Assessment on Antimicrobial Activity of Pergularia Daemia Leaf Extract
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Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(2): February 2019 ISSN 0974-3618 (Print) www.rjptonline.org 0974-360X (Online) RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessment on Antimicrobial Activity of Pergularia daemia Leaf Extract Devika R*, Chozhavendhan S, Karthigadevi G, Shalini Chauhan Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Paiyanoor – 603104. *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Over the past few decades, curing of diseases are under threat as many medicines and drugs produce toxic reactions. Nowadays 61% of new drugs has been developed using natural phytochemicals in curing many diseases. Present investigation is an attempt to assess the antimicrobial activity of Pergularia daemia and to evaluate the potential against antibiotics. In the present study, P.daemia proved to have efficient phytochemicals which created distinct zone of inhibition against bacterial strains. KEYWORDS: Antibacterial, zone of inhibition, resistance, susceptible, phytochemicals. INTRODUCTION: The whole plant is slender, hispid, fetid–knelling, Ayurveda an ancient system of Indian medicine which Leaves opposite, membrananous, 3-9 cm long and are using number of phytochemicals extracted from broadly Ovate, orbicular or deeply cordate, acute or plant sources for the treatment of various diseases. short acuminate at apex, petioles 2-9 cm long. Flowers Modern medicine has expanded the use of herbal greenish yellow or dull white tinged with purple, borne medicine which has lead to the assurance of safety, in axillary, long peduncled, drooping clusters. Fruits quality and efficacy1. The foremost concern is that the lanceolate, long pointed about 5 cm, long covered with synthetic drugs show sensitive reaction and other soft spines and seeds are pubescent broadly orate8. underirable side effects than the herbal medicine2. Pergularia daemia known as Pergularia in English, Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant chemicals Ultaravaruni in Sanskrit, Utranajutuka in Hindi and produce to protect itself and have disease preventive Veliparuthi in Tamil9. Traditionally, this plant is useful properties3. According to World Health Organization as anthelminthic, laxative, anti-pyretic, expectorant and reported that more than 80% of the world’s population strongely recommended for malarial intermittent fever10. depend on traditional plant based medicines for their The latex of this plant is used for veneral diseases, primary healthcare needs4. India has about 45,000 plant arthritis, muscular pains, asthma, rheumatism, snake species with number medicinal properties such as bites3, relief from toothache11 and the aerial parts are antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, reported to have various pharmacological activities like arthritis, asthma, rheumatism, antifertility, antifertility12, wound healing13, antidiabetic, hepato hepatoprotective, anaemia, antibacterial etc.3,6. protective14, antibacterial15, the plant leaf juice 2-3 times a day is a best remedy for asthma16, anaemia, Pergularia daemia Forsk. belong to Asclepiadaceae leprosy and piles17 and the stem bark is used as remedy family which is a perennial twinning herb which grows for cold18. widely along the roadsides of India and in the Tropical and Subtropical regions7. The leaves extract of Pergularia daemia is useful in leprosy and haemorrhoids and also in uterine and menstrual disorders and in facilitating parturition19. The crude leaf paste is consumed to treat lactation20 and Received on 02.08.2018 Modified on 18.10.2018 even mixed with castor oil and applied to joints Accepted on 02.11.2018 © RJPT All right reserved 21 Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2019; 12(2):558-560. inflammation, liver complaints, spleen enlargement , DOI: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00099.4 and also mixed with black pepper for the relief of 558 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(2): February 2019 headache22. The juices of the leaves is given in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: combination with lime or ginger for asthma and The crude ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of prepared as medicinal oil for rheumatism, amenorrhea Pergularia daemia leaves were tested for antibacterial and Oral administration 10ml/day of root extract for 15 activity. There was concurrent increase of zone size days is given for respiratory problems23. The root is used from lower concentration to higher concentration in all to treat mental disorders, anemia, leprosy, piles, uterine the duplicate plates and therefore average value of the and menstrual disorders17. Ethanol extract and its zone of inhibition in millimeter was recorded and the ethanol fraction from aerial parts of Pergularia daemia results for the antibacterial activity of leaf extract is exhibited significant hepatoprotective effect against illustrated in the Table 1. Bacillus subtilis did not show 24 CCL4 induced hepatoxicity in rats . Lipophilic fraction any zone of inhibition in the duplicate plates incubated obtained from stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity with crude ethanol extract, but the average zone of against Plasmodium falciparum and the IC50 was > 50 inhibition was 5mm, 7mm and 9mm in the crude ug/ml25. Oral administration of alkaloidal fraction in acetone disc of 20 µl, 40µl and 60µl, respectively. A ethanol (200 mg/kg body weight), showed significant clear zone of inhibition was recorded in the crude antifertility activity in pre implantation stage of female chloroform extract at 40µl (6mm) and 60 µl (7mm) mice25. concentration. The ethyl acetate extract showed growth inhibitory activity against B subtilis (15mm), S.aureus Antibacterial activity of ethanol (80%) extract of the (17 mm) and P.vulgaris (20 mm) at 400 mg/disc, whole plant against Proteus Mirabilis, Escherichia Coli, respectively. Antibacterial activity of ethanol (95%) Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by extract of Pergularia daemia was inactive against agar disc diffusion method (1 to 3 mg) was carried out Mycobacterium tuberculosis by agar plate method27. and the extract showed cardiovascular effect in the frog 50% of methanol extract of flower and leaf showed 26 while high dose of extract blocked the heart . inactiveness against Pseudomonas sps., Staphytococcus Antibacterial activity of ethanol (95%) extract of aureus, staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis and Pergularia daemia was inactive against Mycobacterium Proteus sps. by broth culture method28. 27 tuberculosis by agar plate method . 50% of methanol extract of flower and leaf showed inactiveness against Table 1: Antibacterial activity of crude, ethanol, acetone and Pseudomonas sps., Staphytococcus aureus, chloroform extract of Pergularia daemia leaves. staphylococcus albus, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus sps. S. Bacterial Zone of Inhibition (mm) No Strain 28 Ethanol Acetone Chloroform by broth culture method . 1. Bacillus - - - 5 7 9 - 6 9 subtilis MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2. Echerichia 10 11 15 - 5 7 - 6 9 The leaves and stem of Pregularia daemia were coli collected and shade dried. The dried leaves and stem 3. Klebsilla 6 9 13 - - - - - - pneumonia powdered using a electric blender and stored in an air 4. Micrococcus - - - - - - 8 12 16 tight container. About 5gms of leaf and stem powders luteus were soaked with 10 ml of ethanol, acetone, chloroform and left undisturbed at room temperature for complete The crude acetone and chloroform extract 20µl did not extraction. The extract was filtered through Whatman inhibit the growth of E.coli and the average zone No: 1 filter paper and the crude extract obtained was recorded were 10mm, 11mm and 15mm with 20 µl, 40µl stored for future use after labelling it separately. and 60µl, respectively 5 mm and 7mm, diameter zones were observed at 40µl and 60µl, respectively in crude Antibacterial activity with Escherichia coli, Bacillus acetone extract and 6mm and 9 mm at 40µl and 60µl in subtilis, Klebsellia pneumoniae and Micrococcus luteus crude chloroform extract, respectively. Klebsiella was determined using the disc diffusion method29. The pneumoniae recorded clear zone of inhibition only with above bacterial cultures were sub cultured in liquid crude ethanol extract in all the three dilutions (20µl, 40 medium at 37˚C for 24 hrs. The test cultures were µl and 60µl) and average was 6mm, 9mm and 13mm, swabbed on the top of the solidified media. Different respectively.The crude ethanol and acetone extracts did concentration (20 µl, 40µl and 60ul) of plant extract not inhibit Micrococus luteus in the tested dissolved in ethanol, acetone and chloroform were concentrations, but a maximum zone (16mm) of prepared and the loaded discs were placed on the inhibition was observed at the 60µl concentration of swabbed agar medium and left for 30 min at room chloroform extract and other two dilutions 20µl and temperature for compound diffusion and then incubated 40µl recorded 8mm and 12mm zone of inhibition, for 24 hours. A set of blank plates were maintained for respectively. all the test organisms. The zone of inhibition was recorded in millimeters and the experiment was maintained in duplicates. 559 Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 12(2): February 2019 An attempt on antibacterial activity was made with two fraction of P. daemia. Science. 1(4); 2001: 217-219. 7. Gaurav Nama and Lincy Joseph. A review on pharmacological profile different antibiotics such as ampicillin and for Phytomedicine known as Pergularia daemia. (Forsk) Chiov. chloramphenical at 20ml, 40ml and 60ml concentrations Journal of Medical & Biomedical Sciences.