Phytochemical Analysis and in Vitro Antiinflammatory Activity of Pergularia Daemia (Forsk.)

Vol 7, Issue 1, 2019 ISSN - 2321-550X Research Article PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF PERGULARIA DAEMIA (FORSK.) TAMIL SELVI I, VIDHYA R* Department of Biochemistry, Dharmapuram Gnanambigai Govt Arts College (W), Mayiladuthurai - 609 001, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: [email protected] Received: 14 December 2018, Revised and Accepted: 18 March 2019 ABSTRACT Objectives: The in vitro antiinflammatory activity of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of Pergularia deamia leaf and stem. Methods: The different parts of extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as per the standard protocols. In vitro anti- inflammatory activities were evaluated by red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization, protein denaturation, and antiproteinase methods. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that the presence of carbohydrates, phenol, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and quinines in acetone extracts of plant. In vitro anti-inflammatory activities were tested using different concentrations of the extracts along with standard drug diclofenac sodium. The maximum anti-inflammatory activities were observed in ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia. As the concentration of the extracts increased antiinflammatory activity also higher. Conclusion: The plant, therefore, might be considered as a natural source of RBC membrane stabilizers and prevention of protein denaturation, so it is substitute medicine for the management of inflammatory disorder. Keywords: Pergularia daemia, Leaf, Stem, Acetone, Ethyl acetate. INTRODUTION Acute inflammation is usually of sudden onset marked by the classical signs in vascular and oxidative processes predominate. Since plant and plant products are being used as a source of medicine Acute inflammation may be an initial response of the body to harmful for a long ago. According to the World Health Organization, more stimuli. An increased movement of plasma and leukocytes, especially than 80% of the world’s population, mostly in poor and less granulocytes from the blood into the injured tissues, is observed. developed countries depends on traditional plant-based Chronic inflammation is prolonged and persistent inflammation medicines for their primary health-care needs. The efficacy and marked chiefly by new connective tissue formation; it may be a safety of herbal medicine have turned the major pharmaceutical continuation of an acute or prolonged form. Steroidal and nonsteroidal population toward medicinal plant’s research. Due to the global anti-inflammation drugs (SAIDs and NASIDs) are currently the most trend toward improved “quality of life,” there is considerable widely used drugs in the treatment of acute inflammation disorders, evidence of an increase in demand from medicinal plant [1]. India despite their renal and gastric negative secondary effects [8]. NSAIDs is richly endowed with a wide variety of plant shaving and SAID are being used till now, as a result long-term uses of these medicinal values. These plants are widely used by all sections of drugs cause adverse side effect and damage human biological system the society whether directly as folk remedies or indirectly as such as liver and gastrointestinal tract as a result of adverse side effects pharmaceutical preparation of modern medicine [2]. In recent such as gastric lesions, cardiovascular, and renal failure [9]. times, focus on plant research has increased worldwide, and a large body of evidence has collected to show immense potential of Pergularia daemia is belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is medicinal plants used in various traditional systems [3], and also commonly known as “Veliparuthi” widely distributed in the world major source of biodynamic compounds of therapeutic values tropics and subtropics from southern and tropical Africa through Arabia exploration of the chemical constituents of the plant and to Afghanistan, India, and Sri Lanka. It consists of coroglaucigenin, pharmacological screening may provide us the basis for developing the lead for the development of novel agents [4]. etc. The plant is pungent, cooling, anthelmintic, laxative, antipyretic, Inflammation is a complex biological response of vascular tissue to curescalactin, biliousness, oleanolic acid, asthma, putranjivadione, ulcers, and calacin, useful calotropin,in eye troubles β-sitosterol, [10]. harmful stimuli; pathogenic irritants are characterized by redness, Hence, there is no detail study on in vitro anti-inflammatory activities warmth, swelling, and pain [5]. Inflammation is either acute or chronic of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem of P. daemia. inflammation; acute inflammation may be an initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and chronic inflammation the inflammatory response METHODS is out of proportion resulting in damage to the body [6]. Inflammation is a complex process, which is frequently associated with pain and Collection of plant materials involves occurrences such as the increase of vascular permeability and P. daemia was collected from Neivasal, Thanjavur (District), Tamil Nadu, increase of protein denaturation and membrane alteration. Bacterial India, during November 2016. The plant was identified by Dr. S. infections cause an increased number of neutrophils, which produce John Britto, Director, Rapinat Herbarium and Centre for Molecular an oxidative burst at the site of microbial invasion. The uncontrolled Systematics, Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli, release of reactive oxygen species is assumed to be responsible for Tamil Nadu, India. The leaf and stem of the plant were collected and certain pathological conditions as heart attacks, septic shocks, and washed thoroughly in tap water followed by distilled water. It was rheumatoid arthritis [7]. shade dried at the room temperature for 7 days. After dried leaf and Selvi and Vidhya Innovare Journal of Life Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 1, 2019, 1-5 stem were uniformly grinded well using mechanical grinder. The ()Abs Control – Abs Sample Percentage inhibition = ×100 powder materials were stored separately in air-tight container. Abs control Preparation of extracts The powdered leaf and stem (250 g) of P. daemia were soaked in 250 ml RESULTS acetone and ethyl acetate in separated conical flask, for 3 days and plug with cotton. On the 4th day, extracts were flittered through muscle cloth Phytochemical analysis of P. daemia and followed by Whatman filter paper 1. The filtrates were concentrated In the present study showed that the presence of phytochemical by boil water bath and then crude form of extracts was stored at 4–8°C consistent of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of leaf and stem of P. in air-tight container. daemia. The maximum amount of bioactive phytocompounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, Qualitative method of phytochemical analysis terpenoids, steroids, and quinines was observed in acetone extracts of The leaf and stem of P. daemia extracts contain alkaloids, carbohydrates, leaf and stem of P. daemia, when as compared of ethyl acetate extracts glycosides, protein, steroids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, of P. daemia. Whereas, saponins, glycosides, phlobatannins, and saponins, quinines, terpenoids, phlobatannins, and anthraquinones anthraquinones were absent in acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of P. were analyzed by standard procedure [11]. daemia (Table 1). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia Heat-induced hemolysis Heat-induced analysis The heat-induced hemolysis was performed by Shinde et al. [12]. Acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia were analyzed using the heat-induced hemolysis method, and the activity was measured by the Preparation of red blood cells (RBCs) suspension stabilization of human red blood cells (HRBC) at various concentrations Fresh whole human blood (10 ml) was collected and transferred to (200–1000 µg/ml) were shown in Table 2. The maximum protection the centrifuged tube. The tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for of membrane lysis was observed in ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia 10 min and were washed 3 times with equal volume of normal saline. at all the concentrations when compared to acetone extracts of leaf The volume of blood was measured and reconstituted as 10% v/v and stem of P. daemia. The increasing concentration of plant extracts suspension with normal saline. RBC membrane protection was increased. Hence, P. daemia has anti- inflammatory activity against RBC. The reaction mixture (2 ml) consists of 1 ml test sample of different In vitro protein denaturation instead of test sample only saline was added to the control test tube. Protein denaturation is a well-documented cause of inflammation. Aspirinconcentrations was used (200–1000 as a standard μg/ml) drug. and All 1the ml centrifuge of 10% RBCs tubes suspension, containing Table 3 summarizes that the maximum inhibition of protein reaction mixture were incubated in water bath at 56°C for 30 min. At the denaturation was observed in ethyl acetate extracts of P. daemia. The end of the incubation, the tubes were cooled under running tap water. highest inhibition of protein denaturation (58±3.77) was showed in The reaction mixture was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 min, and the ethyl acetate extracts of leaf at the concentration of 1000 µg when absorbance of the supernatants was taken at 560 nm. The experiment compared

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