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Decolonization, Indigenous Internationalism, and the World Council of Indigenous Peoples

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Decolonization, Indigenous Internationalism, and the World Council of Indigenous Peoples Decolonization, Indigenous Internationalism, and the World Council of Indigenous Peoples by Jonathan Crossen A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 ©Jonathan Crossen 2014 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract This dissertation investigates the history of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples (WCIP) and the broader movement of Indigenous internationalism. It argues that Indigenous internationalists were inspired by the process of decolonization, and used its logic to establish a new political identity. The foundation of the WCIP helped create a network of Indigenous peoples that expressed international solidarity between historically unconnected communities. The international efforts of Indigenous activists were encouraged both by personal experiences of international travel and post-secondary education, and by the general growth of international non-governmental organizations during the late twentieth century. The growing importance of international non-governmental organizations helped the WCIP secure funding from international developmental aid agencies, a factor which pushed the organization to increase its focus on apolitical economic development relative to the anti-colonial objectives which inspired its foundation. This dissertation examines how Indigenous international organizations became embroiled in the Cold War conflict in Latin America, and the difficulties this situation posed for both the WCIP and the International Indian Treaty Council. Finally, it examines how the prominence of the World Council faded, as major international bodies like the United Nations began to acknowledge the importance of Indigenous peoples, and as Indigenous organizations sought to participate directly in new international fora rather than contributing through the WCIP. iii Acknowledgements While completing this dissertation, I have benefited from financial assistance provided by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, University of Waterloo, the Tri- University History Program, the University of Waterloo History Department, and the Research Council of Norway's Leiv Eiriksson Mobility Program Many people at the University of Tromsø who showed me tremendous hospitality and great academic support, including Else Grete Broderstad, Hildegunn Bruland, Bjørg Evjen, Bjørn Hatteng, Terje Lilleeng, and Torjer Olsen, among others at the Centre for Sami Studies, and Henry Minde in the History Department. Additional thanks to Ánte Máhtte Eira for helping to dig my rental car out of the snow in Guovdageadnu, and to Gunhild B. Sara Buljo (mamasara.org) for taking the time to meet me. Numerous people within the Tri-University History Program have been helpful and supportive over the course of my research, including Professors Gary Bruce, John English, Andrew Hunt, Heather MacDougall, Wendy Mitchinson, David Monod, Bruce Muirhead, and Sebastian Siebel-Achenbach. Jill Campbell-Miller and Scott Harrison have also provided valuable advice and assistance in times of need. Special thanks are owed to Professors Ken Coates, Susan Neylan and James Walker for being so generous with their support, wisdom, and encouragement. Donna Hayes has been a great friend and an unending source of assistance that made so much of this possible. Thanks to Scott Rutherford and Professor Jacob Tropp for your valuable remarks and your academic companionship. This work would not have been possible without the support of numerous librarians and archivists around the world, including numerous staff members at Library & Archives Canada and at the South West Research Centre Archives, the Sami Archives (Nils Jørgen Nystø), NORAD Archives (Evelyn Exmundo), the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Dæhlen Sverre), the UBCIC Resource Centre (Alissa Cherry), DoCip (Benigno Delgado), the Clara Thomas Archives & Special Collections (Anna St.Onge) and the Assembly of First Nations (Dennis Borynec). Special thanks to Ted Harms at the University of Waterloo Library, who went to great lengths in securing rare and distant resources for my research. iv Thanks as well to Doreen Manuel (runningwolf.ca) for trusting me with the invaluable contents of her father's personal diaries, as well as some of his recorded speeches. All of my interviewees have been kind, supportive, helpful, and understanding: Clem Chartier, Rodrigo Contreras, Sam Deloria, Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Hugh Faulkner, Leif Halonen, Wayne Kines, Pōkā Laenui, Guy Lavallée, Ronald Leger, Ole-Henrik Magga, Louise Mandell, Robert Petersen, Marie Smallface-Marule, Ánde Somby, and Niillas Somby. Thank you all so much. I hope I have captured your stories fairly. Material from four additional interviewees was not able to be used in this work for a variety of reasons, but I expect to use it in the future work, and I certainly appreciate the time you took to speak with me. Thanks to Christopher Rompre for putting me in touch with my first interviewee which got me started off on the right foot. Thanks as well to the many people that helped guide me to this point: the historians who have advised me and inspired me in the past—Greg Blue, Ian MacPherson (RIP), István Rév, Alfred Rieber, Georgia Sitara, Serhy Yekelchyk, and Susan Zimmermann—as well as my parents, my sister, and my extended family. My work on this dissertation has continuously benefited from the loving support and the astute academic advice of my wife Kata. Professor Daniel Gorman, your encouragement and assistance began even before you became my supervisor, and only increased over the years. I could not have hoped for a better guide. Thank you. v Dedication Dedicated to Kata, for everything. vi Table of Contents AUTHOR'S DECLARATION........................................................................................................ii Abstract..........................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................iv Dedication......................................................................................................................................vi Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................vii List of Figures.................................................................................................................................x Chapter 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Historiography......................................................................................................................3 1.2 Precursors.............................................................................................................................7 1.3 Third-Worldism..................................................................................................................14 1.3.1 Nyerere, Ujamaa, and Internationalism.........................................................................18 1.4 Globalization......................................................................................................................22 1.5 Sources...............................................................................................................................28 1.6 Chapter Summary...............................................................................................................33 Chapter 2 Another Wave of Anti-Colonialism: The Origins of Indigenous Internationalism.......35 2.1 Third-Worldism and the World Council of Indigenous Peoples........................................36 2.1.1 Smallface-Marule and the Influence of African-Socialism...........................................40 2.1.2 International Support for a Growing Network of Indigenous Peoples..........................49 2.1.3 Support from the Third World.......................................................................................54 2.2 Third-Worldism and International Indian Treaty Council..................................................59 2.3 A Different View of Decolonization and Internationalism.................................................62 2.4 Contrasting Visions of Indigenous Internationalism..........................................................69 Chapter 3 Out of Isolation: The 1974 Preparatory Meeting in Georgetown Guyana....................74 3.1 The Delegates and their commonalities.............................................................................75 3.2 Overcoming Isolation.........................................................................................................85 3.3 Definition...........................................................................................................................92 3.4 Structure.............................................................................................................................96 3.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................103
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