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Regional Review and Appraisal of Implementation of the Beijing Regional review and appraisal of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) in Latin American and Caribbean countries Regional review and appraisal of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) in Latin American and Caribbean countries Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Pamela Villalobos Officer-in-Charge, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division This report was prepared by Sonia Montaño Virreira, Chief of the Division for Gender Affairs of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), based on the reviews presented by the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean on implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty- third special session of the General Assembly (2000) in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and adoption of the 2015 Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Special thanks are extended to Coral Calderón, María Ángeles Durán (who conducted a specific study on the review period), Pablo Tapia and Iliana Vaca-Trigo for their contributions. Jimena Arias, Cristina Benavente, Néstor Bercovich, Macarena Bolados, Cristina Carrasco, Marina Casas, Inés Reca, Lucía Scuro, Alejandra Valdés and Pamela Villalobos are also thanked for their contributions, as are Irma Arriagada and Virginia Guzmán for reading this report. LC/L.3951 ORIGINAL: SPANISH Copyright © United Nations, september 2015. All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago, Chile ECLAC Regional review and appraisal of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action... Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................7 I. A context in transformation .....................................................................................................11 A. Twenty years of change ..................................................................................................11 B. The decade of the 1990s ................................................................................................15 C. Democracy ......................................................................................................................17 D. The women’s and feminist movement .............................................................................18 II. Main advances in implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in Latin America and the Caribbean .......................................................................................23 A. Advances in decision-making autonomy .........................................................................24 1. Legal and institutional framework ............................................................................24 2. Policies and budget ..................................................................................................26 B. Advances in economic autonomy ...................................................................................31 1. Income and time: two commodities in short supply .................................................31 2. Public policies: neutrality, positive action and short term .........................................45 C. Advances in physical autonomy ......................................................................................50 1. Adolescent pregnancy .............................................................................................51 2. Maternal mortality.....................................................................................................52 3. Violence against women ..........................................................................................54 III. New priorities and challenges for the post-2015 development agenda ..................................61 A. Strategic challenges in the region ...................................................................................62 B. Challenges related to decision-making autonomy ..........................................................66 C. Challenges related to physical autonomy .......................................................................66 D. Challenges related to economic autonomy .....................................................................67 IV. Data and statistics ..................................................................................................................71 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................75 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................79 3 ECLAC Regional review and appraisal of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action... Tables Table II.1 Latin America (selected countries): definition of femicide/feminicide in penal codes .........................................................................................................56 Table II.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: sources of information for recording deaths of women at the hands of an intimate partner or former partner .....................................................................................................58 Table IV.1 Latin America: collection of indicators to monitor progress in the area of gender equality ...................................................................................................72 Table IV.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: countries that have administered surveys or included regular questions or modules in them on time use and unpaid work ...............................................................................................73 Figures Figure II.1 Latin America: level within governmental hierarchy of national machineries for the advancement of women, 1990s and 2013 ..............................25 Figure II.2 Latin America and the Caribbean: poverty, femininity index of poverty and GDP .................................................................................................32 Figure II.3 Latin America (18 countries): femininity index of poverty, around 1994 and 2012 ............................................................................................33 Figure II.4 Latin America (17 countries): population aged 15 and over without own income, by sex ....................................................................................34 Figure II.5 Latin America (17 countries): population without own income, by sex and gender gap, 1994-2012 ........................................................................35 Figure II.6 Latin America (simple average for 18 countries): economic participation rate of the urban population, by sex, 1990-2012 ....................................................36 Figure II.7 Latin America (8 countries): time spent on total work, paid and unpaid, by the economically active population aged 15 and over, by sex, latest available year ................................................................................................37 Figure II.8 Latin America (18 countries): employed population by occupational category and sex, urban areas, around 2012 .........................................................38 Figure II.9 Latin America (weighted average): urban population employed in low productivity sectors (informal sector), by sex, around 1994 (16 countries) and 2012 (18 countries) ...................................................................39 Figure II.10 Latin America (weighted average for 18 countries): employed population, by sector of activity and sex, around 2012 ..............................................................41 Figure II.11 Latin America (simple average for 18 countries): average wage of female urban wage earners aged 20 to 49 years, working 35 hours or more per week, as a proportion of the wages of men in the same situation, by years of education, 1994 and 2012 ....................................................42 Figure II.12 Latin America (17 countries): employment and pay gaps between men and women, around 2012 ...............................................................................43 Figure II.13 Latin America (18 countries): average years of schooling completed by the economically active population over 15 years of age, by sex ......................45 Figure II.14 Latin America (11 countries): women between the ages of 15 and 19 who are mothers, baseline and most recent figure available ..................................52 Figure II.15 Latin America (20 countries): maternal mortality ratios, 1990 and 2013 .................53 Figure II.16 Latin America: legislation on abortion and elective termination of pregnancy ...........................................................................................................55 4 ECLAC Regional review and appraisal of implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action... Figure II.17 Latin America (7 countries): femicide or homicide of women for reasons of gender and women killed by a current or former intimate partner, latest data
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