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Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: an Analysis of Spain's New External Units for Imprisoned Mothers and Children

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Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: an Analysis of Spain's New External Units for Imprisoned Mothers and Children Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: An Analysis of Spain‘s New External Units for Imprisoned Mothers and Children By Sophie Feintuch Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Erasmus Mundus Master‘s Degree in Women‘s and Gender Studies. Main Supervisor: Professor Francisca de Haan Support Supervisor: Professor Victoria Robles Sanjuán Budapest, Hungary 2013 CEU eTD Collection Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: An Analysis of Spain‘s New External Units for Incarcerated Mothers and Children By Sophie Feintuch Submitted to Central European University Department of Gender Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Erasmus Mundus Master‘s Degree in Women‘s and Gender Studies. Main Supervisor: Professor Francisca de Haan Support Supervisor: Professor Victoria Robles Sanjuán Budapest, Hungary 2013 CEU eTD Collection ii Abstract This thesis offers a qualitative analysis of Spain‘s new external mother units, which emerged in 2008 to house incarcerated mothers and their young children. While Spain already allowed young children to live in certain women‘s prisons, the Department of Prison Services developed new units to not resemble prisons and to focus on the rehabilitation of mothers. In this thesis, I will analyze this shift from prison nurseries to external units, exploring the conceptual implications of the creation of the units. Relying on semi-structured interviews I conducted in 2010 and 2013 with staff, volunteers, and incarcerated women in Spain‘s external units and prisons nurseries, I look at the intentions behind the external mother units, the extent to which they fulfill these goals, the staff and volunteers‘ perceptions of the incarcerated women, and the experiences of the mothers within. I explore the ways in which this project embodies middle-class feminist principles, how the program founders conceptualize rehabilitation, and how notions of power and control shift. I also look at how class and race interact with gender to determine not only who goes to prison but also how this population is viewed and treated and further explore women‘s resistance strategies within the units. Despite the fact that the female prison population has grown exponentially in Spain and throughout the world in the past several decades, few studies have focused on motherhood in prisons. This study is essential to understand the experiences of mothers in prisons and to analyze the implications of targeting this population. It allows us to see larger societal conceptualizations of motherhood and female offenders and could ultimately better inform the development of policies in different countries. CEU eTD Collection iii Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of a journey I embarked upon in 2010, and I am overwhelmed by the encouragement I have received by people along the way. The initial research was only possible because of a Vassar Maguire Fellowship and the support of Igor Sábada, Rosemary Barbaret, and Concepción Yagüe. The GEMMA program gave me the space to develop my project through a feminist lens, and I particularly grateful for having had the opportunity to work with Francisca de Haan, whose dedication and support surpassed all of my expectations. Victoria Robles has also been essential to my project, and I am so appreciative for her guidance. I am grateful for the Erasmus Mundus scholarship that made it possible for me to spend two years learning and meeting interesting, passionate people who have changed the course of my life. I won‘t name all of those individuals here, but I hope they know who they are and that I love them. Lastly, l would also like to thank my family for their unwavering support and love. I am so fortunate to have them. This thesis is dedicated to the 29 women in Spanish prison facilities—staff and incarcerated women alike—who entrusted me with their stories and furthered my conviction of the need to envision alternatives to incarceration. CEU eTD Collection iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................ V LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: CONTEXT OF MOTHERING IN SPANISH PRISONS ................................................................... 6 1.1 HISTORY OF FEMALE INCARCERATION IN SPAIN ......................................................................................................... 6 1.2 WOMEN REFORMERS OF THE FEMALE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM ............................................................................ 17 1.3 CURRENT FEMALE PRISON POPULATION ................................................................................................................... 22 1.4 EMERGENCE OF THE EXTERNAL MOTHER UNITS ..................................................................................................... 29 1.5 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................ 37 2.1 GENDER AND CRIME ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 GENDER-SPECIFIC ISSUES FOR WOMEN IN SPANISH PRISONS ............................................................................... 45 2.3 ISSUES FOR MOTHERS IN SPANISH PRISONS .............................................................................................................. 48 2.4 FEMINIST CRITIQUES OF MOTHERHOOD .................................................................................................................... 51 2.5 POWER AND CONTROL ................................................................................................................................................... 60 2.6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................................................. 69 3.1 SITUATING MYSELF ........................................................................................................................................................ 69 3.2 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 70 3.3 PROFILE OF PARTICIPANTS ........................................................................................................................................... 72 3.4 CHALLENGES AND METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 4: INTENTIONS AND RAMIFICATIONS OF THE PLAN FOR THE UNITS .............................. 79 4.1 TRANSFORMATIVE INTENTIONS ................................................................................................................................... 80 4.2 OFFERING THE POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS ............................................................................................ 82 4.3 IMPOSING A SPECIFIC, CLASSED MODEL THROUGH CARING AND DISCIPLINARY POWER .................................. 89 4.4 LOGISTICAL PROBLEMS BASED ON EXTERNAL FACTORS ......................................................................................... 98 4.5 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................................. 100 CHAPTER 5: HOW THE INCARCERATED MOTHERS WERE VIEWED .................................................... 103 5.1 DEDICATION TO THE PROGRAM GOALS ................................................................................................................... 104 5.2 VIEWS OF THE INCARCERATED WOMEN .................................................................................................................. 105 5.3 VIEWS OF THE WOMEN AS MOTHERS ...................................................................................................................... 107 5.4 CONTROL ....................................................................................................................................................................... 119 5.5 CONSEQUENCES AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 6: INCARCERATED MOTHERS’ CHALLENGES AND NEGOTIATIONS ................................. 124
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