DOCSLIB.ORG

A Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 890842, 22 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/890842 Review Article A Review of Hepatoprotective Plants Used in Saudi Traditional Medicine Abdulrahman K. Al-Asmari,1 Abdulrahman M. Al-Elaiwi,2 Md Tanwir Athar,1 Mohammad Tariq,1 Ahmed Al Eid,3 and Saeed M. Al-Asmary4 1 DepartmentofResearch,PrinceSultanMilitaryMedicalCity,P.O.Box7897(775s),Riyadh,SaudiArabia 2Department of Urology, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, P.O. Box 7897 (775s), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 3DepartmentofClinicalPharmacy,PrinceSultanMilitaryMedicalCity,P.O.Box7897(775s),Riyadh,SaudiArabia 4Department of FCM, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, P.O. Box 7897 (775s), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Correspondence should be addressed to Abdulrahman K. Al-Asmari; [email protected] Received 3 June 2014; Revised 17 September 2014; Accepted 18 September 2014; Published 18 December 2014 Academic Editor: Mohammed Rahmatullah Copyright © 2014 Abdulrahman K. Al-Asmari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Liver disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality across the world. According to WHO estimates, about 500 million people are living with chronic hepatitis infections resulting in the death of over one million people annually. Medicinal plants serve as a vital source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of effective therapy to combat liver problems. Moreover herbal products have the advantage of better affordability and acceptability, better compatibility with the human body, and minimal side effects and is easier to store. In this review attempt has been made to summarize the scientific data published on hepatoprotective plants used in Saudi Arabian traditional medicine. The information includes medicinal uses of the plants, distribution in Saudi Arabia, ethnopharmacological profile, possible mechanism of action, chemical constituents, and toxicity data. Comprehensive scientific studies on safety and efficacy of these plants can revitalise the treatment of liver diseases. 1. Introduction the lowest form of plant life can be vital, and penicillin is only one—no doubt—the most famous antibiotics. Since the dawn of history plants have played an important role in the treatment of human ailments. By trial and error 1.1. Greeko-Arab System of Medicine. Greeko-Arab system of the ancient population was relieving their sufferings by using medicine is a well-documented system of traditional medi- herbs in a very primitive way. The history of many drugs cine which was originated by Greek physicians and philoso- which are in practice today could be traced back to the phers and enriched by Arabs. It was the work of the Greek Hellenic civilization; drugs like castor oil, opium, olive, anise, philosopher-physician Hippocrates (460–377 B.C.), who peppermint, saffron, henbane, acacia, and yeast are men- freed herbal supplements from the realm of superstition and tioned in Egyptian Ebers Papyrus (1500 B.C.). Babylonians magic and gave it the status of science. He considered illness and Assyrians have mentioned a large number of herbal to be natural rather than a supernatural phenomenon, and medicines, for example, coriander, cinnamon, liquorice, and he strongly suggested that herbal supplements should be soforth.Thya,writtenbytheChinesephysicianChouKung, administered without ritual ceremonies or magic [1]. After in about 1100 B.C., describes the use of a number of plant Hippocrates, Galen (131–200 A.D.) stands out for his contri- drugs.ThebooksofSustruta,writteninIndiaatthebeginning bution to traditional medicine. Galen introduced and prac- of the Christian era, describe some seven hundred herbal ticed herbal medicine in preIslamic Egypt, serving as royal medicines. According to the recent analysis, man is recycled court physician to the king of Egypt [2]. Under his patron- plant and plants fulfill a variety of human needs, as they are age, hundreds of new herbal supplements were researched, thesourceofnourishment,health,andpleasure[1]. Even experimented, and developed for the treatment of almost all 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine types of diseases. Galen’s contributions in herbal remedies million people are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus, is highly regarded, even today the term galenical is applied and more than 350,000 people die from hepatitis C-related to simple vegetable extractives. Arabs like Rhazes (850–932 liver diseases each year [4]. The recent statistics clearly show A.D.), Avicenna (980–1037 A.D.), Al-Bitar (1180–1248 A.D.), that global burden of liver disease has increased over time and Al-Antaki (1510–1587) constructed an imposing edifice with a huge impact on overall world population. of Arab traditional medicine. “Avicenna” (the western name forAbuSina),anArabphilosopherandphysicistwhowrote 1.3. A Tilt towards Herbal Drugs. The treatment options for “Kitab-al-shifa” (The Canon of Medicine), is highly notewor- common liver diseases are limited due to the lack of hepato- thy. According to Greeko-Arab system of medicine, disease protective drugs in allopathic medicine. Moreover therapies is a natural process resulting from the imbalance of various developed along the principle of western medicine are often humors in the body. The humoral theory presupposes the limited in efficacy, carry the risk of adverse effects, and are presence of four humors: dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), often too costly, especially for the habitants of developing safra (yellow bile), and sauda (black bile) in the body. The world. For example, the effectiveness of treatments such as temperaments of persons are expressed by the words san- those using corticosteroids and interferon is inconsistent, car- guine, phlegmatic, choleric, and melancholic according to the ried the risk of adverse events, and is often too costly [5]. On preponderance of the following four humors in their body, the other hand plant derived compounds are easily accessible namely, blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile, respec- and affordable. There is a deep belief that herbal remedies tively. The humors themselves are assigned temperaments. symbolize safety because they are “natural” and fit into the Blood is hot and moist, phlegm is cold and moist, and yellow image of a gentle and, therefore, harmless alternative to bileishotanddry.AccordingtotheGreeko-Arabsystem synthetic drugs. No doubt that herbs are staging a comeback herbs may restore humor imbalance and cure the diseases [3]. and herbal “renaissance” is happening all over the world. Sev- Greeko-Arab physicians identified the liver as one of the eral recent surveys from Europe and the United States have three principal organs of the body, along with the heart and demonstratedasharpriseinthepopularityanduseofbotan- the brain. According to Galen the liver is the “master organ” icaldrugswithinafewyears,withupto65%ofliverpatients of the human body, arguing that it emerges before all other taking herbal preparations. The fact is that reliable hepato- organs in the fetus formation. In his book entitled “On the protective drugs are explicitly inadequate, and the search Usefulness of the Parts of the Body” Galen described the for natural herbal drugs has intensified in the recent decades. liver as warm and moist organ involved in blood formation In this review we summarized the scientific data pub- and principle instrument of sanguification. According to lished on thirty-five hepatoprotective plants used in Saudi Avicenna liver is “the seat of nutritive or vegetative faculties” Arabian traditional medicine, description of the plants and and “the seat of manufacture of the dense part of the humors”. their distribution in Saudi Arabia, medicinal uses, exper- According to Arab physicians, malfunction of liver may lead imental pharmacological studies, possible mechanism of to a variety of diseases which may be corrected by appropriate action, chemical constituents, and toxicity studies. herbal intervention. 2. Methodology 1.2. Liver Diseases and Their Global Burden. Liver is the largest and most vital organ of the human body. Besides its AlistofhepatoprotectiveplantsusedinSaudiArabiawas crucial role in the metabolism of nutrients, liver is responsible prepared based on a nationwide survey of herbal drug used for biotransformation of drugs and chemicals thereby pro- in traditional medicine for liver ailment by tecting body against toxic foreign materials. In this process the liver is exposed to high concentration of toxic chemicals (a) interviewing the patients visiting primary care centres and their metabolites which may cause liver injury. There are of military hospitals of different regions of Saudi more than hundred well known liver diseases with diversified Arabia, etiopathology. The most frequent causes of hepatic disease (b) review of traditional medicinal books/publications include infectious agents (especially hepatitis viral A, B, and and folklore information. C), obesity related fatty liver disease, xenobiotics (alcohol, drugs, and chemicals) induced liver injury, inherited and A thorough of survey of literature on the pharmacological genetic defects related liver diseases, autoimmune hepatitis, profile of these plants was undertaken to collect the published livercirrhosis,andprimaryorsecondarylivercancer.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • African Traditional Plant Knowledge in the Circum-Caribbean Region
    Journal of Ethnobiology 23(2): 167-185 Fall/Winter 2003 AFRICAN TRADITIONAL PLANT KNOWLEDGE IN THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN REGION JUDITH A. CARNEY Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 ABSTRACT.—The African diaspora to the Americas was one of plants as well as people. European slavers provisioned their human cargoes with African and other Old World useful plants, which enabled their enslaved work force and free ma- roons to establish them in their gardens. Africans were additionally familiar with many Asian plants from earlier crop exchanges with the Indian subcontinent. Their efforts established these plants in the contemporary Caribbean plant corpus. The recognition of pantropical genera of value for food, medicine, and in the practice of syncretic religions also appears to have played an important role in survival, as they share similar uses among black populations in the Caribbean as well as tropical Africa. This paper, which focuses on the plants of the Old World tropics that became established with slavery in the Caribbean, seeks to illuminate the botanical legacy of Africans in the circum-Caribbean region. Key words: African diaspora, Caribbean, ethnobotany, slaves, plant introductions. RESUME.—La diaspora africaine aux Ameriques ne s'est pas limitee aux person- nes, elle a egalement affecte les plantes. Les traiteurs d'esclaves ajoutaient a leur cargaison humaine des plantes exploitables dAfrique et du vieux monde pour les faire cultiver dans leurs jardins par les esclaves ou les marrons libres. En outre les Africains connaissaient beaucoup de plantes dAsie grace a de precedents echanges de cultures avec le sous-continent indien.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacognostical Aspects of Pergularia Daemia Leaves
    International Journal of Applied Research 2016; 2(8): 296-300 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 Pharmacognostical aspects of Pergularia daemia IJAR 2016; 2(8): 296-300 www.allresearchjournal.com Leaves Received: 14-06-2016 Accepted: 15-07-2016 Vijata Hase and Sahera Nasreen Vijata Hase Department of Botany Government Institute of Science Abstract Aurangabad-431004, Plant and plant products are being used as a source of medicine since long. In fact the many of Maharashtra, India currently available drugs were derived either directly or indirectly from them. The Pergularia daemia has been traditionally used as anthelmintic, laxative, antipyretic, expectorant and also used to treat Sahera Nasreen malarial intermittent fevers. In the past decade, research has been focused on scientific evaluation of Department of Botany traditional drugs of plant origin for the treatment. Pergularia daemia is a slender, hispid, fetid-smelling Government Institute of Science perennial climber, which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. Aurangabad-431004, Maharashtra, India Phytochemically the plant has been investigated for cardenolides, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. This review is a sincere attempt to summarize the information concerning pharmacognostical features of Pergularia daemia. Keywords: Pergularia daemia, drugs, phytochemicals, pharmacognostical Introduction The herbal drug industry is considered to be a high growth industry of the late 90s and seeing the demand, it is all set to flourish in the next century. The trend for the increasing of medicinal herbs in countries like America, Australia and Germany is well supported by statistical data. In ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, strongly believe in polyherbal formulations and scientists of modern era often ask for scientific validation of [24] herbal remedies (Soni et al., 2008) .
    [Show full text]
  • Plants-Derived Biomolecules As Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences Against Coronaviruses
    plants Review Plants-Derived Biomolecules as Potent Antiviral Phytomedicines: New Insights on Ethnobotanical Evidences against Coronaviruses Arif Jamal Siddiqui 1,* , Corina Danciu 2,*, Syed Amir Ashraf 3 , Afrasim Moin 4 , Ritu Singh 5 , Mousa Alreshidi 1, Mitesh Patel 6 , Sadaf Jahan 7 , Sanjeev Kumar 8, Mulfi I. M. Alkhinjar 9, Riadh Badraoui 1,10,11 , Mejdi Snoussi 1,12 and Mohd Adnan 1 1 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (M.A.); [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (M.A.) 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu Square, 300041 Timisoara, Romania 3 Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 4 Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail PO Box 2440, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 5 Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India; [email protected] 6 Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India; [email protected] 7 Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majma’ah 15341, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 8 Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand,
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment on Antimicrobial Activity of Pergularia Daemia Leaf Extract
    Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(2): February 2019 ISSN 0974-3618 (Print) www.rjptonline.org 0974-360X (Online) RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessment on Antimicrobial Activity of Pergularia daemia Leaf Extract Devika R*, Chozhavendhan S, Karthigadevi G, Shalini Chauhan Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Paiyanoor – 603104. *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Over the past few decades, curing of diseases are under threat as many medicines and drugs produce toxic reactions. Nowadays 61% of new drugs has been developed using natural phytochemicals in curing many diseases. Present investigation is an attempt to assess the antimicrobial activity of Pergularia daemia and to evaluate the potential against antibiotics. In the present study, P.daemia proved to have efficient phytochemicals which created distinct zone of inhibition against bacterial strains. KEYWORDS: Antibacterial, zone of inhibition, resistance, susceptible, phytochemicals. INTRODUCTION: The whole plant is slender, hispid, fetid–knelling, Ayurveda an ancient system of Indian medicine which Leaves opposite, membrananous, 3-9 cm long and are using number of phytochemicals extracted from broadly Ovate, orbicular or deeply cordate, acute or plant sources for the treatment of various diseases. short acuminate at apex, petioles 2-9 cm long. Flowers Modern medicine has expanded the use of herbal greenish yellow or dull white tinged with purple, borne medicine which has lead to the assurance of safety, in axillary, long peduncled, drooping clusters. Fruits quality and efficacy1. The foremost concern is that the lanceolate, long pointed about 5 cm, long covered with synthetic drugs show sensitive reaction and other soft spines and seeds are pubescent broadly orate8.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicobotanical Studies in Relation to Veterinary Medicine in Ekiti State, Nigeria: (1) Checklist of Botanicals Used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases
    Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 40-46. 2009. Article URL http://www.ethnoleaflets.com/leaflets/ REFERENCE PRELUDE : VK 44 Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 40-46. 2009. Medicobotanical Studies in Relation to Veterinary Medicine in Ekiti State, Nigeria: (1) Checklist of Botanicals used for the Treatment of Poultry Diseases J. Kayode, M. K. Olanipekun and P. O. Tedela Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] Issued 04 January 2009 ABSTRACT A semi-structured questionnaire matrix and direct field observation were used to identify botanicals used for veterinary health care in the rural areas of Ekiti State, Nigeria. A total of 38 plants belonging to 27 families were valued for the treatments of poultry pests and diseases in the study area and the parts mostly utilized were the leaves. Features that enhanced the continuous utilization of these botanical species were identified and strategies that could further enhance their sustainability were also proposed. INTRODUCTION Ekiti State (7 025’- 8 020’, 5 000’- 6 000’) is located in the southwestern part of Nigeria. The state has a contiguous land mass of about 7000 sq. kilometers and over 75% of the 1.6million inhabitants of this area are farmers, most of whom are situated in rural areas (Kayode 1999). There are two climatic seasons, a dry season, which lasts from November to February and a rainy season, which lasts from March to October with an annual rainfall of about 1150mm (Kayode and Faluyi 1994). In Nigeria, ethnoveterinary practices still play important roles in many rural areas (Kudi and Myint 1999).
    [Show full text]
  • Tannins, Saponins and Calcium Oxalate Crystals from Nigerian Species of Boerhavia L
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector South African Journal of Botany 2002, 68: 386–388 Copyright © NISC Pty Ltd Printed in South Africa — All rights reserved SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ISSN 0254–6299 Short Communication Tannins, saponins and calcium oxalate crystals from Nigerian species of Boerhavia L. (Nyctaginaceae) HO Edeoga* and CI Ikem Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Umudike PMB 7267, Umuahia — Abia State, Nigeria * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 24 July 2001, accepted in revised form 19 October 2001 Three species of Boerhavia from southern Nigeria have tals were present around the regions of the cortex of the been screened phytochemically. The presence of tan- stem but were localised almost in every tissue of the nins and saponins are being reported for the first time root. Tannins and saponins were isolated from the tis- in B. coccinea and B. erecta whereas the report of these sues (leaves, stems and roots) of these plants hence the substances in B. diffusa corroborates previous reports. significance of these findings remains an area of further The nature of calcium oxalate crystals in the roots and investigations as far as the chemical constituents of stems of B. diffusa and B. erecta could be utilised for these plants are concerned. the characterisation of these plants. The oxalate crys- Boerhavia L. is a herbaceous dicotyledonous plant distrib- ferent families (Bohm and Koupai–Abyazani 1993, Touyama uted in the tropics and subtropics of the world. The West et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Article Download (183)
    wjpls, 2020, Vol. 6, Issue 10, 162-170 Research Article ISSN 2454-2229 Anitha et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical World Journaland Life of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Life Science WJPLS www.wjpls.org SJIF Impact Factor: 6.129 SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION OF LEAD IN ‘LEAD CONTAINING PLANTS’ IN SIDDHA BY ICP-MS METHOD *1Anitha John, 2Sakkeena A., 3Manju K. C., 4Selvarajan S., 5Neethu Kannan B., 6Gayathri Devi V. and 7Kanagarajan A. 1Research Officer (Chemistry), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. 2Senior Research Fellow (Chemistry), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. 3Senior Research Fellow (Botany), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. 4Research Officer (Siddha), Scientist – II, Central Council for Research in Siddha, Chennai. 5Assistant Research Officer (Botany), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. 6Research Officer (Chemistry) Retd., Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. 7Assistant Director (Siddha), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. Corresponding Author: Anitha John Research Officer (Chemistry), Siddha Regional Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram. Article Received on 30/07/2020 Article Revised on 20/08/2020 Article Accepted on 10/09/2020 ABSTRACT Siddha system is one of the oldest medicinal systems of India. In Siddha medicine the use of metals and minerals are more predominant in comparison to other Indian traditional medicinal systems. A major portion of the Siddha medicines uses herbs and green leaved medicines.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiinflammatory Activity of Pergularia Daemia (Forsk.)
    Vol 7, Issue 1, 2019 ISSN - 2321-550X Research Article PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA (FORSK.) TAMIL SELVI I, VIDHYA R* Department of Biochemistry, Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Govt Arts College (W), Mayiladuthurai - 609 001, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 14 December 2018, Revised and Accepted: 18 March 2019 ABSTRACT Objectives: The in vitro antiinflammatory activity of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Pergularia deamia leaf and stem. Methods: The different parts of extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as per the standard protocols. In vitro anti- inflammatory activities were evaluated by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization, protein denaturation, and antiproteinase methods. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of carbohydrates, phenol, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and quinines in acetone extracts of plant. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were tested using different concentrations of the extracts along with standard drug diclofenac sodium. The maximum anti-inflammatory activities were observed in ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia. As the concentration of the extracts increased antiinflammatory activity also higher. Conclusion: The plant, therefore, might be considered as a natural source of RBC membrane stabilizers and prevention of protein denaturation, so it is substitute medicine for the management of inflammatory disorder. Keywords: Pergularia daemia, Leaf, Stem, Acetone, Ethyl acetate. INTRODUTION Acute inflammation is usually of sudden onset marked by the classical signs in vascular and oxidative processes predominate. Since plant and plant products are being used as a source of medicine Acute inflammation may be an initial response of the body to harmful for a long ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Ant Nest: the Butterflies: the Dragonflies
    BACKYARD DIVERSITY: A SMALL STEP TOWARDS CONSERVATION, A BIG LEAP TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY Sanchari Sarkar ퟏ and Moitreyee Banerjee Chakrabarty ퟏ ퟏ Department of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government College, Kazi Nazrul University, Durgapur, West Bengal [email protected] INTRODUCTION: THE BUTTERFLIES: THE DRAGONFLIES: ‘Backyard Biodiversity’, a new initiative to record species found in gardens. In the recent Neurothemis tullia Rhyothemis variegata Potamarcha congener Orthetrum sabina Rhodothemis rufa times of industrialization and deforestation, Ariadne merione Junonia iphita Graphium doson Appias libythea backyard biodiversity can be a new hope to Dragonfly Family Host Plant Family : Neurothemis tullia Libellulidae Cynodon dactylon Poaceae sustainability of nature. Rhyothemis variegata Libellulidae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae STUDY SITE: Rosa sp. Rosoideae Papilio demoleus (Male) Papilio demoleus (female) Danaus chrysippus Hypolimnas bolina Mines Rescue Station, a residential complex, Potamarcha congener Libellulidae Rosa sp. Rosoideae with an area of 43,933.29 m² area is situated in Orthetrum sabina Libellulidae Rosa sp. Rosoideae the outskirts of Asansol, West Bengal. Rhodothemis rufa Libellulidae Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Latitude: 23.7073 N Neptis hylas Papilio polytes Leptosia nina Longitude: 86.9093 E Host plant and Butterfly: Result and discussion: MATERIAL AND METHOD: Butterfly Family Host Plant Family The diversity of the dragonfly in this particular region is Ariadne merione Nymphalidae Basella alba Basellaceae restricted to a single family. The host plants seems to be The pictorial data was taken Junonia iphita Nymphalidae dry twig and bark suitable for this single family only. Graphium doson Papilionidae Tabernaemontana Apocynaceae with the Nikon D3500 DSLR divaricata Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae BIRDS AND TREE ASSOCIATION: camera. In total of there are 218 tree species along with 24 bird Appias libythea Pieridae Rosa sp.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials of Baicalein Extracted from Oroxylum Indicum: a Systematic Review
    molecules Review The Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials of Baicalein Extracted from Oroxylum indicum: A Systematic Review Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh , Farah Amna Othman, Nur Alisa Kamarudin and Suat Cheng Tan * School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia; [email protected] (N.N.H.N.S.); [email protected] (F.A.O.); [email protected] (N.A.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-9-7677776 Academic Editors: Giuseppe Caruso, Nicolò Musso and Claudia Giuseppina Fresta Received: 1 November 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 2 December 2020 Abstract: In Southeast Asia, traditional medicine has a longestablished history and plays an important role in the health care system. Various traditional medicinal plants have been used to treat diseases since ancient times and much of this traditional knowledge remains preserved today. Oroxylum indicum (beko plant) is one of the medicinal herb plants that is widely distributed throughout Asia. It is a versatile plant and almost every part of the plant is reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological activities. Many of the important bioactivities of this medicinal plant is related to the most abundant bioactive constituent found in this plant—the baicalein. Nonetheless, there is still no systematic review to report and vindicate the biological activities and therapeutic potential of baicalein extracted from O. indicum to treat human diseases. In this review, we aimed to systematically present in vivo and in vitro studies searched from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar database up to 31 March 2020 based on keywords “Oroxylum indicum” and “baicalein”.
    [Show full text]
  • POLICY PAPER Conserving Ras Al Khaimah's Botanical Diversity
    POLICY PAPER Policy Paper 49 July 2021 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conserving Ras Al Khaimah is home to a diverse ecosystem of plant species, many of which have medicinal uses and Ras Al Khaimah’s cultural significance in addition to supporting wildlife. As the human population and associated urban Botanical Diversity development increases in the Emirate, it is essential to ensure the national heritage related to plant Marina Tsaliki, Landscape Agency – Public Services Department – Ras Al Khaimah diversity is protected. In this policy paper, we present Chloe MacLaren, Rothamsted Research the results of an emirate-wide botanical survey that explores how the plant species, present across Ras Al Introduction Khaimah, vary according to the Emirate’s geography. Ras Al Khaimah encompasses various natural habitats, including In total, 320 plant species were documented in mountain ranges, hills, coastal dunes, mangroves, gravel plains, and the survey, 293 of which were identified. Some of desert. These landscapes can seem universally harsh in their aridity or the recorded species are either uniquely found in salinity. However, the variations in environmental conditions, such as the Emirate or are rare and endangered. Four main temperature, water availability, and soil type, that define the habitats vegetation types have been identified in the Emirate: allow for a great diversity of flora and fauna. The complete range of coastal and lowland vegetation, plains vegetation, species present in Ras Al Khaimah has yet to be fully cataloged and low mountain vegetation, and high mountain investigated. There is a particular lack of information on the diversity vegetation. Within each of these, there are several and distributions of plants.
    [Show full text]
  • NSS October to December 2017 Vol. 2
    Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed/ Peer Review Research Journal) (U.G.C. Jr. No. 64728) 1 ISSN 2320-8767, E- ISSN 2394-3793, Impact Factor - 4.710 (2016) October to December 2017, Vol. II Index/AZwH´$_oUH$m 01. Index/ AZwH´$_oUH$m ................................................................................................................ 01 02. Regional Editor Board / Editorial Advisory Board ............................................................... 06/07 03. Referee Board ........................................................................................................................................ 08 04. Spokesperson ............................................................................................................... 10/11 (Science / ndkmZ) 05. Reduction in consumption of limestone by use of Portland Pozzolana Cement Using .................. 12 Mathematical Modeling (Dr. Sapna Shrimali, R.K. Mishra) 06. Common Fixed Point Theorems for in fuzzy metric spaces for Two mapping (Dr. Sangeeta Biley) .. 18 07. A Critical Analysis Of Perception Towards Semester System In Madhya Pradesh, India ................ 20 (Dr. Mamta Prajapati, Dr. Balram Pd. Prajapati) 08. Comparative Phytochemical Studies Of Ocimum Sanctum And Mentha Arvensis Ethanolic ......... 24 Leaf Extract (Dr. Prakash Solanki, Dr. Pramod Pandit, Anil Badore) 09. The Chemistry Of Cobalt In The Soil (Dr. S. K. Udaipure) ................................................................... 27 10. Comparative Study Of Sirpur And Piplyapala Talab
    [Show full text]