DOCSLIB.ORG

Action of the Oxedrine and Tolazoline in Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor At

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Action of the Oxedrine and Tolazoline in Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor At Islami et al., 1:4 http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/scientificreports.235 Open Access Open Access Scientific Reports Scientific Reports Research Article OpenOpen Access Access Action of the Oxedrine and Tolazoline in Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor at Patients with Increased Bronchial Reactibility Hilmi Islami1*, Mehmedali Azemi2, Emir Behluli3, Feim Haliti4, Arta Dauti4, Shpend Dragusha4 and Bedri Abdullahu4 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Clinical Centre, Prishtina, Kosova 2Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Clinical Centre, Prishtina, Kosova 3Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Clinical Centre, Prishtina, Kosova 4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Clinical Centre, Prishtina, Kosova Abstract Objective: In this work, effect of Oxedrine stimulation in alpha1 adrenergic receptor and the effect of Tolazoline as a blocker of alpha2 adrenergic receptor in patients with increased bronchial reactibility of respiratory ways were studied. Methods: Parameters of the lung function were determined by Body plethysmography. Raw and ITGV were registered and SRaw was calculated as well. Aerosolization is done with standard aerosolizing machine - Asema. Patients, in order to make a detailed study, were divided in two groups: middle reactor and severe reactor. Results: Results obtained from this research, show that stimulation of alpha1 adrenergic receptor with Oxedrine tartrate (120 mg-aerosol) caused an increase of the airways specific resistance after 60 minutes, but it has not undergone a significant change (p > 0.1) in comparison to the inhalation of hexoprenaline (and Ipratropium bromide (2 inh x 0.25 mg) (p < 0.01). Blockage of the alpha2-adrenergic receptor with Tolazoline hydrochloride (20 mg - aerosol) as well has not changed the airways permeability in a significant manner (p > 0.1) Conclusion: This suggests that the activity of alpha1 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth musculature are not a primary mechanism that cause bronchial reaction, in comparison to agonists of beta2 adrenergic receptor and cholinergic antagonists which emphasize their significant action in the reduction of specific resistance of airways. Keywords: Oxedrine; Tolazoline; Hexoprenaline; Ipratropium inhaled phenylephrine, as an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptor, does not cause a significant effect in the airways resistance. Despite this Introduction response, this suggests an even more detailed study of this receptor in Airways smooth musculature tonus is under the influence of adjusting of the bronchomotor tonus [9]. different neurotransmitters, hormones, drugs, and mediators which Activation of action of some of the above mentioned factors can manifest their action by connecting to the surface of a specific receptor be initiated also by the outside environment factors such are physical in airways smooth musculature cells. All these factors, related to the activity or exposure to the cold air. Actually, it is supposed that during tonus of airways musculature, manifest their action by an excitatory the exposure to the cold air, bronchoconstriction can be initiated effect (agonist) and inhibitory effect (antagonist) during binding to the respective receptor localized in airways musculature cells [1].In the through the increase of the alpha adrenergic receptors’ activity. mechanism of bronchial hyper-reactibility, important role has also the Therefore, this fact has enhanced the role of alpha adrenergic receptors modulator substances released following the inflammatory processes in the mechanism of asthma. and other substances following the degranulation process of mastocyte Researches in experimental animals and in isolated segments [2]. of human bronchi have proved the presence of a small number of In adjusting of the airways caliber, cholinergic nerve system alpha-adrenergic receptors. These researches have also proved that plays the predominant role. Supposedly, in asthmatic patients it is the presence of this receptor in pulmonary diseases is increased by manifested with a hyperactivity of the cholinergic system due to the suggesting the role of this receptor in the patho-physiologic mechanism fact that anticholinergic drugs may cause severe bronchodilator effect of bronchial asthma [10]. Up to date, some aspects of patho-physiology, in these patients whilst this effect does not manifest in healthy persons. diagnoses, treatment, and prophylaxis in asthma have remained yet Although, mechanism of this hyperactivity of this system is not yet unexplained [11]. entirely known [3,4]. In patients with increased bronchial reactibility, the importance of alpha-adrenergic system is not fully clarified [5]. Many researchers *Corresponding author: Hilmi Islami, MD PhD, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology accentuate that in the group of selected asthmatic patient, without and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Prishtina University, Clinical Centre, Mother Theresa Str., 10000, Prishtina, Kosova; E-mail address: [email protected] effects of other medicaments, administration of alpha-adrenergic antagonist leads towards the improvement of airways function [6]. Received March 12, 2012; Published August 16, 2012 Alpha-adrenergic antagonist (e.g. indoramin) causes bronchodilation, Citation: Islami H, Azemi M, Behluli E, Haliti F, Dauti A, et al. (2012) Action of the due to the blocking of alpha-adrenergic receptors, and can be useful Oxedrine and Tolazoline in Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor at Patients with Increased therapeutics for a certain asthmatic population [7]. It remains unclear Bronchial Reactibility. 1: 235. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.235 whether these results are caused by the blockage of stimulation of Copyright: © 2012 Islami H, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under alpha-adrenergic receptors of mastocytes or airways smooth muscles the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and [8]. Some researchers have verified that in the group of asthmatics source are credited. Volume 1 • Issue 4 • 2012 Citation: Islami H, Azemi M, Behluli E, Haliti F, Dauti A, et al. (2012) Action of the Oxedrine and Tolazoline in Alpha-Adrenergic Receptor at Patients with Increased Bronchial Reactibility. 1: 235. doi:10.4172/scientificreports.235 Page 2 of 8 In order to evaluate the importance of the alpha-adrenergic system in the cabin. In the end of the rest expirium, when there is no flow, in the regulation of the bronchomotor tonus in patients with middle equation of pressure in alveoli and bronchi with pressure in the mouth and severe bronchial reactibility, effects of the Oxedrine (stimulator happens very fast. Due to this, measurement of the pressure in the of alpha1-adrenergic receptor) and Tolazoline (blocker of alpha2- mouth provides accurate information for the alveolar pressure. The adrenergic receptor) in this adjustment were researched, in comparison difference of the pressure in the mouth and at the cabin is checked by to the effects of the beta2-adrenergic receptor (Hexoprenaline) and two sensitive manometers. anticholinergic substances (Ipratropium bromide). Overall quantity of the volume of the intrathoracic gas (ITGV) Material and Methods was measured with the plethysmography method, including closed gas that do not ventilate. If the residual functional capacity is taken This study project was approved by the Ethic Committee of from the ITGV, obtained by the plethysmography method, we will the Medical Faculty in Prishtina. Selection of patients for this study gain information regarding quantity of closed gas due to a severe was done based on the data from anamnesis, clinical-laboratory obstruction, cystic lungs or pneumothorax. In healthy persons with a ascertainments, and functional pulmonary examinations. Study normal pulmonary function, volume of the intrathoracic gas is equal involved overall 21 patients. At least 48 hours prior research of with the residual functional capacity. From the beta and alpha angles, bronchial reactibility response, patients has not administered any of with the help of tables, values of the airways resistance and volume the bronchodilatory substances. Examined were informed regarding of the intrathoracic gas are calculated. From gained values, specific manner of the functional pulmonary examinations. Patients were rezistance was calculated (SRaw = Raw × ITGV). Raw and the SRaw suffering from asthma, with or without being followed by bronchitis. were taken for analyses. Research of the bronchial response to different Average of the disease lasting was 11 ± 6 years (from 4-20 years). substances was done with the measurement of Raw and the SRaw as Average of their age was 44 ± 7 years (from 29 - 45 years), whereas very sensitive indicators, compared to the parameters calculated from average of relative weight was 70 ± 7% (from 65 - 72%). The aim of the MEF curve, and therefore they are very important in the research the examination was explained to each of the patients in advance. of the bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation. Realized values Pulmonary function was defined at the rest, which was composed of of MEF25, MEF50, show that calculated parameters from the curve measurement of vital capacity (VC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), flow-volume during the volumes in small parts of the lung are more resistance in the airways (Raw) and intrathoracic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 18 December 2020 – to Date)
    (18 December 2020 – to date) MEDICINES AND RELATED SUBSTANCES ACT 101 OF 1965 (Gazette No. 1171, Notice No. 1002 dated 7 July 1965. Commencement date: 1 April 1966 [Proc. No. 94, Gazette No. 1413] SCHEDULES Government Notice 935 in Government Gazette 31387 dated 5 September 2008. Commencement date: 5 September 2008. As amended by: Government Notice R1230 in Government Gazette 32838 dated 31 December 2009. Commencement date: 31 December 2009. Government Notice R227 in Government Gazette 35149 dated 15 March 2012. Commencement date: 15 March 2012. Government Notice R674 in Government Gazette 36827 dated 13 September 2013. Commencement date: 13 September 2013. Government Notice R690 in Government Gazette 36850 dated 20 September 2013. Commencement date: 20 September 2013. Government Notice R104 in Government Gazette 37318 dated 11 February 2014. Commencement date: 11 February 2014. Government Notice R352 in Government Gazette 37622 dated 8 May 2014. Commencement date: 8 May 2014. Government Notice R234 in Government Gazette 38586 dated 20 March 2015. Commencement date: 20 March 2015. Government Notice 254 in Government Gazette 39815 dated 15 March 2016. Commencement date: 15 March 2016. Government Notice 620 in Government Gazette 40041 dated 3 June 2016. Commencement date: 3 June 2016. Prepared by: Page 2 of 199 Government Notice 748 in Government Gazette 41009 dated 28 July 2017. Commencement date: 28 July 2017. Government Notice 1261 in Government Gazette 41256 dated 17 November 2017. Commencement date: 17 November 2017. Government Notice R1098 in Government Gazette 41971 dated 12 October 2018. Commencement date: 12 October 2018. Government Notice R1262 in Government Gazette 42052 dated 23 November 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • Hexoprenaline: Β-Adrenoreceptor Selectivity in Isolated Tissues from the Guinea-Pig
    Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (1975) 2, 541-547. Hexoprenaline: p-adrenoreceptor selectivity in isolated tissues from the guinea-pig Stella R. O’Donnell and Janet C. Wanstall Department of Physiology, University of Queenstand, Brisbane, Australia (Received 12 March 1975; revision received 22 April 1975) SUMMARY 1. A catecholamine P-adrenoreceptor agonist, hexoprenaline, was examined in vitro on five guinea-pig tissues and its potency relative to isoprenaline (as 100) obtained. 2. Hexoprenaline clearly delineated between those tissues classified as containing P,-adrenoreceptors (trachea, hind limb blood vessels and uterus; relative potencies 219, 110 and 76 respectively) and those classified as containing P,-adrenoreceptors (atria and ileum; relative potencies 3.3 and 1.0 respectively). 3. Hexoprenaline differed from some previously studied noncatecholamine P-adrenoreceptor agonists in being only two-fold less potent, relative to isoprena- line, as a vasodilator in perfused hind limb than as a tracheal relaxant. Key words : j3-adrenoreceptors, blood vessels, bronchodilators, guinea-pig, hexo- prenaline, selectivity, trachea. INTRODUCTION In a previous study using in vitro preparations from the guinea-pig, O’Donnell & Wanstall (1974a) examined potential sympathomimetic bronchodilator compounds for their potency as tracheal relaxants (p,-adrenoreceptors), atrial stimulants (P,-adrenoreceptors) and vasodilators in the perfused hind limb (p2-adrenoreceptors). Some resorcinolamines showed selectivity for trachea compared with not only atria but also blood vessels. There is some evidence in dogs in vivo that other noncatecholamines, namely carbuterol (Wardell et al., 1974), and salbutamol and terbutaline (Wasserman & Levy, 1974), display similar select- ivity. If selectivity between respiratory and vascular smooth muscle represents selectivity at the p-adrenoreceptor level, it poses the question whether the P1/p2subclassification (Lands et al., 1967a; Lands, Luduena & Buzzo, 1967b) is too rigid.
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Storage Condition=50 C/Ambrh
    USOO595.5058A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: S.9SS,0589 9 Jager et al. (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 21,9 1999 54). STABILIZED MEDICINAL AEROSOL 56) References Cited SOLUTION FORMULATIONS CONTAINING U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS IPRATROPIUM BROMIDE a 5,118,494 6/1992 Schultz et al. ............................ 424/45 75 Inventors: Paul Donald Jager, Waterbury; Mark 5,190,029 3/1993 Byron et al. ... ... 128/200.14 James Kontny, New Milford, both of 5,225,183 7/1993 Purewal et al. ........................... 424/45 Conn.; Jurgen Hubert Nagel 5.439,670 8/1995 Purewal et al. ... 424/45 Ingelheim/Rhein, Germany s 5,605,674 2/1997 Purewal et al. ........................... 424/45 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 73 Assignee: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, 0372 777 6/1990 European Pat. Off.. Conn. Primary Examiner Raj Bawa Attorney, Agent, or Firm Morgan & Finnegan, LLP 21 Appl.pp No.: 08/843,180 57 ABSTRACT 22 Filed: Apr. 14, 1997 Stabilized medicinal aeroSol Solution formulations compris O O ing medicaments that degrade or decompose by interaction Related U.S. Application Data with solvents or water, an HFC propellant, a cosolvent and an acid are described. Further, Specific medicinal aeroSol 63 Staggypt.NE "A iGs Solution formulations comprising ipratropium bromide or No. 08/153.549, Nov. 22, 1993, abandoned E. is a fenoterol, ethyl alcohol, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1, continuation-in-part of application No. 07/987,852, Dec. 9, 2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and either an inorganic acid or 1992, abandoned. an organic acid are described. The acids are present in 51 Int.
    [Show full text]
  • Addition of Intravenous Beta2-Agonists to Inhaled Beta2- Agonists for Acute Asthma (Review)
    Addition of intravenous beta2-agonists to inhaled beta2- agonists for acute asthma (Review) Travers AH, Milan SJ, Jones AP, Camargo Jr CA, Rowe BH This is a reprint of a Cochrane review, prepared and maintained by The Cochrane Collaboration and published in The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 12 http://www.thecochranelibrary.com Addition of intravenous beta2-agonists to inhaled beta2-agonists for acute asthma (Review) Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. TABLE OF CONTENTS HEADER....................................... 1 ABSTRACT ...................................... 1 PLAINLANGUAGESUMMARY . 2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR THE MAIN COMPARISON . ..... 3 BACKGROUND .................................... 5 OBJECTIVES ..................................... 5 METHODS ...................................... 5 RESULTS....................................... 7 Figure1. ..................................... 8 Figure2. ..................................... 9 Figure3. ..................................... 10 DISCUSSION ..................................... 12 AUTHORS’CONCLUSIONS . 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 13 REFERENCES ..................................... 13 CHARACTERISTICSOFSTUDIES . 19 DATAANDANALYSES. 31 Analysis 1.1. Comparison 1 IV + inhaled beta agonist vs. inhaled beta-agonist, Outcome 1 Admissions. 31 Analysis 1.2. Comparison 1 IV + inhaled beta agonist vs. inhaled beta-agonist, Outcome 2 Length of stay. 32 Analysis 1.3. Comparison 1 IV + inhaled beta agonist vs. inhaled beta-agonist, Outcome 3 Pulse rate at 2
    [Show full text]
  • 210428Orig1s000
    CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH APPLICATION NUMBER: 210428Orig1s000 OTHER REVIEW(S) DIVISION OF CARDIOVASCULAR AND RENAL PRODUCTS Regulatory Project Manager Overview I. GENERAL INFORMATION NDA: 210428 Drug: Metoprolol Succinate Extended-Release Capsules, 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg and 200 mg Class: Beta- Blocker Applicant: Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Proposed Indications: Hypertension, Angina Pectoris & Heart Failure Date of submission: March 30, 2017 PDUFA date: January 30, 2018 II. REVIEW TEAM Office of New Drugs, Office of Drug Evaluation I: Division of Cardiovascular & Renal Product Norman Stockbridge, MD, PhD, Director Mary Ross Southworth, PharmD, Deputy Director for Safety Michael Monteleone, MS, RAC, Assistant Director for Labeling Martina Sahre, PhD, Cross Discipline Team Leader Fortunato Senatore, MD, Clinical Reviewer Albert DeFelice, PhD, Non-Clinical Supervisor Muriel Saulnier, PhD, Non-Clinical Reviewer Edward Fromm, RPh, RAC, Chief, Project Management Staff Maryam Changi, PharmD, Regulatory Project Manager Office of Pharmaceutical Quality: Wendy Wilson-Lee, PhD, Application Technical Lead Grafton Adams, Regulatory Business Process Manager Milton Sloan, PhD, Drug Product Reviewer Rohit Tiwari, PhD, Drug Substance Reviewer Ben Stevens, PhD, Drug Substance Team Leader Kaushal Dave, PhD, Biopharmaceutical Reviewer Wu, Ta-Chin, PhD, Biopharmaceutical Team Leader Viviana Matta, PhD, Facility Reviewer Ruth Moore, PhD, Facility Team Leader Chunsheng Cai, PhD, Process Reviewer NDA 210428 RPM review Page 1 Reference ID: 42132034213643 Labeling/PMC-PMR to Sponsor: November 30, 2017 PDUFA Date: January 30, 2018 (Standard, 10-Month) PDUFA Goal Date: January 30, 2018 Approval letter: January 26, 2018 7. Reviews a) Divisional Memorandum: (January 26, 2018) Dr. Stockbridge indicated his concurrence on Dr. Sahre’s CDTL memo.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    South African Family Practice 2016; 58(3):6-12 S Afr Fam Pract Open Access article distributed under the terms of the ISSN 2078-6190 EISSN 2078-6204 Creative Commons License [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] © 2016 The Author(s) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 REVIEW An update on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Natalie Schellack,1 Gustav Schellack,2 Richard Omoding1 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University 2Pharmaceutical Industry Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is a chronic condition which affects the respiratory system and worsens over time. Cigarette smoking and advancing age are the two major risks associated with this disease. It is concerning that the global incidence of this chronic illness is on the rise. Current projections indicate that it will become the third leading cause of death by the year 2020. Inflammatory changes underlie the pathophysiology of COPD. Irreversible damage and progressive narrowing of the air passages follow. COPD is characterised by the progressive loss of lung function. In addition, the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease released the latest update on its global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of COPD in 2015. This article provides an overview of the causative risk factors, underlying disease process, pathophysiological changes, and the classification and management of COPD, including the latest perspectives on this highly prevalent condition. Keywords: chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, emphysema, LABA, SABA, SAMA, LAMA, methylxanthines Introduction Aetiology and pathogenesis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • List Item Short-Acting Beta-Agonists Article-31 Referral
    Annex II Scientific conclusions and grounds for revocation or variation as applicable to the terms of the marketing authorisations and detailed explanation for the differences from the PRAC recommendation 19 Scientific conclusions and grounds for revocation or variation as applicable to the terms of the marketing authorisations and detailed explanation for the differences from the PRAC recommendation The CMDh considered the below PRAC recommendation dated 5 September 2013 with regards to the terbutaline, salbutamol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine, fenoterol and isoxsuprine containing medicinal products: 1. Overall summary of the scientific evaluation of terbutaline, salbutamol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine, fenoterol and isoxsuprine containing medicinal products by PRAC (see Annex I) On 27 November 2012, further to evaluation of data resulting from pharmacovigilance activities, Hungary informed the European Medicines Agency, pursuant to Article 31 of Directive 2001/83/EC, of their consideration that the risk-benefit balance of short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) containing medicinal products authorised in obstetric indications has become unfavourable, taking into account the cardiovascular events reported. Hungary considered it was in the interest of the Union to refer the matter to the PRAC and expressed concerns with regards to the posology and warnings reflected in the product information. The short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) (also known as beta-mimetics), salbutamol, terbutaline, fenoterol, ritodrine, hexoprenaline and isoxsuprine are all nationally authorised and have been on the market within the EU since the 1960s. Authorised obstetric indications for SABAs differ across Member States. The authorised obstetric indications include partus prematurus, tocolysis (for some products use is restricted to particular weeks of gestation but for others no specific gestation period is specified), external cephalic version (ECV), and hyper-uterine contractility.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Report for Short Acting Beta Agonists (Sabas) Containing Medicinal Products Authorised in Obstetric Indications
    23 October 2013 EMA/664276/2013 Assessment report for Short Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs) containing medicinal products authorised in obstetric indications Procedure under Article 31 of Directive 2001/83/EC INN/active substance: terbutaline, salbutamol, hexoprenaline, ritodrine, fenoterol, isoxsuprine Procedure number: EMEA/H/A-31/1347 Assessment Report as adopted by PRAC with all the information of a confidential nature deleted. 7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8416 E -mail [email protected] Website www.ema.europa.eu An agency of the European Union © European Medicines Agency, 2013. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents 1. Background information on the procedure .............................................. 3 2. Scientific discussion ................................................................................ 3 2.1. Clinical aspects .................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1. Safety .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2. Efficacy ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2. Risk minimisation activities .................................................................................. 13 2.3. Product information ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology for Students of Bachelor's Programmes at MF MU
    Pharmacology for students of bachelor’s programmes at MF MU (special part) Alena MÁCHALOVÁ, Zuzana BABINSKÁ, Jan JUŘICA, Gabriela DOVRTĚLOVÁ, Hana KOSTKOVÁ, Leoš LANDA, Jana MERHAUTOVÁ, Kristýna NOSKOVÁ, Tibor ŠTARK, Katarína TABIOVÁ, Jana PISTOVČÁKOVÁ, Ondřej ZENDULKA Text přeložili: MVDr. Mgr. Leoš Landa, Ph.D., MUDr. Máchal, Ph.D., Mgr. Jana Merhautová, Ph.D., MUDr. Jana Pistovčáková, Ph.D., Doc. PharmDr. Jana Rudá, Ph.D., Mgr. Barbora Říhová, Ph.D., PharmDr. Lenka Součková, Ph.D., PharmDr. Ondřej Zendulka, Ph.D., Mgr. Markéta Strakošová, Mgr. Tibor Štark, Jazyková korektura: Julie Fry, MSc. Obsah 2 Pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system ........................................................................ 10 2.1 Pharmacology of the sympathetic nervous system ................................................................... 10 2.1.1 Sympathomimetics ............................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Sympatholytics ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Pharmacology of the parasympathetic system ......................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Cholinomimetics .................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Parasympathomimetics ......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Parasympatholytics ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • PRAC Minutes July 2013
    5 September 2013 EMA/575955/2013 Rev. 2 Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) Minutes of the 8-11 July 2013 meeting Chair: June Raine – Vice-Chair: Almath Spooner Explanatory notes The notes give a brief explanation of relevant minutes items and should be read in conjunction with the minutes. EU Referral procedures for safety reasons: Urgent EU procedures and Other EU referral procedures (Items 2 and 3 of the PRAC agenda) A referral is a procedure used to resolve issues such as concerns over the safety or benefit-risk balance of a medicine or a class of medicines. In a referral, the EMA is requested to conduct a scientific assessment of a particular medicine or class of medicines on behalf of the European Union (EU). For further detailed information on safety-related referrals please see: http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000150.jsp&mid =WC0b01ac05800240d0 Signals assessment and prioritisation (Item 4 of the PRAC Minutes) A safety signal is information on a new or incompletely documented adverse event that is potentially caused by a medicine and that warrants further investigation. Signals are generated from several sources such as reports of adverse events from healthcare professionals or patients (so called spontaneous reports), clinical studies and the scientific literature. The evaluation of safety signals is a routine part of pharmacovigilance and is essential to ensuring that regulatory authorities have a comprehensive knowledge of a medicine’s benefits and risks. The presence of a safety signal does not mean that a medicine has caused the reported adverse event.
    [Show full text]
  • Drugs/Medications Known to Cause Hyperhidrosis Certain Prescriptions
    Drugs/Medications Known to Cause Hyperhidrosis Certain prescriptions and non-prescription medications can cause hyperhidrosis (excess perspiration or sweating) as a side effect. A list of potentially sweat-inducing medications is provided below. Medications are listed alphabetically by generic name. U.S. brand names are given in parentheses, if applicable. This list is provided as a resource and a service. It is not exhaustive and is in no way meant to replace consultation with a medical professional. Although sweating is a known side effect of the medications listed below, in most cases only a small percentage of people using the medicines experience undue sweating (in some cases less than 1%). Medications noted with an “*” and in bold are the most likely to cause sweating and the frequency of sweating as a side effect from these medications may be as high as 50%. Medications noted with an “†” are commonly-prescribed drugs; and those with a “P” are often used for pediatrics. Key: */Bold -- Known to commonly cause hyperhidrosis † -- Commonly-prescribed drugs P -- Pediatric use Abciximab (ReoPro®) Acamprosate (Campral®) Acetaminophen and Tramadol (Ultracet™) Acetophenazine (NA) Acetylcholine (Miochol-E®) P Acetylcysteine (Acetadote®) P Acitretin (Soriatane®) Acrivastine and Pseudoephedrine (Semprex®-D) † Acyclovir (Zovirax®) P Adenosine (Adenocard®; Adenoscan®) † Albuterol (Proventil® HFA Inhalation Aerosol) Alemtuzumab (Campath®) Alizapride (NA) Almotriptan (Axert™) Alosetron (Lotronex®) Amonafide (NA) Ambenonium (Mytelase®) Amitriptyline
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.426,475 B2 Weidner Et Al
    USOO8426475B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8.426,475 B2 Weidner et al. (45) Date of Patent: Apr. 23, 2013 (54) TREATMENT OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE W W 28:8: A: 2.38 DISEASES OF THE SKN WO WO 2006/027579 A2 3, 2006 (75) Inventors: Morten Sloth Weidner, Virum (DK); OTHER PUBLICATIONS Hans Christian Wulf, Epsergaerde (DK) Pullen, Jr., R.; “Managing Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus' (73) Assignee: Astion Development A/S, Copenhagen Dermatology Nursing, Dec. 2001, pp. 1-3. O (DK) Freitas et al. "Chronic cutaneous Lupus erythematosus: Sudy of 290 patients'. An bras Dermatol, Rio de Janeiro, 2003, vol. 78(6), pp. 703-771.* (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Patent Abstract of Japan, 07258067 A, Oct. 9, 1995. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Patent Abstracts of Japan, 07304647 A, Nov. 21, 1995. U.S.C. 154(b) by 1273 days. Patent Abstracts of Japan, 09 110674 A. Apr. 28, 1997. Patent Abstracts of Japan, 630 10716 A, Jan. 19, 1988. (21) Appl. No.: 11/402,255 Dawn Baramki BSN et al., “Modulation of T-cell function by (R)- and (S)-isomers of albuterol: Anti-inflammatory influences of (R)- (22) Filed: Apr. 12, 2006 isomers are negated in the presence of the (S)-isomers'. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, 109(3):449-454. (65) Prior Publication Data Peter J. Barnes, “Effect of beta-agonists on inflammatory cells'. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1999, 104(2 Pt 2):510-517. US 2006/0235048A1 Oct. 19, 2006 Richard Kalish et al., “Sensitization of mice to topically applied drugs: albuterol, chlorpheniramine, clonidine and nadolol.
    [Show full text]