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Framing of the Oromo Protest Movement by the International News Media, Oromo Activists, International Human Rights Groups, and the Ethiopian Government Officials

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Framing of the Oromo Protest Movement by the International News Media, Oromo Activists, International Human Rights Groups, and the Ethiopian Government Officials Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Communication Dissertations Department of Communication Spring 5-6-2019 Democratic Social Movement Framing Dynamics: Framing of the Oromo Protest Movement by the International News Media, Oromo Activists, International Human Rights Groups, and the Ethiopian Government Officials Seifu A. Adem Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_diss Recommended Citation Adem, Seifu A., "Democratic Social Movement Framing Dynamics: Framing of the Oromo Protest Movement by the International News Media, Oromo Activists, International Human Rights Groups, and the Ethiopian Government Officials." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2019. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/communication_diss/94 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Communication at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT FRAMING DYNAMICS: FRAMING OF THE OROMO PROTEST MOVEMENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS MEDIA, OROMO ACTIVISTS, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS, AND THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS by SEIFU ADEM Under the Direction of Carrie Freeman, PhD ABSTRACT Although there is a plethora of literature on social movements in the fields of sociology and political science, fewer studies exist on the subject in the field of media studies, especially in Africa. While scholarship on the role of social media is emerging in recent years, the literature on the news media coverage of social movements vis-à-vis international human rights organizations that also have a role in shaping the discourse is absent. The aim of this project was, therefore, to understand the framing dynamics in the discourse around social movements by the international news media, local activists, international human rights organizations, and government officials. It analyzed the 2015-2016 Oromo protest movement against injustices by the Ethiopian government to examine: (1) the major themes highlighted by these actors, and 2) the framing dynamics between the actors’ frames. Qualitative framing analysis was used to examine texts of international news media outlets, Facebook messages of prominent Oromo activists, reports and statements of Human Right Watch and Amnesty International, and the Ethiopian government officials’ response to the protests. The findings reveal that three major themes—cause of the protest, government response to the protest, and call for action— dominated the texts of the news media, activists, and human rights groups. These themes were framed as various political and economic grievances, violence, and third-party intervention for justice, respectively. The themes and frames of the news media and human rights organizations largely supported the themes and frames highlighted by protest activists. Similar themes were highlighted in the texts of the government officials but were used to counter-frame the frames of other actors (ex: portraying the protesters as violent). The findings have significant implications. They may guide democratic social movement activists in the social media age who want to design similar protests against authoritarian governments in an international arena. The findings bolster existing studies on the use of collective action framing and the relationship between news media and activists. Additionally, the results suggest that international human rights organization are also “signifying agents” engaged in creating meanings and shaping discourse about social movements. INDEX WORDS: Oromo protest, Social movement framing, Ethiopia, international journalism, human rights organizations DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT FRAMING DYNAMICS: FRAMING OF THE OROMO PROTEST MOVEMENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS MEDIA, OROMO ACTIVISTS, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS, AND THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS by SEIFU ADEM A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2019 Copyright by Seifu Adem 2019 DEMOCRATIC SOCIAL MOVEMENT FRAMING DYNAMICS: FRAMING OF THE OROMO PROTEST MOVEMENT BY THE INTERNATIONAL NEWS MEDIA, OROMO ACTIVISTS, INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS, AND THE ETHIOPIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS by SEIFU ADEM Committee Chair: Carrie Freeman Committee: Patricia Davis Charles Hankla Marian Meyers Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2019 iv DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my father, Aman Adem, whose death hurts me deep inside! v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been completed without continuous guidance and invaluable help from my advisory committee: I thank them so much! Credit also goes to my dearest wife, Sara Hassen, for her continuous support and patience even as she struggled with her cancer, which thankfully is cured now. I owe to my uncle, Abdulaziz Hussein Mamie (PhD) and my sister-in-law Aziza (Afro) Seido for their support. And my sons, Rayyan Adem and Khalid Adem have always been a cure to my stress. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... XIII LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... XIV 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Oromo Protest Movement........................................................................... 3 1.2 Demands of the Protesters .................................................................................. 4 1.3 Protesters’ Strategies .......................................................................................... 5 1.4 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................... 7 1.5 Justification and Significance of the Study ....................................................... 8 1.6 The Scope of the Study ..................................................................................... 10 1.7 Author’s Perspective ......................................................................................... 11 1.8 Organization of the Dissertation ...................................................................... 12 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 14 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Overview of Ethiopia and the Oromo People ................................................. 14 2.3 Overview of Social Movement Literature ....................................................... 19 2.3.1 Media and social movements ........................................................................ 26 2.3.2 Social media and social movements ............................................................. 29 2.3.3 Social media and collective action frames ................................................... 31 vii 2.4 Foreign Media and Democratization ............................................................... 34 2.5 Theories of International Relations, News Media, and NGOs ...................... 38 2.5.1 Major approaches to the study of international relations ........................... 38 2.5.2 Media and international relations ................................................................ 41 2.5.3 Non-Governmental Organizations and international relations .................. 42 2.5.4 Non-governmental organizations and news media ..................................... 43 2.6 Counter-Movement Framing by Governments and Non-Governments ...... 44 2.7 Summary ............................................................................................................ 48 3 METHODS: MAIN STUDY .................................................................................... 50 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 50 3.2 Research Question ............................................................................................. 50 3.2.1 Major themes of the international news media............................................ 50 3.2.2 Major themes of the messages of the Oromo activists ................................. 51 3.2.3 Major themes of human rights organizations .............................................. 52 3.2.4 Major themes of the Ethiopian government officials .................................. 52 3.2.5 Comparison of news media frames with the frame of other actors. ........... 53 3.3 Data ..................................................................................................................... 53 3.3.1 News stories of international news media .................................................... 54 3.3.2 Facebook posts of the Oromo protest activists ............................................. 54 3.3.3 Statements and reports of human rights groups .......................................... 55 viii 3.3.4 Statements and press releases of the Ethiopian government
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