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Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 Datum Augustus 2021 Pagina 1 van 63 Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 | Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Afrika Sub-Sahara Afdeling Ambtsberichten Pagina 2 van 63 Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 | Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................4 1 Politieke en veiligheidssituatie in Tigray ..................................................... 5 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen die de achtergrond vormen van het conflict ......................5 1.2 Veiligheidssituatie in Tigray (sinds november 2020) ........................................... 11 1.2.1 De belangrijkste strijdende partijen/actoren die geweld plegen in Tigray .............. 19 1.2.2 Vormen van geweld/gerichte geweldsmethodes of methodes die willekeurige slachtoffers maken ........................................................................................ 26 1.2.3 Willekeurig of gericht geweld tegen specifieke groepen ...................................... 28 1.2.4 Risico dat vrouwen lopen om slachtoffer van geweld te worden ........................... 32 1.2.5 Delen/plaatsen in Tigray waar geweld plaatsvindt (wijdverbreid of specifieke plekken?) ..................................................................................................... 33 1.2.6 Aantal dodelijke slachtoffers vanwege conflict (strijdende partijen en burgers) ...... 34 1.2.7 Aantal gewonden in relatie tot het aantal inwoners van de regio Tigray ................ 36 2 Positie slachtoffers van het conflict in Tigray ............................................ 37 2.1 Mogelijkheid voor personen die slachtoffer zijn of slachtoffer vrezen te worden van het conflict om bescherming te verkrijgen van autoriteiten of andere partijen ....... 37 2.2 Beschermingsmogelijkheden in verschillende gebieden/provincies? ...................... 40 2.3 Verschillen in de beschermingsmogelijkheden voor etnische Tigreërs uit Tigray en voor andere groepen uit Tigray ....................................................................... 41 2.4 Uitsluiting van bepaalde groepen van bescherming ............................................ 42 2.5 Mogelijkheid tot vestiging in een ander deel van het land met het doel zich te onttrekken aan het geweld in Tigray ................................................................ 42 2.5.1 Belemmeringen/beperkingen/problemen die iemand kan ondervinden indien hij/zij zich elders in Ethiopië vestigt .......................................................................... 43 3 Positie Tigreeërs........................................................................................ 44 3.1 Wat kenmerkt de Tigrese identiteit/etniciteit? ................................................... 44 3.2 Positie/behandeling van Tigreërs in Tigray los van het conflict (voor zover mogelijk) en in de rest van Ethiopië ............................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Tigrese burgers (in andere delen van Ethiopië) .................................................. 47 3.3 Grondslag voor deze problemen (etnisch of politiek motief) ................................ 52 3.4 Beschermingsalternatieven voor Tigreeërs woonachtig buiten Tigray .................... 52 3.5 Problemen bij verlaten Ethiopië ....................................................................... 52 4 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 54 4.1 Ontheemden- en/of vluchtelingenstroom vanwege het conflict in Tigray ............... 54 4.2 Gebieden in Ethiopië waar binnenlandse ontheemden worden opgevangen ........... 55 4.3 Feitelijke situatie in deze gebieden .................................................................. 56 4.3.1 Humanitaire hulp/toegang .............................................................................. 58 4.4 Behandeling van Tigreeërs bij terugkeer naar Ethiopië vanuit het buitenland ........ 59 5 Bijlages ..................................................................................................... 61 5.1 Geraadpleegde bronnen ................................................................................. 61 5.2 Afkortingenlijst .............................................................................................. 63 Pagina 3 van 63 Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 | Inleiding Dit thematisch ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van de in de door het Ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid opgestelde Terms of Reference (ToR) gestelde vragen en genoemde aandachtspunten. De ToR is vastgesteld op 28 mei 2021. Een geanonimiseerde versie van deze ToR is tezamen met het thematisch ambtsbericht gepubliceerd op de website van de rijksoverheid. Dit thematisch ambtsbericht is een aanvulling op, en actualisering van, het algemeen ambtsbericht Ethiopië van februari 2021, waarbij specifiek wordt ingegaan op het gewapende conflict dat sinds november 2020 in de regionale deelstaat Tigray gaande is. In dit ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in deze noordelijke staat van Ethiopië beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielaanvragen en voor de besluitvorming over terugkeer van afgewezen asielzoekers. Het betreft hier personen uit Tigray, personen van etnisch Tigrese afkomst of personen die op enigerlei andere wijze de gevolgen ondervinden van het conflict in het noorden van Ethiopië. De verslagperiode beslaat met name de periode van november 2020 tot en met augustus 2021, maar zal daar waar nodig voor de context op eerdere gebeurtenissen ingaan. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op zorgvuldig geselecteerde, geanalyseerde en gecontroleerde informatie van zowel openbare als vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur, berichtgeving in de media en (indien van toepassing) relevante overheidsinstanties. De passages in dit ambtsbericht berusten op meerdere bronnen, tenzij anders vermeld of in het geval van algemeen onbetwiste feiten. De geraadpleegde openbare bronnen zijn opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. In de tekst wordt verwezen naar zowel openbare als vertrouwelijke bronnen. Dit ambtsbericht betreft een feitelijke, neutrale en objectieve weergave van de bevindingen gedurende de onderzochte periode en biedt geen conclusies of aanbevelingen. In dit ambtsbericht is gebruik gemaakt van interviews met relevante en deskundige bronnen. Daarnaast is gebruik gemaakt van vertrouwelijke informatie afkomstig van de diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging in Ethiopië en andere Nederlandse missies in het buitenland. De vertrouwelijke bronnen zijn in de voetnoten aangemerkt als ‘vertrouwelijke bron’ en voorzien van een datum. De op vertrouwelijke basis ingewonnen informatie is voornamelijk gebruikt ter ondersteuning en aanvulling van passages die zijn gebaseerd op openbare informatie. Hoofdstuk één behandelt de politieke en veiligheidssituatie in Tigray. Hoofdstuk twee gaat in op de positie van de slachtoffers van het conflict. De positie van Tigreeërs buiten Tigray komt in hoofdstuk drie aan bod. Hoofdstuk vier behandelt de situatie van vluchtelingen en ontheemden met oog op het conflict in het noorden van Ethiopië. Pagina 4 van 63 Thematisch Ambtsbericht Tigray 2021 | 1 Politieke en veiligheidssituatie in Tigray 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen die de achtergrond vormen van het conflict Machtsovername door TPLF In 1974 zette een communistische militaire junta, de Derg (Comité) genaamd, keizer Haile Selassie af en maakte hiermee een eind aan de Ethiopische monarchie, het huis van Solomon. De Derg streefde een politiek van nationalisering en collectivisme na. Tussen 1976 en 1978 doodde de Derg duizenden politieke tegenstanders (de campagne van de Rode Terreur). Strijders van het Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), een multi-etnische alliantie,1 verdreven de Derg van kolonel Mengistu Haile Mariam in 1991. De Tigreeërs zijn een kleine minderheid binnen het mozaïek van bijna negentig verschillende etnische groeperingen in Ethiopië,2 maar met de omverwerping van de Derg verwierf het Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF), dat Tigray binnen het EPRDF vertegenwoordigde, de macht in Ethiopië. Het TPLF, dat volgens vertrouwelijke bronnen uit louter Tigreeërs bestond, maakte binnen het EPRDF de dienst uit. Het beheerde de partij-agenda en bepaalde het beleid van de partij. Verder had het TPLF onevenredig grote invloed binnen het leger en de veiligheidsdiensten van Ethiopië.3 Onder het Tigrese leiderschap maakte Ethiopië een economische groei door en was het geruime tijd een stabiele factor in de Hoorn van Afrika. De jaren dat het EPRDF/TPLF aan de macht was, kenmerkten zich echter ook door onder andere nepotisme, en de willekeurige detentie, verbanning, en marteling van politieke tegenstanders. Honderden politieke gevangenen zaten gevangen in de beruchte Maekelawi gevangenis, die door mensenrechtenorganisaties beschreven werd als een ‘martelkamer’.4 Abiy perkt macht TPLF in In het Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië van februari 2021 werd gemeld dat in 2018 het TPLF de landelijke macht in Ethiopië verloor. Andere etnische groeperingen, waaronder de Oromo die de grootste bevolkingsgroep in Ethiopië vormen, voelden zich door de Tigreeërs achtergesteld
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