fi Zht hm{Jr Am°a dh Cg{ Jß^raVm g{ Zht gwZ{Jm& AV: `h odoY (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) oOVZr A›` odf`m{ß H{$ ob`{ _hÀd[yU© h°& CVZr hr JoUV Edß odkmZ ò Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡^mderbVm d C‘{Ì` H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß odf`m{ß H{$ obE ^r h°& ¤mam oXE JE _V ‡oVeV H{$ È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - A[Z{ A‹`m[ZH$mb H{$ Xm°amZ em{YH$Œmm© ¤mam `h AZw^d oH$`m (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) J`m h° oH$ ‡^mderb "Ï`mª`mZ' ¤mam ]mbH$m{ß _{ß odf` H{$ ‡oV bJmd ò odf` dÒVw H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß ¤mam oXE JE _V ‡oVeV H{$ Edß ‡{aUm H$m odH$mg oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& AV: em{YH$Œmm© ¤mam C._m. ÒVa È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - [a oejU H{$ ^mdmÀ_H$ [j H{$ odH$mg h{Vw JoUV Edß odkmZ oejH$ (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) ‡{aH$ ‡ÒVmdZm H{$ Í$[ _{ß "Ï`mª`mZ odoY' H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m A‹``Z ò N>mÃm{ß H$r ‡JoV H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß ¤mam oXE JE _V ‡oVeV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& H{$ È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - g_Ò`m H$WZ - "CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa [a JoUV Edß odkmZ oejU (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) h{Vw Ï`mª`mZ odoY H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m g_rjmÀ_H$ A‹``Z'& ò oejU odoY H{$ M`Z H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß ¤mam oXE JE _V C‘{Ì` - JoUV odf` h{Vw "Ï`mª`mZ odoY' H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡oVeV H{$ È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - oejH$m{ß H{$ Ao^_V H$m odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZm& (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) em{Y ‡odoY - em{Y odoY _{ß em{YH$Œmmm© Z{ A[Z{ oejH$r` AZw^d H{$ ò A‹`m[Z H$m`© h{Vw ‡m· [`m©· gwodYmAm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß oejH$m{ß AmYma [a ‡m· [naUm_m{ß Edß em{YH$m`m~ h{Vw gd}jU odoY H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m ¤mam oXE JE _V ‡oVeV H{$ È[ _{ß oZÂZ J´m\$ _{ß ‡Xoe©V h° - J`m h°& (J´m\$ X{I{ AmJ{ [•> [a) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. 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[naUm_ - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß odf` g{ gß]ßoYV MòZV ‡H$aU g{ Ow∂S{> gmohÀ`H$mam{ß H{$ OrdZd•Œmm Am°a odf` H$r C[`m{oJVm H$m [mR>ÁH´$_ odo^fi Vœ`m{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß odo^fi odf` oejH$m{ß Z{ A[Zr o^fi-o^fi Edß [mR>Á[wÒVH$m{ß _{ß g_md{e oH$`m OmZm MmohE& gh_oV Ï`∫$ H$r h°& oOg{ J´m\$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°& 2. C._m. ÒVa H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` ÒVam{ß [a ^r odf` oejU H{$ Xm°amZ AoYH$mße oejH$m{ß ¤mam Ï`∫$ oH$E JE Ao^_V gß]ßoYV g_Ò`m H{$ ‡oV BZ Vœ`m{ß H$m{ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ ]Vm`m OmZm MmohE& gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡m· hwE& CZH$m _mZZm h° oH$ odkmZ Edß JoUV odf`m{ß H{$ 3. A›` odf`m{ß H{$ A‹`m[Z H$m`© H{$ Xm°amZ ^r BZ Vœ`m{ß H$m{ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ A‹`m[Z H$m{ ‡^mdembr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ MòZV ‡H$aU ]VmH$a C›h{ß AoYJ_ H{$ ob`{ AmÀ_‡{naV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& H$r odf`dÒVw H$r E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_, CgH$r C[`m{oJVm Am°a d°kmoZH$m{ß 4. oejH$m{ß H$m{ A‹`m[Z H$m`© h{Vw gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ g_` X{Zm MmohE& Edß JoUVkm{ß H{$ OrdZ d•Œm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ]Vm`m OmZm ‡{aUmÒ[X hm{Vm h°& 5. od⁄mb` H{$ dmMZmb` _{ß oejH$m{ß h{Vw gß]ßoYV gmohÀ` gm_J´r [a›Vw AoYH$mße oejH$ dJ© BZ Vœ`m{ß g{ gh_V hm{V{ hwE ^r A[Zr C[b„Y H$am`r OmZr Mmoh`{& Ï`dhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ gh_oV gH$mamÀ_H$ Ï`∫$ Zht H$a gH{$, BgH$m H$maU gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ dm{ oZÂZ o]›XwAm{ß H$m{ ]VmV{ h¢- 1. Z{Jr, O{.Eg. d Z{Jr, aojVm (2003), JoUV oejU AmJam - 1. gß]ßoYV g_Ò`m g{ Ow∂S{> Vœ`m{ß H$m [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß g_md{e Z oH$`m OmZm& odZm{X [wÒVH$ _ßoXa 2. H$mbmße AdoY H$m gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ Z hm{Zm& 2. [mb, S>m∞. hßgamO (2000), CÉ oejm _{ß A‹`m[Z Edß ‡oejU 3. gß]ßoYV gmohÀ` H$m AmgmZr g{ C[b„Y Z hm{Zm& H$r ‡odoY`m±, ZB© oXÑr - oh›Xr _m‹`_ H$m`m©›d`Z oZX{emb` 4. N>mÃm{ß H{$ _yÎ`mßH$Z h{Vw BZ Vœ`m{ß H$m `m{JXmZ Z hm{ [mZm& 3. Sidhu, Kulbir Singh (1965). The teaching of AmJm_r A‹``Z h{Vw gwPmd - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß em{YmWr© ¤mam oXE mathematics, New Delhi: sterling publishers private JE gwPmd Bg ‡H$ma h° - limited. 1. MòZV ‡H$aU g{ gß]ßoYV odf`dÒVw H$r E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_, 4. Third, Fourth and Fifth survey of research in education.

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VwbZm H$aZm& H$aZ{ H$m Tß>J h°&' -oHß$J- XŒm odõ{fU H{$ obE oZÂZ gmßoª`H$r VH$ZrH$ 2. CÉ _m‹ò_H$ ÒVa H{$ N>mÃm{ß d N>mÃmAm{ß H$r YmaU j_Vm H$r VwbZm ‡`m{J _{ß br JB©- H$aZm& 1. _‹`_mZ [naH$Î[ZmE± - 2. _mZH$ odMbZ 1. N>mÃm{ß Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ e°br _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& 3. Q>r-[arjU 2. N>mÃm{ß Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r YmaU j_Vm _{{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& oZÓH$f© - 3. od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßkmZmÀ_H$ e°br d YmaU j_Vm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ gÂ]ßY 1. [´XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU g{ [Vm MbVm h° oH$ gßkmZmÀ_H$ e°br H{$ gßX^© Zht h°& _{ß N>mÃmE± N>mÃm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ j{Ãr` ÒdVßÃ h° `m N>mÃ N>mÃmAm{ß [nagr_Z - em{YH$Vm© Z{ g_` H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE A[Z{ em{Y H$m{ H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ j{Ãr` [aVßÃ h°& oZÂZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß [nagro_V oH$`m h° - 2. ‡XŒmm{ß H{$ odõ{fU g{ `h ^r [Vm MbVm h° oH$ N>mÃm{ß Edß N>mÃmAm{ß H$r 1. AZwgßYmZH$Vm© Z{ em{Y H$m{ aVbm_ eha VH$ gro_V oH$`m h°& YmaU j_Vm _{ß H$m{B© gmW©H$ AßVa Zht h°& 2. 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*ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H , Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX oejm _hmod⁄mb`, g{ßYdm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 282 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

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[nal_ AV: AßV _{ß h_ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ dV©_mZ g_mO H$r odf_ [naoÒWoV`m{ß Z°oVH$ AmMaU H$r ‡W_ ewÍ$AmV [nadma, g_mO Edß od⁄mb` g{ _{ß ]Xbmd V^r Am gH$Vm h° O] h_ oejm H$m AmYma Z°oVH$Vm H$m{ _mZ{& hm{Vr h°& YmaU `m AmÀ_gV≤ H$r OmZ{ dmbr dÒVw AmMaU h°& h_ [nadma Edß oejH$ Edß od⁄mWr© Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ _hÀd H$m{ g_P{ gH$mamÀ_H$ odMmaYmam g_mO _{ß ahH$a JwUm{ß Edß AdJwUm{ß H$m{ J´hU H$aV{ h°& N>mÃ X{e Edß amÓQ≠> H$r aIV{ hwE AmJ{ ]∂T{> Edß X{e Edß g_mO H$m{ EH$ _O]wV AmYma AWm©V ^mdr gÂ[oŒm h°& CZH{$ emarnaH$, _mZogH$ Edß Z°oVH$Vm H$m Xmo`Àd oejU gßÒH$maÍ$[r d•j g{ am{o[V H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{& d{ gßÒH$mam{ß H{$ g•OH$ ]Z{ Edß [a hm{Vm h°& BZ Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m oZd©hZ Ïò∫$ V^r H$a gH$Vm h°, O] CZ_{ß Òd`ß H{$ gmW-gmW od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ^r Z°oVH$Vm H$m [mR> [∂T>mE& C[`w∫$ emarnaH$, _mZogH$ Edß Z°oVH$ JwU hm{& [nadma g_mO Edß od⁄mb` AmXe© oejH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m g•OZ - h_ma{ oejH$, H$m dmVmdaU Z°oVH$Vm H{$ JwU odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m g]g{ CŒm_ gmYZ h°& Ao^^mdH$, amOZ°oVH$ Xbm| H{$ gXÒ`, AoYH$mar Edß H$_©Mmar AmO g^r òX h_ma{ od⁄mb` H$r Zrd H$_Om{a h° Vm{ h_ g‰` _mZd g_mO H$r _yÎ` gßH$Q> H{$ Xm°a g{ JwOa ah{ h°& Hw$N> _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ h_ J´mˆ` _mZV{ hwE ^r H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$a gH$V{ Am°a E{gr [naoÒWoV _{ß ^dZ H$r Hw$ebVm [a J´hU Zhr H$aV{& Hw$N> _yÎ`m{ß [a h_mam odÌdmg Zht h°, [a›Vw h_ g^r ‡ÌZoM›h bJZm Òd^modH$ h°& gm{Zm, ImZm Am°a ^` `{ VrZm{ß JwU _ZwÓ` CZH{$ AZwÍ$[ Ï`dhma H$aZ{ H$m oXImdm H$aV{ h°& X{e H$m{ ^mdr ‡JoV d Edß [ew _{ß g_mZ Í$[ g{ [mE OmV{ h° [a›Vw gßÒH$ma `m Z°oVH$ AmMaUm{ß H$m gwgßJoR>V ^mdr g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m Xmo`Àd oejH$ H{$ D$[a h° ∑`m{ßoH$ oH´$`›dZ _mZd H$m{ _mZd H$hbmZ{ `m{Ω` ]ZmVm h° Edß Cg{ [ewAm{ß H$r Cg{ hr X{e H{$ ^mdr ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$m`© H$aVm h°& Bg gß]ßY _{ß l{Ur g{ o^fi ]ZmVm h°& VmÀ[`© `h h° oH$ gßÒH$maodohZ _mZd H$m{ AJa Òdm_r odd{H$mZßXOr Z{ H$hm h° - "h_{ß dh oejm MmohE oOgg{ Ïò∫$ [ew H$hm OmE Vm{ H$m{B© gßX{h Zht& Bgr gß]ßY _{ß _hmX{dr d_m© Z{ ^r H$hm MnaÃdmZ ]Z{, CgH$r ‡oV^m Edß _Z H$r eo∫$`m{ß H$m odÒVma hm{" Am°a h°- "Z°oVH$Vm ]mbH$m{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm bmVr h° Am°a OmJÍ$H$ Ïò∫$ hr g_mO oejm hr dh EH$ _mÃ gmYZ h°, Om{ Ïò∫$ H$m{ MmnaoÃH$ Edß OrdZ H{$ CŒm_ _{ß gmoÀdH$ Edß gwIX [nadV©Z bm gH$Vm h°&' dht [ßVOr Z{ H$hm h°- AmXem} g{ AdJV H$amV{ h°& EH$ AmXe© oejH$ hr dh _m‹`_ h° Om{ "Z°oVH$Vm _Z H$m erb h°, gßÒH$mnaV hm{Zm hr _mZd H{$ AmMaU H$m{ od⁄moW©`m{ß _| gßÒH$mam{ß H{$ ]rO S>mb gH$Vm h°& b{oH$Z `h V^r gß^d hm{ AZwemogV ]ZmVm h°&' Z°oVH$ oejm oejm H{$ ‡À`{H$ ÒVa [a AoZdm`© [mEJm& O] oejH$ H$m Ï`dhma [yar Vah _mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß [a oZ^©a hm{Jm& hm{Zr MmohE& Z°oVH$Vm H{$ A‹``Z g{ N>mÃm{ß _{ß Z°oVH$ AmMaUm{ß H$m odH$mg `h emÌdV gÀ` h°, H$r Z°oVH$Vm hr _mZdVm h° Am°a _mZdVm H{$ `h JwU hm{Jm& N>mÃm{ß H$m{ Am‹`mÀ_, `m{J, gX≤^mdZm, MmnaoÃH$ odH$mg AmoX odf`m{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ EH$ AmXe© oejH$ hr S>mb gH$Vm h°& oejm EH$ E{g{ AZwHy$bZ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 283 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

H$r ‡oH´$`m h°, Om{ emarnaH$ VWm _mZogH$ odH$mg H$aVr h°& oejm H{$ h°& dV©_mZ g_mO _{ H$B© odgßJoV`mß h°& EH$ oeojV Ïò∫$ hr A[Z{ [∂S>m{gr ¤mam hr ]mbH$ g_m`m{OZ H$aZm grIVm h°& Z°oVH$ oejm ]mbH$m{ß H{$ H$r hÀ`m, Mm{ar, ^´ÓQ>mMma VWm H$B© AZ°oVH$ H$m`m} _{ bJm hwAm h°, BgH{$ odMmam{ _ß{ _m°obH$Vm, ZdrZ —oÔ>H$m{U H$m odH$mg [nal_r, g_mOg{dr, _yb _{ß _mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß H$r oejm H$m A^md h°& gm_m›` Í$[ g{ O] oejH$ AZwemgZo‡` VWm _mZd g_yXm` H{$ ‡oV gßd{XZerb ]ZmVr h°& ]mbH$m{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m{ _mZdr` _yÎ`, ‡{_ Edß gh`m{J H$r oejm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°, Vm{ _{ "dgwY°d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_' H$m odMma ÒWmo[V H$aVr h°& AmO h_| Bg ]mV H$r Cgg{ EH$ AmXe© g_mO H$m oZ_m©U hm{Vm h° VWm ôdÓ` _ß{ N>mÃm{ß H$m Ï`dhma AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$ Om{ _mZd _yÎ`m{ß H$r M{VZm, jrU Am°a Yyo_b hm{ J`r h°, ^r g_mOm{[`m{Jr ]ZVm h°& AmO h_{ß Cg{ o\$a g{ bmZm h°& AmO h_{ß EH$ E{g{ OrdZ Xe©Z H$m{ odH$ogV AV: h_ H$h gH$V{ h°, oH$ g_mO _ß{ JwUdŒmm[yU© oejm Ï`dÒWm H$m H$aZm h°, Om{ _mZdr` Jna_m d Z°oVH$Vm H$r ajm H$aZ{ _{ß g_W© hm{& Z°oVH$ CŒmaXmo`Àd oejH$ [a h°& EH$ AmXe© oejH$ H$r XyaXoe©Vm hr g_mO Edß oejm H{$ oejU _{ß oejH$ A[Zr ^yo_H$m H$m A_yÎ` ‡`m{J H$a N>mÃm{ß H$m amÓQ≠> H$m{ Hw$eb ZmJnaH$ ‡XmZ H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ gH$Vr h°& EH$ N>mÃ H$m _mJ©Xe©Z H$a gH$Vm h°& N>mÃm| H$m —oÓQH$m{U gßVwobV OrdZ H{$ AZwHy$b gdm™Jr m odH$mg Cgr oÒWoV _ß{ gß^d h°& O] Cg{ AmXe©dmXr oejm ‡XmZ ]Zm gH$Vm h° Am°a `h V^r gß^d h°, O] oejH$ ¤mam _mZdr` Z°oVH$ H$r OmE, g_mO _{ Ï`m· ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß AZ°{oVH$Vm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ g•OZ _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ gh`m{J ‡XmZ oH$`m Om`{& Bg gß]ßY _{ß oejH$ H$m{ AmJ{ H$X_ ]∂T>mZm hm{Jm A[Z{ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m ]m{Y aIV{ hwE A[Zm H$]raXmg Or Z{ H$hm h° oH$ EH$ oejH$ _{ß H$m°Z-H$m°Z g{ AmdÌ`H$ JwU Xmo`Àd oZ^mZm hm{Jm Edß EH$ AmXe© oejH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ZdrZ _yÎ`m{ß H$m hm{Z{ MmohE, VmoH$ dh Hw$ebVm [yd©H$ N>mÃm{ß H{$ gmW e°ojH$ AoYJ_ _| g•OZ H$a CŒm_ oMßVZ j_Vm H$m odH$mg Òd`ß H{$ gmW-gmW N>mÃm{ß _{ß ^r g\$b hm{ gH{$ - H$aZm hm{Jm& MnaÃ odH$mg _ß{ od⁄mb` H$r ^yo_H$m Ah_ h°& [a `hm± [a h_| "gmdYmZ Am°a erbVm, gXm ‡\w$oÑV JmV& `h `mX aIZm OÍ$ar h°, oH$ `h H$m`© oH$gr EH$ oejH$ H$m Zht gÂ[yU© oZod©H$ma JÂ^ra _V, YraO X`m ]gmV&&' oejH$ g_wXm` H$m Xmo`Àd h°& oejH$, ‡{_, g_agVm[yd© VWm ÒdrH•$oV AWm©V≤ EH$ oejH$ H$m{ gX°d gOJ Edß VÀ[a ahZm MmohE CgH{$ gyMH$ dmVmdaU ]ZmH$a ]Ém| _{ß A¿N{> JwU oZaßVa odH$ogV H$a{& oejH$ Òd^md _ß{ odZ_´Vm Am°a odf_ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ‡gfi ahZ{ H$m JwU hm{ g_ÒV dJ© A[Z{ Bg H$V©Ï` g{ H$^r ^r A[Zm _w±h Z _m{S{>& Z°oVH$Vm gd©[ar h°, odH$mam{ß Am°a ]wamB©`m{ß g{ aohV, g_w– H$r ^m±oV Jß^ra hm{, YraO, X`m Edß `h ‹`mZ aIV{ hwE gßÒH$mam{ß H$m g•OZ H$a ZdrZ amÓQ≠> H$m oZ_m©U H$a{& gohÓUwVm O°g{ AmoX gXJwU CgH{$ ^rVa hm{Z{ MmohE V^r dh A[Zr C[gßhma - oejm _mZd _oÒVÓH$ H$m{ AZ{H$ Hw$‡doŒm`m{ß g{ ]MmVr h° Am°a od⁄moW`m{ß H$m{ gßÒH$mar ]ZmZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ [mEJm& _yÎ` oejm AmO dV©_mZ CZ_ß{ OZH$Î`mU H$r ^mdZm H$m gßMma H$aVr h°& oejm Ïò∫$ H{$ gßÒH$mam| g_` H$r [hbr _mßJ hm{ J`r h°& amÓQ≠>r` e°ojH$ AZwgßYmZ Edß ‡oej m H$m{ ew’ H$aVr hwB© CgH{$ ahZ-ghZ, ]m{b-Mmb VWm Ï`dhma [a A[Zm [nafX, ZB© oXÑr (NCERT) Z{ gm_moOH$, Z°oVH$ Edß Am‹`moÀ_H$ _yÎ`m{ß Ao_Q> ‡^md S>mbVr h°& `hr H$maU h°, oH$ h_ oeojV Am°a AoeojV _| H{$ AmYma [a oejH$m{ß _{ 83 _yÎ`m{ß H$m hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ _mZm h°& em`X h_ AßVa AmgmZr g{ g_P OmV{ h°& H$hm OmVm h°, oH$ AoeojV Ïò∫$ H$r Xm{ Am°a h_mam ^mdr oejH$ dJ© A^r ^r BZ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß g{ [yU©V: [naoMV Am±I{ hm{Vr{ h° oH$›Vw oeojV Ïò∫$ Mma& AWm©V≤ AoeojV Ïò∫$ Hw$[_ Sy>H$ Zht h°& AJa h_ BZ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m AZwgaU H$a{ Vm{ g_mO _| Ï`m· ]Zm ahVm h° Am°a dhr oeojV Ïò∫$ A[Zr kmZÍ$[r Am±Im{ß g{ g_ÒV H$B© AZ°oVH$ H$m`m} [a am{H$ bJmB© Om gH$Vr h°& N>mÃm{ß H$m gwIX ôdÓ` gßgma H$m{ X{IVm h°& oejm hr _mZd H$m{ _mZd ]ZmVr h°& oejm EH$ E{gr V°`ma H$a C›h| EH$ AmXe© OrdZe°br H$m AmYma oX`m Om gH$Vm h°& oOgg{ ‡oH´$`m h°, Om{ _ZwÓ` H$r O›_OmV eo∫$`m{ß H$m{ Òdm^modH$ Am°a gm_mßOÒ` H$r dh Òd`ß H$r [hMmZ H$a gH{$& _Ja o\$a ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h°, oH$ [mR>ÁH´$_ [yU© odH$mg _| gh`m{J X{Vr h°& oejm H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© C‘{Ì` N>mÃm{ß H{$ _{ß Z°oVH$Vm H$m{ ÒWmZ H°$g{ oX`m OmE, ∑`m{ßoH$ h_ma{ AmO H{$ oejH$ Vm{ MnaÃ H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm h° Am°a oejm H$m _yª` b˙` _mZdr` JwUm{ H$r S>màr, H$m{g© Edß Q>m∞[a ]ZmZ{ H$r hm{∂S> _{ bJ{ hwE h°& oejm H$m _yª` C‘{Ì` ÒWm[Zm H$aZm h°& O] _mZdr` _yÎ` odH$ogV hm{Z{ bJ{ßJ{ V] ÒdV: hr Vm{ H$hr Jw_ hm{ J`m h°& AmO oejm _mÃ [°gm H$_mZ{ H$m gmYZ ]Z JB© h°& MnaÃoZ_m©U H$r ‡oH´$`m g\$b hm{Jr& EH$ MnaÃ dmbm Ïò∫$ hr gßHw$oMV dhr Xygar Am°a AmO H$r `wdm [r∂T>r> H{$ ob`{ X{e `m oejm H{$ [mg H$m{B© —oÓQ>H$m{U, Ïò∫$JV bm^, H´$m{Y, ^` VWm YZ H$r bmbM g{ D$[a CR>H$a ‡{aUmXm`r ‹`{` Zht h°& AJa H$ht Amem H$r oH$aU ZOa AmVr h°, Vm{ dh g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a gH$Vm h°& oejm H{$ _yÎ` _{ß AmXe© MnaÃ H$m oZ_m©U H$m`© od⁄mb`, _hmod⁄mb` Edß odÌdod⁄mb` _{ hm{ gH$Vm h°& `wdm [r∂T>r h° oH$›Vw Bg C‘{Ì` H$r [yoV© H°$g{ H$r OmE `h odMma mr` ‡ÌZ h°& H$m{ OmJ´V H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, CZH$r j_VmAm{ß H$m{ COmJa H$a OrdZ [mR>Á[wÒVH$ AZwemgZ VWm od⁄mb` Ï`dÒWm ¤mam BgH$m CŒma X{Zm _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ o\$a g{ CfiVr H$r Am°a b{ OmZm h_mam [a_ H$V©Ï` h°& BgH{$ ob`{ H$oR>Z h° h_mam AmO H$m erf©H$ "e°ojH$ JwUdŒmm h{Vw Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m AmdÌ`H$ h°, oH$ oejH$m{ß ¤mam Z°oVH$Vm H$m A‹``Z EH$ odf` H{$ Í$[ _ß{ g•OZ' Bgr oXem _{ EH$ N>m{Q>m gm ‡`mg h° Am°a Bg ‡`mg _{ß h_ V^r H$adm`m OmE& oejH$ ¤mam Z°oVH$ AmMaUm{ß H$m odH$mg od⁄mb` _ß{ g\$b hm{ gH$V{ h°, O] h_ d°MmnaH$ ew’mVm aIV{ hwE ew’ AmMaUm{ß H$m ‡mWo_H$ ÒVa g{ hr ‡maß^ H$a oX`m Om`{& oejH$ od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß oZaßVaVm, g•OZ Òdß` _{ß Edß N>mÃm{ß _{ [m{ofV H$a{ß Edß ÒdÒœ` amÔ>≠> H$m oZ_m©U H$a{ß& AZw^d, [wZoZ©_m©U Edß ‡JoVerbVm O°g{ JwUm{ß H$m{ g_mohV H$aZ{ H$m gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :- ‡`mg H$a{& N>mÃm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m ]m{Y H$admE& oejm Ï`dÒWm H{$ 1. _yÎ` Eßd Z°oVH$ oejU - a{Uw Mm°Yar & g\$bV_ gßMmbZ _{ oejH$ H$m ÒWmZ _hÀd[yU© hm{Vm h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ oejH$ 2. _yÎ` oejU - S>m. amOlr oVdmar & od⁄mb`, od⁄mWr© Edß oejm Ï`dÒWm H$r EH$ _hÀd H$∂S>r h°& EH$ oejH$ 3. CX≤r`_mZ ^maVr` g_mO _{ß oejm - S>m. am_ew∑b [m S{>` Edß Òd`ß H$r Xya—oÓQ> hr oejm Ï`dÒWm H$m{ g\$b Edß gdm}Œmm_ Í$[ g{ gÂ[fi ]ZmVr H{$ odMma - _{Km Xw]{ & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 284 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV Am°a MnaÃ ‡YmZ X{e _{ß ]{Q>r ]MmAm{ Ao^`mZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm

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‡]›YH$Vm© oejU ‡oH´$`m AoYH$ ‡^mdembr hm{ gH{$Jr& oejH$m{ß H$m Bg Am{a Í$PmZ gßÒWm ‡YmZ ]∂T{>Jm& AoYH$mar / [`©dj{H$ A‹`m[H dV©_mZ _{ß H{$›– Edß am¡` gaH$ma Z{ BgH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Edß AßH$r` ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aI g^r j{Ãm{ß _{ß{ oS>oOQ>bmB©O{eZ [a Om{a oX`m H$jmñH$j h°& AV: `h ZdrZ VH$ZrH$ oejm OJV _{ß ^r "_rb H$m [ÀWa' gmo]V VH$ZrH$ hm{Jr& BgobE am¡` gaH$ma H$m ‡`mg h° oH$ dh ‡À`{H$ od⁄mb` H$m{ od⁄mWu$ Ao^^mdH$ gßMma _m‹`_m{ß g{ Om{∂S>H$a oejU H$admE& od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß g^r AmdÌ`H$ gßgmYZ, C[H$aU C[b„Y H$admZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a ahr h°& oejH$m{ß H$m{ H$jm ñ H$j AoYJ_ ‡oeojV oH$`m Om ahm h° VmoH$ oejH$ oejU H{$ Xm°amZ ZdrZ VH$ZrH$ H$m AoYH$moYH$ ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE oejU H$m{ ‡^mdr, Í$oMH$a ]ZmE Am°a AoYJ_ H{$ ‡H$ma o_ol_ AoYJ_ od⁄mWr© oejU _{ß Í$oM b{ gH{$& H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ EZ.gr.E\$. 2005 VWm EZ.gr.E\$.Q>r. 2009 _{ß B© AoYJ_ ode{fVm°a g{ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm, ‡oejU H$m{ ‡^mdr ]ZmZm VWm oejm _{ß AßH$r` H$jm-H$j H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Edß _hŒd - oejm _{ß AmYwoZH$Vm ZdrZ VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ [a ode{f Om{a oX`m J`m h°& AV: H{$›– H{$ ‡d{e g{, oejU [’oV`m{ß _{ß{ [nadV©Z hwAm h°& BgH$m Ord›V CXmhU gaH$ma H$r gßH$Î[Zm H$m{ gmH$ma Í$[ X{Zm h° Am°a oejm [a hm{Z{ dmb{ Ïì h° - Ò_mQ©> ∑bmg AWm©V≤ AßH$r` H$jm-H$j& Ohm± A‹`m[H$ ZdrZ H$r [yoV© H$aZr hm{Jr Vm{ AmO oejU _{ß ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r Ò_mQ©> ∑bmg{∂O H$m{ VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`m{J H$aH{ oejU H$m{ ‡^mdr Edß am{MH$ ]Zm gH$Vm h°& ‡^mdr ∂Tß>J g{ bmJy H$aZm hm{Jm& H$m{B© ^r H$m`© òX h_ gH$mamÀ_H$ gm{M, AßH$r` H$jm-H$j EH$ ZB© e°ojH$ H´$mo›VH$mar VH$ZrH$ h°, Om{ oH$ oejU —∂T> B¿N>m eo∫$, Edß [nal_ H{$ gmW OwQ> OmE Vm{ [naoUoV _{ß g\$bVm H$m{ S{>ÒH$Q>m∞[ [a naH$mS©> H$aZ{ H$r gwodYm C[b„Y H$admVr h°& Bg{ AmgmZ AdÌ`H$ o_b{Jr& BgobE dV©_mZ _{ß oejU H{$ A›VJ©V AßH$r` H$jm- H$jm-H$j A‹`m[Z h{Vw V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°& oOg_{ß B›Q>aZ{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ H$j ¤mam oejU H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m{ ZH$mam Zht Om gH$Vm h°& òX h_{ß g{ AWdm XO© H$r JB© gm_J´r H{$ ¤mam oejU H$adm`m OmVm h°& AßH$r` odH$ogV Edß odH$mgerb X{em{ß H$r l{Ur _{ß ahZm h°, Vm{ h_{ß Hß$Y{ g{ Hß$Ym H$jm-H$j g{ oejU H$r odo^fi AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H$r Om gH$Vr o_bmH$a ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r H$m BÒV{_mb H$aZm hm{Jm& h°& Bg ZdrZ Ï`yh gßaMZm oZ_m©U g{ od⁄mWr© ôdÓ` _{ß bm^mo›dV hm{ßJ{& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- BgobE A‹`m[H$ ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r H$m ‡`m{J H$aH{$ oejU H$admE Vm{ 1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 288 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Freedom of Speech and Expression: New Dimensions and Restrictions

* Dr. Deepika Bhatnagar

Key Words - Liberty, Incitement, Dimension, Responsibility, 5. Freedom of speech and of the press lays at the foun- Defamation. dation of all democratic organizations. Introduction - “If Liberty Means Anything At All, It Freedom of Speech and Expression: New Dimension Means The Right To Tell People What They Do Not Want The rights guaranteed under the Indian Constitution as To Hear” - George Orwell fundamental rights, are very much corresponding to the Speech and expression are natural rights and also Human rights of the individuals which were declared god’s gift to mankind. Speech is a media of communication universally through the ‘Universal declaration of Human of human being through his thoughts, sentiments and feeling Rights’. to others. It is, therefore, a basic right. which acquires from Art. 19(1)(a) every Citizen has right to telecast and his birth. This right considered to be the sixth right for which broadcast to the viewers/listeners through electronic media constitution of India guarantees under the Article 19 (1) it television and radio any important event. For this the means Right to express one’s own conviction and opinions government can impose restrictions on such a right only freely”. on grounds specified in clause (2) of Art. 19 and not on any In India Freedom of speech and expression means other ground. A citizen has fundamental right to use the imparting and receiving information which includes freedom best means of imparting and receiving communication and to hold opinions..Under Article 19(1) (a) guaranteed freedom as such have an access to telecasting for the purpose. of press is implied from the freedom of speech and The Supreme Court of India has held that the participation expression. Freedom of press is part of freedom of in sports in an expression of one’s self and thus it is a form expression. It is the right to express ideas, opinions through of freedom of speech, hoisting the National Flag by citizens speech, writing or any other mean but without causing harm is a form of freedom of speech and expression as per Union to anybody’s characters or reputation by misleading Of India vs. Naveen Jindal & Anr on 23 January, statements. 2004,Freedom of Press is an inferred right implicit under The main conception behind granting this freedom to Article 19(1)(a) and also the Right To Information(RTI) the citizen of India was to allow them to freely develop their emerges as a fundamental right under article 19(1)(a) as thoughts and ideas and share them without any freedom of speech and expression are meaningless without unreasonable hurdle. One of the Sanskrit slogans for say access to information. ‘Mundam Mundam Matam Bhinna’. Commercial Advertisements - Art. 19(1)(a) of the The Scope Of Freedom Of Speech And Expression constitution not only guaranteed freedom of speech and Supreme Court Has Said That The Words “Freedom Of expression, it also protects the right of an individual to listen, Speech And Expression” Must Be Broadly Constructed to read, and receive the said speech. For the Commercial Include The Freedom To Circulate One’s Views By Words advertisements court held that commercial speech Of Mouth Or In Writing...Speech is a form of expression but (advertisement) is a part of the freedom of speech and it is should not be the only protected form of expression. expression. The government could regulate the commercial Freedom of speech and expression : Purpose advertisements, which are deceptive, unfair, misleading and This right not only permits to the people to communicate untruthful. and public at large has a right to receive the their feelings, ideas, and opinions to others but also it serves “Commercial Speech”. a broader purpose as well. These purposes can be Freedom Of Press - The Right implicit right under classified into four: fundamental right of the freedom of speech and expression 1. Attainment of self- fulfilment; which is essential for the political liberty and proper 2. Assistance in the discovery of truth; functioning of democracy. 3. Participation in the decision-making process; According to Indian Press Commission that 4. Establishment a reasonable balance between stability “Democracy can thrive not only under the vigilant eye of and social change. legislature, but also under the care and guidance of public * Reader and head Academics, Shri Vaishnav Institute of Law, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 289 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II opinion and the press is par excellence, the vehicle through strikes promoted with the sole object of accusing unrest which opinion can become articulate.” among workmen are offences against public order. Right to Information - The right to also a fundamental Romesh Thapar case (AIR 1950 SC 124). The right in which ‘receive and impart information has been expression ‘public order’ connotes the sense of public recognized within the right to freedom of speech and peace, safety and tranquillity. expression. A citizen has a fundamental right to use the Public order thus implies absence of violence and an best means of imparting and receiving information orderly state of affairs in which citizens can peacefully Superintendent, Central Prison v. Ram Manohar pursue their normal avocation of life. Public order also Lohiya (AIR 1960 SC 633), the Court held the Section 3 of includes public safety. U.P. Special Powers Act, 1932, Ranjit D. Udeshi v. State of 4) Decency or morality - Sections 292 to 294 of the Maharashtra (AIR 1965 SC 881). In this case the Court Indian Penal Code provided the words ‘morality or decency’ upheld the conviction of a book seller who was prosecuted which are heaving wide meaning. Instances of restrictions under Section 292, I.P.C., for selling and keeping the on the freedom of speech and expression in the interest of book Lady Chatterley’s Lover. The standard of morality decency or morality. varies from time to time and from place to place. 5) Contempt of Court - If the words exceed the Freedom of Speech and Expression : Restrictions reasonable and fair limits of speech and expression then The word “freely” means the freedom of a citizen to express restrictions on freedom of speech and expression can be his views and opinion in any conceivable means. imposed. According to the Section 2 ‘Contempt of court’ There are certain grounds on which the freedom of be either ‘civil contempt’ or ‘criminal contempt.’ speech and expression can be imposed- Clause (2) of 6) Defamation - Defamation consists in exposing a man Article 19 contains the grounds on which to hatred, ridicule, or contempt .A statement, which injures 1. State Security: serious and aggravated forms of public a man’s reputation, amounts to defamation.. The civil law order considered under security of states. Article 19(2) in relating to defamation is still unmodified in India and reasonable restrictions can be imposed on freedom of subject to certain exceptions. speech and expression for example (1)rebellion, 7) Offence Incitement - In the First Amendment of the 2. Waging war against the State. Constitution, this ground was added. Freedom of speech 3. Unlawful assembly, riot, affray. and expression cannot confer a right to incite people to In Kishori Mohan v. State of West Bengal, the Supreme commit offence. The word ‘offence’ is defined as any act or Court explained the differences between three concepts: omission made punishable by law for the time being in force. law and order, public order, security of State. Anything that Duly enacted law and not by executive action can be disturbs public peace or public tranquillity disturbs public imposed reasonable restrictions on these grounds. order. Brij Bhushan v. State of Delhi (AIR 1950 SC 129), the 2) Foreign states Relationship - This ground was added validity of censorship previous to the publication of an by the constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951. The object English Weekly of Delhi, the Organiser was questioned. behind the provision is to prohibit unrestrained malicious Sakal Papers Ltd. v. Union of India, Bennett Coleman propaganda against a foreign friendly state, which may and Co. v. Union of India, the Daily Newspapers (Price and jeopardise the maintenance of good relations between India, Page) Order, 1960, which fixed the number of pages and and that state. No similar provision is present in any other size which a newspaper could publish at a price was held Constitution of the world. to be vocative of freedom of press and not a reasonable In India, the Foreign Relations Act, (XII of 1932) provides restriction under the Article 19(2). punishment for libel by Indian citizens against foreign Important Cases: dignitaries 1. Freedom of Silence- National Anthem Case 3) Public Order - This ground was added by the 2. 2. Freedom of Speech and Sedition Kanhaiya Kumar Constitution (First Amendment) Act. ‘Public order’ is an v. State of Nct of Delhi P. (CRL) 558/2016 expression of wide connotation and signifies “that state of 3. Hamdard Dawakhana v. Union of India AIR 1997 SC tranquillity which prevails among the members of political 568 society as a result of internal regulations enforced by the 4. People’s Union for Civil Liberties(PUCL) v. Union of Government which they have established.” The words ‘in India PIL: It is a legal contest fought judicially for the the interest of public order’ includes not only such utterances protection of public interest. It may be introduced in as are directly intended to lead to disorder but also those the court of law either by the court itself (suo motu) that have the tendency to lead to disorder. rather than the aggrieved party or by any private party Public order is something more than ordinary as well. maintenance of law and order. ‘Public order’ is synonymous 5. Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India1985 2 with public peace, safety and tranquillity. SCC 434 Anything that disturbs public tranquillity or public peace Importance of freedom of expression - Freedom of disturbs public order. Thus communal disturbances and expression in the modern world is a characteristic attribute Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 290 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II of the social life as it allows people to vent their thoughts subject of Freedom of speech and expression. The and feelings without the fear of prosecution. Moreover, it movement of free speech and Right to information could helps people to know the ideas of others and use their talent be studied simultaneously as both of them are inter- related to accomplish complex tasks. In the present era, when as discussed herein above. social media has percolated to all walks of life, freedom of These problems like Poverty, unemplyment,Corruption, expression has become an important voice for the common Price rise, and so on can be highlighted only through media people. It has immense benefits and they are as follows: only. These are the social evils. 1. Responsibility Since a large section of the people is backward and 2. Improvement of the self confidence. ignorant, it is all the more necessary that modern ideas are 3. Innovation brought to them and their backwardness removed so that 4. Vibrant Media they become part of enlightened India. The media have a 5. Nonviolent protests great responsibility in this respect. Conclusion - Right to freedom of speech and expression As such it is clear that the said right to information is is one of the most important fundamental rights because derived from the concept of Freedom of Speech, however, with the help of this anybody can circulate his view by words the said right is also not absolute as in this connection also or in writing or through different moods of expression. Role reasonable restrictions are applicable. of Media plays a very important role to solve the problems of an underdeveloped country like India. Similarly, the Right References :- to Information Act, 2005[1] is also having a close connection 1. J.N. Pandey, Constitutional Law of India (52nd Edition) with the concept of the liberty of speech and expression. 2. Indian Law Journal The concerned law on the issue of ‘right to information’ 3. Black’s Law Dictionary: without which not, meaning was enacted with the purpose and object to make provisions something that is absolutely essential to set out the practical regime of right to information for 4. Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by Part citizens and this appears to be a important issue in the III of the Constitution of India.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 291 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Consumer’s Awareness Survey Regarding Food Lable Information

* ** Dr. Neeta Deshmukh Raksha Goyal

Introduction - The disease burden from non- are on a par with those of developed countries; however, communicable disease (NCD’s) is rapidly increasing in the concept of displaying nutrition information in relation to India. Diet related chronic disease such as diabetes mellitus, RDA is not mandated. Moreover, the study also concluded cardiovascular diseases and heart disease have been that there is hardly any research examining the knowledge, reported to be among the leading cause of death and practices and use of food labels by Indian consumers.8 The disability in developing countries1. An important modifiable study also reiterated the need for nationwide studies to factor that can reduce the prevalence of NCDs is the understand consumers’ knowledge and practices related reduction of overweight and obesity2. An associated cause to food labels for formulating strategies to make them user- of overweight and obesity is the poor food choices. friendly. The development of global supermarkets is bringing a Given this background, the present study was plethora of new pre-packaged foods to the developing conducted with the objective to assess the knowledge, nations. Many consumers discover these foods displayed perceptions and practices related to use of food labels in stores, but they cannot taste or smell the products before among consumers of different age groups. purchase. Methods And Material - Food labeling is one of the important population- based Data collection - A cross sectional random sampling study approaches that can help consumers make healthy food was designed to collect the data. The data were collected choices by providing the necessary information about the from Indore city irrespective of gender and age group of food on the packaging3. The food label is one of the most the samples. important and direct means of communication of product Questionnaire design - Data were collected through the information between buyers and sellers.4,5 Ideally, for structured questionnaire developed based on consumers, food labels are tools to make informed and questionnaires used reliably in previous studies. The healthy choices. Food labels can also be viewed as questionnaire was administered to the respondents, and potentially powerful tools of nutrition communication.6 assessed the use and understanding of food labels. This Therefore, consumers have more nutrition information due questionnaire elicited information from respondents on to expanded food labeling mandated by the Government demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, of India. Food labeling laws make sure that consumers get profession, family type, etc.) as well as data on important vital information about the food they consume. As per food considerations while buying pre-packaged foods and laws globally, every pre packed food has to be labeled, and frequency of checking labels. should comply with the law applicable in the country of the Data analysis - The data were scrutinized and checked user. In India, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of for consistency before being entered on a computer. The India (FSSAI) is the apex food regulator, and every pre- statistical software package SPSS Statistics for Windows packaged food should be in accordance with the Food version 21.0 was used for analysis of data. Descriptive Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labeling) statistics like percentages, frequency distribution as well Regulations, 2011, notified by the FSSAI. as cross-tabulations were done and the X2 test was used While there is no doubt that food labels will encourage to assess the significance of associations between healthy eating, there is increasing evidence from developed variables. Incomplete questionnaires were not used in the countries (where food labeling is more evolved) indicating final analysis. that mere display of food labels cannot help consumers Results - make informed choices.7 Table 1 - Socio demographic characteristics of the A recent study conducted by the National Institute of respondents A total of 838 individuals participated in the Nutrition, India on the current scenario of food labeling in survey. About two third 69% participants were male. the country concluded that food labeling regulations in India Consumers younger than 20 years or older than 50 years * Asst. Professor, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidhyalaya, Sugnidevi College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA ** Nutritionist (Dietetics) Barod Hospital, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 292 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II constituted the least groups of shoppers. The average age Table 3 - (See in the next page) of the samples was 36 years. With regard to education Discussion - Nutrition information on food labels is level, 48.2% respondents were under graduate whereas regarded as a major means for encouraging consumers to 51.8% were post graduate. make healthier choices when shopping for food.9,10 Do Socio demographic characteristics of the respondents consumers notice such labels, do they read and understand Total no of subjects (N) 838 them, and do they make use of them in their purchasing Age 36.69 ± 10.5 decisions? A range of consumer research studies11,12,13 have Gender tried to shed light on these questions. Male 39% Nutrition information on food labels is an important Female 61% source of nutrition information but is typically underutilized Level of Education by consumers. Nutrition information on food labels could Under Graduate 48.2% be a cost-effective method of communicating nutrition Post Graduate 51.8% information to consumers because the information appears Figure 1 - Percentage prevalence of education level at the point of sale for most packaged foods.14 Although consumers value nutrition when deciding which foods to buy15, nutrition information on food labels is complex and does not always live up to its potential to communicate effectively.16,17,18,19 The aim of this study was to find out if consumers, in Indore city, have knowledge of nutrition information on food package labels when shopping and to what extent they use Table 2 Knowledge of food label and understanding - that knowledge to choose foods to buy. The results provide With regard to food label knowledge, a majority of the information on consumers’ awareness, knowledge and use participants 40.3% said they knew little bit about them, of food labels. Findings of this research could form the basis whereas 37.2% consumers were unaware about food label. for a mass population approach for future information and The same trend has been observed with respect to use of education strategies for health professionals and other food label information when shopping, where only 11.2% stakeholders interested in consumer awareness activities. claimed that they utilize that knowledge when shopping. While consumers are checking labels, they do not While 61.8% consumers doesn’t use them. necessarily understand what they are reading. Half of the Consumer’s knowing what food label is? world’s consumers said they only “partly” understand the Yes 22.4% nutritional labels on food, with 60 percent of Asia Pacific’s No 37.2% citizens leading the world in this lack of understanding, Little bit 40.3% followed by Europeans (50 percent) and Latin Americans Figure 2 - Percentage prevalence of knowledge of (45 percent). In our study 57.7% consumers “Don’t food label understand” the food labels, whereas 39.7% “Partially understand” the food labels information. The ultimate purpose of nutrition labelling information is to assist consumers in identifying and choosing foods that contribute to a healthy diet. A nutrition labelling education strategy should, therefore be integrated into broader behaviour change strategies related to nutrition education and health to assist consumers in bridging the Understanding of food labels - Of the label readers, more gap between current dietary practices and dietary than half of the respondents (57.7%) claimed to ‘don’t recommendations. understand’ nutrition labels, while 37.9% reported partial Conclusion - This study found low use and understanding understanding. Only 4.3% respondents claimed to mostly of nutrition labels among consumers in Indore city. understand the information written on food labels. Consumers were not conversant with the numeracy, Figure 3 - Percentage prevalence of understanding of terminology, and language on the current nutrition panel, food label pointing toward the need for basic nutrition education and user friendly label formats. References :- 1. WHO. World Health Organisation. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. WHO, Geneva, 2004. 2. Varma D Consumers and Nutritional Labelling: A Global Nielsen Report. 2008. http://www.tr.nielsen.com/ site/ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 293 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II documents/nutritional Labeling Sep08_ global_ report systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 8, 21–28. (accessed 14 March 2010). 11. Drichoutis, A. C., Lazaridis, P., & Nayga, R. M. (2006). 3. Mahan KL & Escott-Stump S (editors) (2004) Food Consumers’ use of nutritional labels: a review of labelling. In Krause’s Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, research studies and issues. 11th ed., pp. 379–380. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 12. Grunert, K. G., & Wills, J. M. (2007). A review of 4. Satia JA, Galanko JA & Neuhouser ML (2005) Food European research on consumer response to nutrition nutrition label use is associated with demographic, information on food labels. Journal of Public Health, behavioural and psychological factors and dietary 15, 385– 399. intake among African Americans in North Carolina. J 13. Campos S, Doxey J & Hammond D (2011) Nutrition AmDiet Assoc 105, 392–402. labels on pre-packaged foods: a systematic review. 5. Goldberg JP (1992) Nutrition and health Public Health Nutr 14, 1496–1506. communication: the message and the media over half 14. Glanz, K., Basil, M., Maibach, E., Goldberg, J. and a century. Nutr Rev 50, 71–77. Snyder, D. (1998) Why Americans Eat What They Do: 6. Cowburn G & Stockley L (2005) Consumer Taste, Nutrition, Cost, Convenience, and Weight understanding and use of nutrition labelling: a Control Concerns as Influences on Food Consumption. systematic review. Public Health Nutr 8, 21–28. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98, 1118- 7. Laxmaiah A, Sudershan RV, Subba Rao GM et al. 1126. (2009) Current Scenario of Food Labelling in India – A 15. Hieke S, Taylor CR. A critical review of the literature Report. Hyderabad/New Delhi: NIN, ICMR and WHO- on nutritional labeling. Journal of Consumer Affairs. India Country Office. 2012; 46(1):120–156 8. Baltas, G. (2001). Nutrition labelling: issues and 16. Wills J, Schmidt D, Pillo-Blocka F, Cairns G. Exploring policies. European Journal of Marketing, 35, 708–721. global consumer attitudes toward nutrition information 9. Cheftel, J. C. (2005). Food and nutrition labelling in on food labels. Nutrition Reviews. 2009; 67(s1):S102– the European Union. Food Chemistry, 93, 531–550. S106. [PubMed: 19453661] 10. Cowburn, G., & Stockley, L. (2005). Consumer 17. Douaud C Nutrition labels may confuse public. http:// understanding and use of nutrition labeling: a www.FoodUSAnavigator.com (Accessed 27 September 2006)

Table 3 - Relationship between the knowledge of food label and understanding There is a significant relationship between the knowledge of food label and understanding among consumers (X2 = 38.93, p Value = <0.05) Do you know How much you understand food label?% X2 P value what food label is? Don’t Partially Mostly 38.93 <0.05 understand understand understand Yes 96 72 20 No 210 96 6 Little bit 178 150 10

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 294 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II The Costumes Of Mahabharat: By The Modern Fashion Designer

* ** Radhika Sarda Rajeev Kumar

Abstract - The epic story is a part of the Indian mythology and most of Indians are familiar with it. Most of Grandfathers and grandmothers tell ancient stories to their kids to acknowledge about the religious and bravery of Pandav and Abhimanyu. The 80s century Mahabharata serials was like a family drama and Sunday mornings were incomplete without watching it on with the entire family. And after two decades modern families enjoy the show as well as concentrate on everything played by each character their action, dialogue and much more about the costumes. Costume designers do survey and read hundreds of books related to textiles, costume and jewelry of that period to give mythological characters more originality. The costumes which performed in mythological show are appreciated; it also revives the Indian handicrafts and Indian traditions. Mythology actors often wear heavy costumes and there are techniques applied to make these garment and for achieve the ancient look. A lot of bright colored silks, hand-looms, gold and jewelry structured embroidery patterns are used. For the TV serials fashion designers are meticulous about every detail to remain true to the character and works hard to translate their effort beautifully to the audiences to the show. Key Words - Mahabharata, Pandav, TV- Serials, Costume, Jewelry, Mythology.

Introduction - One cannot give makers of the serial much costumes of the epics and mythological shows it has need credit for the story because it was Ved Vyasa after all who to learn the every character of the story. Fashion designer first documented this marvelous story, history, mythology, designs the costume according to theme of story. call it what you will. This epic story is a part of the Indian ethos and as such each Indian should be familiar with it. If the story is told in a simple, accessible, serialized, dramatic format on TV, it would have been better then. The phenomenal reach of the TV itself ensures that the Mahabharata serial now performs the function that grandfathers and grandmothers did, telling stories to kids. The near prime time slot for the serial each weekday and the daily soap style format of the show will ensure that people are hooked to the serial whether for entertainment, reasons of faith or any other motive. The sets are elaborate and glitzy, the show even has some amount of dancing and it generally entertaining and well packaged, never mind trifling details such as historical accuracy and authenticity. The costume designs on the mythological show loyal to Indian traditions and weaves. The TV- serials Mahabharata revive Indian handicrafts and traditional weaves. Different ancient techniques have been used to achieve the various looks. A lot of bright colored silks, hand-looms, gold and jewelry structured embroidery patterns have been used. Inspirational Character- Arjun, Draupadi & Shri Krishna - In epic story Mahabharata veer Arjun, Draupadi and Shri Krishna was the inspirational character. Many TV- serials channels show the story of Mahabharata. The audiences not only see the story they have also much concentration The Mood Board - For designing any costume of shows on the costume of the playing character. Designing the its need to study the theme and inspiration. Fashion * Department of Fashion Designing, J.V.W.U., Jaipur (Raj.) INDIA ** Lecturer, Department of Fashion Designing, J.V.W.U., Jaipur (Raj.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 295 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II designers do research on that theme and collect the key explains theme, designer, purpose of designing the elements by brainstorming of theme and inspiration. The costume, color story, silhouettes of garments; design key elements used in the designing costume. construction details and accessories wear by the characters. Design Ensembles - Fashion designers design costume for individual character as according to the role of character. Designer design the costume as same as the costume wear by the characters and keeps in mind the silhouettes, fabric, color and embellishment work on the garment. They do not change too much but do the innovative work as according to the modernity. Arjun Ensemble Illustration - This ensemble is designed for Arjun. The fabric used velvet and taffeta. Embellishment work is gotta patti and lace. Silhouette is upside- down truncated cone and H. The Lifestyle Board - The lifestyle board shows the story of Mahabharata. It is not only showing the story but also shows the living style and costumes of every role played character of Mahabharata.

Abhimanyu Ensemble Illustration - This ensemble has designed for Abhimanyu. Design details: Taffeta and velvet fabric has used. Embellishment work: Gotta patti and lace work. Silhouette: Upside- down and truncated cone.

The Color Story Board - Since every character of the epic was identified with a particular color here is an excerpt on color of the costumes and costume designing had to be carried out accordingly. Bheeshma always wore white and his chariot was also white; the–Krishna liked to wear yellow robes, Balarama liked to wear blue robes. As we have seen, Kekaya warriors liked to wear purple. Yudhisthira and Arjuna liked to wear white robes and silver coated ornaments. Bhishma too in his old ages liked to wear white. Duryodhana and Bhima liked to war red cloths. Nakula liked to wear yellow cloths like Krishna, while Sahadeva liked to wear Draupadi Ensemble Illustration - These ensembles have blue cloths like Balarama. Sakuni liked to wear black cloths. designed for Draupadi the wife of Pandavs. Design details: Grey, cotton, georgette, super net and shimmer fabric has used. Embellishment work: Embroidery and lace work. Silhouette: H, barrel and siren.

The Design Concept Board - The design concept board Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 296 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Kunti Ensemble - This ensemble has designed for Kunti the mother of Pandav putra’s. Design details: Raw silk and taffeta fabric has used. Embellishment work: zari work. Silhouette- Redingote.

industries produce daily soaps in such a way that audience gets anchored to their television sets. The stories of daily soaps vary; some are based on reality, some are based on fiction and some are based on fantasy. Whatever story the television company advertises, fashion and style is the pivot of the show. Most of the Hindi daily soaps are thirty minutes long. In that short duration the audience can taste every facet of entertainment- comedy, romance, and action. Along Designed Costume Photographs with entertainment they also get to see a range of styles. The styles used by the actors come to the market within a week or less. This quick accessibility motivates the viewers to purchase the outfits and accessories used by their favorite celebrity. When the new fashion enters the market the price is high, but with time the price reduces gradually. According to the shopkeepers of San mar, the customers do not buy the outfits instantly, but purchase it later when the price reduces. In a way television daily soap binds people as most of the people who watch them crave for the same style and fashion. This desire has boosted the fashion world. For the sake of fashion, designers sacrifice Indian traditional culture and take up western culture. Of catharsis, but too much of watching is unhealthy. It might reduce the capacity to learn. References :- 1. http://www.dnaindia.com. Retrieved October 20, 2017 2. https://in.pinterest.com/pin/297730225338014352/?lp =true. Retrieved October 22, 2017 3. https://wenku.baidu.com/view/4123cd443169a 4517723a3e9.html Retrieved October 25, 2017 4. http://www.hotstar.com/tv/mahabharat/435 Retrieved Conclusion - India is one of the largest countries in South November 02, 2017 Asia and has influence in its neighboring countries. Daily 5. http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report- soaps produced in India are not only watched by the Indian mahabharat-buddha-devon-ke-dev-mahadev-lead-list- viewers, but is also viewed in UK, USA, Australia, Asian of-epic-tales-on-primetime-tv-1889423. Retrieved No- countries like Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. Television vember 10, 2017 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 297 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Stress - A Silent Killer Of Human Body And Mind

* Taruna Nath

Introduction - Everyone encounter stress in some area of Stress contributes many health issues even six (6) major life. Stress affected everyone; children suffer in different cause of death. Coronary heart disease, cancer, lungs ways and adult face it in different ways. So, stress is ailments, accidental injuries, cirrhosis of lever even suicide. something that we have to worry about, but we don’t want There are some various stress related disease and to eliminate it. A certain amount of stress is not only conditions when stress hit a person’s body and mind invigorating but also necessary because it stimulated the following systems of body is affected by stress. body and improves performance. We do better under some Cardio Vascular system: Coronary Artery disease, Hyper stress but when the amount of stress is to much its not Tension, Strokes, Rhythm Disturbance of the Heart. only problem but danger for body and mind. There are Muscular System: Tension, Headache, Muscles enamors causes of stress like Death Of Spouses, Divorce, Contractions, Backache Maritial Seperation, Death Of Close Family Member, Person Locomotor System: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammatory Injoury Or Illiness, Marriage, Maritial Reconciliation, Sex Disease of connective tissues. Difficulties, Pregnancy, Miscarriage, Death Of Close Friend, Respiratory and Allergic Disorder: Asthma, High Fever. Responsibility Of Children Like Schooling,Parenting, Gain Immunological Disorder: Low resistance, Auto immune A New Family Member, Argument With Spouse, Trouble disease With In Laws, Being A Wife And Stop Working, Being Or Gastrointestinal Disturbance: Ulcer, Irritable bowl End School, Revisions Of Personal Habits, Taking Out A syndromes, Diarrhea, Nausea and vomiting, ulcerative Mortgage Or Loan For Major Purchase, Forclousre Of ciliates Mortgage Or Loan, Fired From Work, Retirement, Genito Urinary Disturbances: Diuresis, Impotence, Bussiness Readjustments, Trouble With Boss, Adjustment Frigidity. With Collegeues, Change In Work Hour Or Condition, Dermatological Disease: Eczema, Neurodermatitis, Acne Vacation, Change To Different Line Of Work, Change In Other Problem: Fatigue and Lethargy Financial State, Cut Throught Competitions, Work Fetigue, Life Cycle Events, each stage of life offer people Balance Between House Work And Job. opportunities for learning more about themselves but life Alcohol abuse is a sign of too much stress and not the cycle events can entail stress. Marriage is exciting but also only sign overstressed people become in attentive, distant, stressful, Parenting is rewording but the subsequent irregular in their eating and sleeping habits and disorganized rearrangements of schedules it requires and the added at their workplace. Success becomes measured by how responsibilities can causes stress. An adolescent’s problem quickly something is done rather than by how well. Acquiring in adjusting to adulthood can be stress full for both parents something becomes more important than enjoying it, and teen agers, certainly divorce is a stressful experience. ignoring other people’s opinion becomes common. People The death of a friend or loved one can be stressful, both at under stress try to do several things at once. They walk the time of loss and months following. Stress accompanies and eat rapidly, impatiently completes sentence for others, many of life important events, even the enjoyable ones feel guilty about relaxing and when on vacation, only think because stress is often unavoidable. about work. Work environment is also a great stressor. Proper management of stress is important i.e common Stress at work usually occurs either because of work load way of treating stress recognize the behavior that causes it is too light and under stimulating. A person’s perception of and then modify the behavior. Drugs can also be used but a job as either very important or trivial affects the person’s the ideal treatment is usually self control. The people who behavior. Fear of retirement of being passed over for conduct stress counseling usually the psychologist. In the promotion and of organizational change can also create corporate world stress management seminar has become pressure and anxiety. The physical setting itself can be over numerous as psychologist help executive deals with their stimulating with too many people around or under estimating stress. Since, stress is individual, individuals learn about stress at work expressed as illness and absenteeism. their behavior and help to tailor a way to control it. * Asst. Professor (Psychology) Govt. S.S.N.M.Girls College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 298 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

Coping with stress: many people need both medical Identifying the sources of distress is often difficult. A and psychological therapy to relieve the physical ailments woman experiencing work problem, financial problem and and feeling of anxiety resulting from stress. Both physicians problem with her teen age son must decide which problem and psychologist have tried to develop method to help she wants to work on first, even with their increased work people to cop with stress. Coping strategy should begin at experience. Older people seem to have as much difficulties the biological level, peoples body respond to stress with as younger people in identifying the source of stress and specific reactions including changes in hormonal level, controlling it. autonomic nervous system activity and the amount of neuro Once the problem is defined, people can choose transmitter in the brain. If responses stabilize at sustain among several strategies. They can withdraw from a high level, physical illness may result because high level of competitive stress inducing situation by quitting work, physiological response cannot be maintained over long leaving a spouse or declaring bankruptcy. More often people periods. Constant stress tends to become either defense turn to other people or other method of coping because or task oriented. Defense oriented coping strategies do not stress is usually accompanied by arousal an excitement, reduce stress but instead help people protect themselves relaxation training is useful in reducing these stress. People from its effects. Many defense oriented patterns described can be taught to refocus their energies by using by personality theorist are unconscious processes over biofeedback. which people have little or no control often they produce “Staying cool and keeping a lid on it” are ways to positive effects. Defense oriented coping strategies can describing how people use their cognitive self-help abilities ease distress and permit people to tolerate disturbances to manage their emotional responses. Stress management and deal with them. Some researchers claim that defensive is increasingly becoming a focus of highly stressed coping methods be even more helpful than task oriented individual as well as psychologist. one. Most psychologist, specially behavioral psychologist References :- recommend task – oriented coping strategies. These 1. AMERICAN PSYCHIATRC ASSOCIATION. Diagnostic strategies usually involves four (4) steps : (1) Identifying and statistical manual disorders. Washington 1980. the source of stress (2) Choosing an appropriate courses 2. CHERMAN E.M. Stress& the bottom line: A guide to of action for stress reduction (3) Implementing the plan, personal well- bing and corporate heath .New York and (4) Evaluating its success. 1981.

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 299 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II OrdZ H$m AoYH$ma - g_Ò`mEß Edß g_mYmZ

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AZw¿N{>X 23 em{fU H{$ odÍ$’ AoYH$ma - ]{Jmar d ]mbl_ H$m 2.2.2. h_ma{ gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 20 "A[amY H$r Xm{f ogo’ H{$ odf` ‡oVf{Y VWm _mZd H$m Ï`m[ma X S>Zr` A[amY Km{ofV oH$E JE h°& _{ß gaßjU' H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ - "oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ Cg `h AoYH$ma OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma H$r ‡oV[yoV© H$aVm Bg AoYH$ma g{ g_` VH$ A[amYr Zht R>ham`m Om gH$Vm O]oH$ oH$ CgZ{ A[amY _ZwÓ` H$m{ gÂ_moZV Edß A›`m` em{fU _w∫$ OrdZ OrZ{ H$r JmaßQ>r H{$ g_` _{ß bmJy oH$gr H$mZyZ H$m CÑßKZ Z oH$`m hm{&' BgH{$ gmW ‡m· hm{Vr h°& ^maV _{ß goX`m{ß g{ ey– dU© A›`m`- AÀ`mMma H$m hr EH$ A[amY H{$ obE Ïò∫$ H$m{ EH$ hr ]ma Xo S>V oH$`m Omd{Jm oeH$ma ahm h°& em{fU H{$ odÍ$’ AoYH$ma Z{ Cg XobV _mZdVm H$r VWm Ao^`w∫$ (Amam{[r) H$m{ Òd`ß H{$ odÍ$’ Jdmhr X{Z{ H{$ obE ajm H$m H$m`© oH$`m& ]m‹` Zht oH$`m Omd{Jm& 6.6.6. AZw¿N{>X 14 g{ 18 g_mZVm H$m _m°obH$ AoYH$ma - H$mZyZ H{$ 3.3.3. AZw¿N{>X 21 - Ïò∫$JV ÒdVÃßVm VWm OrdZ H$r gwajm g{ g_j g_mZVm, H$mZyZ H{$ g_mZ gßajU, gm_moOH$ g_mZVm, gÂ]o›YV h°& Bg AZw¿N{>X _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ "oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ CgH{$ AÒ[•Ì`Vm H$m A›V Edß AÒ[•Ì`Vm EH$ X S>Zr` A[amY Km{ofV, OrdZ VWm X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm g{ odoY ¤mam ÒWmo[V ‡óH´$`m H$m{ Adga H$r g_mZVm VWm AmajU H$r Ï`dgWm Z{ Ïò∫$ H$r Jna_m, N>m{∂S>H$a A›` oH$gr ‡H$ma g{ dßoMV Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg gÂ_mZ [yU© OrdZ H$r ‡mo· VWm gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZroVH$ AoYH$ma H$m{ Am[mVH$mb _{ß ^r gro_V `m g_m· Zht oH$`m Om ›`m` H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a XobV em{ofV g_mO H$m{ dmÒVd _{ß OrZ{ H$m gH$Vm& Jna_m[yU©, gÂ_mZOZH$ Edß AW©[yU© OrdZ OrZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`m h°& AoYH$ma ‡mU H$m AoYH$ma h°& gd© gm_m›` gwodYmEß Om{ A¿N{> OrdZ 7.7.7. oejm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma - "‡mU Edß X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm' OrZ{ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°, Bg AoYH$ma H$m AßJ h°& ‡mU H{$ AoYH$ma AWm©V≤ OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma _{ß oejm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ^r H{$ AßVJ©V d{ g^r [hby g_mohV h°, Om{ gÂ_mZ[yU© Edß gmW©H$ OrdZ g_mohV hm{ OmVm h°& h_ma{ gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 29, 30 _{ß oejm OrZ{ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& BgH{$ AßVJ©V g‰`Vm, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m _m°obH$ AoYH$ma g^r ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ o]Zm oH$gr odamgV, [aÂ[amEß VWm BZH$m gßaj m, OrdZ H$r _yb^yV ^{X^md H{$ g_mZ Í$[ g{ oX`m J`m h°& Bg_{ß AÎ[gßª`H$m{ß H$m{ A[Zr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß O°g{ ew’ hdm, [mZr, Yy[, Òd¿N> [`m©daU, em›V oejU gßÒWmEß Im{bZ{ Edß A[Z{ Y_©-gßÒH•$oV H$r ajm H$aZ{ VWm Òd¿N> dmVmdaU, ImZ{-[rZ{ H$r dÒVwEß, Òd¿N>-gwodYm`w∫$ Amdmg, Cg{ OrodV aIZ{ H$m AoYH$ma oX`m J`m h°, oOgH{$ ¤mam ‡À`{H$ A¿N{> dÛ Om{ ha _m°g_ _{ß OrdZ-eara H$r ajm H$a gH{$, _Zm{aßOZ ZmJnaH$ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m odH$mg H$a gH{$& gßodYmZ ¤mam oZ:ewÎH$ H{$ gmYZ, ]r_mar _{ß BbmO H$r gwodYm Eßd odlm_ H$m AoYH$ma, AoZdm`© oejm H$m _m°obH$ AoYH$ma ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m hmoZH$maH$ [XmWm} (Am°foY`m{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a) [a ‡oV]›Y, AmoX h°& goÂ_obV h°& gwerbm ]Ãm ]Zm_ oXÑr ‡emgZ, odH´$_ ]Zm_ o]hma, 8.8.8. OrodH$m{[mO©Z H$m AoYH$ma - _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$r gmd©^m°o_H$ Eg.gr.gr.gr. 734 H{$ _m_b{ _{ß ›`m`mb` Z{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m oH$ ‡mU Km{fmUm H{$ AZw¿N{>X 23 (1) H{$ AZwgma ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ H$m_ H{$ AoYH$ma H$m AW© _mZd H$r Jna_m Am°a g‰`Vm H{$ AZwgma OrdZ H$aZ{, B¿N>mZwgma am{OJma H{$ MwZmd, H$m_ H$r CoMV Eßd gwodYmOZH$ OrZ{ H$m Zm_ h°& EH$ Xyga{ H{$g \´$mßogg H$m{EbmB© ]Zm_ oXÑr gßK [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ Am°a ]{H$mar g{ gßajU [mZ{ H$m hH$ h°& am¡` j{Ã _{ß CÉV_ ›`m`mb` Z{ AoYoZoU©V oH$`m oH$ - H$m{B© H$mam{]ma d•oŒm Ï`dgm` H{$ ]J°a OrdZ gwIr Edß gÂ_mZ`w∫$ Ï`VrV H$m`© Om{ oH$gr Ïò∫$ H{$ oH$gr AßJ H{$ C[`m{J `m H$m`©j_Vm H$m{ H$aZm gß^d Zht hm{Vm& AV: Am{ÎJm Q{>obg ]Zm_ _wÂ]B© ZJa oZJ_ o]Jm∂S>Vm `m AmhV H$aVm h° AWdm CgH{$ gmW hÒVj{[ H$aVm h° `m 1986 H{$ _m_b{ _{ß `h oZU©` oX`m oH$ H$m{B© ^r Ïò∫$ OrodH$m{[mO©Z ÒWm`r Í$[ g{ `m AÒWm`r Í$[ g{ ^r, AZw. 21 H{$ oZf{Y H{$ß ^rVa oH$E ]J°a H$Xmo[ OrodV Zht ah gH$Vm& AV: OrodH$m{[mO© H$m hm{Jm& AoYH$ma ‡mU H{$ AoYH$ma H$m hr EH$ ^mJ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `h OrZ{ H$m EH$ gmYZ h° oH$›Vw gÂ[oŒm g{ ]{XIb oH$E OmZ{ H{$ _m_b{ _{ß AZw¿N{>X Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 301 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

21 bmJy Zht hm{Jm& 10. Jar]r, ZemIm{ar Edß Pm{[∂S>[≈r, J›Xr ]oÒV`mß "OrZ{ H$m AoYH$ma' Edß OrodH$m{[mO©Z H$m AoYH$ma [aÒ[a gÂ]o›YV 11. odH$mg H$m`m} H$r Yr_r JoV, bm[admhr& VWm [yaH$ h°,`h odf` oddmoXV h°& gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ gm{hZ ]Zm_ 12. Xm{fr AoYH$mna`m{ß, H$_©Mmna`m{ß [a H$m`©dmhr H$m Z hm{Zm `m ]M OmZm& EZ.S>r.E_.gr. 1987 Eg.gr.gr. 155 H{$ _m_b{ _{ß OrodH$m{[mO©Z 13. hdmbmV Edß O{b H$r em{MZr` Xem& H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE AoYoZoU©V oH$`m oH$ Ï`m[ma `m H$mam{]ma H$aZ g_mYmZ (C[m`) - "‡mU Edß X°ohH$ ÒdmYmrZVm' H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ gÂ]›Y H$m AoYH$ma ‡mU H{$ AoYH$ma AZw¿N{>X 21 H{$ A›VJ©V Zht AmVm& _{ß C[`w©∫$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ oZÂZ C[m` h° - 9.9.9. oMoH$Àgm H$m AoYH$ma - OrdZ Am°a X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm H{$ AoYH$ma 1. _mZd AoYH$ma hZZ H{$ _m_bm{ _ß{ß gmar OmZH$mar ‡emgoZH$ H{$ AßVJ©V oMoH$Àgm H$m AoYH$ma g_mohV h° ∑`m{ßoH$ oMoH$Àgm H{$ EO{ßog`m{ß g{ Z o_bH$a _roS>`m g{ o_bVr h°& BgH{$ ]mX ‡emgZ A^md _{ß _mZd OrdZ H$m A›V hm{ OmZ{ [a ‡mU Am°a X°ohH$ OmJVm h°& AV: ‡emgoZH$ EO{ßog`m{ß _{ß CŒmaXmo`Àd H$r ^mdZm H$m ÒdmYrZVm H$m _yb AoYH$ma ]Mm Zht ah gH$Vm& [a_mZ›X H$Q>mam odH$mg hm{& ]Zm_ ^maV gßK H{$ _m_b{ _{ß EH$ ÒHy$Q>a MmbH$ H$m{ H$ma Z{ Hw$Mb 2. gwYmadmXr [wobg gßÒH•$oV odH$ogV hm{Zr MmohE& [wobg _{ß H´$yaVm, oX`m& C[Mma h{Vw O] ÒHy$Q>a MmbH$ H$m{ AÒ[Vmb b{ Om`m J`m Vm{ gªVr, eo∫$ ‡`m{J, Í$o∂T>dmoXVm O°g{ Xm{fm{ß H$m{ Xya H$a "gm_wXmo`H$ S>m∞∑Q>am{ß Z{ [wobg H$m`©dmhr H$aZ{ VH$ BbmO H$aZ{ g{ BßH$ma H$a oX`m& gh`m{JmÀ_H$ [wobogßJ' H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r OmE& Bg _m_b{ _{ß gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 21 H{$ AYrZ 3. ‡^mdr [`©d{jU Edß oZ`ßÃU "[wobg gßJR>Z _{ß odoY odhrZ AmMaU' am¡` H$m{ ]m‹` H$aV{ hw`{ oZU©` oX`m oH$ am¡` H$m ‡W_ H$V©Ï` am{H$Z{ h{Vw g\$b C[m` h°& Bg ‡H$ma H{$ oZ`ßÃU H{$ß _wª` Mma AmYma g^r _ZwÓ`m{ß H{$ OrdZ H$r ajm H$aZm h°& AV: `h ]J°a OmZ{ oH$ h¢ - (i) od^mJr` oZ`ßÃU, (ii) ogodb oZ`ßÃU (iii) amOZroVH$ Km`b _ZwÓ` Xm{fr `m oZXm}f h°, Vwa›V oMoH$Àgm gwodYm C[b„Y oZ`ßÃU, (iv) ZmJnaH$ oZ`ßÃU& H$amEß& 4. OZohV `moMH$mAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ›`mo`H$ goH´$`Vm ]T>r h°& Bgg{ 10. odoYH$ ghm`Vm H$m AoYH$ma - "odoYH$ ghm`Vm' H{$ obE ^maVr` _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H{$ hZZ [a ‡^mdembr oZ`ßÃU hwAm h°& gßodYmZ H{$ MVwW© A‹`m` "ZroV oZX}eH$ VÀdm{ß _{ß CÑ{I h°, _m°obH$ 5. g_mMma [Ãm{ß Edß _roS>`m H$r ‡^mdembr Edß goH´$` ^yo_H$m Z{ AoYH$mam{ß _{ß Zht h°& odoYH$ ghm`Vm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ EH$ _m_b{ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ AoVH´$_U, XobV-Jar] OZVm [a E_.EM. hm{ÒH$ma ]Zm_ _hmamÓQ≠> am¡` _{ß Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ hwE CÉ AÀ`mMma- em{fU H{$ _m_b{ Z H{$db COmJa oH$E daZ≤ C›h{ß ›`m` ›`m`mb` Z{ Ao^_V oH$`m oH$ A[amYr H$m{ A[amY H{$ obE AZw¿N{>X oXbmZ{ H$m H$m`© ^r oH$`m h°& AV: _roS>`m H$m{ ^a[ya AmOmXr VWm 21 H{$ VhV, odoYH$ ghm`Vm ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma ›`m`m{oMV gßajU oX`m OmE& Am°a `wo∫$`w∫$ ‡oH´$`m H$m AmdÌ`H$ [hby h°& E{g{ Ao^`w∫$ Om{ Jar] 6. ]›Xr J•hm{ß _{ß gwYma oH$`m OmZm MmohE& C›h{ß `mVZm J•hm{ß H$r A[{jm h¢ Am°a O{b H$r `mVZmEß ^wJV ah{ h¢, oZ:ewÎH$ odoYH$ ghm`Vm ‡m· gwYmaJ•h ]Zm`m OmEß VWm ‡^mdembr ]∂S{>> A[amoY`m{ß H$m{ eam], H$aZ{ H{$ hH$Xma h°&Bg oÒWoV _{ß dH$rb H$r Ï`dÒWm H$m Xmo`Àd A¿N>m ImZm VWm Eem{Amam_ H{$ gmYZ, \$m{Z H$r gwodYmEß H$Xmo[ Z am¡` H$m h°& Xr Omd{& OrdZ H{$ AoYH$maí H$r g_Ò`mEß - OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma _ß{ g^r _m°obH$ 7. Q>mS>m, [m{Q>m O°g{ H$myZZ H$m XwÍ$[`m{J Z oH$`m Omd{& Eßd _mZdr` AoYH$mam{ß H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h°& AmO ^maVr` ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ 8. oejm H$m ‡gma VWm [nadma, g_mO Edß ÒHy$bm{>ß _{ß od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ‡mU Edß X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm H{$ AßVJ©V d{ gma{ AoYH$ma ‡m· h° Om{ Bg{ [yam gßÒH$mnaV oH$`m OmE& _hm[wÍ$fm{ß H$r H$hmoZ`mß gwZmH$a CZH$m CÉ H$a gH{$ß o\$a ^r X{e _{ß H$B© g_Ò`mEß _m°OyX h° Om{ Bg AoYH$ma H{$ _mJ© _{ß Z°oVH$ ÒVa VWm CŒm_ MnaÃ oZ_m©U oH$`m OmE& oOgg{ _mZd ]mYm h°& AmO ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ OrZ{ H{$ obE _yb^yV gwodYmEß ^r ‡m· Zht h° AoYH$ma hZZ H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß H$_r hm{ gH{$Jr& Vm{ `h AoYH$ma H°$g{ ‡m· hm{ gH{$Jm ? 9. ^´ÓQ>mMma [a gªV oZ`ßÃU hm{& Bg gßß]ßY _{ß OmßM EoO›g`mß Edß ‡mU-X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ _mJ© _{ß oZÂZ ]mYmEß h¢ - oZU©` X{Z{ dmb{ ›`m`mYre oZÓ[j - B©_mZXma AmMaU H$a{ß& gmW 1. H$mZyZ H$r C[{jm Edß AmVßH$dmX hr OZVm ‡emgoZH$ ›`m`mo`H$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß odÌdmg Edß Y°` aI{& 2. H$mZyZr Xm{f, H$mZyZr A›Vod©am{Y VWm Q>m∂S>m, [m{Q>m O°g{ H$mZyZm{ß H$m Òd`ß naÌdV X{Z{ H$m ‡`mg Z H$a{ß ∑`m{ßoH$ "^´ÓQ>mMma' H{$ _m_bm{ß _{ß bmJy hm{Jm& OZVm ^r Xm{fr hm{Vrh° Om{ Bg{ IwX hr ]∂T>mdm X{Vr h° VmoH$ CZH$m 3. [wobg H$m ZmJoaH$m| H{$ ‡oV XwÏ`©dhma VWm WS©> oS>J´r H$m ‡`m{J H$m_ OÎXr Eßd Ka ]°R{> hm{ OmE& 4. [wobg gßJR>Zm{ß H$r H$m`© ‡Umbr _{ß amOZ{VmAm{ß Eßd CÉ AoYH$mna`m{ß 10. OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma _{ß Òd¿N> dm`w, Òd¿N> [mZr, Òd¿N> [`m©daU, ew’ H$m hÒVj{[ VWm ^´ÓQ>mMma Im⁄ gm_J´r, o]Obr-g∂S>H{, AmdmJ_Z H{$ gmYZ Eßd A›` g^r 5. [wobg H$o_©`m{ß H$r Iam] H$m`©XfmEß Edß H$m`© H$m AÀ`oYH$ ]m{P- gwI gwodYmEß emo_b h° oOZg{ _ZwÓ` Iwehmb OrdZ ‡m· H$a gH{$ß& ^mJXm°∂S>& AV: am¡` Eßd H{$›– gaH$ma H$m{ Bg oXem _{ß ode{f ‹`mZ X{Zm MmohE 6. X{e H{$ _hmZJam{ß _{ß ]∂T>Vm ‡XyfU& VWm odH$mg H$m`m} H$m{ JoV X{Zr MmohE VmoH$ OZVm H$m{ `{ gwodYmEß 7. g_mO H{$ Z°oVH$ ÒVa _{ß oJamdQ>& _wh°`m H$admB© Om gH{$& 8. odbÂ]H$mar ›`m` ‡Umbr& 11. _mZd AoYH$ma gßÒH•$oV H$m oZ_m©U H$aZ{ H{$ obE "_mZd AoYH$a 9. CoMV oejm Edß [mnadmnaH$ gßÒH$mam{ß H$m A^md& gmjaVm' Ao^`mZ Mbm`m OmE& amÓQ≠>r` _mZd AoYH$ma Am`m{J Z{ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 302 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

VrZ dJm} _{ß _mZd AoYH$ma ‡Mma H$r `m{OZm ]ZmB© h° - oOZ_{ß [hbm h° 3. Paras and Peeyushi Diwan - Human Rights in India g^r ÒVa H{$ AoYH$mar, Xygam amOZroVH$ Xb Am°a Vrgam oejmodX≤ 4. Hingurani, R.C.- Human Rights in India d A›` oOÂ_{Xma ]wo’Ordr ZmJnaH$ & Bg `m{OZm H$m{ goH´$`Vm g{ 5. Jaiswal, P.S. - Human Rights and the Law bmJy oH$`m Omd{& 6. Agarwal R.S. - Human Rights in the Modern World C[`w©∫$ oddaU g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ OrZ{ H$m AoYH$ma, _mZd OmoV H{$ 7. Parmar Lalit - Human Rights obE g]g{ _hÀd[yU© AoYH$ma h°& _mZd AoYH$mam{ß H$m grYm gß]ßY _mZdr` 8. D.D. Basu - Indian Constitution gwIm{ß g{ h°& OrdZ (‡mU Edß X°ohH$ ÒdmYrZVm) H$m AoYH$ma Bgr Am{a 9. S>m∞. ]r.Eb. \$oS>`m - ^maV emgZ Am°a amOZroV & H$X_ ]∂T>mV{ hwE _mZd OrdZ H$m{ Iwoe`mß ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& H$mbH´$_mZwgma 10. J.J. Ram Upadhyaya - Human Rights _mZd gwI H$m Xm`am odÒV•V hwAm h°& A] `h g_mO, am¡`, amÓQ≠> Am°a 11. AÍ$U am` - ^maVH$m amÓQ≠>r` _mZd AoYH$ma Am`m{J & A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa VH$ [ÑodV hwAm h°& ^maVr` [na‡{˙` _{ß d°oXH$ gmohÀ` 12. gwYmamZr lrdmÒVd - _mZd AoYH$ma & _{ß "gd} ^d›Vw gwoIZ:' VWm "dgwY{d Hw$Qw>Â]H$_' O°gr H$B© F$MmAm{ß H$m 13. A.I.R. 1992 S.C. - E.AmB©.Ama. A›Vwb{ ]Zm_ Ama.Eg. Zm`] CÑ{I OrdZ H{$ AoYH$ma H$r [woÓQ> H$aVm h°& AmO ^maV H$r bm{H$ 14. A.I.R. 1979 S.C. - hwg°Zmam ImVyZ ]Zm_ J•h goMd o]hma am¡` H$Î`mUH$mar ‡OmVmßoÃH$ gaH$mam{ß Mmh{ d{ oH$gr ^r [mQ>r© H$r ∑`m{ß Z hm{ Bg 15. A.I.R. 1998 Karnataka - EM. Vbdma ]Zm_ C[m`w∫$ YmadmS> oXem _{ß gamhZr` H$m`© H$a ahr h°& 16. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, [oÃH$m, ÒdX{e g_mMma [Ã - 10 oXgÂ]a 2010g{ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- 2016 VH$ 1. Aj{›– ZmW gmaÒdV - gm_moOH$ ›`m`, _mZd AoYH$ma Am°a 17. B∏$rgdr gXr _{ß [wobg H$r ^yo_H$m - amOÒWmZ [oÃH$m 25 ogVÂ]a [wobg& 1999 2. S>m∞. [wIamO O°Z - ^maV H$m gßodYmZ & 18. O{Âg d{XH$m_Mmar - h`y_Z amB≤Q>g E S> X [wobg BZ Bo S>`m &

************* Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 303 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II ‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea, Ï`o∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd

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OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_, H$mbrXmg gßÒH•$V AH$mX_r, J°g AWm∞naQ>r Am∞\$ 3. H´$.5.-X°oZH$ Ado›VH$m -06/01/1993 Bo S>`m ob, H{$›–r` ôdÓ` oZoY H$_©Mmar ‡oejU gßÒWmZ, Am{naE›Q>b 4. H´$.6.-X°oZH$ Ado›VH$m-09/01/1993 Bß›Ì`m{a{›g, O{grg ∑b], bm`ßg ∑b], am{Q>ar ∑b], ]m{Yo]hma, O°Z 5. H´$.7.-bm{H$Z„O-04/03/1993 gm{Ì`b Jw´[, _‹`‡X{e [wobg od^mJ oObm ‡emgZ,lr H$md{ar em{Y 6. H´$.8.-X°oZH$ OmJaU-28/09/1993 gßÒWmZ, O°Z em{Ì`b Jw´[, oh›Xy, _woÒb_, ogI, B©gmB©, O°Z ]m{ÿ AmoX 7. H´$.9.-X°oZH$ OmJaU-06/10/19954 AZ{H$ g_mOm{ß Edß gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß hwE h¢ & Am[H{$ Ï`mª`mZm{ß _{ß Zd-oM›VZ, 8. H´$.10.-X°oZH$ OmJaU-05/09/1994 Zd-—oÓQ>H$m{U Edß Ï`dhmnaH$Vm [nabojV hm{Vr h°, Om{ _ZwÓ` H{$ OrdZ 9. H´$.11.-bm{H$Z„O-22/02/1995 _{ß ZdM{VZm H$m gßMma H$a Cg{ A[Z{ß OrdZ _{ß b˙`m{ß Edß _ßoOb H$r Dß$±MmB©`m{ß 10. gam{H$ma [oÃH$m H$m{ hmogb H$aZ{ _{ß _XX H$aV{ h°& Am[H{$ ¤mam g_gm_o`H$ C[`m{Jr odf`m{ß 11. H´$.12.-17._mYd _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z [a ‡]m{YZ X{Z{ Edß H$m`©embm Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ H$m ogbogbm Omar h°& 12. H´$.18.-7 g{ 8 \$adar 1993 [•ÓR>-20 o‡ßQ> Edß Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ _roS>`m _{ß ohÒg{Xmar - g_mMma [Ã _{ß b{IZ/ 13. H´$.19-gm·mohH$ F$of_woZ, oXZmßH$ -23 _mM© 1997 AmH$medmUr/XyaXe©Z H{$ Í$[H$ dmVm©Am{ß Edß gmjmÀH$ma H$m ‡gmaU& 14. H´$.20-bm{H$Z„O C¡O°Z-25 \$adar 1993 B©.Q>r.dr. [a A_•V _hm‡gßJ ogßhÒW 04 H$r C”m{fUm H$m grYm ‡gmaU 15. H´$.21-gm·mohH$ g_ra Xe©Z, oXZmßH$ - 31 _mM© 1994 Q>r.grarO g{ A_•V _hm‡gßJ ogßhÒW 04 [a H°$g{Q> Edß OZgÂ[H©$ od^mJ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ ¤mam em{YmÀ_H$ b{Im{ß H$m amÓQ≠>r` [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß h{Vw b{IZ& 1. S>m∞. a_{eoZ_©b- AmYwoZH$ C¡Oo`Zr H{$ Jm°ad Ao›doV ‡H$meH$ AmÒWm /gßÒH$ma/gmYZm/OmJaU M°Zb [a bKwd•Œm-oMÃm{ß H$m Amb{IZ _wß]B© 2005 [•ÓR> 196 Edß 177 [a AßoH$V ò Ïò∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd Edß g•OZYo_©Vm [a - ‡m{. e°b{›– [mamea, 2. ‡m{. e°b{›– [mamea A_•V _hm‡gßJ Amb{I OZgß[H©$ od^mJ gß^mJ Ïò∫$Àd Edß H•$oVÀd,2003-04 od.od., C¡O°Z H$r E_.o\$b≤. h{Vw oh›Xr C¡O°Z _‹`‡X{e 2004 C[moY H{$ obE [ßM_ ‡ÌZ$[Ã H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡ÒVwV, C¡O°Z ZJa H$r [ÃH$mnaVm 3. ‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea gam{H$ma bKwH$bmE±ßßß,_mYd _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z _{ß ‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea H$m gmohÀ`H$ `m{JXmZ 2005-06,oh›Xr H$r Ï`ßΩ` ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 1996 [aÂ[am Am°a ‡m{\{$ga e°b{›– [mamea H$m Ï`ßΩ` gmohÀ` 2006-07 (_Xwa° 4. S>m∞. _m{hZ [a_ma,‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea _mbdm H$r oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H$m_amO odÌdod⁄mb` _Xwa°) em{Y oZX}eH$: S>m±. hna_m{hZ ]wYm°ob`m (em{.J´.[w.) oh›Xr gmohÀ` oZH{$VZ -16 gmohÀ` odhma o]OZm{a AmMm`© Edß [yd© A‹`j, oh›Xr A‹``Zembm, od.od. C¡O°Z & CŒma ‡X{e ò ÒmßMmbZ Edß ohÒg{Xmar - AoIb ^maVr` H$mobXmg g_mam{h 5. [ßoS>V gy`©ZmamÙ Ï`mg O` odH´$_moXÀ` C¡Oo`Zr ‡H$meH$ - Ï`mª`mZ_mbm oObm ‡emgZ C¡O°Z ¤mam Am`m{oOV ÒdmYrZVm oXdg, 1951 JUVßÃ oXdg, emgH$r` Am`m{OZ, Vwbgr [ßMeVr g_mam{h, H$]ra Ò_aU 6. Ì`m_ gwßXa oZJ_,_mbdr gmohÀ` H$m BoVhmg,gmohÀ` AH$mX_r g_mam{h, amÓQ≠>r` ‡Xr[ oeIa gÂ_mZ g_mam{h, AoIb ^maVr` Q{>[m _‹`‡X{e gßÒH•$oV [nafX≤ _wÑm a_yOr ^dZ ^m{[mb _‹`‡X{e gÂ_{bZ, amÓQ≠>r` Edß ‡mX{oeH$ ‡oVoÓR>V g_mam{h & ‡m{.e°b{›– [mamea,g_mOemÛ Edß gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mE± AZwamYm ò aMZmÀ_H$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß `m{JXmZ -A›Vod©Ìdod⁄mb`rZ Edß ‡H$meH$ AmJam CŒma ‡X{e 1980 _hmod⁄mb`rZ JoVodoY`m{ß (odJV 30 dfm} g{ I{bHy$X, `wdm-oeoda, 7. ‡m{. e°b{›– [mamea,g_mOemÛ,Jw·m [o„bH{$eZ B›Xm°a _.‡.- `wdm-CÀgd, dmX-oddmX, VmÀH$mobH$ ^mfU, [naMMm© gmßÒH•$oVH$ AmoX 1986 ‡oV`m{oJVmEßßßß) H{$ gßMmbZ _{ß odo^fi [X Edß gXÒ`Vm H$r h°og`V g{ 8. ‡m{. e°b{›– [mamea CÉ oejm _{ß oejH$m{ß H{$ ]XbV{ _yÎ`/fm{.J´›W) odo^fi Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m oZd©hZ& ∑bm∞ogH$b [o„boeßJ H$Â[Zr ZB© oXÑr-2010 gÂ_mZ Edß Ao^ZßXZ- gaÒdVr AmamYH$, H$bm -g_rjH$, Ï`ßΩ`- 9. 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Bg_{ß† emÛ H$r JoV Zht& Bg ‡H$ma '›' g_ÒV d{Xm{ß H$m gma h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ `h odÌd _{ß M›–_m oÒWV h° Am°a h_ma{ eara _{ß _Z& odÌd _{ß† gy`© h° Am°a h_ _{ß [yU© ]´˜ H$m dmMH$ h°& g_ÒV V[ Am°a ]´˜M`© H$m [mbZ Bg 'õ' H$r ]wo’& odÌd _{ß [a_{ÓR>r h°, h_ _{ß† _hV≤& odÌd _{ß Òd`ß^y h° h_ _{ß† AÏ`∫$ h°& ‡mo· H{$ obE hr oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma h_ _{ß† [ya{ odÌd H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd hm{ ahm h°& odÌd [yU© h° BgobE [yU©_X: [yU©o_Xß [yUm©V≤ [yU©_wX¿`V{& h_ ^r [yU© h°& O°g{ hr h_†A[Zr [yU©Vm H$m kmZ hm{Vm h°, d°g{ hr oÃodY [yU©Ò` [yU©_mXm` [yU©_{dmdoeÓ`V{&& emo›V gm_Z{ Am OmVr h¢, ∑`m{ßoH$ Aemo›V A[y m©Vm _{ß† hm{Vr h°, [yU©Vm _{ß† [aH´$_ H{$ dmMH$ '›' H$r Ï`mª`m H$aV{ hwE emÛ H$hV{ h¢- "dh ^r Zht& AmoY^m°oVH$, AmoYX°odH$ Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$-Bg VrZ ‡H$ma H$r [yU© h°, `h ^r [yU© h°, [yU© g{ [yU© CÀ[fi hm{Vm h° Am°a [yU© _{ß† g{ [yU© oZH$b emo›V H$m gyMH$ _›Ã h° "emo›V: emo›V: emo›V:&' OmZ{ H{$ ]mX [yU© hr e{f ah OmVm h°&' `hm± "dh' [am{j H$m{ ]VmVm h°, "`h' oZÓH$f© - Bg ‡H$ma h_ Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hw±MV{ h° oH$ '›' ‡Ud d°oXH$ ‡À`j H$m{& B©Ìda [am{j h°, Ord ‡À`j h°& B©Ìda H$r [yU©Vm H$m{ ‡og’ h°, Y_©Xe©Z H$m _yb h°& oH$›Vw Ord ^r [yU© hr h°- BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ Ord B©Ìda H$m hr Aße h° gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ Am°a òX B©Ìda [yU© h°, Vm{ CgH$m Aße Ord ^r A[yU© Zht hm{ gH$Vm& [y m© 1. H$R>m{[oZfX≤ 1/2/15 g{ Om{ ^r CÀ[fi hm{Jm, dh [yU© hr hm{Jm& AV: Ord ^r [yU© h°& [yU© _{ß† g{ [yU© 2. _ZgwIam_ _m{a d†H$Q{>Ìda ‡{g _wÂ]B©, 1894 oZH$mb X{Z{ g{ [yU© hr e{f ]MVm h°& JoUV H$m og’m›V h° oH$ [yU© _{ß†g{ 3. H$R>m{[oZfX≤- Òdm_r ‡Ia ‡kmZ›X gaÒdVr, Mm°IÂ]m gßÒH•$V [yU© H$m{ oZH$mb X{Z{ [a [yU© hr e{f ]MVm h°, [y m© _{ß† H$m{B© A[yU©Vm Zht gßÒWmZ [yU{& AmVr& 4. Òwd}X- JrVm‡{g Jm{aI[wa & h_mam Ïò∫$Àd odÌd H$m ‡oVo]Â] h°& odÌd _{ß†[•œdr h°& h_ _{ß†eara& 5. _ZgwIam_ _m{a d†H$Q{>Ìda ‡{g ]Â]B© 1894

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[y. _{ß g·[oU© Jw\$m Am°a _hmgmßoYH$m{ß H{$ 6 gß‡Xm` W{& W{a dmoX`m{ß H{$ J´ßW gßÒH•$V _{ß h¢ Am°a amOJ•h o]hma _{ß Am`m{oOV hwB©& Bg g_` amOJ•h H$m emgH$ Wm AOmVeÃw& _hmgmßoKH$m{ß H{$ ‡mH•$V _{ß & Bg ‡H$ma _hmÀ_m ]w’ H{$ _aZ{ H{$ 100 df© Cg [nafX≤ _{ß Y_© Am°a g°’mßoVH$ oZ`_m{ß VWm odZ` Am°a AZwemgZ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ]m°’ Y_© Xm{ Ò[ÓQ> JwQ>m{ß _{ß od^moOV hm{ J`m& gßß]ßY _{ß ]w’ H$r oejmAm{ß H$m{ gßJóhV oH$`m Wm& C[mob g]g{ d`m{d•’ 3.3.3. V•Vr` ]m°’ gßJroV - o¤Vr` ]m°’ gßJroV H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ]m°’ Y_© oeÓ` Wm CgZ{ odZò[Q>H$ H$m gßem{YZ oH$`m& Cg{ gßK H{$ AZwemgZ H{$ H$m BoVhmg bJ^J 100 dfm~ VH$ AÒ[ÓQ> VWm AoZeM` H{$ dmVmdaU oZ`_m{ß H$m [yU© [naM` Wm& AmZßX Z{ gwŒmo[Q>H$ H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m& `h _{ß [Z[m& h_H$m{ Bg eVm„Xr H{$ ]m°’ Y_© H{$ odf` _{ß Hw$N> ^r ‡_moUH$ * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 309 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II kmZ C[b„Y Zht h°& Bg AßYH$ma[yU© AmdaU H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ dmbm Wm g_´mQ> _{ß Aem{H$ O°gr bJZ ‡Xoe©V H$r Am°a CgH{$ [XoM›hm{ß [a MbH$a EH$ Aem{H$& Aem{H$ Z{ H{$db Y_© ‡Mma hr Zht oH$`m ]oÎH$ CgZ{ YÂ_ _{ß ]m°’ gßJroV H$m Am`m{OZ oH$`m& `h gßJroV MVwW© ]m°’ gßJroV H{$ Zm_ [∂S>V{ hwE od^mOZm{ß H$m{ ^r Xya H$aZ{ H$r â[ya H$m{oee H$r& [mQ>ob[wÃ _{ß g{ odª`mV h°& _hm`mZ gß‡Xm` H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd Aem{H$ ¤mam ]wbmB© JB© CgZ{ ]m°’ od¤mZm{ß H$m EH$ gÂ_{bZ Am_ßoÃV oH$`m& `h gÂ_{bZ ]m°’ g^m _{ß Zht Wm AVEd C›hm{ßZ{ Bg g^m H$m A[Zr [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß CÑ{I hr Y_© H$r V•Vr` gßJroV H{$ Zm_ g{ ‡og’ hwAm& oVÒg Bg gßJroV H$m Zht oH$`m h° b{oH$Z Bg gÂ_{bZ _{ß _hm`mZ gß‡Xm` H$r [yar N>m[ Wr& g^m[oV Wm& oVÒg _m{ΩJob H$m [wÃ Wm& ]´m˜U Y_© H{$ AZw`m`r ]m°’ Y_© H{$db W{admoX`m| H{$ EH$ N>m{Q{> g{ gß‡Xm` Z{ oOg{ gmadoÒVdmoXZ H$hm _{ß ZmZm ‡H$ma H{$ H$_©H$m S> bmZ{ _{ß ‡`ÀZerb W{&1 B›ht H$maUm{ß g{ g_´mQ> OmVm h°, Bg gÂ_{bZ _{ß gh`m{J oX`m Wm& Bg AoYd{eZ ¤mam H$oZÓH$ Aem{H$ Z{ A[Z{ VÀdmdYmZ _{ß `h gÂ_{bZ Am_ßoÃV oH$`m Wm& Hw$N> _hm`mZ Edß hrZ`mZ H$r ]∂T>Vr hwB© ImB© H$m{ [mQ>Z{ H$m ‡`mg H$aZm MmhVm od¤mZm{ß Z{ Bg gßJroV H$r ‡m_moUH$Vm _{ß ^r gßX{h C[oÒWV oH$`m h°& BZ Wm b{oH$Z g_´mQ> A[Z{ C‘{Ì` _{ß AmßoeH$ Í$[ g{ hr g\$b hwAm& "bobV od¤mZm{ß H{$ _V H$m AmYma h°, CŒmar og’mßV H{$ J´ßWm{ß _{ß Bg gßJroV H$m odÒVa' Zm_H$ J´ßW Z{ H$oZÓH$ H$r Bg ^mdZm H$m{ H$m\$r Mm{Q> [hwßMmB© Wr& CÑ{I Zht hm{Vm& E{gm ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ `h AoYd{eZ H{$db W{admoX`m{ß ^maV _{ß ]m°’ Y_© H$m ˆmg - B©gm H$r gmVdt eVm„Xr H{$ AmV{ AmV{ ]m°’ H{$ hr ¤ma gßMmobV hwAm Wm& Bg gßJroV H$m CÑ{I ]m°’ J´ßW Xr[dße Am°a Y_© H$m ˆmg hm{Zm ‡maß^ hm{ J`m& ^maV H{$ OZ_mZg _{ß ]m°’ Y_© A[Zm g_›V[mgoXH$m _{ß hr hwAm h°& Aem{H$ H{$ Ao^b{Im{ß _{ß BgH$m H$m{B© CÑ{I ÒWm`r Ka Z ]Zm gH$m& `⁄o[ hf© Z{ ]m°’ Y_© H{$ OrU© ^dZ H$m [wZÍ$’ma Zht h°& _m{ΩJbr[wÃ oVÒg Z{ "H$WmdÀWw' Zm_H$ A[Z{ J´ßW _{ß g^r dmX H$amZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m b{oH$Z oh›Xy Y_© H{$ CoXV hm{V{ hwE CÀgmh H{$ gÂ_wI oddmXm{ß H$m dU©Z oH$`m h°& Bg gßJroV Z{ Xm{ ‡_wI H$m`© oH$E - A) V•Vr` Bg Za{e H{$ ‡`mg Ag\$b hr ah{& hyUm{ß Z{ ]m°’ Y_© H$r em{MZr` AdÒWm o[Q>H$ Ao^YÂ_o[Q>H$ (H$WmdÀWw) H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m oOg_{ß Y_© og’mßV H$m{ Am°a ^r Jß^ra Í$[ ‡XmZ oH$`m& C›hm{ßZ{ _R>m{ß, ÒVy[m{ß H$m{ byQ>m Igm{Q>m H$r Xme©oZH$ Ï`mª`m H$r J`r h°& ]) gßK ^{X am{H$Z{ H{$ obE H$R>m{a oZ`_m{ß Am°a C›h{ß Aoæ X{dVm H$r ^{ßQ> M∂T>m oX`m& Ïh{ZgmßJ Am°a BoÀgßJ ]m°’ Y_© H$m oZ_m©U VWm ]m°’ gmohÀ` H$m ‡_mUrH$aU oH$`m& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ H$r [VZm{›_wI oÒWoV [a oMßVm ‡H$Q> H$aV{ h¢& `⁄o[ ]m°’ Y_© A[Zr YÂ_ ‡Mma H{$ obE 1000 o^jwAm{ß H$m{ oZ`w∫$ oH$`m J`m& S>m∞. Ama. gr. O›_^yo_ _{ß gmVdt eVm„Xr _{ß [VZm{›_wI hm{ J`m Wm b{oH$Z X{e H{$ ]mha _Oy_Xma Z{ obIm h° oH$ "Jm°V_ H$r _•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV≤ H$r Xygar eVm„Xr H$m XojU [yd© Eoe`m H{$ X{em| _{ß `h A] ^r \$b\y$b ahm Wm Am°a MrZ, Om[mZ, ]m°’ Y_© H$m BoVhmg EH$ Ymo_©H$ gßJR>Z H$m Z hmH$a ^maV H{$ odo^fi H$Â]m{oS>`m, B S>m{Z{oe`m, ]_m© Edß bßH$m _{ß 14 dt eVm„Xr VH$ ‡_wI Y_© ^mJm{ß _{ß ÒdVßÃ Í$[ g{ CÀ[fi hwE AZ{H$ gß‡Xm`m{ß H$m BoVhmg Wm&' ahm Am°a A] ^r `h H$B© X{em| H$m amÓQ≠>r` Y_© h°& 4.4.4. MVwW© ]m°’ gßJroV - Aem{H$ H$r _•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ]m°’ Y_© H$m BoVhmg [wZ: AßYH$ma `wJ _{ß ‡d{e H$aVm h°& ZmJg{Z VWm o_ob›X H{$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- "dmŒmm©bm[m{ß' _{ß OmH$a `h AßYH$ma ZÓQ> hm{ OmVm h°& o_ob›X J´rH$]{o∑Q≠>`Z 1. S>m∞. amYmHw$_wX _wIOr© oh›Xy ogodbmBO{eZ & Za{f o_Z{ S>a Wm& `h Za{e B©gm [yd© ‡W_ `m Xygar eVm„Xr _{ß ^maV 2. S>m∞. ]{Zr‡gmX - ohßXwÒVmZ H$r [wamZr g‰`Vm & Am`m Wm& "o_ob›X ‡ÌZ' _{ß ZmJg{Z Z{ ÒWodam{ß H{$ AZwgma ]m°’ Y_© H$r 3. S>m∞. E. Eb. ]mW_ - The Wonder that was India Ï`mª`m H$r h° b{oH$Z Bg [wÒVH$ _{ß h_{ß _hm`mZ H{$ Xm{ _hÀd[yU© og’mßV 4. S>m∞. Eb. [r. e_m© - ‡mMrZ ^maV & ^r ‡m· hm{V{ h¢ EH$ Vm{ h° odÌdmg H{$ AmYma [a oZdm©U VWm Xygam ]m{oYgÀd 5. S>m∞. amOHw$_ma - ^maVr` g_mO Edß gßÒH•$oV & og’mßV& o_ob›X H{$ emgZ H{$ erK´ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV _{ß Hw$fmUm{ß H$m emgZ 6. S>m∞. Ama. gr. _Oy_Xma - Ancient India ÒWmo[V hwAm& H$oZÓH$ Bg dße H$m g]g{ _hmZ≤ g_´mQ> Wm& BgH$m 7. Max Muller – Studies in Buddhism emgZH$mb ‡W_ eVm„Xr B™gdr _mZm OmVm h°& BgZ{ ]m°’ Y_© H{$ ‡Mma 8. S>m∞. gßOrd O°Z - ‡mMrZ ^maV H$m BoVhmg &

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AO›Vm oMÃm{ß H{$ H$aZ{ H{$ obE MyÎh{ [a aIr hwB© H$∂T>mhr H{$ oZMb{ ^mJ _{ß CÀ[fi amI "H{$hamO' obE oôŒm V°`ma H$aZ{ H$r VH$ZrH$ Wr oH$ gd©‡W_ flbmÒQ>a H$r [V© _ß{ [Œm{ H$m ag, Jm` H{$ _yÃ, Am_ VWm Om_wZ H{$ [{∂S> H$r N>mb, bm{h{ H{$ MyU©, IoS>`m, MyZm, Jm{]a, H$m ]marH$ Jmam Jww\$m H$r IwaXar Xrdma [a bJm Am°a hnaVH$r H$m{ EH$ gmW o_bmH$a C]mbm OmVm Wm Am°a o\$a o_≈r H{$ oX`m OmVm Wm& Bg Jma{ H$m{ H$B© oXZ VH$ Abgr H{$ [mZr _ß{ ^r o^Jm{H$a ]aVZ _ß{ âH$a amV â AmßJZ _ß{ aI oX`m OmVm Wm oOgg{ `h Am{g _ß{ \y$bZ{ H{$ obE aI oX`m OmVm Wm& H$^r-H$^r N>V _ß{ bJmZ{ dmb{ Jma{ _ß{ ^rJ{& BgH{$ ]mX ]V©Z H{$ ]mhar ohÒg{ g{ Om{ ag oZH$bVm Wm dht Ò`mhr * em{YmWr©, O{.H{$.[r. ([r.Or.) H$m∞b{O _wO‚\$aZJa, gr.gr.Eg. `yoZdog©Q>r _{aR>, (CŒma‡X{e) ‰mmaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 311 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II

H{$ Í$[ _ß{ ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm Wm& Vm∂S>[Ã H{$ ]mX oMÃU H{$ obE H$mJO H$m ahm h°& ObaßJ H$m ‡`m{J H$aZ{ H{$ obE [maÒ[naH$ Í$[ _{ß ObaßJ Vh (dme) ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m Wm& bJmB© OmVr h° Am°a hÎH$r VmZ H{$ obE H$mJO H$m{ Ìd{V hr N>m{∂S>> oX`m ‡mMrZ Ag_ _ß{ "Vwbm' `mZr Í$B© g{ H$JO ]ZmZ{ H$r ‡Wm ahZ{ H{$ OmVm h°& [Vb{ aßJ H$m EH$ H{$ D$[a EH$ dme X{Z{ g{ C¡Odb dmVmdaU H$m H$maU AmO ^r dhmß H$mJO H$m{ "Vwbm[mV' H$hm OmVm h°& Í$B© g{ H$mJO ‡^md CÀ[fi hm{Vm h°& ode{fV`m AmH$me d [mZr H{$ ‡^md Bg VH$ZrH$ ]ZmZ{ H$r ‡Wm ogßH$Xa H{$ ^maV AmH´$_U H{$ g_` ^r ‡MobV Wr& A[^´ße g{ g\$bVm[yd©H$ CÀ[fi hm{V{ h°& Bg_{ß H$mJO H$m{ [hb{ Wm{∂S>m Jrbm H$a e°br _ß{ H$mJO dmb{ J´›Wmß{ H$m{ X{Im Om gH$Vm h° oOZ_ß{ g{ Hw$N> h°-1156- b{V{ h°& H{$db grbZ _mÃ [a aßJ H$m dme X{V{ h° Am°a g\{$X „bmoQ>ßJ [{[a 66 H$r oOZM›– gynaH•$V "‹dZ`mbm{H$', 1222 H$r ›`m`dao‘H$m g{ gm{I b{V{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma bJ^J Xm{ oVhmB© aßJ „bmoQß>J [{[a gm{I b{Vm VmÀ[`©Q>rH$m 1415 H$m H$Î[gyÃ AmoX& O°g{-O°g{ g_` AmJ{ ]T>Vm J`m h°& gyIZ{ [a `hr ‡oH´$`m 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hmS©>]m{S©> V{br` H$mJO AmoX& V{b oMÃU H{$ od⁄mE{ß Eßd VH$ZrH$r H$bm j{Ã _{ß A[Zm EH$ ode{f ÒWmZ d _hÀd aIVr obE "‚b°Q>' ]´we H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& Om{ M[Q{> hm{V{ h°& V{b oMÃU _{ß h°& aßJm{ H{$ _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_m›`Vm Vma[rZ H{$ V{b `m AÎgr, [m{ÒV, EH$ H$bmH$ma H$m H$m`© gamhZr` _mZm OmVm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ dh ‡À`{H$ AIam{Q>, gyaO_wIr O°g{ gyI{ dmb{ V{b H$m{ aßJMyU© _{ß o_bmH$a oÃH$mar H{$ dÒVw _{ß H$bm H$m{ X{I b{Vm h°& dh EH$ gmYmaU g{ [ÀWa H$m{ ^r N{>Zr d obE C[`w∫$ ‡dmhr o_lU V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°& gmYmaUV`m V{b oMÃ m hWm{S>r H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Cg{ [yOZr` ]Zm X{Vm h°& ôdÓ` _{ß ^r H$bmH$ma H$r Xm{ `m VrZ odb{[Z H$r [’oV ‡MobV h°& [hb{ b{[ _{ß N>m`m VWm A[Z H$bm H$r ZB© od⁄mAm{ß d VH$ZroH$`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J AdÌ`H$ H$a{Jm, ‡H$me H{$ j{Ã VWm Xyga{ b{[ _{ß _‹`_ j{Ã d Vrga{ b{[ _{ß ‡H$me `m oOgg{ H$bm j{Ã H$m{ ZB© C[bo„Y`mß ‡m· hm{ßJr& AoYH$ ‡H$me dmb{ j{Ã d ]maroH$`m{ß H$m{ oZH$mbm OmVm h°& ‡À`{H$ b{[ H{$ gyIZ{ [a Wm{>∂S{>>-Wm{∂S{> g_` ]mX EH$ Xygam b{[ bJmZm MmohE& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï- òX Ob aßJ H$r ]mV H$r OmE Vm{ Ob aßJ H$bmH$mam{ß H$m o‡` _m‹`_ 1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 312 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II U.G.C. Journal No. 64728 RNI No.- MPHIN/2013/60638 ISSN 2320 - 8767, E -ISSN 2394 - 3793 (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) Impact Factor - 4.710 (U.G.C. Approved Journal )

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