Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: an Analysis of Spain's New External Units for Imprisoned Mothers and Children

CEU eTD Collection

Analysis of Spain‘s New External Units for for Units External New Spain‘s of Analysis In requirements fulfillmentof the partial Power, Power, Imprisoned Perceptions Support Supervisor: Professor Victoria Sanjuán Robles Main Supervisor: Francisca Professor Haan de DepartmentGender Studies of Central European University

Mothers and Gender Studies. By Feintuch Sophie Budapest, Hungary for Degree MundusMaster‘s theErasmus inWomen‘s Submitted to Submitted , and Incarceration: An Incarceration: and , 2013

and Children and

CEU eTD Collection

Analysis o Analysis In requirements for fulfillmentofDegree MundusMaster‘s the theErasmus partial inWomen‘s Power, Perceptions, and Incarceration: An Incarceration: and Perceptions, Power, Incarcerated Mothers and Children and Mothers Incarcerated Support Supervisor: Professor Victoria Sanjuán Robles f Spain‘s New External Units for for Units External New Spain‘s f Main Supervisor: Francisca Professor Haan de DepartmentGender Studies of Central European University and By Feintuch Sophie Budapest, Hungary Submitted to Submitted Gender Studies. 2013 ii

CEU eTD Collection and incarcerated externalin Spain‘s womenunits and prisonsnurseries, oftheimplications creation of Ithesis, shift from exploring prisonnurseriestoexternal units, analyze will this theconceptual developed youngallowed live incertain children prisons, to women‘s emerged differentcountries. motherhoodoffenders and and female development inform could better ultimately the ofpolicies in Itthe implicationsoftargeting population. allows this ustosee largerconceptualizations societal of prisons. Thisstudyessential tounderstandprisons and theexperiences istoa ofmothers in throughout inthe past theseveral world decades, studiesfocusedon motherhood have few in viewedpopulation is treated and and how class and interactgender race with todetermine notonlygoes butalsohowthis toprison who founders conceptualize rehabilitation, projectexplore theways this embodies inwhich volunteers‘ theI incarcerated perceptions and of women, theexperiencesmothers within. ofthe behind thetowhichtheygoals, external thestaff theextent these motherfulfill units, a Despite thefact Relying offersThis thesis which analysisnew a external ofSpain‘s qualitative mother units, in 2

new units to not resemble tonot focus units In ofnew onthe prisonsand rehabilitation mothers. to this 008

on semi to

hous that the female prison population has grown and in Spain that thefemale exponentially prisonpopulation - structu e

incarcerated their mothers and the red interviews I interviewsred conducted in2010and2013with staff, volunteers, units. further and how notions ofp and hownotions

Abstract

explore women‘s resistanceexplore women‘swithinthe units. strategies middle iii

class young the Departmentof Services Prison ower and control shift. I ower shift. control and alsoat look feminist principles

children.

I lookattheintentions While Spain alreadyWhile , howthe program nd nalyze

CEU eTD Collection beenI foram essentialappreciative project,and so guidance. tomy her Haan, and dedication all supportsurpassed whose Ifeminist lens,and particularlygrateful hadfor theopportunity having withFrancisca towork de ConcepciónGEMMA programme thegavemy Yagüe.The space projectthrough a todevelop becauseIgor Fellowship a supportof of and Vassar Maguire the Sábada, Ro the encouragementI received byalong people theway.The have researchwas initial possible only envision alternatives to women alike fortunate to Lastly, thankmy to their lwouldalsolike family unwave for won‘tI here, nameI allthey ofthoseare butknowwhoand them. individuals hope theythat love years learning and meeting interesting, passion isded This thesis I scholarshipam Mundus metospend thatmadefor for two grateful possible it the Erasmus This

have them. have thesis is theproductIthesis is ofaupon in2010,and I journeyembarked am overwhelmed by — who entrusted mewho entrusted withtheir stories and of furthered theneed conviction my to

incarceration icated tothe29women facilities inSpanish prison Acknowledgements .

ate people thecourseIate whomy changed have of life. iv of my Robles hasalso expectations. Victoria

ring support and love. I love. ring supportand am so

— semaryBarbaret, and staff andstaff incarcerated CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 2: THEORETIC CHAPTER 1: CONTEXT O INTRODUCTION LIST OF TABLES TABLE CONTENTSOF ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX: PHOTOS OF CONCLUSION CHAPTER 6: INCARCERA CHAPTER 5: HOW THE I CHAPTER 4: INTENTION CHAPTER 3: METHODOLO 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.5

E C W H C P N I C C V V D C L I O T C P D S C P F I G G C MPROVEMENTSOVER A MPOSING FOR SSUES ITUATING OGISTICAL EMINIST ONCLUSION AND OWER ONSEQUENCESAND ONTROL ONCLUSION HALLENGES AND ROFILEOF ONCLUSION AND OWER ONCLUSION URRENT MERGENCE OF THEOFMERGENCE RANSFORMATIVE ENDER AND ENDER IEWSTHEOF IEWSTHEOF FFERING EDICATIONTOTHE ATA ISTORYOF EGOTIATIONSWITHINT OMEN

...... C ...... OLLECTION AND - R S

...... F C

...... EFORMERS OF THEOF EFORMERS PECIFIC THE M EMALE RITIQUE M P P S F C R

...... PECIFIC YSELF ARTICIPANTS C ROBLEMS ROBLEMS OTHERSIN EMALE ONTROL ESISTANCE W I RIME P NCARCERATED NCARCERATED

OTENTIAL TO OTENTIALTO ...... OMEN AS AS OMEN M I

P ...... I

SSUES FOR FOR SSUES NCARCERATED MOTHERS THE EXTERNAL MOTHER ...... S OFS NTENTIONS S AND RAMIFICATIONS MOTHERINGF IN SPANI TED MOTHERS’ CHALLEN ...... RISON AL CONSIDERATIONSAL ETHODOLOGICAL E P , C I

XTERNAL NCARCERATIONIN C ROGRAM ROGRAM GY

O ...... ONCLUSIONS B LASSED ...... THER A M S HE

ASED ON ASED ......

NALYSIS ...... PANISH M OTHERHOOD

P ...... U OPULATION OTHERS F ...... F NITS W I EMALE W ...... MPROVE MPROVE

...... G ACILITIES M M OMENIN OALS OMEN ODELTHROUGH OTHER

Tabl P ...... E

......

...... RISONS XTERNAL ......

...... L P ......

......

...... IMITATIONS

ENITENTIARY ......

C ...... S

U ...... ONDITIONS e of S PAIN

NITS ...... PANISH ...... F ......

ACTORS ......

...... v ...... Con OF THEOF ...... SH PRISONS ......

C UNITS IN SEVILLE AND

P GES AND NEGOTIATIONS ARINGAND ...... WERE VIEWED ...... RISONS

...... S

...... YSTEM ...... tents ...... PLAN FOR THE UNITS ......

......

...... D ......

...... ISCIPLINARY ......

...... P ......

OWER PALMA ......

......

...... 152 149 143 124 103 ... 141 137 128 125 121 119 107 105 104 100 .. ... 79 69 37

9 89 82 80 77 72 70 69 67 60 51 48 45 38 35 29 22 17 III VI IV

V 6 1 8 6

CEU eTD Collection TableInterviewed 6: Staff and Volunteers Table 5: Popula IncarceratedInterviewedTable 4: Women IncreaseTable 3: inFemale Foreign (200 Population byTableCommitted 2: Types of Crime Gender IncreaseTable by Population 1: inPrison Gender (1980

tion oftion Nursery 2010 delReal at Soto in List List of Tables

......

...... vi

0 - 2010) - ...... 2010)

......

76 75 74 26 24 23

CEU eTD Collection marginalization and ofthefemaletoend a need cycles conviction torehabilitate offenders of traditional discoursescrime ofand pun staff members asas the Gabriela incongruities such becameevident surrounding us caref Ito theconduct room where―They‘re my would interviews. ‗apartments.‘ 2010. 25, 1 classes inthecommunity facilities, more staf their transfer inside larger from nurseries women‘s childrenimprisoned mothers and to greata create lengths non to facilities specificallythe femalethe developersfor population,anditwas clearthat prison representsattempt thesecondin history Department Services ofPrison ofSpain‘s toconstruct ( that was unbarred butlooked outuponthe bars neighboring of integration men‘s the center social the doors here? inmates povertyand deviancy. Gabriela ofthe spoke potential: optimistically unit‘s centro de integración social

All names from interviews are pseudonyms are frominterviews names All windows are low,sochildrenout,‖ Gabriela can installed asexplained, we see a passed window ul aboutthese things.‖ As we continued our tour throughAs we of good intentions external continued Seville‘s the ournew mother unit, tour ―We don‘t here,‖ call themcells Gabriela socialremindedas worker sheguided the me me The guards―See that? wear don‘t un .

Seville‘s external mother unit They aren‘t called

We usekeysWe to lock themat night; therearedoors absolutely noelectric f attention, andf attention, thepossibilities

. Yet thetheir externalgu with units, 1 señ

- ora prison . The incarcerated mothers with whom I mothers with whom The incarcerated were excitedabout spoke either, but rather byeither, their first butrather names . , one ofthreeexternal currently motheropen units inSpain, - like atmosphere in addition to a new approachlike toanew atmosphere inaddition tohandling ―Gabriela‖ (Social Worker in Seville), interviewed by the author, March March author, the by interviewed in Seville), Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖ ishment had beenishment had replacedawareness ofsocial by Introduction iforms, so there‘s no way to tell themapart sothere‘snowaytotell fromiforms, the 1

to accompanychildren their toschool andtake pr isons tothese whereisons units, better they had

ards nolongerguards, dressedards as . And these apartmentAnd

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and CEU eTD Collection young had children traditionally women‘s inSpanish resided their prisonswith mothers, the in prisons highlighted by problems caused bothseparating from children and theirallowing mothers children years,live inprisonsfor a numberthe incarceration ofwomen of toavoiding these approaches, separating fromfrom their ranging mothers thechildren at birth deciding to how behind bars. theirbegged objectives they about newandchan how questions their sp centrosPenitenciarios/ http://www.institucionpenitenciaria.es/opencms/opencms/ 2009), Spain, of Government 3 http://www.quaker.org.uk/files/Women 2007), Witness, Social & ofQuaker Peace Group Justice and (Crime,Community 2 i replaceunits and inwhat theprison ways nurseries the unfinished project the UniversidadGranada deI and European toreturn theCentral University, tomy decided IDuring time, staff, interviews conducted this and mothers, incarcerated with prison volunteers andunits whethe discovering ofreplacing initiative Spain‘s thereasons nurseriesexternal with behind mother prison of children States andI mothers Bolivia, withincarcerated intheUnited interested was in Spain onaVassar MaguireFellowship facilitate therehabilitation mothers‘ population that wo governmentSocialist toremove the by children decided creating specificallyfor units this

Women in Prison Project Group, Project inWomen Prison Ministerio del Interior, GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio As the female populationburgeons thegovernments prison West, throughout are faced with In 2013, with the theoretical framework IInwith thethrough theoreticalcoursework frameworkacquired ingende 2013, MyIyear projectofstudying external a began mother units the spent in2010,when in ecificwho volunteered programming thatwomen were obligated tocome participatein, . 2

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manage r the units improved thesituation r the units . 5, the Spanish gove 5, theSpanish unidadesMadres.html. uld not resembleuld not beintegrated prisonsand would intothe community soasto Although I Although projectinterested beganmy government inwhy the haddecided to

the smallchildren inmates ofthese Women in Prison and the Children of Imprisoned Mothers: A Briefing for Friends for Mothers:Briefing A Imprisoned of the Children and Prison in Women

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lass interactneeds?lass determinethese to

then, isthe result ofthat research

What sistance theunits strategies within

problems ofmotheringgetare and inprisonwhich addressed, and Foucauldian scholarship. ted b classed and racedclassed the women inSpanish prisons the women meaningsWhat mothering from withinprison? become y criminal justice the system. . 3 Although original my interviews didnot

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What areWhat theimplicationsofdesigningan . I conduct to returned toSpain ermining how andermining why howindividuals ideologies of intensive motherhoodideologies of intensive - interviewed individuals to see to individuals interviewed Feminist ofcrime theories ? Inwhat ways dothe Feminist analyses he mothers within . Ifurther was

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CEU eTD Collection received lessattention incarceration conceptualized always was and womenfor differently has thanfor men traditionally Spain andof women who reformers influenced have external mother units the womentha and theways units conceptualization are differentlyL constantly factors. positioned ona based range of acknowledge theimportanceclass, offactorsethnicity, and race, of nationality and howindividuals women judgedthe incarcerated for women notliving ofmotherhood, upto their ideals justifying rehabilitate the highlightsprogramcr how look attheways theyofthe speak incarcerated mothers motherh mothersaddress inprison simultaneously but someissues for impose a middle on interviewsI withthecofounder staff and offer members, some argue potential thattheunits to behindintentions andthe ramifications oft analyzing through theexternalinterviews theuse units ofmy incarceratingthe facilities that mothers in to discussions genderbroaderand crime, and issuespowerand motherhood, of resistance ofwhich Spain andthe out population in the context external arose units of thecofoundersexternal of units the the conditions

both offer continuityfrom penalrupture interms ofand previous howthey facilities control InchapterI five,I interviews conducted withstaff members turntothe volunteers to and AfterI my describing methodology inChapterfocusfollowing three, the threechapters on I and my a begin providing theoretical thesisby contextualization analyze lens to the ood and rehabilitation.

Spain to describeSpain to ge facingwomen incarceratedchildren, and their thereby pavingfor thepath thework s

of discipline, and power, resistancethattheexternalways toanalyze mother the . . The first chapter Nevertheless, womenreformers several have t the women resist.

nder intheprison inequalities . Chapter one also female describesthecurrent prison provides

eated a space aeated inwhichmiddle preceded theexternal units. he constructionhe of theexternal units

a historicala analysis offemale incarceration in 4

its evolution its . Their opinions of the womenTheir they ofthe opinions aim to . Chapter four focusesChapter onthe four system theproblems facing and . astly, I to astly, turn This analysis demonstrates that been been

- . class, white, Spanish class, In devoted totransformingdevoted . I my thennarrow Chapter two, IChapter two, lookat - . class of vision Relying primarily Foucauldian CEU eTD Collection redefining ofmothering notions accept roles theexpected programthey andthe toembodyelements, wereresisted butrather demonstrategreater complexities challenges facilities asinprevious women described the women. incarceratedforge women andcharitable caregivers an with a as identity tocare need and for teach work ethic the goals of reforming women through instillinginthem the amiddle mother ing theexternal within mother units. Chapter six analyzesChapterinterviews mot six withincarcerated the .

Staff andStaff volunteers‘ further work

the units as offering improved conditions, they asoffering manyconditions, the units thealso improved confronted same of . I with conclude some final reflections onthe for implications than understood by members; didnotpassively staff thewomen . The negotiations theyThe negotiations inparenting undertook from prison

helped them define themselves in opposition tothe themdefinehelped inopposition themselves 5

hers toargue whilethe that, - class view ofclass parentingand CEU eTD Collection 1.1 yearsin recent and I sections, incarceration reformersshaped evolution women who its and have the incarcerated mothers later system the menuntil ofpunishment for always womenconceptualized differently beenand for men 1.1(1) incarceration ofthechildren and thetreatment of allow for a richer dominated the have thatchildren bewith changed,their must mothers, thenotion albeit captivity, in has goodinto female often totransform ofdeviating been imprisonmenthas women reformation them themoral consistently prison system persisted have throughout the isnecessary it thesis, this toestablishhowcertain

analyze

policies havegreatly changed The own right inits originspunishment ofprison asa Spain reveal in ofFemale IncarcerationThe Birth Spain: ADifferent in f Path anWhile analysishistory ofthe entirety inits offemale incarceration is Spain in Incarceration ofFemale History This chapter Chapter 1: Chapter 1: mo review held meanings different malegoals incarceration from and the continuities the thers and documented historydocumented female incarceration of

exploration the current firstd situation, finally contextualizes theemergence of contextualizes . In wives

the first two the Context of Mothering in Spanish Prisons in Spanish Mothering of Context

describing theemergencedescribing thenew ofand units behind intentions

. and of howthe externalthe fitwithin mother units evolution offemale Simultaneously, although policies

rupture

over over parts last eighteenth s

several centuries time from previous policies and previous conceptualizat from

of the chapter of the iscussin , inbroad terms, incarceration female has 6 imprisoned distinctive distinctive

century

g thepopulation in Spa the external mother units inSpain mother units the external

, I, . . . explore thehistory Spanish female of In the This historical contextu . InI show that,although section, this

Prisons did notappear did aPrisons inSpain as elements mothers inSpain. on preceding preceding

mothers with mothers . of . In remaining the Specifically, the aim of Specifically, the

rom Male rom Incarceration Spain‘s n ce that incarceration ish nturies

beyond thescopeof

women‘s prisons female prison young

alization willalization ions , male in order to

children two of .

has

CEU eTD Collection The Argentinean social anthropologist women requiredphysical notonly to andspiritualpunishment also but moral women‖ virtuo into and transform them religious mainvigilance order ideology,andprincipleswere their and tobreak in discipline ―bad moralizing and reformatoryaspect women. Since thebeginning the of Rather,men typically for punishments involved criminals being wereconfineduntil the imprisonmentwas a sentenced,not sentence but initself 7 23. 2002), Prents, Hirugarren 6 5 21 2002), 4 could onlywomen providewith their qualitiesand society were as mothers, which were what they served women themonarchy, could and not modern period, determining the always galleywomen‘s houses men‘s women‖ mine). (translation maximized ―domesti

Elisabet Almeda, Almeda, Elisabet Almeda, Almeda, Juliano, Dolores 26 Ibid.,

soul In different andduringcontemplatingwhyearly menfaced women the such punishments In the been 5 – –

Corregir y Castigar y Corregir cation‖: 24. 28. These galleysThese corporal torture, punishment, andlab involved forced s

demands of docility, obedience, service

or will subjected to punishment to subjected

case theother ofwomen,served hand,a on muchearlier punishment confinement as Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pec delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción Spanish scholars Spanish scholars Corregir y castigar: El ayer y hoy de las cárceles de mujeres las de cárceles de hoy y ayer El castigar: y Corregir perceptions and treatmentfemale criminality perceptions of

― the women] werethe women] domesticated; s

until thebeginning ofthe

already

, 26 , seventeenth 6

– Thus, while punishment did not Thus, whilepunishment did 36.

professed

Isabel Bel Ramosand s absent in male confinement male in centerss absent

than men

Dolores Juliano explained Dolores Juliano century,galley( houses us women

this aim. this contribute nineteenth . This, too, hasThis, too, playedan integralrole in forced labor, corporal punishment, orexecution corporalforced labor, punishment, 7 .

7 that is, theythat is, that confined inconditions were Considered sinful by nature, transgressive ,

It worththatfewer is noting and thatwere reclusion expected of all ado en femenino en ado

such human resources én Blázquez posit én

century, by theearly acquiregoal the casas galeras .

this moralthis correction as atype of

(Barcelona: Ediciones Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Ediciones (Barcelona: (San Sebastián: Tercera Prensa Tercera (SanSebastián: . Galleys were imbued with ed

that men‘s forced labor ) existed toconfine) existed . or, but theyalso hada

return to of Rather, ― Rather, seventeenth

morally punishing women

normalcy w have omen

century,

- . . . 4

. CEU eTD Collection evident G women‘s sexuality use of was outsideofmarriage their pu highly domestic enclosure‖ (trans prostitution were foralso heldaccountable different transgressions to beagood devoted wifeand servant. Reclusion, then,served teachassume therole women to to taught their in correctiona 13 6. 2007), Comares, (Granada: 12 11 10 9 España en penitenciarias 8 incarceration treated as sinners behavioral were considered delinquents, problems broa changed, subjected were tomore still and women approaches moralizing often religious deviation rather than persisted through criminal actsfamily members. ofmale families,moral their compasses for domestic and family obligations.

Almeda, Almeda, Vilaplana, Blázquez Belén and Ramos Vázquez Isabel

od Juliano, Juliano, Olmos, Yagüe Concepción 24 Ibid., Juliano, . dly about the history of incarceration, Juliano ofincarceration,dlyabout Juliano the history The degree women their were ability towhich judged their by tofulfill gendered ro

Thus, female hasalways inSpain incarceration conceptualized differently been from male Many these intheactivitiespunished for differences menand of were which women At thetime ofthe women galleys, were notonly in that w Corregir y Castigar y Corregir – Presunción de Presunción femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción 26. , theywere ―

. Moreover, omen were —

the although within prisons designed for (translat prisonsdesigned although men‖ within

as crime late late (Córdoba: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Córdoba, 2011), 13. 2011), Córdoba, de Universidad la de de Publicaciones Servicio (Córdoba: inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: poor women theconfines whopoor lived outside control ofmasculine and

Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres as will be elaborated on in chapteras be will elaborated onin two, , 30 , twentieth l confinements, along with religiousl confinements, alongwith morality‖ mine). (translation lation mine). also castigatedalso – . 31.

As thecriminology field of conditions developed and prison

Furthermore, presumably because

century, with women‘scentury, often transgressions as perceivedor with sin women 12 9 10

Prostitutes were inthegalleys, particularly numerous as

for abandoning for could be heldcould respons La mujer en la cárcel: Historia jurídica y polític y jurídica Historia cárcel: la en mujer La 8 posited

yet

until the lateuntil . O punished differently from men, butthey differentlypunished from ften , ―Transgressivemen or menwith s ,

or notadequatelycompleting or wereto whichtheyexpected toaspire: , , 27. , 23. convictedvagrancy, of or begging,

womenconsidered been have nished for beingnished for a sinagainst ible by association forible bythe association twentieth they ion mine). ion

were considered the

century, 13

women were women

as as . les is Speaking ,

their 8

CEU eTD Collection seventeenth thegalleyfirst houses created. were when century mothers‖ has (translation present in been mine) imprisonment 1.1(2) evolution of women the whostrayedexpectatfrom codes delinquents only not breaking forand pri law penal butalso, 16 15 14 ( danger of ―fallen becoming women‖ orphans, thestreet, women living prostitutes on criminals, and immoral and occasionallyassault andhomicide, women punished behaviors for were still other considere correctional menand componentalike for women 1.1(3) impoverished the conditions of time. breastfeeding tobekept their childrenwith mothers had reformatories, orother poorhouses prisons but atthevery least incarceration mothers inSpain, have figuredamong theprison population hospicios

Ibid., 20. Ibid., YagüeOlmos, Vilaplana, Blázquez and RamosVázquez .

Correctional has confinement historically been . During the Effects Enlightenment ofthe The Spanish co in Galleys the Mothering . However Around time, this a were varietyestablishments of

) and houses‖ ―seclusion ( women‘s ,

Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres Concepcion Yagü , documentation , documentation eighteenth , young have, ofmarried children toreside women allowed alwaysbeen pri - founder of the external mother units andof specialist theexternal inwomen‘s founder mother units

sons.

century, as a result of the Enlightenment, punishment acquiredaEnlightenment,century, result aspunishment a ofthe new

, of theseventeenth

is scarce, only and the reference tochildren has argued that the phrasearguedhas ―c that casas de recogidas casas de . 16 La mujer en la cárcel la en mujer La

The newlyThe constructed―hospice ions for women, whichions forexplains women,

Spain‘ 9 .

Beyond ofcommon crimes theft, robbery, the - century associated withassociated s . )

collective since subconscious at least the to prevent them from dying to prevent them from more marily,for andmoral breaking social constructed

conditions , 15 closely

as well as women considered in

hildren need tobewith their hildren need From

s for the sickandfor destitute‖ s

resembled thecurrentresembled the moral rectificationthe of the beginning offemale religion

in galley houses, to indistinctly hold . Policies havePolicies changed, ‘s was that

leading inthe role

from the , 199. ,

in - day

d CEU eTD Collection wedlock were strayed gender tohave seen from seen toofar expectations tobeas fit were away immediately taken uponbirth not allappliedthe finding relative who T 1796, establishing more humanely prisons 20 19 18 Penal Derecho 17 was lessevident inthe case laws regulated conditions. and sentencing prison predominant the administrative of all unification 1.1(4) survival needs. Thus, although conditions were that theonly ones bedrooms mothers, despite thecrimeswomencommitted. had motherhood, which isnoteworthyconsidering when away were thatchildren from nottaken other heywould

Ibid., 26 Ibid., 22 Ibid., YagüeOlmos, una pe desde mujeres de ―Las prisiones Donderis, VicentaCervelló

. The ―prison age‖( ofPrisons Unification W an orphanage or anotheran or orphanage destination The first While thefirstWhile galleys a place oftorture, were – – . ithin certainithin galleys, 28. 24. Some , , 2006. then

accepted means Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres

. 17

for ac be placed withtheir fathers be placed

age limit in thesame in way age limit that children wouldbestaythat children allowed the ageuntil to withtheir mothers seven of commodations werecommodations ma

mal reference tothe mal reference of punishment

them could bedark could at and night,

etapa penitenciaria etapa were . of Ifrelativesavailable, the no were

women, women with children bedrooms apartwomen had small

abysmal at thereo the time, some recognition was

in Spain the as reclusion centers

children ofincarc .

18 prison was still conceived still was of asreformingprison for necessary

de for thechildren, for f de as well; , and its objectives were redefined . It then, gave thatwomenappears, who of birthout . , Nevertheless,

I ) beganof middle the inthe if these were known, and if not, w if theseand were ifnot, known, n some 20 10

Prisons werePrisons theoreticallysecularized, butthis administrators

galleys eighteenth

. During this time, prisonDuring time, became this the erated mothers rspectiva de género,‖ género,‖ de rspectiva the , children to born ,

administration was responsible for galleyswere run independently, -

took precautions against fires. centurygalleys or instance,or these rooms

in Spain nineteenth Revista General de de General Revista . For first time, the unmarried from ith theclosestith treated inmates

f the appeared in

the communal for century with children‘s , 20 ,

mothers – 25.

and

CEU eTD Collection conditions children. forand children, faced punishments harsh W However assistanc regulating amoralwork, practices women throughteaching,and religious 24 23 22 21 references to within a dangerous, A criminal. male women thehomogenized system essentiallywithin disappeared that was ontheprototype based of equality wome for regulation ofbothsexes ofconvictedindividuals 1.1(5) C ended dependence onthird the organizations ori these oncepción Arenal.

Ibid., 65 Ibid., 42 Ibid., YagüeOlmos, una pers desde mujeres de ―Las prisiones Donderis, Cervelló omen ir

needs children‘s survival

the prison and system, unification laws have TheMay RoyalDecree 5 women‘s established 1913officially of prisonsandunified the Changes inTurbulent the 20 I As n spent their daysworkingand praying in 22 e, and clothinge, and , – –

1881, the Child Protection Society Child 1881, the (

68. 44. defineda offood lack and by the heating,

women‘s . in the for children

women in he state he state Ma previous ndividual prisonadministrators dres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en dres n; however, n; however,

sentences, as wellsentences, as asinproviding finally and and

. contemporary 21

had been

galley houses,prisons could women in these

- established party organizations assumed

s we seetwo,womentoface will continue d inchapter the percentage of incarceratedthe percentageat was of women the time low,and the

dependent on the benevolence of religious and secular benevolencereligious dependent onthe of th

financialresponsibility which children, for theoretical the laws

Century the first prison nursery the first prison . Clearly, were Sociedad Protectora de Niños Protectora Sociedad . 23

, as prisons had no legal responsibilities to , as prisonshadnolegal responsibilities 11 . silence, which conflictedwith their ability whichsilence, tocare in terms of thei

Iwill T

his homogenization prisons were not conceptualized to prisons were notconceptualized

in part prison pectiva de género.‖ de pectiva

religious andmoral

return tothese

s obscured

were almost un

. ( unidad de madres unidad de Religious ordersReligious collaborated in r children

inequalities

reforms in my in reforms of discussion bring theoretically established , illustrating thetendency, instruction, social inhabitable for children )

their youngtheir children slightly improved .

24 ) .

Until this point, this Until The only iscrimination house , 32 , – satisfy 34.

. CEU eTD Collection had come with the Francisco will and Director Services ofPrison Department of ( the women‘s prisons women tokeepchildren theirtheage withthem upto cases ofthree, and insome to onlyas mothersand considerwomen ignore the 28 ItalianCases,‖ and 27 26 25 terribleand hygiene crowding conditions in women‘s prisonsthan men‘s. management thatcommunities specialized inwomen‘s moral reformation have―dishonest a lifestyle. mala reputación created specific centers―women for ( reputation‖ withabad political, sociologist Ana―emergent Prata, hadtodeal inSpain feminism anand with unfavorable retrograde emphasizing theimportancefamilyfemininity ofthe and traditional of divorce, women‘s ofand marriage, suffrageequals considered theinstitution women in allowing to them

Cervelló Donderis, ―Las prisiones de mujeres desde una perspectiva de género.‖ de una perspectiva desde mujeres de ―Las prisiones Donderis, Cervelló Spanish the of Assessment An Democracy: to Transition the in Organizations Political ―Women‘s Preria, AnaPrata Ibid. género.‖ de una perspectiva desde mujeres de ―Las prisiones Donderis, Cervelló she elaborate on

High of andWar diedduring because children numbers theFranco of theCivil dictatorship Aft During Republic in1931,religious Second Spanish expelledfrom the were leaders began a series of humanitarianbegan a reforms of series especially and legal,cultural underFranco and statusquo the regime.‖ Franco‘s entrance into powerFranco‘s into entrance er the Civil War and duringer andFranco‘s theWar Civil . these rights were rights these The goals of inculcatinggoals of The Journal of Women‟s History Women‟s of Journal )

. , Kent‘s work inthe following Kent‘s section

Spanish f with the objective ofseparating Second Spanish Second

‖ eminist Women‘s prisons once againWomen‘s prisonsonce with religious became highlyreligious, 28

rescinded

Republic lawyerrepublican and politician

corresponded withthecorresponded reversalsecularization. ofprison 15, no. 3 (2003): 145. (2003): 3 no. 15, under piety, religiosity, and repentpiety, religiosity,more and prevalent were in prisons relapsed

Franco Secretaría GeneralSecretaría Instituciones Penitenciarias de dictatorship, the advance dictatorship, 12 ir other needs prostitutes

. Mothers . . , but The Franco re directed towards

the reforms not last long, did and 1931 Constitution 1931 Constitution

centros específicos paramujerescentros de específicos assuming

often abandoned theiroften abandoned from politic . called women from theworkplacecalled women 27 T

he d I

n 1941, the Francon 1941,the regime Victoria Kent was the

. a prominent role a prominent ecree According to s al inmates whodidnot in women‘s equality

women of the time had ,

solidified solidified seven.

prisoners children Portuguese in their allowed allowed 25

then . to 26

I that

), ), , CEU eTD Collection facilities regulatio certain periods, fluctuated infant mortality rates prisons, and pregnant mothers them an object p ofattention, and thecenters.spareconditions within Little themthe by however, children little, 32 31 30 29 and Nevertheless, the transition provedunemployment challenging,rises initially in rates provoking elections, ofand political andparties,feminists advance thelegalization Proponents fought ofdemocratization free forofassociation freedom and reunion, trade 1.1(6) childrenconditions, remained the mother from togivenuns pressuringchildren singlewomen uptheir who hadf deviated indicated, i Catholic groups constan and theregimefeared this

Yagüe Olmos, YagüeOlmos, Transit the in Organizations ―Women‘s Political Preria, Prata Juliano, YagüeOlmos,

new growth in the prison population. growthnew inthe prison .

Outside medical advancements regarding With thedeathWith underwent ofFrancoin1975,Spain aperiod of transition t Current Situation tothe Leading up conditions overallPrison and cies

ns maintainedcontact minimal betweenwomen and the because involvement crim in women‘s Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción

in different periods underin different Franco periods throughout the dictatorship wasthroughout the Madres en prisión: His prisión: en Madres maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres children aschildren as old shame and thechild fromand shame its rom , and conditions improved for, and mothers and children. the Church‘sthe

―moral contagion‖ mproved conditions for children,women butthey also judged eople be from the outside

in the prisonsthroughout the dictatorship. finally nine toria de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de toria genderexpectations

attitudes towards imprisonedmothers children and their received

lived in women‘s prisons lived inwomen‘s 32

This increasew .

The

would affectwould their mother‘s bad influence. e Catholic Church‘se involvement Catholic

special carespecial

e birthing andbirthing topermeate breastfeedingbegan the 13

age limits was

came more involved in visiting came involved in more ion to Democracy.‖ ionto considered — . both in prisonandboth in outside R . as among morethemale pronounced for children Religious organizations lower Religious organizations eports , , 38

children . – ir

39. At different times, strict times, At different proof of theirproof moral of corruption,

children living inthe samechildren indicate, forindicate, cases instance, of

Yet d varied greatly,and in

. 29

One One their agendas.

under varying of theonly in prisons in prisons . As previously o democracy — and caringfor to save 31

, 129. , 100 , unions, unions, became

ed harshly

– prison

both 05. .

CEU eTD Collection education, sports, andprison professional jobs. training, socioculturalactivities, implemented inprisons for successful communityreintegration. Spanish prison structure overcrowding. sections ofmen‘s prisons proliferation inthe 1980s,women‘spopulation, but incarceration rates also bourgeoned 37 36 35 Sociología de Internacional Revista 34 demandas,‖ 33 among male prisons. female modules in 200 and the women‘s low sufferfrom formal discrimination. quality lives ofwomen‘s leisure are therest, inprinciple, to incarcerated identical and, females have thesame Tipo women would

Ramos Vázquez and Blázquez Vilaplana, Vilaplana, Blázquez and RamosVázquez Ibi sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, andaluz,‖ caso El españolas. enprisiones extranjeras ―Mujeres Ruiz García, Marta and Algarra Castillo Joaquina C

oncepción Yagüe Olmos, ―Mujeres en prisión. Intervención basada en sus características, necesidades y necesidades encaracterísticas, sus basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres Olmos, Yagüe oncepción twenty d., d., 119 ,‖ which wereon a based gender opportunities as male opportunities as Regarding Ingender of terms Meanwhile,changes inthelasttwentiethplace of took quarter century,major the in

Constitution of1978established the 300 women each – Criminológica Investigación de Española Revista - first 121. , butt presence 33 eliminate gendereliminate discrimination

. International human rights provoked. penitentiar laws century, onlycentury, threeprisons

he influx ofwomen he influx incarcerated , has including

. in prisons, butthat o in prisons, . - The presence children inthese same of centers inunsustainable resulted related reforms The remaining several thousand

resulted ofresources inalack and infrastructure s .

68, no. 2 (2010): 453 2 no. (2010): 68,

Concepción Yagüe mothers and children 36 activities aimed atactivities reeducation andintegration social such as

I explo will - La Mujer en la Cárcel la en Mujer La neutral premise. saturated

37 N

ew ofrehabilita forms

the belief that providing thatforthe belief conditions equal menand were dedicated exclusively to women, ho exclusivelywere dedicated towomen, objective ver has time, it become that evident womenstill

led led

– re discriminationinthe this following chapter, but the scarce spaces 14 472. posited to the designconstruction and

5 (2007): 1 (2007): 5 ,

nongovernmental 35

of prison características, necesidades y demandas.‖ necesidades características,

, 113 , Thus

that this substantiallythat this improved the incarcerated women – 115. , the – 24.

tion andtion treatment were to bethe

allocatedto contemporary y reform, legislation andthe organizations (NGOs)organizations play preparation . . I will As of thebeginning of

w female prisoners ork, training and 34

were women‘s modules

of ― return tothis

Prisiones distributed distributed of ing offenders offenders

between Spain‘s

in CEU eTD Collection helping with their transition prisoners back to and run halfway houses some bureaucratic prepare forholidays, issues, activities the accompanytothehospital, prisoners NGOs and population coverthus maintained havecollaboration agreements the ofthewith needs prison 1/79 prisoners thepassage with Law ofthe ( Penalof 1979 Department Services assumed ofPrison responsibilityfor a central role inproviding 42 41 throu paternalism than maternalismrather to myrefer to decision on own will elaborate 40 39 38 f clear inthe theyontheir way take work. the same charity time, they are still that theorganizations nolongerwomenoraim psychologically torepress―correct‖ the them longerrunning theinstitutions The Churchthereby Catholic has prison which administration, pr attributed or pregnant women incarcerated

Cervelló Donderis, ―Las prisiones de mujeres desde una perspectiva de género.‖ de una perspectiva desde mujeres de ―Las prisiones Donderis, Cervelló Almeda, I chapter, the following in However, Almeda. wordby employed isthe that because ―paternalistic‖ word use I the 196. Ibid., Almeda, ), . yet The mine). decisions ofthe authorities nor critique about the reality theadministration prisons of associations challenge donot thecurrent prisonsituation the secular,radical [ ―In promotes and effect,strengthensadministration thereligiousrather the associations than Catholic These coordinate offer organizations workshops, legal

Corregir y Castigar y Corregir Castigar y Corregir due to their lack of human and material resources, ofhuman totheir lack anddue material the

laws

prevalenceof religious secular NGOs over their to affinities organizations the with 39

organizations have been providing in particularly prominent of 1979

(

unidades dependientes established t

, 194 , 190 , services to female prisoners andchildrenservices prisoners tofemale their reividicativo

. – – omotes their participation and funds some ofomotes theirparticipationandfunds work: some This involvement is primarily ser 98. 98. maintained and those who had just givenand just those whohad birth.

and avoid any typ - based and ―paternalistic,‖ andbased hat needed prisons Spanish specific accommodations tohave 41 ] organizations] because, unlike the

a central society ) . 15 38

e of conflict and opposition‖ (translationconflict andopposition‖ e of . La LeyLa Orgánica General Penitencia The Spanish sociologistThe Elisabet Almeda has role administering

in women‘s prisons, evenin women‘s when prisons, no they have 40

help, donate clothing, assist with clothing, assisthelp, with donate

two characteristics which become . vice Their tovindicate not objective is 42 - ,

oriented, andarguedoriented, Almeda but rather to

During never beennever able to

social aid andassistancesocial to . ghout this thesis. this ghout Theoretically, the latter social aidservices andsocial

the latter halfthe latter of the

ones, thereligiousones,

adapt the to

fully ria . At

CEU eTD Collection separately decided torenovate office, highlighted which describe these prison nurseriesa family andalong unit, withhalfwa infrastructure orthree forchildren facility thetwo thateach held twentieth ht 44 Penitenciarios Estudios de 43 governmentthe only claims tobeworld. one inthe may they until are remain older. unlesstheirand mothers qualify care outsideofthe prisons years describedtothreeunit six Children overoldhave below three from tofindhousing old. G facilities mother units that the external eitherunits, with other family oron members family members could not and tp://www.abc.es/?ABC::803581372001.

eneral Penitenciaria) Tatiana G. Rivas, ―Familias con vidas entre rejas,‖ rejas,‖ vidas entre con ―Familias Rivas, G. Tatiana fem delincuencia la sobre diferencial enfoque un y Delito prisión, ―Mujer: Olmos, Yagüe Concepción

act (ii) (i) ivities for the children forivities the In 1996, the Department of ServicesIn Prison whicha Department the family inAranjuez, established unit 1996,the The recent most Article38of theGeneral Penitentiary law, Law( of 1996 Modern p Prison Nurseries Prison Family Unit

century, andprisons th were children mothers scattered throughout in Spain buy t

from

immediate hese products themselves hese products other could visit without glass without separation walls could visit rison nurseries

spaces incertainspaces prisons

prison

249 (2002): 135 (2002): 249

lowered the maximum agelowered for themaximum inprisonnurseries children family and the

deficiencies living inchildren‘s prisons conditions in predecessors

ers .

C .

hildrenclothing asand received wellsoap as ifmothers diapers These developed

– 170. secluded areas secluded were meant of .

M the external mother units the

around 1989 around others and childrenothers differentrights; also visitation had ABC.es for

NGO

incarcerated mothers 16

44 , February 27, 2011, 2011, 27, February ,

to replace. - led excursions

ydeveloped houses, tobe began This unit, which still exist whichstill This unit,

provided

as aresultreportas ofaOmbudsman‘s by the . The children were tolea allowed forhouses, where thehalfway children

daycare centers, pediatric attention, pediatric daycare centers, . In 1980s,a thelate system of . . 43

The prison nurseriesThe prison were the to

live withtheir children . s, The administration keeps Ley Orgánica . at hadlittle I brieflywill enina,‖ enina,‖

families ve the ve the Revista Revista CEU eTD Collection than normal prisons independently more family units neither discussed shutting withthe development unit downthis norcreating units oftheexternal a behind the together when parents 46 45 women‘s feminism movement, and the external have units sha been and thetreatment imprisoned mothers for of centuries andquestions arising thatmany ofthe from reformers‘ work reinforce orientedameliorating towards facing structuraladversities imprisonedwomen have reformthe feministover agenda, women theandre centuries, onpast haslongbeen few external mother units 1.2 currentl exclusivelynot built mothers and for of children, seven ( tercer gradode tratamiento n

Ibid. YagüeOlmos,

(iii) - altere depth analysis falls outside t depth outside analysis falls

In this To contextualize System Penitentiary theFemale of Women Reformers Halfway houses, y population accommodate this Halfway Houses d traditional genderd traditional roles d the conditions ofSpanishfemaled theconditions incarceration unit evokesunit

analysis Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres of

illustrates how prisons with ―normalized‖ lifeprisons conditions .

. These houses,These by whichare run NGOs, , I, will , it is useful to keep to isuseful inmind , it of children threeof underage the of questions because itsrecognition andresponsibilities, questions of offathering rights which inuse, arehouses are also still small the role thatin creating womenhave running thenew played and now

discuss some ofthe historical femalereformers prison inSpain ) and attempt to en

ped reform by previous work. women have struggled to address issues of femalewomen struggledof have toaddress issues incarceration . hestudy scope ofthis E formulated by xploring some ofthe intent xploring some . 46

courage reintegration community 17

the Dutch scholars the

distinction betweendistinction activism, women‘s . Spain‘s are Notably . that offer both in prison both in These changes, however changes, These arefor created

ions andc existing thirteenexisting halfway houses , however, thegovernment, however, has

or apartments built or apartments built

greater amounts offreedom

Annemieke van Drenthand onsequences . 45

people onparole

Although the — have often . While theyWhile were — of these of even those formers formers , 160 , ideology . Prison Prison – 79.

CEU eTD Collection development prisons. of women‘s to influence through social reform female pena for women one free ofcrime. wom Magdalena fightfeminist inthat shedidnot theequal end domination, forof rightsor male treatment ofdel particularly important consideringwithout all prisonactivists asfeminists ormislabeling their intentions. Francisca Haan de 52 51 50 49 2005). Press, University Vanderbilt TN: (Nashville, as such texts, other by treatment 48 the Netherlands and Britain 47 the galleysalready for used male as criminals punishment for highly pris structuredwomen‘s Explanation andStructure ofthe GalleyPrison andRoyal needed harsher punishments. women hadtheir fear lost arguedfor proposalsthecreation fallen against ofcriminal safefor havens orwomen institutions creation previously of the

Vollendorf, Vollendorf, Velasco, SherryMarie Vollendorf, inup set the distinction women‘s on activist feminist and of these definitions base I San J de Magdalena to refer I Haan, de Francisca and Drenth van Annemieke

galley houses en‘s activist involved insocio Magdalena . . Her work merits consideration shewasfirst because work Her the merits The Lives of Women Lives of The Women Lives of The Diverging beliefs thatwomende from inquent women, th inquent 49 and controlled, punished harshly,andcontrolled, labor throughand hard transformed .

initially raninitially

Differentiating terms by these Unlike someof her successors Lesbians in Early Modern Spain Modern Early in Lesbians in the case in

(Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2000), 45 2000), Press, University Amsterdam (Amsterdam:

s - discussed galleys, as firstwomen‘sindependent discussed prisons Spain‘s

erónimo by her first name because of her position as a nun. This is consistent withher is consistent This nun. as a position her of because name first herby erónimo of Lisa Vollendorf, Vollendorf, Lisa 51 , 181. , 183 , God

In her out proposal 1608,Magdalena laid in a convent for ―deviant‖ women and convent―deviant‖a laterwomen for

. of one of the first onefirst oftheof 50

e nunMagdalena (b. de San Jerónimo ons that wouldserve as prison and -

political activities

justice and werejusticecorrupting and The Lives of Women: A New History of Inquisitional Spain Inquisitional of New A History Women: of Lives The The Rise of Caring Power: Elizabeth Fry and Josephine Butler in Josephine and Fry Elizabeth Power: Caring of Rise The

l reform, and she l reform, andshe

18 (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2011), 54. 2011), Press, University Vanderbilt (Nashville,TN:

allows usto , Magdalenaadvocated harsher, for punishments served leniencythanmen, more Magdalena

Spanish to create . 52

―Fallen‖ tobelocked women were upin

( Razón y formade lagalera ycasa real women advocates for

refer to what sheconsi was instrumental - workhouses andworkhouses resemble the

men – documented documented 47.

women‘s involvement , she

Drenth and Haan, 45 Haan, and Drenth

was responsible for responsible was 1500s

the 36 the

insisted that insisted dered aworld: better ) . Although woman inSpain

- in the the reform of 47 page treatise,

This is This is . W orried that they –

47. not a 48

the

was a

the ) CEU eTD Collection stereotypes by about women on thepunishment specificallyofwomen focusing who had strayed harsher from awoman.expect thanmight one Her views againstthe treatment went contemporaneous about womenand ideas ofdelinquent were ―Magdalena plan forgender de penal flew San Jerónimo‘s intheface expectations.‖ reform of on dissuade and atcrime sothat womenall. sin noprisonwouldhave from toexist virtues asa type of atwomen‖ riskofbecoming begood should ―bad confinedand and taught manners Christian religious t Imprisonment and Prisons 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 prison reformer intheforwhich whoworked West, theSpanish eventually into changes seeped the nation‘s conscience.‖ England,where ―the Elizabeth pioneering workFry…forced of the around the female way, this criminalitya and, precedent for in set future female reinforcedgendered Magdalena‘s name theconditionsdeviant inmany facing worsened women Spanish cities and reprehensible (translationconducts‖ feminine mine). galleyMagdalena‘s was precisely propelled houses ‗correct‘by thepretensionto morally against their masters fromby their feminine begging, orrebelling role robbing, blaspheming, as prostitutes, working

Lucia Zedner, ―Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England,‖ in in England,‖ Victorian in Custody and Crime ―Women, Zedner, Lucia Almeda, Ibid. Vollendorf, Almeda, Vollendorf, Almeda, the treatment women. ofdelinquent

Women becameWomen infighting more fortreatment ofincarceratedwomen involved improved The ideas by Magdalena laidout for a were thetime innovativeandnew represented focus Corregir y Castigar y Corregir Castigar y Corregir Castigar y Corregir eaching into virtuouswomen. eaching into nineteenth The Lives of Women Lives of The Women Lives of The ―

. preventative therapy. expectations, Magdale

century (Portland, OR: Willan Publishing, 2006), 33. 2006), Publishing, OR:(Portland, Willan ccording to Almeda, ―The birthoftheAlmeda,treatmentccording correctional ―The ofSister to

59 , 37. , 29. , 30 ,

Elizabeth Fry issignificant for discussion this , 184. , 184. , – .

36. This first occurred inother Western EuropeanThis firstoccurred countriesas such

55 53

The

‖ Thewomen treatise further whoappeared that suggested n Magdalena believed this program could believedMagdalena program this a didin

American scholar 57

Simul 19

deed 58 taneously, reinforced Magdalena traditional

Thus, whilethe galleys created in

shift conceptualizations and treatmentshift conceptualizations of

Prison Readings: A Critical Introduction to to A Critical Introduction Readings: Prison Lisa Vollendo

plight of womenplight prisoners of into

reformers becausewas she apivotal rf . 54

has explained

effectively , 56

CEU eTD Collection and chapter. reconceptualization of a redeemable female prisoner ofimprisonedwomennotions as men moregave evil thanimprisoned to the way of‗theanda female todevelopingcategory.‖ separate prisoner‘ thenotion as significantly which in ‗women‘tobe seen tothe process came as different inherently men], [from event contention that womenshouldbeincharge women‘s prisons of launched bothprisonconditionsandincarcerated themselves. awomen reform projectto prison system 65 64 63 62 61 60 other European countries theyprisons and thelack despiteattention received, prison the influence reformers had of ofin time for and equalwomen‘s education opportunities Concepción Arenal (1820 later inthe children. with incarcerated fighting treatment,women, for andconsidering theneeds personalized of chapters current reformers illustratehow Spanish have will efforts others thewayfor educationof toconsider children paved the inprisons. childrenbuil inprisonsandsuggested tr ansformingthemselves thewomen

Yagüe Olmos, YagüeOlmos, Pitman, E.R. Victorian in Custody Crimeand ―Women, Zedner, Ibid. Haan, de vanand Drenth 34. Ibid., she advocated more treatment for humane, ofwomenwith theaim personalized prisoners of . ually including Spain Arenal in worked

TheFry workand other of eventually reformers affected theprison landscape abroad, and 62

Fryco nineteenth Elizabeth Fry Elizabeth . Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres Inearly the nsulted with incarceratednsulted women,

century, began prisonconditions women‘s The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The women‘s prisons in the 1860s andwomen‘s became the1860s of aware prisonsin thedeplorable state of

. (Middlesex: Echo Library, 2006), 25 2006), Library, Echo (Middlesex: - In 1893), one of the founders of the Spanish feminist movement1893), that offought onefounders theSpanishfeminist ofthe — n ineteenth

1873, during the First Spanish Republic, she Spanish took part First i 1873, during the and, accor

. 63

ding school thema century,growingFry andother a Quaker of women number

Additionally, FryAdditionally, concernedwiththe wellbeing was ofthe ding to van Drenth tovan ding andd England,‖ 34. England,‖ , 72. , , got involved in , gotinvolved 20

asked their asked cons

, which will be discussed inthe, whichfollowing be will discussed –

. 30. The school eventually butFry‘s failed,

adopted

became law inseveralbecamecountries law prison reform e Haan,

to receive attention inSpain. to receive ent before makingent before changes, and

similar practices consultin similar of it ―contributed 61

work atthis inSpain

Through work, her 64

The following n a , 37. , 60

Her

— g CEU eTD Collection care,and mine). focus‖ charity (translation for―bourgeois beingwho a aimedthe prisoners totreatwithapaternalistic, woman ofthe time reformers charitye organizations orthrough voluntary morework exercise, opportunities, and t trades neededequal andmen‘s opportunities conditions to prisons,including teachingwomen lucrative reform to commission the prisonsystemand code penal 68 67 66 to better the reform suit shetried philosophy toimplement incarcerated redistribute individuals, prisons t Republic. Her with reformatory evident agenda became DirectorPrison ( conditions she no longer workedinthe penite punishment separationgood for necessary was child, theas of well theas tosubject tobe able the mothers to the terriblechildren, conditions facingcontributed which toher beli their sentence Arenal believed prison nursery hat kept o improvetransform theliving training conditions, job opportunities

Yagüe Olmos, YagüeOlmos, Almeda, 35 Ibid., to A laterVictoria iswhobecame worth Kent, reformer thefirst mention femaleGeneral In of mothers inprison terms

give instead oflimi themsupportthemselves to the means – them inpoverty and onthebrink ofprostitution , Corregir y Castigar y Corregir 45.

while Arenal managedgreatly, haswhile Arenal escaped not tochangeprisons criticism women‘s she and .

Arenalyearsnever was successful but removing in from children later,when prisons, . , the antecedent for how prisons would laterantecedent carechildren would , the for for howprisons Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres In her prison visits, shewitnessedIn visits, the mother highmortality prison ofand her rates infant and created

that women shouldonlythat women prison have children their withthem in Directora Directora

a child

, 69. , General dePrisiones carecenter

mploying more staff. mploying more ntiary department, ntiary department, , like Fry,

in the prison ofAlcaláin theHenares prison de 67

throughout Spain

Arenal ) in 1931,at the beginning) in of theSecond Spanish 21 companionship

she was 66 in a yearin a of post; beginning her .

. Arenal argued that women‘sArenal prisons argued that Similar seewill towhat with we was still concerned with was concerned still She advocated better for nutrition,

. responsible for the creation ofresponsible thefirst forcreation the Kent was in particularly influential , and their adapt architectural design

for femaleinmates either through ting them to ting to them ef the mother that , increase access to . . 68 On a personal level,

―feminine‖ jobs until theyuntil received the children‘s - child

she fought

, 35 , jobs for

current – 45.

CEU eTD Collection accompanied Madridprisonthe necessary have in to house womenamenities a space and designedthe needsforan female exclusive specifically of prisonpopulation tradition ofadjudicatingwomen‘s religious prisonsto organizations. Femenina Auxiliar dePrisiones female pr female prisonconditions explored inchapter two, terms of female prisoners 71 Civil War:1936 Spanish non ofa the construction ofand schools the secularization proposed who was secularist a Azaña, Manuel Republic, Spanish Second ofthe Prime Minister The 70 69 characteristics inSpain of female theincarcerated population Iwho have Spanish prisons,with themchildren in theirso wi groupand with whomthey thestaff interact the e Spain population in 1.3 construction of th Nevertheless and sothe women spacecould were removed play spaces inmates. The

Yagüe Olmos, YagüeOlmos, Notably,d this 72 Ibid.,

xternal mother units, thechallengesxternal mother units, this Returning tothe present, Population Prison Current Female Perhaps – isoners. 79. . The prisononlyfulfilledi its The

, thebuilding remain plan them istancing between the church and the state occurred in various sectors of society during this period. period. this during ofsociety sectors in various occurred state the and the church between istancing Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres more importantly, Kent constructed the first buildingmore inthe historyofSpainbe constructed first to importantly, Kent the 69 e external mothere units. external

provided prenatal services and hospital attentionhospital for prenatal mothers,provided servicesas and aswell open .

This motivated her AidSection to create( Women‘s Prison the . She aimed to humanize theliving tohumanize She aimed the needs conditions andsatisfy offemale - This contextualization This contextualization is essential for understanding the 1939

, including reeducation, andmoral theinstruction, and, care cultural ofthe and contended that the governmentand contended the that

(Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2002), 18. 2002), Publishing, Osprey (Oxford: She recognized

), which ran oftheand broke women‘sthus many withthe prisons I will now provide a description oftheI nowprovidewill current a prison female description - ed religious basis for citizenship and national culture. See national culture. and citizenship for basis religious

the only one built specificallybuilt the only onefor female prisoners the until 71 ntende women sufferedwomen prison more thanmen in

. No comprehensive are statistics available onmothersNo group accommodate d role for two years, for W d role twowhen Civil the

faces in general, and the divisions betweenfacesgeneral,divisions andthe this in

the influx ofmalethe influx prisoners needed . ll morell describe broadly the This population has skyrocketed in

to pay more attentionto pay the 70

. Kent designed this intended nd thechildren that Frances Lannon, Frances Sección , a topic

population of ar erupted . , 72 , – to 79. The The

CEU eTD Collection prison population. femalepopulation that is doubledinthis percent prison. countryUnion withthe highest numberEuropean and absolute inthepercentage in ofwomen 1.3(1) to readdress questions the past fewof decades,leading toaninflux http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft18%2Fa052&file=inebase&L=0. 75 74 m=GENE&tm2=GENE. http://www.institucionpenitenciaria.es/web/portal/documentos/estadisticas.html?r=m&ad 73 reflexiones,‖ 72 convicted were been awaiting remaining sentenced, whilethe women were trial Table imprisonment are toother similar Western but countries years:Source remaining for Sourceand for 1985: 1980 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 Year

Instit YagüeOlmos, 2013, Penitenciaria,‖ ―Estadística GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio y Datos y drogas: cárceles ―Mujeres, Navarro, Carmen and Nella, Di Dino Samaranch, Almeda Elisabet

uto Nacional de Estadística, Estadística, de utoNacional 1 72

Of the women in Spanish prisons in January prisonsin approximatelyOf thewomen 2013, inSpanish 80 Women‘s Recent forFemaleIncarceration Reasons increase inthe femaleincrease prisonpopulationsince 1980 : Increase Pop Prison in

A s ofJanuary signifies 5,209women were inSpain, which incarcerated 2013, a970 Oñati Socio Oñati Madres en prisión: Historia de Historia prisión: en Madres declared guilty declared of imprisonment 73

The ofwomen profile and inSpanish prisons thereason Men - legal Series (online) legal Series regardi

Yagüe Olmos InstitutoEstadística Nacional de ng

Seguridad y Justicia y Seguridad

rates haverisen drasticallyin the past decades three female incarceration. female incarceration.

ulation by Gender by ulation (1980 drug - , 2012, 127. 2012, , related crimes (officiallyrelatedcrimes against ―crimes public health‖), 68,141 56,291 41,451 40,739 30,454 17,782 14,293

period las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las 74

imprisoned

, and women nowcomprise

(INE, 2013), 2013), (INE,

23 Women

mothers withchildren small and theneed also have their particularities

. - 2010) Moreover, the percentageMoreover, the prison ofthe 75

5,788 4,763 3,653 4,217 2,604 . Almost halfAlmost (48 632 487

Total m=TES&am=2013&mm=2&t 7.59

s percent

for their

percent

percent 73,929 61,054 45,104 44,956 33,058 18,566 14,780

in Spain, thein Spain, (4,145) had .

of the total of . ) of those

CEU eTD Collection Table Table convictedrange ofasentences, homicide, including and 30 http://www.acaip.info/jaen/301011_anuario_estadistico_sgiipp_2010.pdf. 77 76 sentencing for drug Source: Foreign security Against persons Against property and public finance Against theadministration Against family relations Against traffic safety Domestic security By misdemeanors Against freedom No crime recorded Against freedom sexual Administration Against theJustice False Representations Rest ofCrimes Injuries Homicide and forms its Against public order Against public health

Ministerio del Interior, GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio Penitenciaria.‖ ―Estadística GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio

2 percent Spanish female rates incarceration have risen : Types of Crime: Types of Committed Gender by

Ministerio del Interior delMinisterio

were

related crimes related imprisoned for imprisoned

Women

. Since the 1980s, the Spanish stateSince has the1980s, crimes against public property against crimes

1,437 2,211 156 194 Anuari 55 59 73 93 21 21 22 26 33 42 2 3 4 6

o Estadístico Del Ministerio Del Interior Del Ministerio Del Estadístico o Men 24

23,019 14,116 partially 3,703 1,249 1,617 3,112 2,963 1,474 1,204

assault, and crimes againstcrimes public order.assault, and 678 223 213 110 133 596 276 19 67

Total due to mandatory minimum due minimum tomandatory

The remainingThe women were 24,456 16,327 3,758 1,308 1,617 3,268 3,157 1,495 1,225 751 226 217 132 159 629 316 21 73 toughened policies

, 2010, 2010, , 76

CEU eTD Collection percentagewomen receiving of sentences long larger are women charged percentage withdrug trafficking of al. prison system,excessively which small amounts ofdrugs. punishes thetrafficking of GarcíaRuiz by havearguedthese exploited women tendtobe both themafiaand easilytrial, punished,andcaught, imprisoned brought to participate yearsand eight directly themandatory increased minimum regarding 82 81 80 79 78 visaandtourist were intheBarajas inMadrid amoun small Airport with detained trafficking foreignespec women, Venezuela, Republic, Nigeria, the Ecuador,Bolivia,and Dominican France followed Brazil by Romania and non foreigners slightly dropped had to34 pop fo 1.3(2) sentencessimilar women had sentences of

reigners Ibid. Ministeri Ibid. y drogas.‖ cárceles ―Mujeres, Navarro, and Nella, Di Samaranch, Almeda andaluz.‖ caso El enespañolas. prisiones extranjeras ―Mujeres García, Ruiz and Algarra Castillo

agree - ulation increased Spanish women in

The rise in Population Foreign that these women have the become that these scapegoats women o o del Interior, Government of Spain, ―Estadística Penitenciaria.‖ ―Estadística GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del o . the consumption anconsumption the . d Between and 2010 1998 Colombian women, for instance, tended to be young for tobe women, entered instance,Colombian who tended women Spain ona in the most v in the most to between three and nine years threeto between and nine . This trend wasThis trend the from 18 from ially those from Latin Americaiallythose from and Morocco female prison population in Spain has inSpain population female prison been inthecase particularly notable of Spain‘s

eight isible and oftheisible dangerous drug business, part makingthemthemost

d distribution d distribution percent

prison system . fifteen similar intheofSpain. similar rest There were also aThere from werehigh women also percentage of , thepercentage foreigners female among of the prison

80 percent

to 40

years, whereas 19 only prison of illegal drugs

, with1,771foreigners infemaleprisons. percent

in . . In

Women in Spanish prisons tend inSpanish prisons Women 25 2013, thelargest2013, percentagecamefrom Colo

sentence drug between trafficking two of from 2008 inCataluña, 25

. 81

As of January percentage 2013,the of . f criminalizingf drug policies: a Spanish scholars Castillo AlgarraCastillo Spanish scholars and . The Spanish Penal Codeof1995The Spanish Penal 79

than men,

percent , had

of men wereof serving percent bee resulting . n The majority of convicted of

of incarcerated

to ts ofdrugs, most

be in agreater

have Morocco, 78 victims 82

Almeda et

Of the much

drug of the mbia, CEU eTD Collection certaincharacterized collectives social and by poverty precariousness incarcerated beunderstood women must networks and jobcontracts. notfleewill Spanishthey women becauseare increaseSpanish prisons in foreigners in U women ofpeople weretohave moretheexploitation been likely involved inand fraud. often cocaine 86 271 2005), Complutense, Editorial (Madrid: in ygitanas,‖ reclusas extranjeras 85 84 83 social vulnerability visible minoritygroups, subj 1.3(3) Table immigration incarcerated women are foreignersrelated isdirectlytoimmigration Source: 2010 2005 2000 Year

nion Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Estadística, de Nacional Instituto situacióndesdela de pobreza la Lade criminalización reclusas? nuevas ―Qué las Molero, nosenseñan Naredo María Ibid. en extranjeras ―Mujeres García, Ruiz and Algarra Castillo

3 citizens, andcitizens, difficulties faced by Beyond foreigners, Prison General in Profile ofWomen Factors as such : IncreasePopulation (2000 Female in Foreign

Naredo Molero

and because to crime. . Their sentences for drugTheir for trafficking sentences Population Total Female ecting them more than others to ecting others themmore than 85 longer druglonger a sentencing, oflegalworknon lack opportunities for

86 of .

Spain‘s

84 Systems ofr difficulties ingetting familyabsence paroledue of toan support Delitos y Fronteras: Muje Fronteras: y Delitos

Spanish lawyer

Seguridad y Justicia y Seguridad

5,788 4,763 3,653 not allowed bail before bailduetot not allowed trial

criminal justice system disproportionately oppressed targets – 300.

ace, ethnicity, and nationality . immigrants Population Spanish Female with

Foreignwomen

in María NaredoMaría argued thattheincrease has of .

the framework criminalization of selective ofthe 26 3,493 3,231 2,849 res Extranjeras en Prisión en res Extranjeras

were uptoten prisiones españolas. El caso andaluz.‖ caso El españolas. prisiones

within thelegalwithin the help explain system

processes andcriminalization making of their

Population Foreign Female - often remain 2010)

2,295 1,532

years prison of 804

policies that policies . heir toprove inability they

are closely related to The fact that somanyThe ofthe

in prisonlonger than Females of Foreign Percentage , ed. María Jesús Miranda JesúsMiranda ed.María , .

40% 32% 22% equate Romanian

- E

uropean who is

CEU eTD Collection and/or sexual abuse, often beginning at a youngand/or abuse, sexual beginning often a ag at the dominantpopulation; in insecurity,and sometimes sentenced asfor such drug traffickingas crimes as robbery well of highertimes presence than their population. inthe national approximatel imprisoned and for whatcrimes. instance, For women ofthe Spanishnationalityinprison, 91 Europa en sociales 90 89 88 Research See: as Roma. themselves not recognize do who ofGypsies existence the despite more desirable, is considered and correctness ofpolitical the legitimacy acquired ―Roma,‖ theterm will use I end, Inthe differently. identify different individuals 87 have forwomen remainedlower t combine and multiply. positive problems; and 42.1 26 also experienced ment subjected torepeated sexualviolence and 80 SURT

Yagüe Olmos, ―Mujeres en prisión. Intervención basada en sus características, necesidades y demandas.‖ necesidades características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, enprisión: madres ―Ser Atienza, Pi i SeguraMarçal and Soler Dolors Maria basad Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, Hernández, Robledo Gabriela as ―Roma,‖ or ―Gypsy‖ to ―Gitano/a‖ theterm translate whether to refer to decide to challenging has It been

foreign nati and percent

showed Overall, A significantly of large number Economic class a is

, as opposedto17.3 70, no 70,

of thewere psychological women asof having identified problems;8.1 y are 25percent ofRoma . 1 (Spring 2003): 111. 1 . (Spring 2003):

that 88.4

the majority of the women do not have prior criminal womenthe majorityrecords ofthe donothave prior no. 22 (2007): 17(2007): no. 22 onal incarceratedalike women

percent al andphysical aswell problems healthas issues, abuse substance 91

percent

prostitution nother

Mujeres Gitanas y Sitema Penal Sitema y Gitanas Mujeres

had other drug problems abuse fact, 48.7 percent

–

27.

had suffered some type suffered ofviolence,had with68 some

han men,with 54 determining factor in who goesdetermining factor inwho with toprison,

of the incarceratedof males Dimitrina Petrova, ―The Roma: Between a Myth and the Future,‖ Future,‖ the and Myth a Roma:―TheBetween Petrova, Dimitrina

. percent

( These women tendtohave a lower imprisoned Gitan

percent

a claim tobeilliterate orclaim lacking studies. primary )

a en sus características, necesidades y demandas.‖ necesidades características, sus ena ethnicity 27 originating from low e.

women have experienced serious physicalexperienced havewomen serious percent 90

to domestic violence

, 1 A study by a ,

87 ed. (Madrid: Metyel, 2001), 16. Metyel,ed.(Madrid: 2001), . 88

of women returningtoprison,as of Remarkably, indicating

. These These often

Unidad dependiente L‘Àgora,‖ L‘Àgora,‖ dependiente Unidad the Catalan women‘s Catalan foundationthe which Dimitrina Petrova argued has has argued Petrova whichDimitrina social vulnerabilities social

share share - an incarceration figure20 class backgroundsclass

22.1 . level ofeducation t Most oftheseMost women histories ofhistories poverty, job

percent .

percen Recidivism rates Recidivism

percent

the vast majoritythe

t having been

were

had alcohol had . In 2007, .

often Women Women

Social Social H.I.V. Políticas Políticas 89 han

- CEU eTD Collection children, different often from fathers percent had been incarcerated women hav rateas istwice high prisonersandchildren, have 70 is preciselyage children.with small thestandard ofmothers force,a violence, opposed to60 penitenciarios 95 94 93 92 or getprison be parole,childrenwill removedfrom their these women three care under children their found thatthema children inprisons have 10 relatives other inprison, these women a responsibility raisingfrom partnerinsupportingand amale children their currently inprison partnersgoingchildren thi prison,and and to a before

Jesús Jiménez Morago, Morago, JesúsJiménez y demandas.‖ necesidades características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, Interio del Ministerio Ibid.

Although The average womanbetween is inSpain incarcerated of theare married, womenof and 36

solely responsible forsolely responsible their 34.4 children;

(Madrid: Ministerio del Interior: Ministerio del Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 1998), 18 1998), y AsuntosSociales, Trabajo del Ministerio Interior: del Ministerio (Madrid: had sentences of six years, ofsix had sentences

percent re often financially responsible for their families‘re responsiblefinancially survival for often

nd intimidation in their in crimes nd intimidation jority of womenjority of there are statistics noexhaustive . ,

Studies have shown that practically none of the women in prison haveStudies shownthatofthe practically none women a 1996 studya 1996 by r, Government of Spain, ―Estadística Penitenciaria.‖ ―Estadística GovernmentSpain, r, of among thewhole women incarcerated Spanishsociety, as with8.7

Niños y madres en prisión: desarrollo psicosociobiológico de los niños residentes en centros centros en residentes los de niños psicosociobiológico desarrollo prisión: en madres y Niños of men of ing more than threechildren moreing than

before going topr before Furthermore, non tendtocommit women

percent

percent in the prisonnurseries

the Spanishpsychologists . Approximately aApproximately quarterof had thewomen lived withtheir

of these 95

being

percent indicating

their parents and3.3 their . 92 children arechildren ageof eighteen the under 28 ison

are inrelationships specifically

percent

. , and that rd of partners theirare husbandsalso or Prior to imprisonment, m Prior toimprisonment, , unlessthey have were poor andwere poor at the age ofthree often

are mothers single 93

26 and 40 yearswhich, notably,26 and 40old,

The vast offemale majority about the women Jesús Palacios and Jesús Jiménez Palacios andJesús Jesús Jiménez

had

partners partners percent . The majority had various

illiterate, - . violent crimes and useless . Additionally, 70

Beyondchildren, raising

their sentences their and have will tolive

their children. in prison . Fewer t Fewer ost ofthewomen

living with living had – experience

22. more than . . The fertility. The han 20

Most of Most percent

94 reduced percent

of of

- CEU eTD Collection looks atlooks and the intentions structuring from theunits alegal new of perspective publicationsexisting include on them. opening ofmyscholarly thebest in2008,to knowledge,no design, their intentions and 1.4 following chapter. either with othermembersfoster or family care be placed in 53 2012), Editorial UNED, (Madrid: López VicenteSalido José and Franco, MayteBejarano Zayas, Barajas in género,‖ de enfoque un ydesde desafíos Realidades y reclusas: madres mujeres con mediopenitenciario el en socioeducativa penitenciarios,‖ establecimientos los 98 http://elpais.com/diario/2008/10/23/sociedad/1224712802_850215.html. 97 96 of external mother units pledge, PrisonServices a theDepartment planto design established of ObreroSocialista Español in 2004asa result ofa byelected thenewly pledge publications.supplemented thelack of analysis fol will governmentalable theinofficial, as tooutline theunits planfor established documentation justification forisalsoahindrance myit but thesis, explore theexperiences the mothers or of children which Span

Angel Juan Nieto García, ―Apuntes críticos sobre la política de implementación de unidades de madres externas de de madres externas de unidades implementaciónde de política la sobre críticos ―Apuntes García, Nieto Juan Angel cárcel,‖ enla másbebés ―No País, El Ediciones andaluz.‖ caso El enespañolas. prisiones extranjeras ―Mujeres García, Ruiz and Algarra Castillo

ish scholar

br The nurseries external ideareplace with came mother prison units toabolish and them about IIn brieflywill section, this e emergence ofthe describe the Emergence 97 iefly theunits mentions Mujeres y educación social: Teoría y práxis para la interven la y para práxis Teoría social: educación y Mujeres

In publicationsfact, few very low in chapter four, aslow inchapter ownconversations four, my theco with Francisco José del PozoSerranoFrancisco José about educationalactivities inwomen‘s prisons 96

of the External Mother Units Mother External of the apart and integrated from prisons intothe community

) toremove all from children prisons . Given are thattheunits recent with thefirst such a initiative, unit an articleby t

Diario L Diario . 98

These however, articlesdonot, qualitative analysis a provide or a Ley a

besides official documentation, EL PAÍS EL

he Spanish lawyerhe Spanish no. 7268 (2009): 1 (2009): 7268 no. 29 , October 23, 2008, 23, October , .

This gap i Spanish Socialist Workers‘Spanish Socialist Party ( in

contextualizing theunits contextualizing

– , 17; Francisco José del Pozo Serrano, ―Acción Serrano, Pozo del José 17; Francisco .

ción socio ción qualitative studies have published been I will return to this issue inthe issue this I returnwill to n the literature ispart ofthen theliterature Ángel Juan Nieto García Ángel Juan . In responsetothe government‘s x ternal mothe - educativa and constructand - mention theunits mention founder greatly founder , ed. Emilio ed. López , . . , The construction

Here,I only will be and an articleand an by r units, their units, r

a new a new Partido Partido ,

which – . . 69. model More The -

, CEU eTD Collection troubled systemprevious government, the of incarcerated from qualifying thehigh number criti another one inAragón. previously organization theformationfeminist inZaragozaand ofa participatedin the direction Gallizo of Mercedes unit León.plan was in asixth extendedtobuild authorized the construction ( planof 2005 began inPalmade unit, Mallorca,2008. in2005,andtheTheend first original atof opened the http://elpais.com/elpais/2004/07/05/actualidad/1089015425_850215.ht 2004, July5, 102 157 1999), 101 http://www.acaip.info/jaen/0610 2010), Penitenciarias, Instituciones de Administración la 100 99 Penitenciaria) Director Management Prison Treatment and of( Concepciónhad directed prisona Alcalá Yagüe,who women‘s in de before Henares becoming the pregnant women in prisonprogramming,among childrenwith small and plansor toavoidhaving her was mothers the prisonprevio of policies the reintegrate the community into individuals afterincarceration, which prison system her as prepared position director,Gallizo aof series reforms withthe objecti andindividuals wanted tobethe rehabilitation center ofher scheme management asindividuals ―

Ministerio del Interior, GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio

Ediciones El País, ―Instituciones Penitenciarias planea sacar a madres y embarazadas de las cárceles,‖ las cárceles,‖ de ymadresa embarazadas sacar planea Penitenciarias ―Instituciones País, El Ediciones Aguado, AnaM. ACAIP, q u es of the prison system andes her ofthe reform prisonsystem initiatives Another inthecreation individual involved theexternal and of At thetime ofthe of theDepartment development theunits, ofPrison – 58. Ampliado plan: Amortización y creación de centrospenitenciarios de creación y Amortización plan: Ampliado

. . creation of five The catastrophic. Yagüe had written booksandYagüe had articlesabout the enter Mujeres, regulación de conflictos sociales y cultura de la la paz de cultura y sociales conflictos de regulación Mujeres, se

reforms reforms

prison. 101

Her socially Plan de y amortización creació 10_actualizado_plan_amortizacion_creacion_centros_penitenciarios.pdf. ‖ 102 She argued be thatnotallproblemsshould solved by incarcerating

included prison a overcrowding plantoend and toincrease efforts to units us government

. It identified as worth is afeminist noting and thatGallizo

in Palma, Seville, Madrid,in Palma,Seville, Alicante Tenerife. and - pr Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades ogressive and gender and ogressive . 100 Gallizo arguedfor needgender forGallizo a the perspective Subdirectora de yGestión Tratamiento Subdirectora 30

. Gallizo spoke ofhavingGallizo a inherited n de centros 2005 n de penitenciarios -

sensitiv gender intheprison inequalities .

(Madrid: Agrupación de los Cuerpos de de Cuerpos los de Agrupación (Madrid:

(Valencia: Universitat de València, València, de Universitat (Valencia: represented arepresented major from shift

ml. mother unitswas e views aree her views in evident

Services was under of ―humanizing . Upon assumingUpon the direction of 99

In 2010,the

EL PAÍS EL ) ‖ the ,

CEU eTD Collection were childrenhad whose been mothers sentenced toprison 1.4(1) I inchapterreformers, point butthis develop four. will women. conditions for mothers and and workvisions begreater toimproving will discussed at inchapter committed was length four, system, arguing prisonshadhistorically thatwomen‘s 106 105 104 http 103 microwave hazards architecturalamenities children, provided design,the tothe an normalizing andprioritizing theliving the conditions mothers‘ are reintegration the in manifest simul emotionallyeducationally and during thetime theycenter, toremainhave while inthe and possible to―createextent adequate for anenvironment todevelop childrenable tobe prison improve theconditions for thephysical, andmental psychological, developmentofchildren in haveautonomy tocreate complete a reg safe,to build child with incarcerated mothers

Ibid. GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio y demandas.‖ necesidades características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, más dolorosas,‖ penas sufrió mujer ―La País, El Ediciones ://elpais.com/diario/2007/03/12/andalucia/1173655338_850215.html. designed taneously prioritizing social themothers‘ reintegration‖ mine). (translation

theunits, With t The intenti Official . 104 Architecturally, units the According ofServices,themain Prison to objective totheis Department units ofthese Each mother and childEach has and asmallwhich ―apartment,‖ bathroom includes mother and a a

. I mention these two cofounders now to position themI alongside cofounders women nowprevious mentionthese toposition two Safety hasSafety a been

with the specific purpose of housing mothers and children purposeofhousingwith themothers specific Intentions Behind Units the Intentions on of theexternal was mother units ofsmall toimprove theliving conditions - friendly thatwouldservetheneeds units population ofthis he Department

—

children eliminatinggender inprisonand barriers facing these like Elizabeth Fry centuries two earlier

fundamental are meant

aim imen thatwouldbe ideal for population. this Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades s

con

to not lookliketo not prisonsand to to normalize thelivesofto normalize thechildren tothe greatest

sideration, with the designs ensuring withtheall designs sideration, that 31

EL PAÍS EL . served as apatriarchal tool served Unlike prison the nurseries, external units , March 12, 2007, 2007, 12, March ,

d the opportunities for thewomen.d theopportunities .

— as well as soas experts, as with well . The not

. present foundersconsulted T 106 he were units to . 103

These goalsThese of 105

Yagüe, whose safety

CEU eTD Collection much of theprogramoneducation focuses training, and job the units better care their allowing children. Thisinvolves for thewomen program do notwear uniforms. alarms, sensors andmotion ―apa and thereare thefacility orwithin bars electric novisible doors staircases thatthere railings doors have and are noelectric 109 108 107 psychomotor skill on comprehensivechildcare, education,care, babyhealth sexual legal family law training, violence appropriate,attendWhen drug therapy and women classes l ranging from inlevel deficits thatmight have influe of thewomen‘s needs rehabilitation overcome and tohelpthem comprises country ineducationalprograms andtherapeutic theunits. participate within who are sentence their toleavebecause prison of notallowed community, schedules providedtheir their with children‘s donotconflict schedules school on their women level may ofeducation, findjobs,takeoutside social courses,and resources participatec to in

Ibid., 14 Ibid., Ibid. Ibid. rtment‖ with a key at nightduringat withakeyandobserve themthroughrtment‖ theday

The women The . .

to One of the main goals tobe theOne able thewomen main toenable toreintegrate of is intosociety and The parenting portion of themotheringThe parentingportion includes school –

both rehabilitation initiatives and initiatives both rehabilitation 15. bring their take to school, children to themtothe park,gotoappointments and to Department Services ofPrison

development

are also required toattend―motherare also required 107

. To further the fact are that the units mask guards penitentiaryfacilities, nced their criminced their

itera , early stimulation cy touniversitycourses, take cons

parenting courses inthecommunity nal involvement‖ (translation mine). (translationnal involvement‖ iders the external tobe mother thea units reinsertion iders 32

techniques,

support class ing

. school‖ (

job training es Security isalsomeant be to discrete, sessions women are also allowedare toaccess also women .

stipulations 108 and birthing . — ― Rather, guards lock eachRather, mother‘s

The isaimed tocover first part all personal and culturalpersonal formative courses,workshops, andlectures on an individual basis on an individual escuela demadr

fo ultural activities. ultural r victims ofdomestic . , and courses, and insocial skills The

surveillance camesurveillance or legal the or statusin . Through mothering y

may work inthemay 109 es

This ), which

Depending —

includes . to ras, ras, Women Women . leave As . CEU eTD Collection All family visits whenhospitals and necessary, tocommunity mayexcursions take parks. community, andattend children and preschools thus community schools, shared, indoorplayroom. apartments, includea theunits play courtyard withchildren a for playground a to outside,and amenities to worth mentioni aimsschool, the institution to 113 112 111 110 the processeswomen undergo them or tobeinanotherwomen‘s the prisonwithout mothers, partic 1.4(2) camps (translation excursions‖ andscheduled mine). the familyareable t not facilitatingand contactworld enriching eachthemother in case or theoutsidewhere herself with trips designated by apartments run NGOs world with members onweekendsvacations. or w Many ofthe

Ibid., 12. Ibid., Ibid. GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio Ibid. . 112 their children,family facilitating ofwiththecontact external thepreservation bondsand .

Foreigners do not have theyForeigners but leaves possibilities, these donot same are allowed Given a have thattheunits strong pedagogical and Participation Exclusion staff Prison According ofServices,th Prison tothe Department

The Department of Prison ServicesThePrison Department ―Volunteerhave explained, of associations role a in major

cover ipation is voluntary ipation is ng mothering thatthe school

in the prison

the specificneeds ofchildren

also make effort o take onthese commitments

The

are and children tostay contact visits, are encouraged withfamily increase Department Services ofPrison the encouragescontactwith in deciding . Imprisoned s .

for childrencontactfamily other tomaintain with members These NGOs furtherNGOs These

the women‘s

Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades

where to send their childwhere ift to also

mothers decidewhetherhavemothers their with tochildren . 33 already existed in the previous nurseriesalready inthe previous existed Besides theindividual theinstallations in

omen with families may inSpain

capacity ir 113 .

Theyarealso necessary creating for summer component child

take e includeall units ofthe necessary ren to be

. children out Official literature does describe not

and

responsible mothers. responsible place hey opt to stayopt to hey inanormal 111 visit pediatricians and visit

on dayand extended high demands onthe high ,

as well, in as well,

visit them visit 110 .

It is . CEU eTD Collection sentence nearing children outofthe facility alternativearrangements living center(because, neglectful instance, themotherbecome for abusive), theteam has or seeks reviewschild‘s case each onlythe facilitie and enter in remain drugs,gettingandeducation work recreating an towards and their lives prison 117 116 115 114 three. childrenin certainsix uptothe age cases, of mothers with children three are over children sentences toescape whotried prisoners awaiting sentences, women documentation how outlines certainmothers are entrance incarcerated ineligiblefor Mothers intheunitmay the ageuntil six, of children community

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio 117 .

Ingeneral,enter the womenmay Altho youngAs the separate systemaims tonot children from children, their are mothers when U the age of . s w pon arriving, women Future plans indicate thatFuture plansindicate

in halfway houses, in halfway houses, ould remain in a in prisonnursery ould remain - based setting based ugh were theexternal units three, the three, the provided that have withthem more child thanone

s . . . If nolonger the it team that determines 114 In circumventcases, somecan this study

where children .

must commit must Indocumentation thatthe implies women cases, the these . M it th others arealways

c is deemedbest alternative the the for s when it is in theirs whenteam best isin it interest, frequently atreatment hildren will will hildren e not allowed to participatenot allowed to convicted of convicted possibilities of allowingwome possibilities supposed units Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades . 116

to forming often the children must havethe childrenbefore must entered age the of

if they are pregnantif theyare orhavea 34 sometimes

to replace prison nurseries, official to replace prisonnurseries, official may remain up to the age six, may upto thesix, age remain extremely andcrimes, wom serious

entitled to part of a respectful atmosphere,apart respectful of notuse

be able theexternal toremainin units . 115 . the separation of the separation quit While the external units will house will units theexternal While

benefits the child the benefits .

the program andsend their n toserv . To ensureTo thatchildren child‘s developmentchild‘s

young e therest oftheir

mothers from their or

child

. other to beinthe These include en withlong .

and Notably

. ,

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Ramos Vázquez and Bláz and RamosVázquez

The discussion of the Spanish women‘s prison population with aThemothers with with of focus discussion theSpanishwomen‘s on prisonpopulation This chapter‘s ofwomenof demonstratedthe reformers a existence historyof delineation T Conclusion had authorizedAs of 227 2011,theprison system

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Spain‘s historySpain‘s illustrateshow offemale incarceration Kent, they 118 Fry, the primarily affects

in Palmade Mallorcaand Seville 35 cofounders the of

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feminist critiques ofthe Kimberlé Crenshaw, ―Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Against Women Violence and Identity Politics, Intersectionality, the ―Mapping Margins: Crenshaw, Kimberlé Francisca de Haan et al., al., Haanet Franciscade fic genderedficfor issues er, as analyse er, later well as for Stanford Law Re Law Stanford . The concept ofintersectionality, Having First, however, IFirst, definewill however, intersectionality, but have, in theprocess, in but have, situated in later

Chapter 2: Chapter 2: overview

view reminds us that the notion of thatthe us notion genderreminds notenoughexplor onitsownis to

chapters the external mother units within the within mother units external history femalethe incarceration and of Women‟s Activi Women‟s

43, no. 6 (July 1, 1991): 1244. 6 no. (July 1991): 1, 43,

more generalmore r women ecent

of and wayscrime are punishment gendered inwhichallow for will a 119 . . 120 At theen

Lastly,I somekey highlight concepts will criminological thathave studies Individuals, asgroups,all have shifting multiple, aswell Theor s

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sm: Global Perspectives from the 1890s to the the Present to 1890s the from Perspectives Global sm: This thesis will notbeablewill toexplorethewhole field This thesis in de

which was coined in1989bywhich coined scholar was theAmerican concept motherhood toset the stage of for - emphasized d of this discussion, I thisdiscussion, my the narrow d of to will focus etical Consideration and 37

Roma Roma to

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Studies focusing only on gender ignore the important interaction between gender a gender between interaction ignorethe important gender on only focusing Studies Daly, Kathleen FrancesHeidensohn,

Feminist scholars thetraditional attributed have The Inexistence ofFemale Criminals Since the1960s,feminist scholars howclassical challenged have c Crime Gender and biologicalarguments women‘s explain to overall inthe criminal absence domain that

22 (January 1, 1997): 201 1997): 1, (January 22 Gender, Crime, and Punishment and Crime, Gender, Women and Crime and Women .

. This patternmake istrue up50 women throughout Europe; areaswomen‘s suchas

cing trends, indicativefact is commit ofthe that women

– (New York, NY: New York University Press, 1985), 2. 1985), Press, University York New NY: (NewYork, 121 . 252. See

t to which thefieldgendered, who which of t to crime from is A traditionally field masculinist withatendency to

Kathleen Daly and Michael Tonry, ―Gender, Race, and Sentencing,‖ Sentencing,‖ and Race, ―Gender, Tonry, DalyMichael and Kathleen

(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 94. 1994), Press, University Yale CT: (NewHaven, fenders.

38 .

entryways Some of this literature has overemphasized of literatureSome this 122

exclusion of womenfromexclusion offenders .

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substantiated above tice Statistics tice Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault, Crime,‖ and ―Inequality Kelly, Morgan Juliano, study countries European of 2006 Asa of Beyond women arearguably facing discrimination, of construction disadvantaged by the Considering s have resulted in aresulted nearlys have in stated Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción . penitentiary Crime Crime and criminalityan reflectinherent donotnecessarily moralitybutrather have 125 - , ―gender iscentral, economic,political andsocial to and relations, as such it 2010 Fourth Edition Fourth 2010

and, giventhat a direct crime has beenand correlation poverty, identified between Discipline & Punish Discipline

women‘s lowstatusinsoci women‘s re of their familiescommunities of re and in

policies.

Spain‘s historyforcrimesfor women ofpunishing moral andthe offences .

Today, laws in most Western countries prohibit such gender Westerncountries inmost Today, prohibit laws

(Meppel: Royal Bloom Publishers, 2010), 32. 2010), Publishers, Royal Bloom (Meppel:

was few the made upon andbear others; for wasto thatit brought 127 exclusive focus on men‘s focusexclusive deviance

. (London: Allen Lane, 1977), 276. 1977), Lane, Allen (London: French phil Review of Eco of Review

The construction of crime . See Marcelo F Aebi et al., al., et Aebi F Marcelo . ety, Throughout the world, women haveworld, Throughout women fewer the osopher Michel Foucault Michelosopher contended nomics and Statistics and nomics 39 ten percent ten

it would appearanything, would it that, would if women

crimes isevident . Women makeWomen uptwo

European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Criminal Crimeand of Sourcebook European of offenders. , , 60

is gendered addit is in –

71. 82, no. 4 (November 2000): 530 4 no. (November 2000): 82,

in terms of in terms .

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Juliano, Juliano, Meda Chesney Meda 16. Debate,‖ International ofan Aspects Crime? and ―Why Gender Usborne, Arnot and in Debate,‖ International ofan Aspects Crime? and ―Why Gender Usborne, Cornelie ArnotL. and Margaret Drug Exposure,‖ the and Problem ofPrenatal Rights, Motherhood, Party? ―WhotheIs Guilty Zivi, D. Karen in ―Foreword,‖ CliveEmsley, ative strategies to allow for familyative theircommitting toallow strategies personal and crimes. survival without

Nonetheless,evidenced by (most as some thesis, women this Why,more ifwomenrisk being aredisadvantagedgendered and then, for sentenced

Traditional Perceptions Criminals Traditional ofFemale sometimes nowadays Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado en femenino y pecado delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción 128 . When When

34 (2000): 237 (2000): 34 The criminalization of abortionThe and infanticide, criminalization attributed low femaleattributed involve - s well as to the wayswell asregulations inwhich are these andinterpreteds laws and Lind, Lind,

tradi

are more likely migrate where longer; tostudy countries accept toricher they brought against drug arebrought who users pregnant The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and Crime and Women, Girls, Offender: Female The tional criminology does

, ed. Margaret L. and Arnot Margaret ,ed.

133 – fewer 259.

Gender and Crime in Modern Europe Modern Crime in and Gender

crimes than

men? ment in crime towomen‘sment mention

Cornelie Usborne (London: Routledge, 1999), 27. 1999), Routledge, (London: Usborne Cornelie 40

In recent years,Inrecent femini

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illustrate that

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Ib Smart, Carol González, EncarnaBodelón and Almeda, Elisabet Ribas, Natalia Ferrero, Guglielmo and Lombroso Cesare Crowther Chris and Silvestri Marisa Frances Heidensohn, FrancesHeidensohn, id.,xiv.

arlyand evil,irrational.‖ unstable British professorFrances M.Heidensohn Feminist Contributions This trendbetween of fluctuatingcriminality ignoring femaleconsidering and thefemale ofSome female theearliest of mentions criminality appeared in1895, of male criminality characteristicsand feminine guile, alsofalsehood, the worst of and

to (Barcelona: Anthropos Editorial, 2005), 41. 2005), Editorial, Anthropos (Barcelona:

Carol criminologists Smartcontended in1976that when and deviancy theorists . 136 ―established male academic chauvinism‖ of inthe discipline criminology. Lombroso Ferrerowomen displaying and tobemonstrous, deemed these boththe Women, Crime, and Criminology: A A Critique Feminist Criminology: and Crime, Women,

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irls.‖

ed lity through atavism and believedcriminalsatavism lity be to female through , 161. ,

The Female Offender Female The how 134 137 Gender and Crime and Gender

persisted

. Studies ofStudies femalecriminality to―refer tended towomen this trendthis has per When shehas been appeared,shehas When portrayed as

41 has argued thatfeministcriminologyhas argued as developed The Female Offender. .

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throughout

(Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1895). Publishing, (Wm.Hein S. (London: Sage Publications Ltd, 2008), 24. Ltd,2008), Publications Sage (London: Rastreando lo invisible:Mujere lo Rastreando

(London: Routledge, 1976), xiii. 1976), Routledge, (London: sisted: ―isisted:

the past century the past nterest in thefemale in nterest offender 135

Lombroso and Ferrero . The British The the Italianthe scholars s extranjeras en en sextranjeras

139

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CEU eTD Collection c crimes. in Spainon howwomenprecisely turn toprostitution committing otheravoid money and tomake crimes andpathwaysfactor inwomen‘s a tocriminality differentcountries have street, theirgeneration, typesrelationships of income and others. with their perspectiveto accountandgendered crime,girls a for pathwaysinto theory how e deeply affected by their place insociety on 142 141 1998), 94. Press, University Oxford Tonry (Oxford: 140 from ‗toomuch‘and constraints) freedom accorded volition as depicting victimization in women‘s professor Kathleen as a catapultfocused crime into victimization on women‘s moralthe ―liberated panic surrounding afemale criminal,‖ key explanation freedomand new oppor on Western women‘s liberation and constraints, victimization women responsibility agency,and and attributing trafficking, that make money positions theleast risk and of amount afford themost seen one, inchapter women how w chieflygirls‘ isstill women‘s and ‗capital‘ their sexuality.‖ reshaped,remains gatewayentry activities beca the major formsillicit other towomen‘s of into riminologist Meda Chesney

Kathleen Daly, Daly, Kathleen Chesney Juliano, studying addressed omen often have specific, secondary roles in criminalomen often activities secondaryroles have specific, in 141 Feminist analyses of

Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción - Nonet Lind, Lind,

why women . Scholarship the1970semerged in second from

issues such as se issues such The Female The ― heless, looking when offenders at entered howfemale crime, Gender, Crime, and Criminology, and Crime, Gender, . Daly, Feminist scholarsFeminist have tunities tunities

offend ―Whereas a major 1970s explanation (focusing―Whereas explanation a women‘s major 1970s liberation on

Offender tend to women‘s - Lind―Finally, howeverrenamed hasexplained, prostitution, and

. to break laws x work, had whichwiththe law ax has complicatedrelationship The crimes women commit and their reasons for andcrimes commit are theirdoingThe women reasons so , 143. ,

get inthe involved

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Juliano, Juliano, Criminology,‖ 98. Crime, and Daly,―Gender, in nacionales,‖ informes los de campo de trabajo del resultados en los basado ―Informe comparativo Herta Tóth, Bosworth, Mary Bosworth, MaryBosworth, Daly,

144 146 I Increases Incarceration in Newer feminist hasarguedgreater scholarship foremphasis on ―Gender, Crime, and Criminology,‖ and Crime, ―Gender, n recent years,recent and the number percentagen Europe ofincarceratedwomen throughout and

victimizing accounts gave agencywomen little responsibility or Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo inocencia: de Presunción While it isimportant it recognizeWhile often to play thatwomen secondarycriminal roles in Engendering Resistance Engendering Engendering Resistance: Agency and PowerPrisons Women‟s and in Agency Resistance: Engendering

see accorded toolittle esponsible foresponsible womencrimes, committing because they ependent

, ed. Marta Crue Marta ed. , n

to bepathological dependent.‖ and

, 58. , . According to British scholarAccording toBritish Mary―In many Bosworth, ways,

, delito y pecado en femenino y pecado delito ,

98. lls and Noelia Igareda (Barcelona: Aurea Editores, 2005), 24 2005), Editores, Aurea (Barcelona: Igareda llsNoelia and

(Maher 1997).‖ (Maher the ways inwhich . Although abusivemale haveshownthat studies 147 because because

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Encarna Bodelón González, ―Mujer inmigrante y inmigrante sistema ―Mujer González, EncarnaBodelón Beth E. Richie, ―Feminist Ethnographies of Women in Pris ofWomen Ethnographies ―Feminist Richie, E. Beth About Women, Intersectionally Thinking Incarceration: Mass to Violence Private ―From Crenshaw, Kimberlé Davis, Chesney Davis, Y. Angela

percent percent Not only are women traditionallyandevi ignored as viewed more Are Prisons Obsolete? Prisons Are - Lind, Lind, .

150 154 between 1985 and 1994 between 1985

In Spain The Female Offender Female The The of Spanish philosopher law Are Prisons Obsolete? Prisons Are UCLA Law Review LawUCLA a

s well, s Mujeres y castigo: Un enfoque socio enfoque Un castigo: y Mujeres , 16 ,

– . 19. growth

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(Toronto: Seven Stories Press, 2011), 65. 2011), Press, Stories Seven(Toronto: – in Simultaneously, t

47.

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30, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 448. 2004): 2 no. (July 1, 30,

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Yagüe Olmos, ―Mujeres en prisión. Intervención basada en sus características, necesi características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, Worrall, Anne Carlen and Pat 107. enEspaña,‖ penal ysistema inmigrante ―Mujer González, Bodelón

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Aguilera Reija, ―Mujeres en prisiones españolas.‖ en―Mujeres prisiones Reija, Aguilera y2 demandas,‖ necesidades características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, 119. enEspaña,‖ penal ysistema inmigrante ―Mujer González, Bodelón Margarita Aguilera Reija, ―Mujeres en prisiones españolas,‖ enespañolas,‖ prisiones ―Mujeres Reija, Aguilera Margarita

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Elisabet Almeda, ―Las experiencias familiares de las mujeres encarceladas,‖ in encarceladas,‖ mujeres las familiares de experiencias ―Las Almeda, Elisabet Ibid., 47. Ibid. Ibid. tional ofwomen expectations

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as homemakers, whichdo imprisonedwomen‘sas notalign homemakers, tothe section, but it is important to highlight important to is butit section, that the imprisonment .

The skills, which appear to offer more possibilities to which appearskills, toofferpossibilities more 163 165

Separating women distance results in fewer visitation opportunities and resultsdistance infewer visitation 47

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Ramos Vázquez and Blázquez Vilaplana, Vilaplana, Blázquez and RamosVázquez IOM, cas El en españolas. prisiones extranjeras ―Mujeres García, Ruiz and Algarra Castillo Ibid. encarceladas.‖ mujeres las familiares de ―Las Almeda, experiencias Ruiz and Algarra Castillo

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. . 170 Some scholars, such as Castillo and Ruiz, interpret scholars,such andSome as Ruiz, Castillo the fact that

nly La mujer en la cárcel la en mujer La as evidence as

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172

Rastreando lo invisible lo Rastreando (Barcelona: Ariel, 2003), 61 Ariel, 2003), (Barcelona:

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Ibid., 174 Ibid., González, Bodelón Encarna and Lazo Nicolás Gemma 58. encarceladas,‖ mujeres las familiares de ―Las Almeda, experiencias JiménezMorago,

Pat Carlen, Pat few the1990s and studies 2000sthat from and looked at other the prisonnurseries pr

(Barcelona: Anthropos Editorial, 2009), 174. 2009), Editorial, Anthropos (Barcelona:

- support network support Givenof prisonfacilities thesmallnumbermothers can wherewith their children, be N Children ofHaving Issues Prison in o studyexamined theexperiences mothering has external inSpain‘s mother of units – 77. Women‟s Imprisonment: A Study in Social Control in Social Study A Imprisonment: Women‟s considers

Niños y madres en prisión en madres y Niños 181

choose A

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179 ―failures‖ ofmotherhood. ofthe ideals to have withthem children oftenmake at the thatdecision cost of

182 children th over These studiesdid This mayresult inadded difficulti

In essence, the to be Aula de Infantil de Aula ; Jesús Jiménez Morago and Jesús Palcios González, ―Entre rejas: rejas: ―Entre González, JesúsPalcios and Morago Jiménez ; Jesús

with their children inprison

Gemma NicolásGemma a e agee ofth 50 Género y dominación: críticas feministas del derecho y el y derecho del feministas críticas dominación: y Género , however,allude facing toissues themothers Spanish Spanish

, 2008. ,

(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Kegan and Routledge (London: house children and therebyhouseand children present safety

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CEU eTD Collection the development of the practicesgroups bydifferent inst have c mothering the larger inprisonwithin feministmotherhoodframework scholarship of on the new inthe following units chapters,is it and theexperienceunits themothers, and these problems Sex Second The women. See: mythsoppressed further that patriarchal weresimply women should fulfill motherhood that aninstitution 184 183 necessary feministshave of how conceived toexplore mothering existing practices inmarginalized communities feminism have alsotodifferinggreater arguedfor scholarlyattention of non types of motherhoodhow the Other institution branches ofpower servesand asa domination. of system mothering outsidetheboundaries ofthe institution (real mothers, while ofsimultaneously actual orpotential) near recognizing the impossibility of scholarship has distinguished shunningand empoweraswomen it source theultimate topatriarchal Generally, of oppression. rangingfrom as reveringauniquely motherhood female experience withthe potentialtoconnect motherhood theory, issue hasinfeminist a been contentious which Rich since thepublica 2.4

Adrienne Rich, Rich, Adrienne It is worth noting that feminist critiques of motherhood began earlier than second than beganearlier motherhood of critiques feminist worth notingthat is It

itution of motherhooditution and that ignored of ofmothering previous types scholarship other ontributed a ofanalysismotherhood, wealth variousontributed and onthetopic critiques their ofthe The has concept ofmotherhood receivedfrom scholars, vast feminist attention particu Motherhood of Critiques Feminist Chapter one the external established motherthat units . For instance, Simone de Beauvoir argued in 19 argued Beauvoir de Simone instance, For stated , trans. H. M. Parshley (New York, NY: Vintage, 1989), 552 1989), Vintage, NY: York, M. (New trans.ParshleyH. , . Of Woman Woman Of To betteranalyze the wayvolunteers project‘sand regard staff the the intentions, tion of American oftion A writer

that motherhood waslargely still feminism. unexplored within external units andthe units external

Born: Motherhood As Experience and Institution and Experience As Motherhood Born: provides a lens for theoretical underst between

motherhood as apatriarchalmotherhood institution s and challenges mothers themselves identifieds by the in drienne Rich‘s seminal1976 drienne helpful experiences ofmothers inunits

51 . idea the and instinct‖ ―maternal suchas that concepts 49

Feminist critiques have thus fo often to firstcontextualize the the

. institution To understand these critiques, is it 184

were intended some toameliorate of

with differentbranches feminism of – 54.

anding the intentions intentions anding the (New York, NY: Norton, 1995). Norton, NY: (New York,

of motherhood - wave notions of motherhood as motherhood of notions wave book . challenges

Of WomanOf Born and theexperiences

183 - oppressive

. In recent years,In recent

. de Beauvoir, Beauvoir, de of cused on that ledto Feminists larly larly

, in CEU eTD Collection and scope i ofthe under andchildrentheir malepowersreproduction control of remain to meet these expectations and independence standards upimpossible by setting all mothers raisechildren their inspecific ways. experience thatasa serves by institution patriarchal butrather a demanding larger mechanism that 2.4(1) 188 187 186 185 gender identity, and wome the primary adult womenmost for identity exist childcare children be are to thought sacred, thetreatment whichrequire informs they women responsibility mothers,innate due biological capacity totheir supposed to of considered preferred theideal, of intensive mothering.‖ Western societiesmost of of motherhood institution instance: for See, Ibid. SharonHays, Rich,

only children for their

Under thismodernare ideology,required to mothers Certain expectations between life;and calcifies choices ‗public‘ ‗private‘it human and possibilities.‖ exonerates men inanysense; creat from authenticit fatherhood withheld over one hasbeen―This a institution diverse keystone ofsystems social themost andpolitical Second Institution: Modern Conceptualizations asan Motherhood Of Woman Born Woman Of are able supportexpected tomother tobe withfrom little either orthe society –

considered best 20.

The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood of Contradictions Cultural The - wave feministsinthe1970sarguedmotherhood simply isnot that an i Jessie Bernard, Bernard, Jessie nstitution, , 13. , 187

- .

is laborintensive, emotionallyguided byandexperts. absorbing, . half the human species from the decisions humanspeciesfrom affectinglives; it the the theirhalf how mothers children raise should concept through her ofthe―ideology n whoare notmothers are American sociologist

. This ideology three isbased on assumptions It ofall women aims thatpotentialrelationships further to toensure

of Women areWomen to bemothers, expected and tobe mothering ispresumed

The Future of Motherhood Futureof The

caregivers who shouldmother and of . Motherhood

their childrentheir 185 52 Sharon Hays d

The institution compromisesThe institution women‘s power

(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 199 University Press, Yale CT: (NewHaven,

considered (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1975). Books, Penguin NY: (NewYork, forand judging womenfailure themontheir of of

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Andrea O‘Reilly, ed., O‘Reilly, ed., Andrea Ruddick, Sara Kat McMaho Martha 45. nist nist

herine Gleve, ―Rethinking Feminist Attitudes Towards Motherhood,‖ Motherhood,‖ Attitudes Towards Feminist ―Rethinking herineGleve, . Mothers are theteachers, constantly under scrutiny family of friends, members, and Other f Analyzing these expectations Ti

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within their mothering theirwithin roles 190 cted toabdicatected their y,motherhood isalways a

no. 25 (April 1, 1987): 1987): (April 1, 25 no. argued work thatis

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Jenny Jones, ―The Paradox of Separation and Dependency,‖ in Dependency,‖ and ofSeparation Paradox ―The Jenny Jones, Rich, Ven, Thomas Vander Rich,

While thegoodWhile mother imageryall mother/bad extremes, womenrepresent are judged in The ―bad servessocietala ills further scapegoat mother‖ as for the institution of Within motherhood, feministshave suggested that Mother Good/Bad Of Woman Born Woman Of Born Woman Of Juliano has suggested Juliano have identified how discourses―motherhave for blame‖ of responsible identified theactions holdwomen functions 194

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Jenny Jones Jenny Jones

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CEU eTD Collection has public scrutiny underand forms placed supervision ofstate considered inferior sexualities class,middle white,able certain aboutassumptions whoshe is.‖ unspoken have explained more a than just role woman‘s as mother appropriateand inappropriate mothers. 200 199 RutgersUniversi NJ: 198 Caporale Silvia and Andrea O‘Reilly ed. in Circumstances‘,‖ Extraordinary 197 motherhood precisely through challengingthese notions typecaregiving ofthem expected ofnow women are biologically toraisingand predisposed responsiblethe children alwaysbeen have for 2.4(3) motherhood ideals solidifying gender in just more relations. than fit the dominant status. norms, controlling by women themtobeselfless obligating also caregivers and beseeching to them The ideals ofmotherhood

Julie A. Wallbank, A. Julie Wallbank, McMahon, eds., Rogers, Mary and Susan Chase the ―Narrating LesleyPatterson, shown

Thegains ofmotherhood patriarchal institution legitimacy through MotherhoodDenaturalizing Ideologies reproduction.‖ and class tensionsin mothers and teen and as pregnancies, (1992) (1991) Solinger Nathanson show employment for and inadequateparenting support disadvantage, social structural ofsuch features mothers‘ased poverty, lives, such attention ontheindividual charactersmother of‗improperly‘ away thosewho and the from young,―Conventional of alone constructions moth ,

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bodied, married, heterosexual He thereby

social strugglescontrol theofwomen‘s over re, lensallowsthesignificance ustorecognize too,anintersectional of From the Personal to the Political: Toward a New Theory of Maternal Narrative Maternal of New Theory a Toward the Political: to Personal the From

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Mothers and Children: Feminist Analyses and Personal Narratives Personal and Analyses Feminist Children: and Mothers - fault ,266. reinforce class andreinforce race class as hierarchiesaswell gender Bizzini (Selinsgrove, PA: Susqueh (Selinsgrove, Bizzini

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55 198

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Hays, Deprivation,‖ Maternal to Approach Anthropologist‘s ―A Cultural Mead, Margaret in ―Introduction,‖ O‘Reilly, Andrea , ed. Andrea O‘Reilly (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2004), 4 2004), Press, SUNY NY: Andrea O‘Reilly (Albany, ed. ,

communities of communities I AnthropologistsMargaret that suchas to there Mead shown reason have isno mother. meaning and place; oruniversal time essential varieswith isno there experience of in response tochanging economicand rather, fundamentally isspecificallyand it a practice cultural continuouslyredesigned thatis Feminist agree historians thatmotherhood isprimarily function; notanatural orbiological The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood of Contradictions Cultural The n Western societies, the expectations forand which thehigh the mothersthey n Western are societies, to standards . From theycould without constant themoment live 201

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Motherhood, then,was reveredinthe same not contemporary ways children because the capitalist opposition between opposition capitalist public and and privatethe thepolitical belief spheres, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life Family of History Social A Childhood: of Centuries Pictures of Inn of Pictures . themselves. American scholar scholar American —

and purity . maternal, revivalist, social Speak that middle ocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood Crisis Ideal of and History The ocence:

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Patricia Hill Collins, ―Shifting the Centre: Race, Class, and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood,‖ in About Motherhood,‖ Theorizing Feminist and Class, Race, Centre: the ―Shifting Hill Collins, Patricia Scholarship,‖ Decade‘s The Motherhood: Investigating and ―Conceiving Arendell, Terry 7. 2004, ―Introduction,‖ O‘Reilly, in Theory,‖ Feminist ―Motherhood EmmaGross, Dolores Juliano, Juliano, Dolores . Nevertheless,

62, no. 4 (2000): 1192 4 no. (2000): 62, radically Feminist studieshave indicated differently thatexperience Western women motherhood Under the CounternarrativesMothering Inchildrearing century, thepast have changed beliefs drasticall Patricia Hill Collins hascontendedPatricia Collins Hill . 209 Inmiddle her study, . Accordingto O‘Reilly

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century that only especially assumption inthe underlying birth women, the American work social the professor of

structures of race, class, and gender,race,and contexts.‖ class,structures of current . en

– 56. A study of instance, different for thatwomen by McMahon, showed 1207. , ed. Donna Bassin, Margaret Honey, and Meryle Mahrer Kaplan (New Haven, CT: CT: (New Haven, Kaplan Mahrer Meryle Honey, and Donna Bassin,Margaret ed. , tly the act of having a child tlyacta the ofhaving

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―Motherhood occurs inspecific―Motherhood occurs historical contexts Affilia

still requiredstill hash, childrearing punitive methods,

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lternative

orio and shared the responsibilities withdifferentand shared responsibilities the

systems of ‖) inSpain.

that stres Emma mothering

(Madrid: Catedra, 2004), 82. 2004), Catedra, (Madrid:

s Gross has explained, Gross

race and class and race affirmation andcons affirmation 211 212 y,

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CEU eTD Collection fallen into the trap of ―decontextualization fallen thetrap―decontextualization in Western into of social overall,‖ thought ignoring issues of and classedsexualized, practices focusmiddle away from white, for transformativepossibilities practices they differing highlight and needs and experiencesth amongbecause mothers need motherhood on feminist scholarship to for to talk about their children experience as away ofhaving child achieving of adulthood. 216 215 214 213 wom searchfor autonomy. individual racisminstitutionalized and classism, ratherwith conflicts surrounding than gender and roles the struggle withthe more beenhave onemainspacescould agency where ofthe womenand value the centralconcern for male inthe political domination economyand inthe hou central issue feminist critiques ofmotherhood raceand class.

working Collins, ―Shifting the Centre: Race, Class, and Feminist Theorizing About Motherhood.‖ Theorizing Feminist and Class, Race, Centre: the ―Shifting Collins, 57. About Motherhood,‖ Theorizing Feminist and Class, Race, Centre: the ―Shifting Collins, 258. Ibid., McMahon, en able as ofcolor touse aform motherhood resistance, havebeen white, refusing of In communities,mothers nonwhite Feminists, -

class women‘s femaleclass networks. women‘s

Engendering Motherhood Engendering of 215 motherhood motherhood

particularly ofcolor, feministsandhaveattention tothe black feminists drawn most most sociocultural concerns of their communities, such communities, concernssociocultural of as their primarily

for women most is mothers of color,incertain and non

- 216 class models of motherhood thediverseclass torecognize modelsof . . She Much of feminist theorizingMuch of about motherhood ,264 with their partners, whileplayed malewith their partners, partners arole secondary

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Michel Foucault, ―The Subject and Power,‖ and Subject ―The MichelFoucault, Ibid. MichelFoucault, instance for See, a

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about power in terms of relations, existing between existing relations, particular intermsabout in of individuals power Jana Sawicki, ―Feminism, Foucault, and ‗Subjects‘ of Power and Freedom,‖ in in Freedom,‖ and ofPower ‗Subjects‘ and Foucault, ―Feminism, Sawicki, Jana The History of Sexuality. of History The . — They furtherThey 221 discip ucault

for interpretingof mothering thelegitimation ideologies

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afford insight into the operaafford insight into

Volume I: An Introduction I:An Volume Critical Inquiry Critical 224 61

In way, this a power

, Summer 1982, 8 edition, sec. 4, 789. edition,4, sec. 8 Summer , 1982, marginalization gthendowed with.‖ we are —

(New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1980), 93. 1980), Books, (NewPantheon NY: York, the experiences ofwomen or the b tion ofin tion power efore conclefore

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Foucault, MichelFoucault, 790. Ibid.,

For to isimportant it thesakeof thisthesis, Foucault‘sof interpretation Disciplinary power Power Disciplinary

Discipline & Punish Discipline

, where authority engendering Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972 Writings, Other and Interviews Selected Power/Knowledge: ies inwhich several ways reactions and ofbehaving,several diverse 227 . Power allows for the allows of for legitimation Power

. O

ther governmentalther programswelfare such as and education this expand

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, 195 , the effects of power on individuals whoknowon individuals howtoparent the effects ofpower correctly.

figures both present thecorrect present forfigures both a wayschild and and tocare study

. Foucault described aFoucault constant described

– 225 228. modern web of disciplinarymodern order, of monitor, web to that power works

English philosopher of power that Foucault describedof power Foucault that

. Bentham intended the Panopticon to function own; onits thePanopticonto Bentham intended he center ofhe abuilding, peripheric allowing individuals . The Panopticon was a proposed institutional institutional Panopticon wasThe aproposed 62 226

in prisons

mention This is significantThis is of terms in . T hrough routine, punishment, and hroughroutine, punishment, Jeremy . Foucault argued ideologies

Foucault‘s analysesextensive of

also controlcitizens articulation ofarticulation power onknowledge Bentham‘s

. of childrearing, of

as functioning through the It hierarchical involves - 1977

that thesame Panopticon , ed. Colin Gordon (New Colin Gordon ed. , . the institution of the institution In fact, for

from 1843

CEU eTD Collection almost atrandom, can operate the machine.‖ the observer, hisor herregardless motives of disindividualizes power; the power isinherentto bydomination soeffective. it thedominated, which iswhat makes of surveilling aninternalization and of one themselves involves themechanisms another of wereconstantlyeven surveillance, under down the principleunverifiable. shouldbeand thatpower visible would nev need wouldnot individuals towatchguaranteed the inmates becausestructure the thatinmates 233 232 231 230 229 228 construction and of regulation society internalized as Andrea O‘Reilly illustrated, beingsometimes the under surveillanceworkersand ofsocial agencies child protection teachers,answeringand and, todoctors others formallyinformally both and internalize thegaze ofo mechanics society. of inmodern power become maintaining less importantfor control internalize power and relations way interms of theeveryday ofdefining men relations power life[sic].‖ of society

O‘Reilly, Foucault, 205. Ibid., 202. Ibid., Foucault, 201. Ibid., , noting that , noting Forms then, ofdisciplinary punishment, Foucault t viewed er know when theyerwhen know observed were being Encyclopedia of Motherhood of Encyclopedia Discipline & Punish Discipline Discipline & Punish Discipline

the Panopticon thers andrelationships power

he Panopticon ashe amodel Panopticon fo , 190 , 200 ,

mothers watch each othermothers each watch and themselves monitor – – 95. 01.

―must be understood as a generalizable as―must bemodel of a understood functioning;a , , 348. .

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at large 232

especially themsel

though

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Observation and the gazeObservation andare keythe the to elements

ves sothat the usesof and force domination can within be identified

63 the surveillance itself the the structure, and any individual canthe structure,and anyfunction as individual in the casenonwhite and ofpoorer .

Foucault wrote . r how powerr how relations Mothers areconstantly undergaze of the ‖ 228 229 , ―In of Bentham laid this, view

Prisoners would act asifthey The

was uncertainwas both .

233 Panopticon Panopticon 231

function Thus, thepower is the prison andthe

Individuals

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both CEU eTD Collection exercised which byworld. male wassalvationthenext clergy, onindividual in based Foucault‘s pastoral notion of(new) power 2.5(2) of goodand mothering to define Bodies forced way, area and contained certain andknowledge isdeveloped a tobehave in body of prison to punishments of and the units within thecontrol 236 126. 2007), Picador, NY: (NewYork, 235 234 middle Around time, this in wayFoucault nothighlighted by with women,and theconcept thustakes ofcaring account power into gendera the importanceof in secularization andonthe theemphasis knowledge asa ofthe wholetowork. population inorder psychologists, educators, rather withthe well good.‖ pastoral wasa power ―fundamentally caring souls knowinginsidepeople‘s for and and went individuals minds what on

the nineteenthas century aresultofhumanitarian oftheand sensibility discourses Protestantism Ibid., 122 Ibid., MichelFoucault, Haan, de vanand Drenth

235 Caring these Foucauldian differs from types power primarily ofpower double inits Caring originally isa power term Annemieke coinedvan upon byDrenththat builds Power Caring

normality and deviance New differedno longer pastoral power wasconcernedwith the inthataft it – 30.

Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977 France, de Collège the at Lectures Population: Territory, Security, - being of individuals in this worldbeing this ofindividuals in

sentences monitor The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The

- and than health by workersrather pastoral clergy, newrequired the power class women those begantofeelaresponsibilityoftheir own sex towards

one anotherand themselves. , such as we have seenas we, suchinthe historySpain imprisonment have in of . . According to van DrenthAccording Haan, caring andde came tovan about power . Women mother in certain motherWomen ways b D isciplinary theshiftfrom corporal has power involved in been benef role ofcare . icent powerPastoral referred to , 14 ,

64 power…its only – 15. .

Caregendered primarily isaassociated notion

. Now exercised workers, by social 236

raison d‟être raison ecause they notions internalize a type ofpoweroften -

78 [was] doing[was] , ed. MichelSenellart , ed. . For Foucault, 234 erlife but

Itrequired . . CEU eTD Collection women also developed identities new mod way andtheir informing class ansex regarded as identity suitable to women‘s prisons, example arose, middle women. and female organized into themselves organizationscar to 240 239 238 237 recognize―includesattitude to the thirdworld‖ towards apaternalistic the women and in fails a to discussthe construction policies. For U.S. instance, in critiques of bothW betweendistinction understanding assubjects. ofthemselves insteadoutcasts oftheir or‗fallen statusaswomen‘.‖ Haan contend women withmaterial aswell benefits, for asfuture hope apromising with more homogenous, oppressed group T of

Ibid. Ibid. Ibi Haan, de vanand Drenth est, andpiousdomestic servant orhousewife.‖ (i) d., d., 19.

Oneconsideration finalexploring worth element before concept resistance the of Caring isa power type seductive ofpowerthat through worked providing acquies involvingStill component, aims acaring atinner religious transformation power 237

Paternalism and thereby forged

- ed class womenattemptedclass toreform ofpoor the souls power women through of the , ―If the women went along with this, theywomen thewent, ―If could along withthis, helptoregain some van Drenthandde Haan state the notions ofpaternalism matern the notions and

and Maternalism estern feminists‘treatment ofThird W The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The

- of ―third world have difference‖ feminists developed inwhichWestern Indianfeminist theorist

new

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rd W

orld women.Mohanty , 18 ,

d having a life. specialhaving taskinpublic 65 , ―T , – 19. 238

Chandra Talpade Mohanty employed . he inmates, thus, were encouragedhe inmates, thus,were inevery

240

Referring ofcare type work tothis in Through their care labor, theThrough middle theirlabor, care

C alism. The concept ofpaternalismalism. Theconcept arises aring thewomen provided power with an e for poor, outcast, and―fallen‖ poor,e outcast, for orld of womenand female prison insisted that insisted — primarily a decent, thatof

this differencethis . Van Drenth and de Van Drenthandde 239

respectability . is the cent When it it When the term the term - class ir acts

CEU eTD Collection from American paternalism; KathrynKish Sklar has scholar stated that have historians used mainta relationships involving caringtopaternalism hasa outcome similar Maternalism of power. practices theexternalwithin intermsof mother units maternalism,I which relevancy inwhichprison staff construct ofpaternalism, femalechildren. as prisoners prison facilitate administrations ―anor care paternalism.‖ ethics of specifically offemale aboutprisoners the treatment andexternal nowrun construct mother units the the imprisonedmothers insimilarways. of resistance. 80. 246 245 Routledge, NY: York, Michel(New Sonya and 1830 State, 244 12. 2007), Ashgate, 243 242 352. (1986): 3 no. 241 potential toreinforce hierarchical relationships. because external are the units female selves inrelation ―th to dynamics develop. of maternalismless overt oftenthan are paternalistic relationships thatcomple in accordingKing, Jill toAlison ―acknowledges the women‘s maternal responsibilities.‖ about thepolicy women‘s and nature, protection theytoprovide strategies social for devised maternalism refer female to theassumptio to―the of paternalism, version

Sklar, ―The Historical Foundations of Women‘s Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State, 1830 State, Welfare American the of Creation the in Power ofWomen‘s Foundations Historical Sklar,―The King, Kathryn King, AlisonJill Bosworth, Discourse,‖ Colonial and Scholarship Feminist Eyes: Western ―Under Mohanty, Talpade Chandra ining theroles certain in of individuals perpetual children. Rather than considering Domestic Service in Post in Service Domestic - 1930,‖ in 1930,‖ Kish Sklar, ―The Historical Foundations of Women‘s Power in the Creation of the American Welfare American Welfare ofCreationthe the in Power ofWomen‘s Foundations Historical ―The Sklar, Kish Engendering Resistance Engendering 241

This concept is usefulThis concept is inthat forthe thesis middle this

Domestic Service in Post in Service Domestic Mothers of a New World: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of Welfare States Welfare of Origins the and Politics Maternalist New World: a of Mothers Yet through assumingaYet maternal role,their superior through some women reaffirm e other.‖e

- apartheid South Africa: Deference and Disdain Deferenceand Africa: South apartheid

246 Bosworth‘s binary, IBosworth‘s more it appropriate analyze binary, find the to ,

56.

InI refer then, thesis, tomaternalismrather this thanpaternalism 244

- dominated, aim tobenefit their women children, and dominated, and have -

apartheid South Africa: Deference and Disdain and Deference South Africa: apartheid Maternalism recognizes aseparate female sphereand,

1993), 80. 1993),

power anddynamic.‖ kindness

in England,Bosworth challenges whether Mary 243 242

However, maternalismHowever, differs

,14. Here, tothe too,she points - class women whofounded ns women reformers made

see

to be inherent in to beinherent in (Bur 245 x emotional x lington, VT: lington,VT:

Relationships , ed. Seth Koven ed. , Boundary 2 Boundary

Speaking - 1930,‖ 1930,‖

12, 12, CEU eTD Collection opportunities thatcharacterize all penal prisoners most find institutions, the ability toexpressth is under constant negotiation Resistance small often implies outsideofpowerFoucault, not ratherfield a resistancebut a ofpower partrelations this is forms of exercised notonly dominated butalso thedominant,a on res onthe space for there there ispower, isresistance. 2.5(3) 250 Criminology 249 248 247 justice system they and thediscriminations insociety face and inprison 2.6 practicesas disrupting techniqueschallenging of or dominant mothering ideologies. thantheyless fixed appear. practices theframeworkrelationswithin resistance,are inprisonar able we ofthatpower tosee prisoners powerrelations disrupt resistance concept because isauseful Resistance unlikely prisonis within ofdomination,for instance patterns toshift situations manageare someagencyconstantly toretain andofpowerengaged inthe negotiation inside. agencyand toresist.‖

Bosworth, Article,‖ An Indefinite Else‘s? Anyone Or Imprisonment? Women‘s Carlen,―Why Study Pat Bosworth, Foucault,

This chapterexplored key hasconcepts Conclusion Feminists Even in prison, where prisoner cannotWe Resistance and whether challenges it ormerely relations ofoppression power obscures systems

34 (1994): 131 (1994): 34 The History of Sexuality. Volume I: Introduction I: An Volume Sexuality. of History The Engendering Resistance Engendering Resistance Engendering such as PatCarlen

speak of power without also speaking of without resistancespeak alsospeaking ofpower

248 –

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250 .

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it allows us to look at rebellionsto look small andways allows us it inwhich s appear to be under the total control of the institution, power thetotalcontrols appearofthe tobe institution, under related to 67

, and remoldin , 95 , Despite

women‘s inv – 97.

the restricted choicesrestricted and the g of resistance of

instead ofradical ruptures. instead . olvement thecriminal in Foucault insisted, ―whenFoucault insisted, . Similar Similar istance . Nonetheless, demands British Journal of of BritishJournal in certain

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Donna Haraway, ―Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial ofPartial the Privilege and in Feminism ScienceQuestion The Knowledges: ―Situated DonnaHaraway,

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Linda McDowell, ―Doing Gender: Feminism, Feminists and Research Methods in Human Geography,‖ Geography,‖ in Human ResearchMethods and Feminists Feminism, Gender: ―Doing McDowell, Linda Harding, Sandra

ed . In January 2010, IIn permission received from January the 2010,Department Services toconduct ofPrison Analysis and Data Collection identification The fact that IThe Spanish andhad fact not that livedfor inSpain am onlya

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17, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 413. 1992): 4 1, no. (January 17, 252 positions of privilege of positions ― and disadvantage:

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that I wasthat inany not way anyone entions,

about their interviews . in trouble r the With the With the oject

. CEU eTD Collection come to the units or not taking advantage of opportunities, Icome ornot totheunits takingadvantage ofopportunities, to tailored questions my external units their interactionsresponsibilities, thechildren, and with nurseries thoughts theprison on and new volunteers opportunities. their children routine, theposit andsituations, ifthey contact maintained ontheoutside children with decision tobring their withthem,children the experiencefamily ofmothering their inprison, andwoman,selected from representative which only Spanish isfar women foreign four ofthe one explore thedifferent challenges they faced preferred the case thewomen women,selected incarcerated staff of 3.3 towardsmothering a at criticallook inprisons. the nurseries importance, new tookonanew units my alsothe but orienting in research more interviews staff regarding women perceivedchallenges how and mothering incarcerated the of interestedwas replacing inwhyprisonnurseriesexternal Spainwith themes mother units, from my arose through engag my of greatest to about their viewswomen. of the surface

Within Profile ofParticipants After round 2013, of conductinginterviews second my in staffIWith and volunteers, asked personal quest fewer

. The . foreign

tell me importance . .

Ialso As certa the pris semi ives and negatives howthey conditions affected ofthe and units, prison thought or

why they chose to getchosein prisons why theyto involved

- Spanish women Spanish inquired over structured natureof on nurseries and external units, for in themes begangetting such asin toemerge, fears of pregnant to women ement withthe transcriptionsement

the participants themselves

possibilities for contactworld for andrehabilitation theoutside with possibilities . Ichose Spanishto interview and bothforeign

the interviews allowed me to shift allowed metoshift the interviews . Incertain c

. . mysampling While I While began research my primarily The central theoretical thesis my issues to ases, however, such as such inPalma ases, however, . I volunteersand about staff asked I withandonlyI could if asked speak ions, althoughions, I did Iallowingcoded thedata, themes was . I about asked their daily

based onconveniencebased my focus the to request prisoners learn , thedirector

that more topics

to .

in In

CEU eTD Collection additional children withthem, project groupgot inprison pregnant while three 3.3(1) the EuropeanUni where,population oftheaccording center, toseveral interviews, everyone almost isfrom outside women‘s mothering or interviews factor,I address this the didnot ableramifications tospeakabout not be will on further addictions wereto allowed of thesealso partnerswere incarcerated their themajority children varied,but yearappeared 39 between 22and the women had been sentenceyears tended lengths, tobeapproximately which nine mother unitsorprison nurseries. other prisonshad ofreference a point different children of outside prison interviews concerned andwomen that from mothers differentwith foreignwomen, Spanish issues were notallowed other childrenprison,andhad ofthey whether prev outside .

Some of these women entered ofwiththeirwomen child;pregnant;Some others entered these prison and a last

My touchondrug women didnot but interviews the withdrug issuesunits, within Ichose about asknot to the their women Table All ofth Incarcerated Women excluded incarcerated mothers who chose not to mothers incarcerated excluded whochose

scholarly attention. 4

shows the women I shows thewomen eachcenter by interviewednationality,they whether in had e inca . on. Ihighlighted thesebecause have became characteristics it evident through my as well asas well

convicted of convicted rcerated mothers I inprisonwith interviewedrcerated mothers lived on staff on from womenwith noother children reside inthe units

mothers

views of the women. views ofthe

s old

drug trafficking . Because

of the women of the . of The type of contactThe type of with thefathers of womenmaintained . None women ofthe spokefemale partners. ofhaving

older children, whichchildren, isanotherolder

I only

so long promisedtonottake as drugs they when evaluating when criminal recordscriminal 73 .

Ialso notaskthewomen‘s ages, did they but all studied

were male partners with inrelationships — or were to notallowed

iously been in a prison wherechildrena been iously in prisonand nurseries external units, . . Finally, women whoFinally, had women in been

Staff toldme thatthemajority Staff of the conditions of theconditions of externalthe , b ut many did speak oftheirut many didspeak o population that population ne child under the of age — have their . As the deserves . Many

my CEU eTD Collection Patricia Carelia Valentina Claudia Alicia Adriana Rocío Begoña Carolina Sunnee Sandra Lina Pseudonym Table enter yetwomen were not sentenced delRealSoto asdescribe specificallystatistics these mothersabout population and Cecilia María Laura Marta Victoria Natalia Joy

external units with theirexternal children with units

until afteruntil sentenced being

At thetime ofthe 2010interviews, approximately 200women residednurseries inprison

: IncarceratedWomen Interviewed

Itto knowhowrepresentative difficult is Soto del Real Soto del Real Soto del Real Soto del Real Seville Seville Seville Seville Seville Palma Mallorca de Palma Mallorca de Palma Mallorca de Palma Mallorca de Palma Mallorca de Aranjuez Aranjuez Aranjuez Aranjuez Aranjuez Center

d by interview workerinan a social

. where thecase not inPalmaorSeville, This was Unfortunately, Ido nothaveUnfortunately, data similar the for Nationality Bolivian Spanish Colombian Colombian Lithuanian Spanish Nigerian Spanish Colombian Spanish Spanish Spanish Brazilian Spanish Spanish Spanish Thai Colombian Colombian . Iroughly therefore interviewed 10

Table

74 5 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Outside Children Has No No

shows thepopulation of theprison nursery of

Older mywas thereare samplebecause noprison

. Interestingly, thevast majority ofthe Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Module Prison Nursery aNonin Previously Yes No

percent - March 8,2010 March March 25,2010 March March March 22,2010 March May 9,2010 May 9,2010 May 9,2010 May 9,2010 May May 29,2010 May May 18,2010 May 18,2010 May Interviewed Date March 8,2010 March 8,2010

of the entireof women other centers.

9, 29, 18,

8, 25, 2010 25, 22, 2010

2010 2010

2010 did not did not 2010 2010

CEU eTD Collection Table Table and ofthe most priso and couldbe education,most considered class middle in age from 36to68 particularly incomparison staff and themselves volunteers at ofintentions the time I the2010interviews,not gather information aboutthe much personal did teachers, and five volunteer Department social two workers, unit, guards, Services, thedirectorexternal ofPrison two two an 3.3(2) Source: EU Nationalities Women by Nationality Sentencing Statuses of Women Total Number Women of Nationalities Non

5 All ofthe staff and were volunteers female, non As indicated in Staff and : Population of 2010 : Population of in Nursery at SotodelReal ―Natalia‖ (Social Worker Sotoin del Real), interviewed by the author,

- EU EU

Volunteers Women Women accompanied by two children under three years old Women accompanied by onechild under three years old Dominican Republic Mexican Serbian Nigerian Paraguayan American Brazilian Colombian Bolivian Estonian Portuguese Romanian Dutch Spanish Women Sentence with Women Awaiting Sentencing Pregnant women . n staffwell educated were I notaskanyclass about background, theirbutjudging did fr

Table

accompanied by onechild over three years old

s in the three external mother unitsandtwoprison nurseriess inthethreeexternal

6 the population of incarceratedwomen.

, I conducted the DirectorTreatment, with interviews ofthe of . Nevertheless, the groupNevertheless, the

. T 75 he social and teachers, workers, all directors had

. In all ofthe ofvolunteers education, terms - Roma, white, Spanish citizens whorangedRoma,

shared some fundamental cha shared some

March 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 16 9 27 9 1 1 25 36 1 1 1

8, om their jobs 2010. racteristics, .

Given my

CEU eTD Collection María Lorena Elena Paula used) pseudonym(no Concepción Yagüe Pseudonym Table reference themselves. tobeing mothers middle higher class middle education and were 254 chapter one, administration and religious organizationssuchas topics suchas childhoodmemories and first loves their children sewingclasses,they sew and for inwhich women blanketsandpillows embroider to taught the excursions 1978, one Spain involved oftheinprisons NGOs primary Garralda Carmen Lourdes Natalia Sonia Monica Cristina Silvia Gabriela

―Fundación Padre Garralda Padre ―Fundación

Open Horizons

6 -

The twoorganizations volunteers worked with class salaries

: Staff and Volunteers and : Staff Interviewed Foundation , and runs halfway houses

is evident in thefact isnamed motheris evidentin unit after thatGarralda the newest external . Another volunteer volunteer Another Volunteer Volunteer Social Worker Volunteer Teacher Teacher Guard Social Worker Volunteer Guard Volunteer Unit Palmain Mallorca de Director External of Mother Units /Cofounder External of Director of Treatment Position . —

While I specifically askWhile didnot theseveral children, staff ifthey made had offers activities for women, takesoffers activities for women, ―Open Horizons‖ ―Open Horizons‖ (

- Horizontes Abiertos,‖ Abiertos,‖ Horizontes

produced . 254 Mother

Two of the Th Fundación PadreGarralda Fundación

a podcast with the women with inwhichtheya podcast e two guards hade twoschool high received degrees and

Horizontes Abiertos Horizontes Palma Mallorca de Aranjuez Aranjuez Palma Mallorca de Seville (ACOPE) Soto del Real/Madrid Aranjuez Horizons Aranjuez ( Palma Mallorca de Services Department Prison of Center Madrid ( Madrid ( Soto del Real ( 76 Open Horizons . FatherHorizons Garralda‘s Open The strong connectionbetween theprison

Open Horizons . .

The first, theorganization Catholic Founded Garralda Jaime by thepriest in

their Open Horizons Open Horizons

)

Open

children , 2013, http://www.horizontesabiertos.org. 2013, , )

volunteers I volunteers ran interviewed — ) ) t

o parks and o parks “Horizontes Abiertos” “Horizontes M May May May March January April April May 10, April and May 2013 Follow January Date of Interview(s) April 26, April March 2013 ay 2013

9, 18, 18, 9, 29, 20, 23, 24 2010 - 25, 8, 2010; April 2010

up emails

19, 18,

2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2013 2010 on weekend 2010

, as indicated in spoke 2010 2010;

; April;

about Father 20

. )

CEU eTD Collection one ofthe few accompanies women totrials andother appointments Spanish Collaborators withWomen Prisoners, or not amother of who didnotcurrently work older women themselves who had been stay 255 stressed her and her situation Iand dire asked appealcould onother if help heroccasions, sentence, occasions impossible factI interviewable thatonlyeach was to imprisonedmother members and staff most 3.4 also bemothers. potentially shapedway the they thewomen viewed characteristics furtherseparatedfrom the themwomen class women withwhomtheyworked alsoACOPE groups

Open Horizons Almeda, Almeda,

— , this organi, this A fewchallengesand when methodological carrying arose issues outmy Limitations Methodological and Challenges youngestThewas remaining thegrou volunteer ofthe Fourfive ofparticipated the volunteers through ), and often racial and ethnic andracial oftenand Thus, thestaffgenerally and volunteers had backgroundsfrom different the incarcerated , which was in1986 created

Corregir y Castigar y Corregir I noticed that to establishrapport . offers She participatedthroughorganization thesecular nonprofits

, threeof thevolunteers their activethechurch. mentioned in involvement zation denounces ofthe infringes prisoners. onthe anyzation that rights situation

social aid and educational activities, such aidand as educational self activities, social participants

involved inwomen‘s prisonsthat hasradicalgoals; unlike thereligious . , 194. , While it is not obligatory isnot it While religious participateintheactivities to tobe

. Although IAlthough my explained always ona intentions, couple of

. They —

. backgrounds, and have nationalities different misunderstood ACO often hadoften Asociación de Colaboradores con deColaboradores MujeresAsociación las Presas PE worksPE inprisons,runs halfway and houses, - at - home mothers whosegr werehome children now

77 higher come from levelsofeducation, different .

my Theand however, staff didtend volunteers, to . Elisabetclassified Almeda has

with whom Open Horizons Open role asrole aresearcher

p, was employed as a lawyer,p, wasas a employedwas and ACOPE (AssociationACOPE of

they were w - esteem workshops. esteem . These were volunteers . Once,a woman orking and orking study . These

ACOPE asACOPE . once madeonce it First, the

own and own

255 in

CEU eTD Collection could change port the collected Itranslator,may beenI and occasionswhen there have todojustice failed tothe have testimonies in Ilimitations my and theanalysis, believe restinterviews were the of less onhowall muchtheir insisted childrenguards lovedthe prison abuses during thecenter interview, directorof second interrupted, my the I havingwas heard asking about evident inPalma imprisoned women appeared highly tospeak staff of ofthe out repercussi fear Iexperiences analyzewill that andfollowing beliefs threechapters. inthe Iacknowledgedthe interviews these rich, concerns, am alsowielded that interesting confident ―children‖ Iformal the soundoverly context, for may worrythat―kids‖ sounds the word ― I notethat,also necessarywhile fluent findit in to . My main translation concernIcaptureamMy maintranslation whetherwhich able been has tofully tone, niños . IIher that andmy not assured continued was t interviews, but ‖ to ―children‖ or ―kids,‖ given‖―kids,‖ to―children‖thereand orthat oneinSpanish, while isonly word ; I; had rayal ofinterviewees

asked aboutmy interviewee childrenasked howherguards, first relatedand tothe . F or instance, or 78

I struggled have Iaware tried have tobe ofthese SpanishI andEnglish, a not trained am

with whether to translate inhibited he remainingwomen

flippant ons . .

This was . Having CEU eTD Collection Chapter 4: Chapter 4: construct Aguilera highlighted have some of the I addressed theunits of exploretheways published documentation, will inwhichthe planbehind program cofounderConcepcíonas Yagüeas onother well units Olmos, Yagüe 257 changed. been have Yagüe Concepción that for of except ofinterviewees the names and in confidentiality, conducted 256 rehabilitation possibilities, agency, appropri more inst forms offered by middle ameliorategender mothers and the therole prisonsystem of perpetuating in external perpetuatingof thelegitimacy hierarchies ofclassed values. programmingreproducea in prisonandcreate living better individ an conditions on argue thattheunits their well as some ofthe they problems faced, have

The first as p attempt, The were mine. Interviews are translations all and Spanish, in wereconducted interviews all mentioned, Aspreviously itution of motherhood itution implications in term in implications at level aninstitutional

of genderof discrimination thatfem - I will divide this analysisI divide this into will This chap class,

units wereunits facilities

the units iss Madres en prisión: Historia de las cárceles de mujeres a través de su vertiente maternal vertiente su de través a mujeres de cárceles las de Historia prisión: en Madres female reformers female reformers ues facing incarcerated mothers Intentions Intentions ter will analyze theintentions ter analyze will -

specific pr specific within theprison systemfor women, specifically . middle present a present The secondThe reviously mentioned, occurred in 1931, when Victoria Kent constructed a prison for women.for prison a Kent constructed when Victoria in 1931, occurred mentioned, reviously

s . .

- middle 256 Specifically, theunits ofgender, largerethnicity,class, and structures power class . oblems in women‘s prisons, which women‘soblems in prisons, new Relying interviews primarilyand on correspondences the with The

and Ramifications of the Plan for the Plan for the of Ramifications and and thereby section will contend thatthecofsection contend will feminists who feminists -

paradigm with the paradigm with class vision of motherhood andclass ofrehabilitation vision external four inists have inists

sections unit

warrants

provides insight the potentialtheyprovides into and offer

s constitutethesecond attempt history inSpain‘s to

in Spain thatas scholarsBodelón, Almeda, such in and behind were the aware of 79 form a form ate autonomy, facilities, and greater

. identified in the prison systemidentified as inthe prison asinthe well

First,

potential to a critical analysis ofthe

and ramificationsexternal ofthe mother

foundation toprovide ual level, ultimately, but the cycles ofmarginalization Iwil

staff

l arguecofounders thatthe

interviews to supplem interviews aligns them ounders did ounders rectify challenges challenges

and

some some analyzing

with in fact for feminist potential problems

women with , thereby

incarcerated . 257 earlier

. their aims, as their

address Theyaimed to

Units Overall,I will

structures and and structures ent the dearth parenting , 71. ,

for mothers

white, of the

some

CEU eTD Collection 4.1 support for theunits hegemonic encountered due totheir reliance logistical problems onexter and thedominantinstitution ofmotherhood incar simultaneously support cofounders. community giving through enteringprison from with children small offenders female majorityof the prevent Services to Prison of theby Department withefforts worththat noting it is units themselves, mother external http://elpais.com/elpais/2012/09/19/opinion/1348069618_222012.html. cárcel más crisis, la ―Contra País, El Ediciones femenina‖; delincuencia la sobre diferencial enfoque un y Delito prisión, ―Mujer: Olmos, demandas‖; Yagüe 260 259 258 individuals conditions for mothers (andwomengenerally) moreand had poor, minority women prisons discrimination in and largerin its implications system. was aself moredomination broadly. they theprison system criticizedas equalformale treatment wanted menwithin womenand set upbydistinction Drenth and van project,

See, for instance: for See, Aguado, Haan, de vanand Drenth

cerated womencerated Although the Spanish government theexternalAlthough asa mother units theSpanishhasnotlabeled feminist Intentions Transformative .

259 to transform prison conditions forpopul to transform this prison the cofounders did infactthe cofoundersfeminist, transformative did have intentions. Part three arguing the complicate analysis will by that -

Inour identified feminist Mujeres, regulación de conflictos sociales y cultura de la la paz de cultura y sociales conflictos de regulación Mujeres, TheConcepción cofounder,written critical Yagüe,hadgender about articles

. ideologies that simultaneouslyideologies that stigmatize women. incarcerated and ignore 260 to fulfill theirto fulfill intended objectivesgovernmental ultimatelyhindereda is of lack by

Evidently

imposes first interview, first interview, Yagüe Olmos, ―Mujeres en prisión. Intervención basada en sus características, necesidades y necesidades características, ensus basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres Olmos, Yagüe . The p The . Before

The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The a classed, , the cofounders recognized thede , the

258 lan behind the

Yagüe

The who condemned

,‖ ,‖

creating the external units, creating units, external the EL PAÍS EL

main creator and then

classified these measures as ―where we must really start‖ (January 18, 2010). 2010). 18, (January start‖ mustwe really ―where as measures these classified Western - based alternative sentences, an initiative supported by the program by program the supported initiative an sentences, alternative based de Haan, we can as Haan, we inthat feminists de cofounders classify the

, October 17, 2012, October 2012, 17, , units units

. vision of motherhood and rehabilitation onthe ofmotherhood and rehabilitation vision The final sectionThe lookathow will final , 46 ,

the the development of the external units occurred con unitsoccurred the external of development the thereby 80 – 47. treatment of

ation.

perpetuating the - also General Director Prison

both womenhad worked tobetter prison

trimental incarceration effects of and

Additionally, while this thesis focuses on the the on focuses this while thesis Additionally, sustains

nal support and theconstranal support and also , 157 ,

women the

advocated incarceratingadvocated fewer – programming 58.

certain hierarchiescertain

with the penitentiary social marginalizsocial Returning tothe the units havethe units ,

in Mercedes Gallizo, Mercedes Gallizo,

the The

units units of values ining ining ation currently currently potential

CEU eTD Collection to remedy some ofthe facing biases that were ethnicity linked onclass todisadvantages based and with didso and it lackstreatment, but the specialized goalofmarginalization ofbreaking cycles targetdid it which,as population, female we of two,is have the prison inchapter seen worked not allowalternativeseveryone, with long for includingwomen sentences. aimed to preve 263 262 261 shift. program ofone ramifications theat specific which looks ofthis thesis, scope the beyond fall shifts policy concurrent these Nonetheless, forchildren womentheir toraise the development partiallyunits outofa recognized significant when of mind founders hadquestionsin designing theunits these that the theprogram races,and nationalities may questionable a towhat system individuals extent toimprison from that continues certain classes, a desire inequalities andbeyond within totransformsocietal prisonsystem the

Ibid. 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio

Specifically, hoped prison.They facing thecofounders problems toameliorate mothers in The able tohelp themselves. theythat leave situation already awork havingwhere uspractically with ajob, they be will pedagogical designfocused that‟s onhelpi path that out of when marginalization who then wehaveofus front children in orarrives because ofhermarginalization in prison socialexclusion here andis us, with We‟re marginalization really tryingto thewomen break their outof The within this this within

that goals of addressing marginalization throughgoals ofaddressingand rehabilitation jobtraining demonst creation of nt mothers from enteringnt mothers prison

motheri of prison nurseries,of prison she

inst

desire to desire . itution todesign the units ng inprisonnurseries But that isn‟t the mostimportant

reform they leave 263 address these

itself had feministgoals

because

discriminatory tendendiscriminatory the the the units forthe units women whoweretogo obligated toprison.

women who women who prison acknowledged , as they , Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades

challenges presented tribulations . . m Nonetheless, So we‟re aiming for aspaceaiming for helps that thembreak So we‟re 81

w were impro ng to train the women to be able to get jobs so togetjobsso thewomenng totrain tobeable

e don‟t want to follow in that e follow inthat to don‟t want line of often

that .

. of ending structural oppression

Although YagüeAlthough cies, The most important thingThe mostimportant isthe

end they Spain‘s criminal justice Spain‘s criminal vised out of old prison modules, theyold prisonmodules, vised outof . 262

a point to which I return,will a towhich point up inprison

did not provide ideal provide conditions did not That creators theunits‘ is, .

and developed thedeveloped external 261 previously contributedpreviously to

: .

That is, awoman That if

The cofounders, then, . Although is it system does ten ignored ; not only; not aimed it is it rate

CEU eTD Collection projectsand Spain ConcepciónandElizabeth Kent ofVictoria Fry throughout Arenal in and others well as The units these concernscentral were havedid not and adequate presented space 265 264 mothering constrained physical under conditions. andfinancial greater parenting support rehabilitation opportunities foraim toallowmothers agency women, and autonomy, Specifically, certain oftheprogram elements addressthe historicalattention lack and of units challengesunder and constrainingspecifically ofmothering bars. situations behind T at the and howdesign elements facilities programming previously of respond certain to 4.2 ways thatthe units women and chi specifically apopulationbecause for femalerecognized theyplacing with theinherent problems work can directly interpreted as as be theyofconstructingrelatedreturned tothe task units toKent, the West

Ibid. Ibid.

do infact

Having as framed thedevelopment oftheexternal units Potential Offering the move forward. hadbeenissuesthat soit asaprison, constructed much lesstomove around. theirspace playwith to atall kids really andnarrow small the mothersis that andchildren lived in constructed andtherefore issues. […]the women hadsome for Wewere they asthe adaptedmodules much agoodsolution, weren‟t realizedthatas the .

therefore They,reforming focused like Arenal, on con larger ldren in spaces designed for aldren for dangerousmale inspacesdesigned population. provide adversities confrontingadversities i

form an attemptform tofurther were intendedwere 265

possibilities

. These initiatives to the decision the units: toconstruct

. The women didn‟thave time orspace any to Improve Conditions to Improve

specifically […] […]

to rectify some of The area where thekids being lived amodule never stopped . ncarcerated women ncarcerated I mean, hardly space was andthecrib, there forthebed unsafe conditions for childrenunsafe respond to respond

a specific feminist agenda.a feminist specific to transform impediments to mothering to to transformimpediments i cells 82

. Wetried tomakebut they bedrooms,were

the difficulties of lonemotheringand of ditions for children in prisons, andin prisons, children their for ditions the challenges

, which places themamongst, which places the . We realizedthatweneeded all to

a feminist project, Ia feministproject, nowlook will

of bars mothering behind

Another fairly obvious issue

. 264 W . They didn‟thaveThey any

e can Yagüe thus affirmed that and offe he external look to the look to n prison,as - identified identified r . CEU eTD Collection community support formation mine). men butalso fewer education incarcerated women 4.2(1) 268 267 266 community andfutures their own their pasts and whe havethe units philosophy a different in therapyabuse andcounseling appropriate when facilities

Concepción Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción M by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖ 47. enespañolas,‖ prisiones ―Mujeres Reija, Aguilera

266 clearlygoing to change situa the all we couldof with dothis etceteraministries, thewomen usleave sothat come who ajob aprofession, with to delegations institutions, We‟re of ahuge amount investing happen offer saysthatprisons treatement, individualized can‟tlaw just inthese it but bigcenters, impossible toreallyit‟s g with more but trainingprisons, themassification, professional courses offered innormal looked atliketraining…it‟s a take advantage oftheirtime insidetolea youhavesaid that to sixyears four here torot, sentences there‟s that life outside know because they towards the streetoutwards oflooking inward instead way theunits like isnothing [The] work anormalprison T on Focusing their leavingchildren upon prison,

he system Spanish prison equip The external units

as to train the women tofindandforto train jobs care thetheir women children - based

men

. staff And sothese .

job training and course Aguilera highlightedjobsfor that,fewer onlydoprisonshave women not than

reare they up,womentoward ended have outward, encouraged both tolook the courses, and the existing ones oftencourses, and ―reinforce theexistingrole‖ ones thedomestic (translation

with the capacitywith because itfails because Rehabilitative

address

[external]

[formed by todesignthe units] thecofounders ive an adequate and individual formation, as thelaw as ive formation, anadequaterequires andindividual :

has been our incarcerated individuals, but obviously but our incarcerated inthis case, individuals, we‟re

and Educational and to provide this problem by providing additional specialized attention andproviding problemthis by additional specialized training centertraining to wor

terms of the women‘sterms instead ofthe treatment; ofdwelling on units are agigantic step tion ofthesetion women. s human resources and new approaches that involvehuman resources andnew approaches that

as well asas well the disproportionately k individuallyand withtheprovide women drug co them .

rn things, togetaneducation,rn things, professional 83 According to founders intended to founders thewomen

with the same possibilities for work for recreating theirlives for recreating

NGO Intentions right

- run arch 25, 2010. 25, arch ? . 268

Life is outside, and it andit isoutside, Life beshouldn‟t s Whatis make surethey todo wehave Gabriela, a Gabriela, .

detrimental to thefutures of to detrimental

classes The women complete their . .

267 The treatment, the ideaoflooking

. T

o pre in the center in the

social worker inPalma, pare to thewomen . , government, There aremoreThere and have access to . The small and . I wish I wish . The CEU eTD Collection E disproportionately generally menfrom place tostop escaping, putin which may are mean thatprisons A report by the in 4.2(2) includes planshelp to Therefore, theprogram 273 272 Cen Convention Montreal Association, Sociological American the meeting of 271 270 6. 269 tobesafe as and possible unobtrusive mothering.‖ and [poor workingit, as, professor ―even according toAmerican may Gemelli, Marcella theyable though toattain notbe certaingroups of that present tolimiting inaddition threats safety women‘s autonomyexacerbate the difficulties difficulties their incontrolling surroundings forenvironment and children. providinga safe Prisons mothers of and getting suffering thedoors injuries. caughtin lectric doors

women‘s prison ―Paula‖ (Director of Palma), interviewed by the author, May 10, 2010. 10, May by author, the interviewed ofPalma), ―Paula‖(Director 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon Low of Study A ofMotherhood: ―Definitions Gemelli, Marcella Ibid. inWomen Priso

lock sothe thesekeyskidsdon‟t night, each often with even notice Guards don‟t As previouslyfeminist scholars indicated, SecurityReforming Measures

There ar S responsible for children‘swell their ecurityan integralwere of thedesign measurespart ofthe units 271 in prisonnurseries

Quaker Women in Prison Project inPrison Women Group concluded, Quaker n Project Group, nProject e doors. nobars,norelectric

women facewomen their safe children inkeeping severe for being and inappropriately harsh exacerbating th

- have not “cells. andwe talk uniforms, about“apartments,”

class women] still feel still women] pressuredclass uptothet tolive women women

directly challengesdirectly ofattention thelack women inprison receive and

for women.‖

their lives a Women in Prison and the Children of Imprisoned Mothers: A Briefing for Friends for Mothers:Briefing A Imprisoned of the Children and Prison in Women had provided safety threats; children running were children around had safetyat threats; provided risk

more appropriate tothe population 269

This is This is nd their children‘snd their - being 272

84 especially such as Elisabetsuch Almedaas , and

Ideologies mothering ofintensive hold poorer women often contend with greaterwomen contend often with poorer -

income Single Mothers‖ (presented at the Annual theat (presented SingleMothers‖ income . problematic for mothers andproblematic mothers childr for 270 .

This can result infeelingsguilt, of ter, Montreal, Quebec, 2006), 5. 2006), Quebec, Montreal, ter,

―l evels ofsecurityevels inprisonare e traumas suffered inprison. e traumas enets ofintensiveenets

: . and were

273 have criticized criticized have

” […] created to

The guards security

be en as . , CEU eTD Collection vision women‘s lives, viewingas low them reconceptualized providinggeneral the child‘sphysical for safety,and comfort the beginning.‖ health, just is potentially their children. worry lessabout makingconditions lessdangerous, created the an founders where environment women could the prison Security 276 275 274 From a financialperspective, the inside. often dosoatproximity the costfamily of networks, tofurtheringtheneed support support on for sole caretakers and notask 4.2(3) specifically rather thispopulation applying for than male afor offenders. systemdesigned later,implications butthis fundamentally shift represents ana from viewing the

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon encarceladas.‖ mujeres las familiares de experiencias ―Las Almeda, Hays,

. Guards, then, . everything don‟twho have any money, we‟reproviders their backpacks, the anything,ofcourse apublic schoolgoing to that asksthebeginning at ofthe year the pens, for kidsbring to Everything thewomandoesn‟t that have,make suretoprovide we arePrisons isolating which environments, exacerbates societal onmothers tobe demands MotheringSupporting Inaddition to Abolish

The Cultural Cont Cultural The oper 275

ates primarilyates through cameras C ertain oft elements ing the program directors . prisoners . Yagüedescribedguards as the electric No child is going to go to school with gotoschool with to child isgoing adisadvantageNo -

assumed an educationalassumed role level stafflevel meant to the abolition of bars and electric doors, thethe abolitionofguards barsroleelectric was of andintheunits doors, also radictions of Motherhood of radictions

doors allows tobetter thewomen ensure for outsidehelp as athreat to

he offered design theunits external of

selected guards whoseguards selected

individuals prevent women have who money buy fortheirkids it According to Hays, ―AttendingAccording tot toHays, . When womenWhen prison,they bring them childrento with to allow children to growto allowchildren to ofbeing upunaware in , 63. ,

―agents ofsocialization,‖ large escap

rathera indicating custodiala role, than shift

in need ofreeducation e . .

R We the givebackpack, uniform, them ecognizing

profile ttempt to create a tocreate programttempt

aligned withthe projectaligned their children‘sBy safety.their

the impac

. support for support . Never. If [the children] are children] If [the . I returnwill tothe he basics of ly 276 t they had onthe

differen

parenting . For those

274 from from ‘s

CEU eTD Collection ind children accessgives thecommunity,women to ti the this difficulties of Urging volunteers community daycarecenters onweekdays and Mothering on Research for Association the of 279 15. 2004), Press, Scholars‘ Canadian O‘Reilly(Toronto: 278 277 attempts address a both penitentiary problemconcerns and facing larger mothers. programwomengiving more components facilitated autonomy. arguably agency and These in the interviews withConcepción Ya or including financialcircumstances, who find thewomen themselves inprison. mothers.‖ agency,authority,autonomywhich authenticity powerconfirms confersand andto for ―Empowered mothers seektofashion amothering affirms modeofand maternal thataffords that mothers needagencyautonomy more and empow tobecome heavilyregulated motheringfeministssuchasand practices, policed Andrea O‘Reilly argued have women‘sand agency autonomy lackprisonsand motherhood. of traditional In inboth face of the prison nurseries,arguably components other 4.2(4)

Amy Middleton, ―Mothering Under Duress: Examining the Inclusiveness of Feminist Mothering Theory,‖ Theory,‖ Mothering ofFeminist Inclusiveness the Examining Duress: Under ―Mothering AmyMiddleton, in ―Introduction,‖ O‘Reilly, Andrea Ibid. ividually

Though not official goals,Though thedesireemerged incarcerated womenas notofficial toempower atheme Beyond the elementsin concrete these infrastructural andprogram thataddressproblems Agency Emphasizing and Autonomy the kids thepark thezooandtoreallyact to orto extended asan family. are kidsoutside don‟t have who family theirfamilyWekids gowith members to alwaystry togetthe onthe weekends The mothers tosend mothers 278 on weekends and holiday on weekends

program

responsible their for children. Agency and autonomy are particular nonstop nonstop also parentingand a need their children

offers

respite tomother respite Mother Outlaws: Theories and Practices of Empowered Mothering Empowered of Practices and Theories Outlaws: Mother s :

güein Palma.Certain thedirectorof and Paula, theunit

with other family recognition memberswith other outside shows ofthe 8, no. 1,2 (2006): 72. no. (2006): 1,2 8,

for —

outside with outside . although lessdirectly

So logically we try to find associations that will will that So logically weassociations trytofind community support 86 s bychildrenencouraging send to their them ly limited for limited ly mothers who live indifficult social

me todoother activities and either ered.According toO‘Reilly, family members . — In addition toallowingIn the addition respond tolargerrespond critiqu 277 279

or NGO

. no But t to , ed. Andrea ed. , there Journal Journal

be to es of take

CEU eTD Collection By theDepartment PrisonServiceswomen, surveying themvoice, the afforded of recognizedtheir employees, addition personneldesigning prison consulted theunits, Yagüe incarceratedthat,in explained mothers; ofproject and the units womenIn inother control moretheir elements in mothering. that allow 39. 1995), Routledge, in Regimes,‖ 281 280 nineteenthDrenthwith the ―Daily prisoners century,Haan wrote, andde overa conversations van chapter ElizabethFry one, employed Regarding similarstrategies. participants theprocess. in development process.‖ consensus dominate policy to ―participants creationwomen makes rather thanrecipients in, of,the development, Chowdhry Geeta suggested opinionsandallowing thatasking women‘s their commended thepracticeof listening authoritymothering ideal todefine conditions. minority theirwomen voices through de women and a legitimiza projectuncommon inprison.This componentthen an illustrates engagement with knowledge ofthe

Geeta Chowdhry, ―Engendering Development? Women in Development (WID) in International Development Development in International (WID) Development inWomen ―EngenderingDevelopment? Chowdhry, Geeta Concepci While rare,While emphasis onlistening an women new, toimprisoned isnot either. As in seen Feminists inarange thattraditionally fields rarely of have have consulted women tohave.the units thekids, that‟s with and Wewhy we asked theiropinions. they toknow wanted what wanted WeWe‟vecetera. womenknow well. […] these workin been have have it would tohave,the tobe,what common would tobelike, what need spaces et theirchildren, what havewith it would tobelike? Forinstance,the bedroom would how currently order inthesystemtoask them, they if in were todesign We areally comprehensive createdandcarried out survey ofthe women were forall who The cofoundersagency stressed to involving people fromandexperts, Department, Health government thePublic childcare ón Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, ón

Feminism/Postmodernism/Development needs to raise and children treated to needs assubjects, inprison, them which is

281 tion oftion their knowledge. processconsidering theexperiences The of o 280

Similarly,the external allowed thefoundersof units thewomen tobe

to poor,minorityThird World women. Speaking of both through involving incarceratedboth throughinthe involving design women - centers ofwho hegemonic understandings has the , ed. Mariann ed. ,

e H Marchand and Jane Papart NY: (NewYork, Papart Jane and Marchand H e

her prison visits intheearly visits her prison g with them formanyg with years, and a place to be inprison a place to eeds ofthe f CEU eTD Collection Gabriela, explained,a frominSeville, socialtheexternalunit worker mother infrastructure involved womeninprogramming. tocontinuebe permits the organization of their lives onthe inside.The are units notintended tobeidentical,andthe capable of.‖ period toanunderstanding ofand weekswantedwere led thevisitors what […] ofthese women 39. 1995), Routledge, in Regimes,‖ 285 284 283 282 prison.experienced inanormal waysminor women seencanan more also attempt astoprovide be they be agency wouldhave than Nevertheless, of consultation incarceratedin planning and women structuring activities daily l forgiving agency through ofhaving theimpression they thewomen infact when options donot. freedom isdenied.‖ ofliberty making about howtoconductlives. decisions Choices are their own severelyrestricted inside,and becausecapacity people‘sautonomy imprisonmentand for undermines disqualifies themfrom asinherent ―thelimitation prisons: ability in an agent tobe is Further, thatthewomenGabriela clarified ultimatelyBosworth recognized nosay. have this Mary the primarilywomen The butthe are symbolic. choicesafforded controlchoosing overactivities, some Gabriela‘s example isillustrative ofthe ofthe women‘s limitations and participation howitis

Geeta Chowdhry, ―Engendering Development? Women in Development (WID) in International Development Development in International (WID) Development inWomen ―EngenderingDevelopment? Chowdhry, Geeta 2010. 25, March by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖ 2010. 18, January on conducted Yagüe Concepción with Interview Haan, de vanand Drenth y tothetypes limited and already areactivities have narrow by of approved theinstitution. like they‟re participating. Whothinksdecides. they beofth should see.incharge “Let‟s rules, butthey They participate. having like alot, avoice that the one andbeing who women I‟m Andlater can makes time,ofthat. come attheandall same theone the who work.” should Suggest Suggestit salon. rules. [They how suggest] isveryThe unit Itell them, participatoryforthegirls. we‟re “Girls, open goingto thehair Beyond helping tode Feminism/Postmodernism/Development 282

The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The

sign the units, women theunits, mayparticipateaspectssign ofthe inother 285

He 284 re, thestaffhasa step taken further incapacity by maskingthis

, ed. Marianne H Marchand and Jane Papart (New Papart Jane and Marianne Marchand ed. H , , 56. , 88

always under assault prison, always in under esalon?” hair Sothey feel

what days, many how

283

For instance, York, NY: York, ife in ife CEU eTD Collection enable tomain the women children parks, or toschool, onother appointments, day Unaccompanied excursions. only tripsnot women moredesigning ofthe control. process Speaking ofshe theunits, stated: microwave which,and according bathroom, allow the toYagüe,was anintentionalattempt mothers for program autonomy. The p 286 the ways in 4.3 hadunits other implications potentialthis was actualized and howthe womenunsafe assists inprotecting measures security their children. how women arefor accountable their children‘s well difficulties ofsolemotheringa and counterchallenges inprison some fordiscussed oftheinchaptersuch mothers as two, of are power women towhich the subjected. I returnlatersetting, incontrasta point cease tothis whichprison. thetypes tobe doeswill to not practices.autonomy the potentialofNevertheless, within be providing must contextualized the leavea ofcontrol sense prisonsand affords oftenbothin mothe that them is lacking mothers byallowing temporarily to them vigilance leavethewomen the ofthe to Permitting staff.

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon

U.S. Caring Model through Classed aSpecific, Imposing The fo Additionally, thecofounderswomen envisioned wouldbe tobring thatthe allowed their over thoseother of t all could have ofspace alot the theirkids,mother microwave forthemothers eata to with sothat We the resid began totheorize what The pedagogical alsoresponds andarchitecturalunits theneeds ofthe to structure of which feminisms arewhich feminisms deployed different tofurther political agen Women‘s studies professorWomen‘s studies Elora Chowd — unders of the therefore,unders program units, of a designed feminist potentialto that offered the motherto have needsfeedingcontrol over moreherchild,hygiene, over and

tain contact theoutside, butalsoemphasize with theautonomy ofthe .

hings that theprisonnurseries donothave. that hings

lack of autonomyagency,lack and of t rovides each woman thatincludes withabedroom each a rovides women experiencedwomenchanges the ential unit would have to be like. [It] would wouldential unit need have to tobelike. [It]

- h being,and eliminatingand inappropriate ury

spoke

of the to―carefully need of examine and Disciplinary and Disciplinary We will see how inchapter will We six . Chapte . 286 At thesame time, the das aswell as feminist

r two also described

ring the Power

CEU eTD Collection adopt the program values maternal realization of goalsautonomy. ofagency and womenI toadoptspecificpriorities,behaviors, and and also outlooks will problematizethe InIwomen. loo will section, this Moreover,individuals. I projectargue this specific imposed work ideologies within thattheir onthe their work that complici 289 288 Self of Sociology 287 particular ideologyand ethic ofmotheringa work women only tonot correctly behave butalsochangegoals toadopt inner a andvalues their conformitywith ofresonates earlier thework with thereby chi treatthem like chapter, knowwhattoact mothers bestforand accordingly believethatthey is them the urge autonomy forgood; islimited their own the

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon vanD Cul Theory‘s Feminism: Feminist ―Global Halim Chowdhury, Elora

middle instance. formation professional wegiveBecausevery them order chances out in tocontinue from the togo beginning We practically system understandofthem that arethis all want goingto soci thepedagogicala commitmentto follow them, them we setoutfor from paththat the pathof pedagogical these of system amenities all there isn‟tthere with if that toprovideisn‟t them We the women want who The firstthat allowsfor programelement caring isthevoluntary power participation: T renth and de Haan, de and renth istic environment in which environmentin incarceratedistic notonly mothers must obeyalso by rules but t wo types control, and caringpower of disciplinary power, y

was complicit with acomplicit with largerwas system penitentiary that systematically targetspoor and dissent on tho and dissent on - al reintegration class, power of Spanish women inpositions - Kn 289 Western owledge

The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The 4, no. 3 (2006): 292. (2006): 3 no. 4,

, middle . ldren. By . There be hasto asigned come agreementwho themothers here with se agendas.‖

maternalistic, . But there be commitment hasto aclear drugs, for notconsume to C come forthem andwork theunits toreally here value k at howtheinfrastructure seducedunits and ofthe programming - classmotherhood values andof of conduct, other norms seduc women aring power assumes aaring particularimportanceassumes power

287 reformers such as Fry. suchreformers as

female I refer

The cofounders of theunits

, 14 , 90 – . 15.

primarily

program staff, as we will seeprogram inthe following aswill staff, we

within

- de to the notion thatthewomen‘sto the notion -

sac,‖ sac,‖ the large 288

work In advocates it case, this Human Architecture: Journal of the of Journal Architecture: Human r correctional institution, were together to create a to together

feminists, but feminists, but

in the units . It‟s obvious . This is a is This , which

given . their They ing . CEU eTD Collection were between a normal and theoption their have theunits child. prisonwithout toonly child woman whowas inparticipating uninterested as towhichthe theextent programconsidered couldbe voluntary from and marginalization a bet their children, and classes, go take thecommunity into toFry,similar guaranteedconditions betterwhere they could innicer thewomen live rooms with voluntary The programfounders wanted 292 291 290 surveillance control over the women children‘s but are eatingroutines, subjected and bathing toconstant still disciplinary power inner values: separation their children from was formthe desire achoice,tonot rehabilitative part women‘s of program policy had notmateri

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon 2010. 10, May by author, the interviewed ofPalma), ―Paula‖(Director Ibid. . However, once wereall theunits and prisonnurserieswere most closed, women completed

Control andControl surveillanceare theprogram alsokey in design,which inherent elements are of future. that is thing The they important arecommitted tochangingtheirsituati respect the towards idea We once and,inthe future, work offeraformation, training, they have Once inthe units, Nonetheless, necessary is it asexchange, ofthe well was at women tolook required what in

allowed that to happenallowed that to . .

And thenjustsome dressing,their basictheirways of education, such as behavior, Guards watch them watch presentGuards throughcameras each in room, confine 292

. The units offerunits f The alized at of the time

the programcompl demanded

guards andthe otherwomen…. .

the ter future

They believed that womenwouThey believedthat women reedom in that they communityaccess that reedom in the and allow to more .

my to be

interviews, but but interviews, had the had willing tochange,andwilling maki 91

option . ete complianceandete ther Further, the program promisedFurther, an the escape program

291

to remain inaprison nursery withher it signifiedit

. ld want to participateld wantbecause, to When the units units the When

that, while participationthat, ng theprogram could . on and their That‟s the general eform ofcertain and order

result intheir first opened 290

This their , a CEU eTD Collection theyarecontrolledthan more abide by highly bodi 297 296 295 294 293 significant for determining in other possibilities aspects programming succeed. to uncertainty of structure toinscribe implores thewomen relations thepower more nomore bars, chains, nomore heavy locks Foucaul Panopticon; womenknow thatthey at beanywhich time, observed forces may obey themto control notbeconfusedin should a diminishment with structure encounter

Foucault, 2010. 8, March author, the byinterviewed Real), del Soto in Worker ―Natalia‖(Social Ibid. 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio es by―apartments‖ lockingat the night

From their planning, initial bolster theunits epidodes three weeks i you therules, you don‟tkicked can follow of the unit be out then there‟s system anevaluation everythingfact that inaned resolved is because oflife a goodquality thereconflicts, there aren‟t aren‟t fights absolutely everything how they‟re they other interact with dressed to how women The women are evaluatedevery day c consume d module havedailydemand tomake alotmore don‟t medicine…we sure they the also knowthat know that [The women] we‟re themothers more with benevolent A Women daywhole we controllin see spendthere the supervising, t wrote, ―Bentham was surprised that panoptic institutions could be was ―Bentham surprisedt wrote, institutions thatpanoptic solight: therewere no ontrolled t the same that time for female inmates who female inmates for ed Discipline and Punish, Punish, and Discipline

greater vigilance whether they arewhether theywatched. being . - So it isn‟t for everyone. isn‟tfor So it […] regulated schedules.regulated . rugs, you can…. [… The women who come] know The womenthey [… come] that who can…. aregoingbe to veryrugs, you It‟sdeal. nocushy

mothers arerequired tohave better much behavior

. mothers in the units receive more freedom and possibilities toleave,more receivemothers intheunits freedom andpossibilities .

n a row, n women innormal prisons They‟reevaluatedevery day The switch from bars tocameras may switchfrom provide The bars 202. have violent crimes notcommitted children, and their butthis

293 295

they kickyou theunit outof

Yagüe commented

Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades If you don‟t behave well, if you don‟t do certain things, if certain if youthings, if If youwell, don‟t do don‟t behave

. and

In everyIn aspect In anormal module, you more have freedom

ucated and socially acceptable manner. […] And socially acceptableucated and […] manner. The fact that the units are still heavily factThe controlled are thatstill the units is counting themeach to morning,and oblige them .‖ 92 297 ed

The require donot bars; units rather,the a system in which in imprisonedmothers a system . : Cameras effects similar have Bentham‘s to

on the control in the units: on thecontrol in They‟re scrutinized . From the cleanliness of theirroomto From the of cleanliness in themsel . .

. 296 to how they do theirwork theyto how do Whenhad unfavorable you‟ve

ves . g, watching […]. That‟s obviousThat‟s

and . It‟s a veryIt‟s a demanding a . . We checkWe therooms more appropriatemore They get usedtothe . obey I mean,I they have

out of

. 294 But they . You can You

. — CEU eTD Collection converge women of poor color.‖ inthe lives of Roberts and theirare children placedcare sometimes infoster in middle state surveillance ofsocial areform workersand likely inthechildren more their tolose surveillanceand judgedagainst advice. expert ultimately a of sub way critiquesChapter ofhow society two indicatedarguingcontrols feminist was mothers, this that women‘s autonomy incaring their childrenisundermined for by 300 1476. (2012): 299 298 provided hadeffect more thana symbol basedexperiences ontheir own and needs prison ways inwhich the incarcerated becontextualized women must foundersunits‘ is only benefitsof ona based for desire also but afear could their lose chil autonomy. Yagüe Although claimed acommitted crimetomothering related

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon Mothers,‖ Black of Punishment the and Systemic Care, Foster ―Prison, Roberts, E. Dorothy Ruddick, . - determine) [… encounter the listening toanswersalways thatshape political occurcontexts inhistorical and (and may ―There are reasonsarecannot silenced whybeheard voices or The degree towhi captivity of Conditions o encumber theenvisioning In the create womenallowed provided withagency a this and themto theory, program class women wrote

an consideration: acute Maternal Thinking Maternal

that this wasthat this thereby creation ofthe creation dren if theydrengot if . Speaking about how prison andSpeaking mothers are policies aboutinwhich controlled poor howprison jugating all women

ch women maych women theagency from benefit andby autonomy envisioned the undermined , , 40 ―onlymanyone exampleof – . 46. Speaking of development, theAmerican CynthiaSpeakingeconomist ofdevelopment, Wood

units offeredunits potentialtochallenge ofwomen in thetreatment

kicked out of the program outofthe kicked

. the childuseda isnever threat,mothers as There implicit are] expectations behind the new need to . Even the factEven that the the ,

they fall underthey extreme fall surveillance thatundermines their . . Nonetheless, . Women‘s mothering placed are often Women‘s skills under This actwomen ofinvolving was the one 298 299

93 Poor women tobeplaced inparticulartend under

egardless ofwhether losing

forms of overpolicingforms thatoverlapand the U.S., the Amer the it is difficult to assess isdifficult to it whether process this

f any sortof self parental rights co , implying that compliance was, implying not that founders listenedfounders tothe advice of

the constant surveillancethe constant by staff . Asking questions and Asking questions women inprison women . 300 - ican Dorothy scholar E. determination, anddetermination,

kne UCLA Law Review LawUCLA w that they of the major of

than

59 . CEU eTD Collection one cultural andclass reinforces ideals specific,classed ofmothering opinion. women program inthis arepermitted tospeak m ofacontext prison question must We 302 Nearby,‖ 301 in the following chapte competent mothers, re women suggeststhat to parent, adviceexpert based on would attend a community toreceivingcourseattent inaddition because the ofthe deficiencies of women inprison legitim consideringwithout thespecificbackgrounds women inprison ofthe

Concepcíon Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepcíon Cy . It type aparticular norm parentingas teaches the of nthia Wood, ―Authorizing Gender and Development: ‗Third World Women,‘ Native Informants, and Speaking and Informants, Women,‘ Native World ‗Third Development: and ―Authorizing Gender Wood, nthia iz Theparenting obligatory t nature classes of sustains educational within work hygiene andnutrit life fewmonthsof first regardsnutrition to with habits Why? many come oftheseandunhealthy Because we women really know strange with that on strengthening mother And later, ourpsychologistson theoutside.are […] psychologists,and pediatricians teachers, We insidethe alwayswork centersspecialized NGOs,associations, personnel, with Under these reveal.‖ listen Nepantla: Views from South Views from Nepantla:

ation of their ownpractices . Inwhat the answerissupposedtobe,‗listening fact, what we know our 301 -

spe . the feasibility thepower be listened having upand tospeak ofwomen As we have se circumstances the Department Services ofPrison cific cific gardless ofgardless howmany they children have had r in terms ofstaffr in perceptions

vision arevision through clearest .

Or give junk them of lots

- 2, no. 3 (2001): 433. 3 no. (2001): 2, . child relationships, onparenting,child relationships, onhygiene,on nutrition and Moreover, the fact thatMoreover, the the en in women‘s decisionsen inwomen‘s , women complywithparticular must that programming . Yagüeargued that . They‟re v . The waysThe inwhich the ore ore 94

. ery apt to give the foodduring ery theirkids solid aptto . ion is veryion is serious. But right we‟re happen now get to tryingto this

She how,inMallorca, explained mothers than inprison ; for now, it is important to recognize; for important to now,itis that

the

. assume the to which all mothers should aspire should to whichall mothers Or nothave aneating schedule

mothering school, mentioned inchaptermothering school,

he notion about the hours oftheabout hair the hours salo

mothering school wasmothering necessary school going to maintain all all maintain going to of the programs

mothering s ion inside byion inside psychologists:

that incarcerated are not women — . but only I topic further explorethis will that there isone correct way 302 or program

courses are leaving space when

incorporates

staff want their want staff required of ‘ should

for the for . O n, , u

in the r

. all CEU eTD Collection lack ofeducation had le fact themothers incarceratedtotakeexpected that thecourses cofounders reveals that thebelief a education thewomen‘sto that limits possibilities supportthemselves family. and The their very onincarcerated thestatistics methodology responded to women in their formal take totrain education, and market. other them for workshops thejobThis presentYagüeenvisioned the program. computer in thatthewomenfurther had skills, would learn and actually thecourses thatwere at offered of the time my the exposes ideo interviews cultural women are middle toa subjected Adriana theyclasses described inPalma: the had describedall ofthe cou available sewing,cooking, animals, caringfor andcutting hair. Thisdesires resulted thatprimarily intheunits focused incourses ofthe involved. NGOs on elaboratefollowing and oninthe thecourses section, offered withi Interviews was difficult toaccess for thatcommunity revealed women it I courses, which will the up inprison. responsibility simultaneouslyignores largerstructures alsoinvolved incausing thewomen toend to these specific,middle white, theirwomen lives and require places tochange responsibility women toconform ontheimprisoned the same assumes time, it thatthe women and incharge values ofknow skills theincarcerated what pathways and crime from theoriesfemale deviates of of notions asevil or criminals set inbreaking wouldaidthewomen outofpovertycrime. aligns feminist and with Thisbelief incarceratedcould women access reality in greatly thecofounders‘ differedaspirations. from More significantly, my and thatthecourses indicated Seville from interviews Palma 2010in ofAn examination boththe courses cofounders intothe hopedunits thatthe toincorporate and health habits that th that and health habits There‟s gives who agirl cooking classeson Mondays We else course, haircutting yoga…what have isthere? English, haircutting, Cooking. adog differences

in the women‘s mothering practices. d totheir involvement incrimed and thatincreasing their skill formal labor - class valu e rses: -

Red Cross class,witho ideology expert onhowtomother,

es and wayses of and oflife. Thisindividualization

gives 95

. [

…] There‟s…] aself Adriana, a mother in the unit in Palma, the unitin Adriana, a mother in

. [ …] We…] acours have

Spain that showa severe Spain that lack of n the units weren theunits dictated by the - confidence workshop. Ah, confidence workshop. ut appreciation of e onhygiene incorrigible. At incorrigible. At logies CEU eTD Collection chose for feminine,to preparewomen These homemaking oftenjobs. and theissues underpaid can women togetjobsandbreak outofmarginalization was weakened ideologies NGOs by the of that (translation mine). prepare domestic thesphere‖ tiesher women alsofurther and workforce, for butit tothe home ―We inthe units: situation shoul family. ofsuchaccurate critique theprevious Almeda‘s programmingstill prisonsis in the for traditionally rather skills feminine tosupport womentheir thanpreparingcareers and for the I 305 304 303 needs and thatcontinu incarcerated had women, toadaptof then, a programming line withtheir to type notin thatwas directactivities manytended ofthe toreinforce middle then,theprogrammingwomen more lucrative skills, women‖ mine). (translation feminine role, inreality programming] responds [the thestandard to ofmiddle expectations precisely who, woman inthe majorityofcases, thetype most of rejected the has programssimilar women‘s other ―as prisons,shewrote, averageis in inprison] [the woman home and spe element, positingismorewith middle thatit inline better like women‘s homemakers, much yet,and for NGOspersisted responsible programming inmolding have incarcerated women into incarcerated ones womenrather lucrativeRepublic, skills duringSpanish First thanfeminine the be tracedcenturies inSpain; back over n practice, the programming within the units theunits within theprogramming n practice,

Ibid. Almeda, 2010 May9, by author, the womaninterviewed in Palma), ―Adriana‖(incarcerated

Almeda programming hasa has thatfocuses onhomemaking contendedthat classed skills too. workshop, thepsychologists,Fridays wehave with islike which aworkshop grouptherapy. Asewing Corregir y Castigar y Corregir cifically does not reflect not the does thecifically needs lower of 304

Therefore,program prepare theexternal to thepotential units ofthe for 303 ed to teachof femininity.ed a vision specific

, 52. , 305

Although thecofounders may wanted have toteach theincarcerated

d be aware that this type of sexist programmingd be type aware thatthis ofsexist notonly not does Concepción

prisons have tended to do in Spain since their tendedprisons have inception. Spain todoin hardly 96 - Arenal had class expectations for women tocare class for expectations for the

changed that they allowedthat theyNGOs through relying to on - class homemaking expectations. Theclass homemaking expectations. -

class women in prison.Speakingclass women of the prior tendency ofteachingthe prior already teaching advocated for

conventional - class the

CEU eTD Collection be perniciouswidercommunities for controllingsome and from thebodies their removingand of friends them family,which to isknown improvedthis conditions, perpetuates imprisonmentitself society within ofpower systems often from whohavecountries, for developing sentenced been nonviolent crimes incarcerategroups certain byis limited the system 1427. Control,‖ Social 306 motherhood softened criminals, making female easier them toreform: worthyoung rehabilitating they when have children prison system them toadoptmiddle Department whileawomen setting systemthatcontrols and services ofPrison poor teaches up of butintention theunits, can it be argued questioningwithout larger structural injustices rehabilitativefulfill its objectives while maintaining intactand discriminatory trends sentencing systemat and women, demonstrates Roma which that the prison,the profile ofth Although theprogramsattempts accompanied are tokeep children bymothers ofout small

Crenshaw, ―From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectio Thinking MassIncarceration: to Violence ―From Private Crenshaw, . Arguably, by designing improved for theprison units appear themothers, system discretionary dynamically reproduce that judgments hierarchies thempolicies and and disproportionately thatrender available tocertain punitive structuredsocialwomen ofcolorby forces thatsituate withincontexts social various which policies These punitive interact. are intersections cons […] includinggender, thewaysrace, or inwhich hierarchiesbackdrop class structure the against ― More broadly, The extent towhichthe can units extent beTheattempt consideredtocombat an societal inequalities There ically oppresses certaingroups, addressingwithout ically oppresses implications. orits this ,

it sustains theideagainit t thatwomen are many surveillance waysand are punishment that intersectionallyscripted,

factthe project that

- class valuesclass it is worth q isworth it e women illustrates inthee units

. As indicated one, theunits inchapter

. uestioning theimplicationsof By ofsmallchildren offering only theprogram mothers to cannot . Kimberlé Crensha that theydo infact

challenge thatsystematically practices sentencing .

Interviews was this aprimary reveal didnot that units continue to units 97

. heir value and through are motherhood only In believed fact, the cofounders that

an overrepresentation ofpoor,an immigrant overrepresentation w argued

these hierarchies.‖ legitimize thelegitimize work ofthe

house feminist involvement inthe prison form part of an institution that formof an part institution ,

nally About Women, Race, and and Race, Women, About nally

poor, minority women, tituted by atituted variety of 306 .

Regardless of

to better ,

in the CEU eTD Collection external local services, supportpublic from and governments NGOs, 4.4 differentlygiving and othergreater from women value them insociety. These ofmotherhoodoppressive beliefs uphold the natureofthein judging institution mothers 309 308 307 to school,was, cases, insome impossible access community thepossibility to bringing programs andjobs,even their ofmothers children paralyzed theprogram accommodatewomen the constructing buil the fulfilling theprogram objectives women are notvalued s sources, whichimplied tigmatized

―Elena‖ (Volunteer in Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, Apr theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖ 2013. April 5, author, to message email Yagüe, Concepción 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción

God otherplaces quarterwhat a of in worth is worth it‟s next is the prison to worth.‟ thea quarterotherlandis what they dothi they have say, theland, „I‟m goingto togive state thedone, Spanish to dowhat they demands areobligated Whento be has project youand tellthem anautonomouscommunity thatit this bring to B At thetime ofthe 2010interviews, an overall Similar Factors External on Based Problems Logistical much. differenttotally isimpossible,” woman god, this andthenthey come back andtheir mentality is pregnant, everythin Maternity reallychanges women‟s behavior new sentences,with pregnant now Sometimes the wom ecause of a dependence ongovernmentecausea were of dependence theunits resources, such in a built way that , proved problematic

wants to build there build to wants 307

g else previous female prison dings orpublic anddings transportation, . , . .

as I as discussbelow will foster We‟ve bywomen so surprised “My thesewherehad said, before been we They‟re motivated

. By en who aretheirsentence behaved during theworst en us who later returnto ing

the 2013 interviews, athe 2013interviews, change inpoliticalclimate had ultimately . . .

309

support for a sector offor society traditionally a thatis overlookedandsupport sector The L ocal governments governments ocal

program . initiatives . . A volunteer explained: And theirbehavior different totally is Maternity motivates and modulates behavior so Maternity andmodulatesso behavior motivates . 308 exists within exists

I can‟t say clearer it 98

. in Spain, the units‘ operation thein Spain, units‘ contingent was on They end the maternityThey upputting above

had lack community courses werecommunity to courses unable

not provide of

a wider inwhichincarcerated society backing

s in a places ina where worth thelandis

il 20, 2013. il 20, . .

d And theplacewhere theland had resulted indifficultiesresulted in had The relianceThe on .

adequate land for

But what happens? But what

. . Because not even Totally different outside

When . CEU eTD Collection While t While Consequently, withfamilygoals ofsharing the parentingresponsibilities members transportation forresulted families in greater difficulties after nooneleave the had had classes ablework. been unit opened, to for or prison andwithoutany transportation options. public This was Loc 311 310 offendersevil when as and they particularly donot complywithgenderedtoconfine expectations, persisted, such asgreater tomale delinquency, thetendencies topayattention female toportray shifted historicallyas ofchanging aresult andeconomic Certain political trends conditions. have statusestheir citizenship not have openings this accommodate must communities the women as interviewscitizen, theywould anyrevealed that the role of sole caregiver sharing weight ofchildrearing the withother arguably exacerbates others inthecommunity. havewomen tend color andtoshare alsothatpoor women seen of parentingre the external were units singleor either were their mothers for primarilyfamilies responsible

―Paula Kinser, al governmentsal allocated did not occurdid not he descr We haveWe one seen an inchapters Regarding although andcourses, communityjobs, workshops, Yagüe Distanceaffected notonlythewomen‘sparticipate ability inthecommunity butalso to ‖ (Director of Palma), interviewed by the author, May 10, 2010. 10, May by author, the interviewed ofPalma), (Director ‖ especially Motherhood and Feminism and Motherhood hampers familyhampersvisit ability to members‘ iption oftheiption female indicated that population many incarcerated women ofthe in . . Beyond a toget lack community oftransportation theclasses, to Foreign women had true in Seville, where inSeville, true external wasanother motherdirectly unit to the built next the expectation forthe themtoparent help without . . 310 311

land he fact that the external units isolate womenhe isolate units withtheir factchildren that the external

, 15. , for the units units for the

additional additional d two that the treatment offemale has inSpain d twothatthetreatment offenders . R emote locations family members orfamily relegatingmembers outsidefriends, themto that thwarted of the realization the 99 difficulties

A , further isolating t the time oft the time my whichwas visit, shortly aggravateda lack by ofpublic

gaining to access ; it precludesmothers from; it

the

women argued sponsibilities with sponsibilities

courses founders‘ were course did often

inside that

because of unfulfilled . , we goals . . CEU eTD Collection unit inAlica unit stalled inthe planning phase Alicante and had t finished, been entered power Moreover, t resulted toconservative in a return that politics conditions have oftenpoliticalchanging quashedenvironments. been by paid attention tofemale different of and amounts offenders, at them withthe aim ofreforming goodgovernments theminto and wives. mothers have Nonetheless, 315 314 313 312 support their leaving children upon prison marginalization female 4.5 governmentgreater society. and Clearly, external mother uni the governments innew support: couldresult unknown motherthe futureunitsis external ofthe nurseries inAranjuez andLeóncanceled have the projectin

Concepción Yagüe, email message to author, April 7, 2013. April 7, author, to message email Yagüe, Concepción Ibid. 2013. April 5, author, to message email Yagüe, Concepción máscárcel.‖ crisis, la ―Contra País, El Ediciones

prison conditions. prison conditions. T Conclusion surethegovernment betaken project will upagain I returns, am andaless crisisAs soonasthepalliates, financial conservative andlessretributive The hewomen foundersthe who haveworked toimprove program continueda of line of

he government he entrance ofthe nte due toalack ofpersonnel , three of these six units (Palma,Seville, units and six Madrid)use , threeofthese were in , poverty, and incarceration

and

They Valencia

has right . According to Yagüe, the new government thenewwant not openAccording to to toYagüe, does

cutexternal backproject. unit the wanted the units to formawanted part pl theof to units ts‘ success will be limited by belimited ts‘ success will receives supportit from the the

- he constructionTenerifeInadvanced. of León, was theproject had wing

and have . governmentPeople‘s oftheParty ( Consequently, they have needed to maintain theprisonConsequently, they needed have to

. .

They have slowed down the construction inTenerifThey construction slowed have downthe Beyond constructingfacilities tobemore aimed

bycould women withtraining sothey providing

reopened thenursery de inAlcalá Guadaíra. vilify 100 , but

wom

Yagüe is en and toughen sentencingand toughenen policies. tempts to improve women‘s prison toimprovetempts women‘s prison confident achange in that 313

an cycles tostop of When When . 315

Partido Popular Partido the People‘s Party

. The in unit 314 ) in2011

Thus,

312 e

CEU eTD Collection regarding ofmale criminals. thepunishment specific type ofsal rathergoalsaligning appears professionally. it than women with Overall, oftrainingthat the a determ c rehabilitation haveas highlighted recognized ofmothering the challenges inprison adequatefor the 293. 1996), Routledge, 316 the dependencea largerstructure on moreneeds based onwomen‘s therebycommunities, sustaininggreater ofincarceration. the system tochangepossibilities situation, the program effectively take society, hard part.‖ ofassumption cultural by supremacy islegitimized unexamined which both ways: learnin so hard, but actuall Indian theorist the over weredesirethe units ofthe theexperiences whom torecognize womenbut and built, for knowledge ourses skills intraditionalfeminine

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty i Theaddress program‘sabilitywomen forinprison toinequalities The fact that Simultaneously,cofounders e the ne who should mother andne how whoshouldmother all co t hat 316

limited

. ntext in which occurred in this ntext The Through obligating all women involved toattendThrough mothering obligatingall womenschool involved Gayatri Chakravorty

female population andimparting female population

cofounders were g quick without this tolearn vation is imposed onthewomen, isimposed which isveryvation fro different y a into entering responsible

problems their abilityincarceratedtheir from tolearn thewomen the cofounders took into considerationcofounders thewomen‘s tookinto indicates ownviews a s

into considerationinto issuesa facedwomen inprison by The Spivak Reader Spivak The

for as all mothers, support such alackautonomy and of ,

and situated within an institution, as well as institution, i situated within an

. prepare Spivak Spivak it , a As the program relies on NGOs and government reliesand it As the support, onNGOs program continues to house poor separate women and themfrom their . maternal

NGO nforce

limits possibilities for agency possibilities exchanges.limits and , ed. Donna Landry ed.Donna and ,

argued the women the women

- courses promote traditional homemakingcourses promotetraditional skills - d

fix structure with the subaltern, withresponsesstructure withthe subaltern, istic environmentistic 101

. a

mor Certain addressed issues initiatives feminists

, situated frenzy of doing goodfrenzy doing withanimplicit of

―It isnot methat thesubaltern to finding seems e the founders specialized treatment, to

support their children isalsohindered by

feminist vision of motherhoodfeminist vision and

Gerald MacLean (New York, NY: (NewYork, MacLean Gerald has developed has developed

. romanticizatio Moreover, while the Moreover, , provide a n a different of realm m discourses nd offers in whichstaffcan

and providing n atmosphere . n, that‘s the

As U.S. flowing - CEU eTD Collection struggle tosurvive. evident through fact that the programgovernment the supportfrom nowlosing the is andmay the typesreflectsthat limit larger ideologies of

rehabilitation andrehabilitation supportavailable 102

. This is This is most most CEU eTD Collection about thetended women, opinions mothering and tooverlook their crucialaspects of inpri yetnew mothers opportunitiesand for children, imprisoned they withcondescension often spoke were inthe projectand invested portrayedindividuals mothers with whomthey worked. the testimonies indicated Their that they However,I asconductedmy toignore interviews,impossible ways became it theinwhich these whether and thenew identified staff in volunteers improvements mynurseries units, external andI the layof interest intheir opinions centers. todiscover wanted denunciations suggest thatthey women for dependent being infantile, Turningunits. of thewomen,a totheir views indicated my tendency interviews tocriticize the goals,program thattheirand outlook beliefs conformed which implies tothe ideology the behind parenting ethic. and work programminggeared at instillinginthem amiddle reformingwomen through tocaremission for thewome and teach between as themselvesidentities charitable and caregivers theprisoners forged the with ―gooddepictions ofthestaff Through mother.‖ women, and reinforced differences volunteers white, middle volunteers viewed imprisonedmothers they reveal against thewomen the traditional that judged pos Spanish societal towards attitudes incarcerated also but role thecriticaland mothers ofclass race the imprisonedwomen brought their upin interviews. itioning subjects andininterpreting motherhood. Chapter 5: Chapter 5: I beginwill by chapter staff this demonstrating and dedicated thatthe were t volunteers These I When project embarked and inSpanish uponthe prison staff ofinterviewing volunteers - portrayals class ideals ofmotherhoodclass themfor ideals and notl criticized How the Incarcerated Mothers were Viewed were Mothers the Incarcerated How

offer a keyoffer aelement They analysis. my to illustratenotonlycurrent

viewed the women as rather childish women evil and judgedthem the viewed than committed to committed , and selfish n. Their criticisms served criticisms maternalistic tojustifyn. Their creating 103

and acc

Overall, the staff and thewaysinwhich

a different redit bad motheringThese tothese traits.

facilities interms of mothering.

type offacility thatwould iving up tothe imageiving the of - class view of class view of

son that present o the in

CEU eTD Collection other prison staff tend Beyondexperience working having withmothersnurseries,socialguards, inprison workers,and the external hadbeenselected theproject units to profile basedonaa particular commitment and ofchildrenimproving theconditions inprison inequalities inprison, facedfocusing by therehabilitation women mothers, ofand on these 5.1 mothering. againstgood who atlone thedominantexpectationscompetent oftheselfless is and mother, 318 317 with the mothers long afterthey prison were from released dedicationespoused tothe project by many volunteers: Lourdes‘ progressive ofher description involv demonstrated bythevolunteers: many of yearsprison nurseryuni fifteen beforeexternal for the women inprison traditionallyfaced optimism towardsexhibited and rigorous notsubjected became tosuch it interviews screening, that clear through their demonstratedalignment thegoals an with oftheprogram

―Lourdes‖ (Volunteer in Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 24, 2013. April 24, by author, the interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Lourdes‖ 2013. April 20, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖

Volunteersget more tended involved had thantheyinitially to expected stay and incontact be.‟ to want their themotherssaw with aroundeve kidsrunning embassy, oronother errands either activities oraccompanying running have who the doctor, an togo women to gooncewould spend aweek acouple ofhoursthere to I spend ofmy all time there nurseries, andthey spectacular. is The ideafortheunits They external aresuch achangeprison fromthe S toth Dedication taff and fact volunteers inthe program didin believe

318

to e Program Goals Program e

offer so much potential. offer be awarechallenges ofthemothering inprison of the intentions behindthe intentions the program

. . When volunteer I decided Ithoughtthat Ifirst to inprisons, . Elena, a volunteer in Madrid who had beenElena, inMadrid avolunteering volunteer whohad ina They sothey can‟t me goalone, need tocome

. ement in the in ement As previouslyAs sta 104 317

ts opened, upthe summed enthusiasm

. While volunteers were volunteers While NGOs selectedby .

rywhere I that realized, external We canWe

goals

. and an the understandingand barriers of

Now I‟mNow attheunitevery day, ted, all individuals employedall individuals ted, in

conclude of rectifying genderof rectifying unit in unit Madrid encapsulated the

. that thestaffand Volunteers also

„This is where is „This I . It was whenIt was I they . CEU eTD Collection often influenced crime: involvement women‘s in incarcerated women. Theystructuresgreater informedoffered understandingsofhow of 5.2 but rather program ofthe reflective ideology volunteers 321 320 319 of attitude: theguards,this summarized incapable of so prisoners as―girls‖(― describedwomen asandchildish. the incompetent they discourses traditional thatspokeof diverged from femalecriminals as women and agency. ignore their terms ofdisadvantage, portrayas thanmale thewomen worse offenders. gende societies thatoffer advocatedfor as anuancedclassist female ofpatriarchala viewoffenders more products of These visions

Daly, ―Gender, Crime, and Criminology‖; Juliano, Juliano, Criminology‖; and Crime, Daly,―Gender, 2013. April 24, by author, the interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Lourdes‖ 2010. May9, author, the byinterviewed in Palma), (Volunteer ―Sonia‖

red roles. Staff and volunteersroles.and acknowledged theconstraintsred Staff livesand inthewomen‘s didnot This infantilization wasThis infantilization pervasive staff with and inthe interviews, volunteers Referring discourses of tothe ramifications thatframefemale criminalityexclusively in poverty. my AndIthrough make I workshops, hope canbetterforthem. abit things can‟t here imaginetheirabuseThe girls of and have stories hardlives. You hadsuch We them it. outof do These women avicious get haveinto cycleto want gotten andwe andcrime, ofpoverty Staff and accordance volunteers‘ with program their ideology permeated portrayals of oftheIncarcerated Views alike believed inthe goalsalike units believed ofthe concur lving their own problems, choosing partners,Lorena, ownproblems,good decisions. choosing their orlving making one

limited optionsratherlimited thanas niñas”) with feminist feminist scholars notedthe suchasfeminist tendencyand DalyJuliano tovictimize

n‟t want their kids to fall fall theirkids want to into thesamen‟t cycle.

instead of ―women‖ ―women‖ instead of

321

Interviews fear. withstaffthis andconfirmed While volunteers contributions to criminology emerginginthe 1980sthat Women

. Excluidas y marginales: Una aproximácion antropológi aproximácion Una marginales: y Excluidas

105 monstrous .

Therefore, were their perceptions notincidental

(“mujeres”

because deviance their from of ) and that arguing they were

319 evil

, the y instead referring exclusion 320 nd racist nd racist ca

the . to

CEU eTD Collection Simultaneously, theirinher reference mothering criticized women feeding she skills tothe sick blamed theSilvia mothers for notimprovingco their and take didnot opportunities, advantage implying inthe women: disappointment of aSilvia, guard inthe 325 Ethnography 324 323 322 women rather whorequired services benefit for thancustody. their own esteem lives Viewing children women as the Overall,men. […] therewas asensethatthey needed tobe prison] are [in ―Women often andconfident, assumedmore tobelesspassive less autonomous than which has significant impact onthe rehabilitative nature ofthe program. According toBosworth, to beseenStaffchildish. as comments a evoked discourse womenare prisoners and continue discussedofpunishment, intheunits asinneed often dangerous are tobeheld unable accountable fully that are consistentpaternalistic hegemonic with weakness, ofand, standards and passivity as such, AmericanFerraro and Moewrote, ― scholars childrenfood thesamethat had made themsick.

Bosworth, ―Mothering, Cr AngelaMoe, and M. Ferraro J. Kathleen 2010. May 9, theby author, interviewed in Palma), ―Silvia‖(Guard 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in (Guard ―Lorena‖ justified programmingjustified womenca needed inwhichthe tobemonitored, . It. setupa di Infantilizinggendered discourses reinforced women stereotypes as of opportunities. time take pass. They don't anywegivehave ofthe opportunities of them. alot Andthey daycare They andtakeoftheir timehere should everything. abit advantage andnotlet the you they'd gotoschool andtake wish theirhav timebecause advantage of they example, the re thewomenthat is The thing hear, youisn't tellyouwhat to thesame which want as thing immature. thingsthrough.They think Ingeneral, don't very they're people These juvenile. whoare are

32, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 11. 1 2003): no. (February 32, 1, Engendering Resistance Engendering ality. So they lie to you Sometimes Sothey alot. haveality. expectations. lieyou to tohave low really

the child will havechild will the Sometimes diarrhea, andthey them foodagain. give thesame 322

chotomy and as between who staff caregivers,and volunteers, were the seen external inPalma,complained mother unit aboutthat the women thelied fact 323

, 58. , free with rather made aswhohad choices wills in their agents than

for their criminal activities.‖ forcriminal their Women 106

ime, And Incarceration,‖ Incarceration,‖ And ime,

nditions throughopportunities.nditions available are thelegal within ways in portrayed system ofrather than care ofrights andjusti

looked after rather thanpunished.‖

324

Unlike male prisoners, who Journal of Contemporary Contemporary of Journal

red and for, taught self

childish andpassive.

e the 325 ce For

, - CEU eTD Collection women are ideology, by this they toit: judged despitepersonally whether prescribe selfless and self judgments on mothering abilities 5.3 328 327 326 to bring their Nevertheless, emerged of the certain themes women, incarcerated their inthe decisions discussions mothers:the womengood as or bad worked itself, somestaff and were generalize tonot volunteers careful with whomthey about the women prison. heterosexual, married prison,given that well theyexpectations live uptothe Essentially, all mothers are comparedstandardscategorized tothe samedepending and onhow

―Cristina‖ (Teacher in Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, May 18, 2010 May18, author, the byinterviewed in Aranjuez), (Teacher ―Cristina‖ 2010. May 9, theby author, interviewed in Palma), ―Silvia‖(Guard 7. 2004, ―Introduction,‖ O‘Reilly,

. more There their kids playwith aresome who more them mothers stimulate thanothers, who a becausewere raised themselvesof the way they their kids yell and atthem toomuch reallyraise them know to anddon't how There aregood mot It worth thediversity is I mentioning characterizations. and inopinions orcanthose women who donot discourse of mothering polices rendering alternative illegitimate mothering practices of the officialmotherhood has become ―The ideology of natural Beyond as tocriticize thewomen infantile, describing staff tended as Mothers oftheWomen Views They acknowledged the diversity among the women and cautionedagainst womenacknowledged diversitythinking amongandThey the ofall the lot andcarelot about them. . children with themchildren orinsome casesget efforts with tomaintain prison,their pregnant in Like everywhere. white, middle - sufficient atproviding thecar

the ―good ―good the . The attitudes thatthe The , non

- hers and badmothers, like onthestreet just hers offending - mother‖ baseda ideals white,middle onan also as are identity class of standards intensive mothering

328

- intensive motheringenacted inthepatriarchal of institution

327

These standards arefor particularly difficult moth woman, which does not match the identities ofthe does match women not which theidentities in woman, all all not practice intensive mothering.‖not practice intensive y criticized primarily women‘s mothering inthepathologizingand results of and only meaning ofmotherhood,and meaning and only marginalizing

e themselves 107

. Really, themothers abouttheirkids worry .

Andrea O‘Reillyall has argued that reveal that they . In normative so,this doing

that require mothers tobe . Some of the women Some hit ofthe 326 the

imprisoned women‘s n terms based

their But that's just just But that's

of mothering ers in - class,

CEU eTD Collection independently their andalone:for children care attitude thatneeded sothat, a correction for support.D those aroundgoodsand material emotional them,both 5.3(1) and prison staff tendedto contact older with and children, thewaysthey the raised Heights, 331 330 329 for their Moreover, children. theadhere women andableunits therefore toworknot be e the outside could were togo at of theoreticallyout,but the time allowed myof thewomen none interviews, had been un caringInmatea for child. Merry Schram, andantithetical a Morash Pamela is ―Prisonscreate forced to that dependency their basic needs system. are the Given women thatprisons closed are kept institutions, and captive cannot asmothering, asign incompetent partrecognizing of ratheranofthe thanprison inherent as it able totake responsibilityfor fortheir children.‖ themselves or

Merry Morash and Pamela J. Schram, J. Pamela and MerryMorash 2013. April 23, thebyinterviewed author, in Madrid), (Volunteer ―Carmen‖ ―Ga

briela‖ (Social Worker in Seville), interviewed by the author, March 25, 2010. 25, March by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social briela‖

Interviewees a mothers‘ saw relianceinstitution the onthe happens the time. all problems andexpect mediate usto arguments whensilly theywith into each get other.It I‟ve their kids. have problemstheir problems. Buttheyinthe street own solve tolearn to their andwith needwenow, hear, and,'I 'Myproblem' kid this has andtheinstitution this,' resolves of all solvegoing to your They problems.' have tole laternoonesay you„Listen, to youwhat noone isgoing have is todo.Because later onethem hasever who isthefirst So wehave livedthem. forlater: toprepare with them of them. There hererea aregirls but have who kids, atonof Here have have ofchildren butwho raised womenalot any there never who are personally volunteersGuards,and oftenthatmothers were social dependent noted workers, highly on Dependent as Mothers IL: Waveland Press, Inc., 2002), 81. 2002), Inc., Press, Waveland IL: noticed that the mothers ask us for everything. askusfor They themothers their that needof solvingall noticed help

without t without 329

- censure mothers become dependent upon the institution formothers become uponthe institution dependent survival andare he support of the institution. Accordinghe supportof theinstitution. toAmerican criminologists 330

the women for being women for the The Prison Experience: Special Issues of Women in Prison in Women of Issues Special Experience: Prison The

fter beable leaving tofunction would prison,the women

d 108

to a strictscheduleand to

arn to solve theirproblems. Becausearn up until

dependent ir

xpected toearnxpected money anything tobuy children 331 nd dependency theprison staff on

and s .

lly, thekidhere is who with Fundamentally, thevolunteers

In themothers units, thenew ependency

elfish. had little had

was framed aswas an

power tomake

(Prospect (Prospect fulfill

CEU eTD Collection their childrenan inability as mothering tofulfill roles. perceived incarcerated instances turned mothers tothem for inwhich with advice, support,or help motherhood expec responsible forchildren‘s ideologies inchapter two, their dominant of upbringing.Asdiscussed presentnotions feministcritiques thatmothers in shouldbethe ofmotherhood sole people critiquethis of being women for toodepende factorsinstitutional thataffectwomen. the independent, or decisionsspace, regarding or time, lives. This their 334 333 61 2008), Press, in Wallace,‖ Bronwen of the Writing in Possibilities 161 2008), Press, SUNY NY: (Albany, Andrea O‘Reilly ed. 332 manyended women ofan ofthe had upinprisonbecause e badto both mothering crime. thewomen‘s in and Staff and involvement believed volunteers that 5.3(2) and for Western setof mothering. expectations women for they being dependent, judge shared child represent tonot on othersgroupsexperiences hasbeen shown whohave ofmany the trad women providedependency beall thecare. married butstill not exhibit for Expectations mothers to

―Elena‖ (Volunteer in Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 20, 2013. April 20, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖ Hays, in Mothering,‖ ofFeminist Knowledge/s Embodied Motherline: ―Feminist FionaJoyGreen,

around them. The women involved backgrounds come ofthe men incrimes andget fromrough because oftheNotions dependent women walls as theunits‘ and beyond extended appeared linked Dependence This critique of depend In of solving dependence for terms non The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood of Contradictions Cultural The - rearing responsibilities communally.rearingresponsibilities – 74. earn

t women to mother in isolation rathert womentomother inisolation thework. thansharing

ing on Male Partners on 334

money. criticisms type ofthis Staff fail ofdependence torecognize the

encyreflects thecontradictory expectations previously exploredthat

them for notlivingthem for uptoaparticular white,middle

Feminist Mothering Feminist nt on the staff andreflects also nt on volunteers larger .

material motheringadvice, orasking formaterial problems 109 333 – 176; Shelley Martin, ―Feminism, Motherhood, and and Motherhood, ―Feminism, ShelleyMartin, 176; prohibited them from taking

Thus, whenchastise staff

arlier dependencyonmen: , ed. Andrea O‘Reilly (Albany, NY: SUNY SUNY NY: (Albany, Andrea O‘Reilly ed. ,

d 332

incarcerated initiative, be initiative, Feminist Mothering Feminist

Prison staffPrison

itionally itionally - ing class

, CEU eTD Collection women from Latinwomen from were particularlytobedependent America prone onmen: este these condoned realizations maternalistic and focused onrehabilitation building programming self recognizedsocietyhad from how womenexcluded beenand forced sometimes and crime, into middle and inemploying further discoursesagency, victimizing away women‘swhich totake justifie Chapterthe fine two highlighted linebetween often recognizing women‘s 338 337 336 335 to beinggood a mother mission. women. Herinthe centerand involvement withtheseen women therebycivilizing can tobea be ofthe victims and male partners. savior discourses thewomen needed inwhich and her theprogram break free to from their cultures race shapedand ethnicity further howshe view Elena tomentionrace wasdiscussing when atleast theonlyworker her thewomen, in case, but

―Elena‖ (Volunteer in Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖ 2013. April 20, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖ Juliano, 2 January19, author, the byinterviewed Madrid), Real and del in Soto (Volunteer ―María‖ em. - worth anything without anything worth a man. themsupport andtheirchildren. Sothey think lookformen they‟re near don‟t them. They thewomenMost of everything. are for They dependent onmen think they amanto need Staff passive thanthe Africans. apathetic and womenSouth AmericanandtheEastern are European much women more desire and get towork aneducationAmericans thanSouth orEastern Europeans Africans more have alot I‟ve theSouthAmerican… ahigherlevelwith than foundAfricans We theirenvironment. normalin That‟s tonotbedependent men. them Ifindthe teach on Given them thesocietythey in,those men orlookwomen. forother live tendtoabandon Ina instance, volunteer one they tothem…a were They dating. listened These womentricked Or were committing they crimes. ofteninto ordersthemen followed of class involvement i class involvement

Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción

and volunteers ir cultures, employingir cultures, her colonialist discourses interventions tolegitimize the with

R ather thanather blamefor thewomen theirrecords, criminal shespoke ofthem as :

n teachingdifferent women the values. further consideredfurther dependency partn onmale

337

338

dependency toracedependency and ethnicity. Elena ed the women. Sheuseded factors these tojustify 110 nd look which one which endednd look upinprison.

336

20, 2013. 20, The and staff volunteers ers to be ers tobe - secondaryroles in crime

010.

an impediment argu ed 335 . The

that that

- CEU eTD Collection child‘s father. woman‘sher decision partner tocall particularly because problematic th involvedforpartner arrangements appearedthat Nataliachild, it her found would indeed the have elaborate on with men prevented from providingforchildren. them their withDependence a and preferencefor, staff equated relationships onwas thatwomen‘s implied 340 339 particularly strict they financiallyher supportedhusband by on malewomen partners.When beingvolunteers dependent such as María relationships invo applya veil women‘s and doublestandard responsibility their survival. families‘ for All and cons Staff members inteaching tochoose were thewomen interested their overpartners children their dependency ratherthanchoice: a leave they behind their partners in had totherecognizedfrom external She would units. the prisonnurseries have thatsome women to

Concepción Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción 2010. 8, March author, the byinterviewed Real), del Soto in Worker ―Natalia‖(Social

demonstrated how women inprisonandother howdemonstrated women socially marginalized Critical commentssurroundingmale dependency theincarceratedwomen‘s partners on theboyfriend. regularmaintain contact with they arebetter fortheirkids,the external understand that units dependence That We'llon alot. ontheboy, et ontheboyfriend, cetera. know that are the girls You often very whichissomethingwehave onus, dependent towork Concepción dependencychief tomove Yagüenoted asconvincing a women hindrance in instead, she tocall her wanted partner. here gothere who where sta andneeded her todealwith childrenwere goingto theget prison, men call. to to are peoplethey thefirst want O idered neWhen forthe ofthewomen biggestissues istheirdependence onmale partners. they her anecdote, impossible and isthus the toknowwhether toher it phoneher woman‘s call

putting partnersfirst standards. Moreover,as mentioned inchapterstandards. themajority ofincarcerated one, lve dependency,genderand hierarchies throughoutresult inmany the world

to be symptomatic of dependence.to besymptomatic —

prison judgedwomen incarcerated fordependent onmen, being

and framedand t 339 111

340

he desire to stay with male p he tostay desire Moreover, while NataliaMoreover, while didnotfurther Last month, month, Last —

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CEU eTD Collection their choice male partners them and of howthey defended the ways agency inwhich they exhibited their and families. maintained economic entire the survival Tolabel of their families. women were facteconomically notin onmen; rather,we dependent they 284. 1999), Press, University Harvard MA: (Cambridge, 343 342 341 criticized theme emerged that volunteers tobe filled role a autonomous, strong inteachingwomen maternal another the women, agency, incompetent set mothers,which and up a hierarchy as staff portrayed them in and 5.3(3) have influenced their entryway crime. into Middle structurally a global by system, oppressed describe staff maternalistic butfurtherevoke discourse. Rather as a as savior thanseeingagentswomen theor brown men‖ of inthe field discouraging therelationships Discourses ability critiquingwomen‘s men and tochoose thebelief staff that p should

Gay Co 2010. 8, March author, the byinterviewed Real), del Soto in Worker ―Natalia‖(Social ncepción Yagüe, interviewed by the author, January 18, 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, ncepción

atri Chakravorty Spivak, Spivak, Chakravorty atri - While depictions ofincarceratedWhile and mothers as depen infantile Selfish as Mothers we explain tothem well it are sobeneficial.relationships We their Anyway. togoagainst but want wishes, don‟t also with naturally the form and these just We relationships boys. ofthese think all don‟t Of course whencome atthe beginning theyofthe sentence coming.aren't yet end, thefathersto mothers bitter makingwhythey defend upexcuses about hecomehasn't Andthe totakefathers never, everkids.come them?” Never. the totake And knowyourkidsWhere's that “You can right? W leave weekends, onthe theirfather? thewomen,The womenmaleForinstance, theend. defendpartnersI to alwaystell their Not only class women become class women become the prisoners did staff chastisedid staff slightly 341

for being selfish. Selfishness is also a being is childish attribute thatopposesfor Selfishness selfish.

development. A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present theVanishing of History a Toward Reason: Postcolonial of Critique A complicated rela this responsible for women the savingfrom thepoor

conjure — the women that theythat need to

Spivak‘s of discussion ―women women savingfrom brown 343

Criticisms ofwomen‘s‘were partners notonly for being for

112 tionship. Staff andtionship. volunteers also

think first abouttheir children.think first m

dependent onme d

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them as victims to theirthem as male to victims partners. :

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communities thatcommunities 342 commonly articipate

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in CEU eTD Collection desires, they women‘sand personal needsdesires.‖ selfless creature. […] sole basis ofthe ofthe best children interests sacrifice, andlive toserve essentially others. M values. control be thevalueschange more women with theirtraditionally andinline inner to feminine programming ra that expectations ofthe thewomen gooddoesormother, butit victimize not directly advocate for 346 345 344 be wit gainstheir own of ratherunits them elsewhere, thansending external and,insome cases, units toget thedecision prison. pregnant in world Lourdes asa presentedselfishness thatdetermined defining trait volunteer inMadrid

the needfor tobewith children their theidea mothers and thatwomen onlybrought for children ―Elena‖ (Volunteer in Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 20, 2013. April 20, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Elena‖ 2013. April 24, by author, the interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Lourdes‖ E Dorothy (i) . h their biological mothers:

Other references to selfishness were prominent in relation tocom selfishness in thedecision Other were to referencesprominent to A mother's loveA mother's isvery development necessary forthe intellectual achild. of referringWhen to Really, soselfish they‟re just elsethemselves anything before They‟re soselfish all The Selfishness is Selfishness in theDecisionSelfishness in toCome

. Roberts, ―Motherhood and Crime,‖ and ―Motherhood Roberts, . theme ofselfishness fail toembodyfail offemininity theideals beinggoodor a of mother. . The theneed the tendency followingquoteshighlight children for in tobelieve to , ises their autonomyandises self

emphasized her amazementemphasized

an attribute inopposition Because society defines

women who already had young whoalready childrenwomen bringhad and to decided themtothe . I love andselfish them, butthey‟re immature

arose fr . 345 344 .

equently in descriptions of equently indescriptions Oh

When womenWhen made staff Iowa Law Review Law Iowa , andthefights

; a ;

women as caretakerswomen ofsubordinates it children,

and volunteersand employed ccording ― toDorothy E.Roberts, with the expectation for others others 113 - esteem. Rather, it at their at

are expected selfishness:

79 (1994 1993): 105. 1993): (1994 79

they theiregos get because into of

decisions based on their basedownneedsdecisions or how the women relatedwomen how the tothe

to make all decisionsto make onthe defends theneed and defends tomonitor the mothers

all wo

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competing discourses men togive,

. Lourdes, a a

mother is a mother is 346

e tothe . CEU eTD Collection cases, were the conditions facingwomenchallenging, they ontheoutside recognized that the when had they believed thewomen madechildren for decision possible thebest their relationships,tie women tothe home,and alleviateothers from responsibilities parenting their children ultimately but tothe units This notion 351 350 349 348 347 for totheunits women their had tocome own chosen improved living conditions from the normal prisonmodules women‘s self prison wasthechild the"lesser sometimes evils" of for two

―Lorena‖ (Guard in Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 29, 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in (Guard ―Lorena‖ 2010. May18, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in ―Monica‖(Teacher 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in (Guard ―Lorena‖ 2010. May18, author, the byinterviewed in Aranjuez), (Teacher ―Cristina‖ 2013. April 24, by author, the interviewed Aranjuez), and in Madrid (Volunteer ―Lourdes‖ ish because staff and volunteers signifiedish becauseand recognized staffthattheexternal motherlargely units mine, mine. …But,selfishly them… with haveThe mothersto them want theirkids with t The treatmentthem ahand,you team lends know? They have conditionshere better Mothers keep Nevertheless, to women‘s decisions them the mothersinhere be to prefer with the kids grandparents, then sure foster center. more know, theyonthe the Soif familyfatheroutside,orIdon't orif was had because they In the verythem theirmothers caseyoung,goodfor tobe ofare Iwith kidswho think it's symStaff also exhibited mom.here its with months life inthe first think that achild's of The mother alwaysthereference, is you know? clearIt's t In terms of the situation hereIn terms ofthe situation inside,Iofthem are think some much here better hem aslongpossible.

that children belong . Though asthe they kidsthings Though up, grow need more hat babies need theirmothers. . So create aconnection

their children with them for as long as possible because them aspossible long children foras with livetheytheir better here

they thinkofthemselves usually theirchildren before

348

. pathy towards women‘s decisions women‘s pathy bring to tothe towards units children their 351 with their mothers There where g aremothers thekids insituations could .

I mean, some of them l I mean, ofthem some . reinforces ideologies mother that naturalize . There women, arefewer andthere conflicts arefewer In a lot of cases, theonly cases, alternativeIn alotof betogoa would keep 347 114

their seen withthem werechildren often tobe

-- supposedly decision supports women‘s tobring

the first year, even, it's goodthat year,the first even, the it's kid . benefit

Almost all of themothers of wantAlmost all their kids The referenceconnection… andthe The . It‟s the mothers goodif take of goodcare

And sothey have kidshere their ike [having their children with ike with [having their children :

. 350

and questioned whetherand . Mine, mine,Mine, mine,

- child . In these . o out, but o out,but 349 .

. So with with be and

. I . CEU eTD Collection unit forunit their ownbenefit. children wer acting ofher child interests inthe best once established a If 355 354 353 352 conditions alsoalludedtoa lackforesight of Ingettinggeneral, about women the comments pregnant higher life quality of gottenwomen had pregnant specifically to gotwomen who pr

women enjoyed being with their children in prison, the with their childrenwomen being enjoyed inprison,

―Gabriela‖ (Social Worker in Seville), interviewed by the author, March 25, 2010. 25, March by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖ 2010. May9, author, the byinterviewed in Palma), (Volunteer ―Sonia‖ in (Volunteer ―Elena‖ 2010. 25, March by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖ (ii) they have anotheron theyAnd if have longsentences andarelatergo I think there gotothe mother to areaofwomenhave units who lot kids just same time ashaving achild There a Getplace!' it? be inhere forlonger One ofthem gothere on kids yourentire last life. inprisonThere aremothers kidsimprovesituation have who to their abandon them,tobecomfortable just duringtheir time besomeThere will usetotheirben who this The of notion imprisonedwomen being even selfishevident of was moreindiscussions think onlyofho who betterfortheir kidto it's the be with There them arepeople isn't thecase, because this their kidswith where whowant knowthey use theirkidsanexcuse....use themthem]...others as askformore asanexcuse to They Selfishness in Women Selfishness in Pregnant Getting determined that amother determined that e offwiththeir mothers better dichotomy between interests dichotomy thebest re selfish people and thenpeoplere people selfish whohadthe misfortuneofhavingasentence atthe egnant in prison egnant in :

Madrid and Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 20, 2013. April 20, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), and Madrid I'm tellingI'm you soyouunderstand this thepsychology people ofcertain e .

And that's it And that's

w it it w benefit themselves.will -- I'm goingtogetpregnantsoIcanI'm again stay here!

354 the first day 'Damn! andsaid, first the

. benefited from theunits benefited from Inand some volunteersargued instances, staff But yes, inhere wellfor having works the child them . . Thus, although individuals such as Gabriela suchasThus, although individuals They haveone another , they still blamed, they mothers for deciding still come tothe to qualify for qualify mother, and that's where theymother, be andthat's should :

115

of the child and ofthe theinterests mother, and efit

the mother units, where they would enjthe mother where units, they would — 352 i ng tohave outthen they totakeng theirkid in prison having kidsasanexcuse ir

decision was , they t her deemed

When daughterleaves my there. What one? happenstotheThey first to improve their to improve 353

described as .

It's crazyIt's because t o be

It's suchagreatIt's — that living

. believed that no longer who will will who later . I dothink so

And others selfish

incarcerated incarcerated -- . 355 since I'll .

. Staff Staff oya . he he . CEU eTD Collection While While had gotten had done only pregnantprison it in toimprove their conditions 358 357 356 fall under state orwho surveillance support need bring ch justifications of Similar women‘s choicestomigrate, leave childrenanother in and behind country womenprison are suchandinother precarioussituations as tojustify those in expected circumstances children for having haverightthe question ofwrong children, reasons and to begging abilityfo todecide of theunits recurring gains this if child was thatthis implied because

―Paula‖ (Director of Palma), interviewed by the author, May 10, 2010. 10, May by author, the interviewed ofPalma), ―Paula‖(Director 2010. May18, author, the byinterviewed in Aranjuez), (Teacher ―Cristina‖ inter in Palma), ―Silvia‖(Guard . In believedget words, thatmany womenpregnant incarcerated other would she own for their Paula didnotbelieve any becomewomen ofthehad she tothe pregnantunits, come to Q Nevertheless, the possibilitygetting women of women who enough have tojust ach telling you,inayearBut I'm hasn't happened that andahalf, hasn't it happenedthat, happened We were womencome to that worried mightgetpregnantprison in here Because kn we don't pregnant be to I mean, generalize,can't either you Some and wanting now toright be [intheexterna give know tosome it don't family member services, orsocial I ildren with them also the onwomen illustrate demands inprison withthem ildren

uestioning women‘s decisions to getuestioning to decisions women‘s pregnan concern encouraged were to

interviewees . . Because a lot of women haveBecause come a lot r themselves tohaver themselves children Yagüe mentioned that people outside mentionedthat peopleYagüe outside

get pregnantgettocome here. allow them entranceallow tothe units

in abettermodule

women to

did in fact recognize did in ow viewed by the author, May 9, 2010. May 9, theby author, viewed access to

. . ild Though we dohaveThough anidea. If it wereIf it easythey'd togetfrom the bigprison, pregnant here . . getwhich pregnant, adistrustofimprisoned women‘s implies

Here tocomegood profile you avery need

the units was contingent simply the units onmore having than a . But we also can't say,'Thiscan't But weone also did,this one didn't.‟ . There are mothers who use getThere theirkids, who aremothers who

116 . that notall — Such assumptions Such assumptions 358 l mother units], andthat's it. units], l mother to beaccountable andtheir actions legitimize in

from the big prison in Palma,butdespite the in bigprison from t in itselfisadoublet in only standard; certain pregnant to improve one‘s conditions was a conditions pregnant improve to one‘s the prison system —

357 or perhaps ofthe none

the ―appropriate‖ reasons and also . . I don't know...here it isn't know...hereI don't isn't it Some ofthem thinkabout — allude to :

have and onpoor women who . 356 . Not all of the of all Not feared But it hasn't it But

the existence of

women who the creation this choicethis

. . CEU eTD Collection prison: that theyareconstantlygaze demands a justificationand for under all that judgesoftheir decisions. very fact that ways expected not of middle 360 359 children. bad mothers If unit Overall, volunteers onhow however, staff and judged theyup inthe women endedunits women‘s Rather thanattributinggiving prisontoalack birthin ofeducation or selfishness,

women puttheir children didnot ahead o

―Lore 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción (iii) ,

as well

Selfishness, orapathy, even older highlighted ofmaintaining with was interms contact are the mostimportant case theyhusbands, what have here...before theirchild these w I pay tomy attention kid Some ofthem aren'tgoodmothers Staff and volunteers believed thatthewom theythat aregoingbe to very co in ahealthyenvironment havemothers arerequiredThey much tobehavior. get better pregnantand we‟re themothers more with benevolent Why? they decision make that healthy fora aregoingtoallow the prisonconditions pregnancychildhood andsafe on bein hasn‟t this not saying that ever occurred gettingcomeOkay, pregnant [of to thanapurestrategy totheunits] more external Yagüe anua offered more na‖ (Guard in Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, April 29, 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in na‖(Guard Selfishness within Units Selfishness within

Previous studies in Spain andelsewhere inSpain havePrevious studies agencyframed and . : .

There are women who behave necessitiThere who arewomen andrealize theirchild's that phenomenally

Because they know they‟re goodconditions Because know bethey goingto invery the omen g mothers sometheyhave orthat at to point, want understand anotherkid, well,

women arewomenwomen ofsurveillance, undertypes inprison,much likeother implies . The first thing they thing their„ think aboutis The first

- the decision as a class women

. . B . Being incarcerated isn‟t going to stop themBeing stop frombeinggoing to incarcerated mo isn‟t .

ut many dothat. ofthem don't My person Ithink daughteristhe first about nced andnced of sympathetic view So it‟s reallySo it‟s every they woman‟s know personaldecision, but ntrolled . . They don't pay attention to theirkidsThey payattentionto don't f everything f Although und all mothers fall strategy taken after factors. takenweighingstrategy various . . — 117 That‟s obviousThat‟s It‟s no cushy nocushy deal. It‟s is that the mothers know that if they‟re the mothersif is that knowthat planning en continued to exhibit selfishness the toexhibit within continued en

noted , they selfish were andthereby considered

. There isn't the arewomen this where

furlough that mothers in prisontendtosuffera that mothers in 360 . the decision toget the decision

But they also know that the that But theyknow also

359

s‟, their things, their s‟, their things, er theer gaze ofsociety, the . . Theyknow also that That's not truewith not That's . I'm amother, and Ya

pregnant in becomemothers güe noted .

— thers

. I‟m So es .

CEU eTD Collection but rathera as Cristina their children outside volunteers following thetestimonies ofthe chapter mothers. through double sentence tothe separation from due their children 1448 Control,‖ Social 363 362 Gonzál Bodelón and Almeda, Prison Women‟s 361 children connectedchildren totheir nor do they recognizethematerial thatmake dimensions nearly it for tos impossible thewomen mitigate donot units challenges the with ofmaintaining relationships would be considered heroic.‖ reunited withtheir children them withrelatives, working hours long saving tosendmoney moneyso that home, they be can gendered thatthesacrifices standards in double they child for make sometimes their beyond control their negotiations their ability tomake thought Yet shealso returned

Crenshaw, ―From Private Violence to Mass Incarceration: Thinking Intersectionally About Women, Race, and and Race, Women, About Intersectionally Thinking MassIncarceration: to Violence ―From Private Crenshaw, 2010. May18, author, the byinterviewed in Aranjuez), (Teacher ―Cristina‖ instance, for See, Prison staff‘sPrison criticisms too. are always exceptions everything to you telling we're aboutthefactnot think thattherest for achildis youof yourlife, know? get they how can doit thegrandmother...I know with don't kids before? from I'v Another thing

recognized with them until theagewith them until ofsix voice 362 women

(Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2001); Nicolás Lazo and Bodelón González, González, Nicolás Bodelón and Lazo 2001); Press, SUNY NY: (Albany, survival technique d

Almeda, Almeda, – a differentbetween abouttherelationships opinion mothers incarcerated and 49.

that women

. undertake in deciding to leave theirundertake that children indeciding losing toleave or their child may be

: Kimberlé Kimberlé to the ideaa foresight, lack of andto the of infantilizing thewomen

e noticed is that the onlykidtheone mattersis heree isthat is who noticed ez, ez,

Mujeres encarceladas Mujeres They're in the woman's country, with social services, country,social They're with inthe woman's orthey're living . — Rastreando lo invisible Rastreando While the units allow theunits While women incertaincircumstances tokeep their - out decisions 363 . are negatively perceived samewhen behaviors the inwomen inmen

It might beasurvival technique It

Crenshaw Crenshaw about women‘sofabout treatment older children

might , knowing thattheycannotchildren orcarefor see ontheoutside , mothers are notable with older tolive children

disconnect from older children notbecause selfishness, of contended . . Comments such as fail Cristina‘s ; Sandra Enos, ; Sandra They disconnecteasily theirkids from really .

118

that poor migrant women ―frequentlythat poor migrant face women Mothering from the Inside: Parenting in a Parenting Inside: the from Mothering , which wi 361

. However, prison employeesHowever, prison and There a . But Ithinkthatthey're very ableto

ll bell further addressed inthe re goodmothers, some really older children from prison, overlook Género y dominación y Género ed

to recognize the

And, I mean, there questioning ed ren .

how — . . And the leaving leaving I don't the ; Ribas, ; Ribas,

tay

. CEU eTD Collection queen‘ and the ‗drug mom‘] arequeen‘ ‗drug portrayeddonotcare and andabout the mom‘] aswho viewed selfish women mothers terms of mothering abilities units ifpossible thechildren‘sguardians are willing fo andexpensive, noprograms exist occasionally, notsupported intheir mothersability are tomaintain contact their beyondolder childrenandvisit children, theoretical able possibilityofbeing to the Furthermore,givenfact that there the moth are threeunits, only 71. 365 188. 2005), Control and Complexity, Context, Agencies: Police 364 Davis, consider vigilance and care. 5.4 unconditional loveand selflessness. women as for others.‖ B imagecan found inothernot Western be and cultures, ―welfare children her gains, queen‖ for uses ownand,inthe process, her onbad values passes she isviewed lazy, a selfish, and typically poor, unmarried.‖ their Thechildren notmeet ‗welfare does queen‘ the atromanticized ideal all.[…] ofmot ritish scholarritish ―D Gillies, Val

Val Gillies, Val S ShivasTricha and

. Recognizing necessaryconditions is these thestaff‘s contextualizing for comments.

Overall, as imagesinfantile, women ofthe Control It worththats is noting

who receive their own needs and todependtheir own needs onothers

using the 365 Marginalised Mothers: Exploring Working Exploring Mothers: Marginalised

Similar Similar

Labeling onya Charles, ―Behind Bars or Up on a Pedestal,‖ in a on Pedestal,‖ Up or Bars ―Behind Charles, onya whilenotembodying forinterests theexpectationsir children of their own

state welfare, Tricha Shivas and welfare, ―Both Sonya ‗welfarestate Tricha Shivas [the wrote, Charles depictions can bewhere seen and portrayed inthe units, staff volunteers the

often attributed incarcerated womenincarcerated

isadvantaged parents are asselfish care too commonlyportrayed to tereotypes ofselfishness

r bringing are sovisits children only the tothe external units, , ed. Sharon M. Meagher and Patrice DiQuinzio (SUNY Press, Press, (SUNY DiQuinzio Patrice Meagherand ed.Sharon M. ,

to poor women to poor — 119 and financiallyand able -

asdue incompetent totheir mothers class Experiences of Parenting of Experiences class establishes hierarchies dependent, andselfish dependent,

only interms of welfare haveclass element, a with . 364 Speaki

ers areoften separated from more According to this image,According the tothis Organizational Structure in American American in Structure Organizational ng of — to bring the childrento bringthe tothe .

U.S. discourses onpoor conjoin According toAngela . Phone calls are

(Oxon: Routledge, 2007), 2007), (Oxon:Routledge, . According to ed

selfishness in

to justify tendencies to herhood; . This CEU eTD Collection resulted in the pretextfor despite any adverse conditions to selflessness pasts and their toacqui communities Staff must 368 367 McGraw NY: (NewYork, Edition Fifth NancyWhittier, 366 throughgetting thethreatoutoforlosing of kicked units their children: right Spain, onesocial workerindicated andnota in that privilege that women to go tothe units: controlled Staff believed that constant control andvigilance members espoused thethatgood belief womenwere only mothersthey because were under moreprison closelynurseries, thaninthe fights especially controlling for and drugs permit women more through freedom differ prison from nurseries

―Silvia‖ (Guard in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. May 9, theby author, interviewed in Palma), ―Silvia‖(Guard 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in (Guard ―Lorena‖ in Surrogates,‖ and Mothers ―Outcast Davis, Angela Although mothers we‟re know also that v It could improve someone to happen[that theirc getpregnant would severe them. with The kids are As mentioned inchapters one andways four, ofthe mother inwhich units one theexternal Theyare mothers who failed have inmotherhood.‖ tofindthemselves expectations of behavior theirare attitudes and their contradictions as seen blatant ofprevailing ‗deviant,‘ muchbecause notso crimes of their rather theymay but committed, have because ideological t to links stillincorporate―Women‘s correctional and their dramatically institutions reveal

and monitored

so as to be ―goodso astobe oftaking capable care mothers,‖ that the ability for mothers tohavethe abilityfor considered prisonis their withthem in children a

women innormal were prisons aware thattheexternwomen this reputation was reputation necessarythis preventing for thewomen

— taken the women sothey make and correctchoice teach them e specially inthe judicial andspecially law enforcement systems 367

elements good

he cult of motherhood is

: the methods ofcontrol , butstill

care of becaus

of the external units‘ infrastructure.units‘ of the external re Western ofself ideals possibilities toleave,guardsthe women‘spossibilities monitorbehavior ery demanding with themothers.ery with demanding not considering own first needs their e we keep on top of themothers…eon topof we keep - Fe Hill, 2001), 426. 2001), Hill, 120 minist Frontiers minist . Even today, areEven labeled imprisoned women

. W hile the units mayhile theunits appear guarded and less

- e

steem and empowermentsteem , ed. Laurel Richardson, Verta Taylor, and and Taylor, Verta Richardson, Laurel ed. ,

of their children ontheirchildren own of their

al units wereal highly units 368

from getting onditions] . —

366 to overcome their These beliefs werecontrolled of women‘sof place

. We‟re

. Multip .

But the in addition in addition a lot morea lot pregnant

le staff thus

. CEU eTD Collection disd 5.5 concretedbest as interests beingoftheand inthe their women children. the role of and in staff volunteers beliefs in The director the inPalmastated unit that of 370 369 prison,arguingwere thatthey mothers: competent more breakfrom free their paths volunteers an Images women as ofthe selfish, anddependent incarcerated thoughtless, serve world hand, women,onthetheir above rise generality other never ‗object‘ this and status.‖ seems feminists alone evident become th that Western described by Mohanty: their pasts from vigilance Nevertheless, equally

Mohanty, ―Under Western Eye Western ―Under Mohanty, 2010. 25, March by author, the in Seville),interviewed Worker (Social ―Gabriela‖

ainfully labeled

poor backgrounds, for example, I haveof my outside, care whenI'm daughter andorganize totake myself I if We everything them find for We give [the Volunteers and present staff I and Consequences wecana fight, take awayfromthem thekid whereSometimesBut usually see we don't it they dofight. condescending ndividuals working in the externala expressed units ndividuals dedication working inthe to experienced in t . he necessity of These images d staff as mothers,d staff toreach better empowered outandhelp staff and tendedstaff volunteers to

them as ch incarcerated mothers]incarcerated , and some individuals recognized some individuals , and variation mothers among the

―By focusing on the representation of women in the third world […] it it ―By ofwomenrepresentation focusinginthethirdworld onthe […] being

the external mother units

are reminiscent the threat . In tothewomen directly somein staff instances, compared themselves s: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourse,‖ 351. Discourse,‖ Colonial and Scholarship s: Feminist Conclusion

dependent on those arounddependent them,and onthose ildish, dependent, ildish, selfish and controlling incarcerated women the . e illustrates a wid The foodcomes prepared d

homogenizing images of incarceratedhomogenizing images mothers of

of s

the baby food no mothers had been attribute goodattribute motheringt practices Western feministThirdWorldwomen discoursesWestern on 121 . , andthey t in can get

espreadmothers and ofthe legitimizes mistrust

e counter true ‗subjects‘of this

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help overcome to d

369 o thecontrol and to

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Me, Third

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. CEU eTD Collection to the others identity as themselveswork throughtheprisoners. and to incontrast their attained a sensetheprisoners, new ofthroughandwork self her here, volunteers define with staff to the women inprison. but further showed notonlyThis attitude toconsiderfailed thewaysthatbeing imprisoned 372 371 inten wasofcarethe units based onnotions volunteers and treat staff how which may not that wereconsistent theirand with ownclass, race theincarcerated education, statusto and desires mothers, who were, by defini ofthink their childrengive before everythingand anything else ofthemselves andyet require theirand childrenanyoneelse not help(andgood of preferablyhave partners), to two immense impact of prison system,

van Drenth and de Haan, de vanand Drenth 2010. April 29, author, the byinterviewed Aranjuez), in (Guard ―Lorena‖ . the dominantgroup ded These ideologies were of characterized by theexpectations Thevolunteers perceptions and heldof by mothers staff incarcerated onlyilluminate not The c Much likede van Haanargue Drenthand becausethings I have totake care daughter. of my dosomething else to want

to change values, women‘s the middle ,

. were viewed as lesslegitimate thanwere other viewed mothers riticisms These constructionsThese establishing them correspond - class, non class,

that the women that the

staff and enumerated volunteers white, middle white,

The Rise of Caring Power Caring of Rise The

view incarcerated women

to the beliefs about motherhood heldthemselves thewomen by - tion, tion, deviant, mothers‖ white,―good by defininginopposition themselves s

mothers from marginalized populations as authorityfiguresas and essentially sav . legitimate dependentconsidered for supportor onothers needs their own Or Idoother chance togive have tostudymore upthe and

in charge -

class,discussed intensive motheringinchapter ideologies in addition totraditional prison discipline in addition teaching a certainwhich wayteaching includes tomother, putting d

subjects contrast themselves in as competent defined . the roles of middle roles the , 80. , Chapter four established how theprogramming fourChapter how established of 122 d

that previous reformersas previous suchElizabethFry that

of the incarceratedof mothers the 371

. 372

women tobethe sole caregivers taff and appliedtaff volunteers norms -

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class women inthe .

a greater senseof T . he incarcerated Courses

underscore

women, were .

the d

CEU eTD Collection the prison to but alsoself reclusion from rather society but programmingsupport this the child beforeand allofwork else,tovalue certain types

the experien

conditions andthe stereotypes about them. - sacrificing ces

of the mothers in the units andmothers intheunits someof ofthe the strategies theyemploy inthe face of . Some of these issues will be explored further in chapter six, in which I ofSome inwhich these be issues will exploredfurtherchapter six, in by defining as dependent, childish womenlearn whomust dependent, tobe self

the women notas women 123

evil cri . Staff opinions of thewomen justifyand Staff opinions minals in needminals in ofpunishment and - sufficient sufficient turn CEU eTD Collection expectations toconform to parenti their children than previous that women overalltooffer theunits found aand environment better conditions the external units 429. 373 W women toparticipate necessarilyeven possible. W deve forvoices thoseinpower thatare convenient disempowered individuals American ha A. Wood professor Cynthia incarceratedown meetingswere women, wrought my challenge with locations with power imbued complicated guards‘ dynamics withandunderstand ability tospeak forms ofresistance. assignedidentities rather power but relationships tothem engaged andshowed incomplex small that them demonstratecomplexity farmoreby thanunderstood and staff voluntee Chapter 6: Chapter 6: orld wome orld women,arguing this that

Wood, ―Authorizing Gender and Development: ‗Third World Women,‘ Native Informants, and Speaking Nearby,‖ SpeakingNearby,‖ and Informants, Women,‘ Native World ‗Third Development: and ―Authorizing Gender Wood,

lopment, ng whileseparatedfrom family Before turningto InIaim to chapter, this others facilities inprison passively didnot adjust tothe programmingadopt the and and n indevelopment discourse that Wood challenged Wood

the

Incarcerated Mothers’ Challenges and Negotiations and Challenges Mothers’ Incarcerated to challengesand inequalities

provide

in my

my analysismy of 373 maycomplicit be middle

interviews facilities

insight ways into inwhich the Incase guards ofthisthesis, selected the c

analyze the

petitions to ―listen tothe to previouslypetitions voices‖ silenced neither eludes problematic the - classmothering idealsrehabilitation of and . However, the women still hadtonegotiate womenHowever, the still , and to subjected invoking the interviews, it s it the interviews, ve questioned whether t

experiences

. with dominant with dominant ―i

In feminismapplied critique to her ofpostmodern found inthe prisonnurseriesfound mplicit inournew thedemand project thatmplicit the is 124

Wood‘s

cons ofth opinions and

critique ofthe engagement of Third hould benoted asdiffering that,just new facilitiesnew power structures, highlighting the only tant vigilance,

of power in developmentof in noris power he veryhe . more freedommore live with to Scholars such asScholars the ooperative and supportive ooperative rs.

notion affect e

Moreover, . censure,and incarcerated in women Interviews revealed .

Their negotiations mothering of ―giving voice‖ to the difficulties of

of Third of they show they show the

CEU eTD Collection engaged withthe women the negotiations the women claim the following demonstrate will gap a section theprisonto needsto understandwithin system and mothers. ofincarcerated respond Although 6.1 exchange tothe women‘slisten side ofthe story world forthird the womenperform us,within 375 374 allowed themtoworryabouttheir children‘s less safety: security increased andattention, staff extraspace, possib additional activities, the cofounders. Forrevealed the interviewswomen instance, that were the women‘s testimonies. Valentina‘s available were that the opinion units was facilities of representative thebest many of living conditions: the facilities. Although some som better facilities.

―Valentina‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 2010. 9, the author, by interviewed woman Palma), in (incarcerated ―Valentina‖ 435. Ibid.,

e hadSpain orabroad, also themtocompare women‘s beenallowed prisonsin innormal which Some within theis. But thecategory it‟s best is, it ofwhat there is. In terms oflife…I mean, ofthe quality I IAll ofthe incarcerated women hadbeen previous interviewed inprisonnurseries,and Previous chapters questioned thisthesis thecapacity of of Facilities Other over Improvements , the women confirmed thatthe , thewomen .

of theprimary improvements identified thattothe corresponded goals the women of

in terms of identifying prisonnurseries with problems and designing

identified

to , but it is necessary is , butit ofthis thelimitations toacknowledge

undergo flaws, theyall the agreed that security between limits ofour needslimits and desires.‖ , the cofounders appear, the tohavesuccessfully can‟t say that it‟s apalace say it‟s it that can‟t still becauseit is what 125 devices in the units weredevices intheunits appropriate and more

how staff perceivedhow staff women‘s the livesand

middle 375 ilities

external

grateful for - class women workingclass women

forIn agency. of terms

374 units betteredunits their

I have

safety reforms, aimed

to CEU eTD Collection made arrangements were dependent o fulfillingneeds. their children‘s mothers inprisonlack nurseriesfrequentlythatthis complained ofattention 380 379 378 377 376 to staff alleviated their healthconcerns. some of and safety youngchildren‘s older and their Nonetheless, welfare.the w O in terms ofchildren meeting their authorize hospitalization. Severalrecogniz women required, asprisoners placedeven position still their though themat the mercy staff to of members smaller facilitiesgreater them attention andto staff permitted orrying about leadingne thanmen ofthe suffering more discrepancies towomen inprison

Yagüe Olmos, ―Mujeres en prisión. Intervención basada en sus características, necesidades y2 demandas,‖ necesidades características, sus en basada Intervención enprisión. ―Mujeres YagüeOlmos, Almeda, Almeda, 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated 201 Mayauthor,18, the by interviewed Aranjuez), woman in (incarcerated ―Lina‖ (incarcer ―Victoria‖ thecas In isn‟t They‟reto us. othercenters, accessible that more It‟s nice director tohavedirectdirectly theassistant or access such to the director. Mothers intheexternal theother on hand, units, here. seechild sick To thehospital. to yourthem andhave it notbring see to sickawful how your the notbeable childisand todoanything.That‟s badthing do anythingleave becausekid here. happened the they This acouple ofweeks ago[…] take sick. thekid, theIt kid still if t is I mything, go andtellthe guardthat kid sick. is They callinthe order saythatthey‟ll to thepolicewith alone,they have schedulecome. timetobe tomake intheir ableto Another my kid they getsick,tocallthe have police, have They okay? t Becauseat all. here them toexamineHere,well. them cantotakethey reallyfor it if it take take thekid, hours it The one is thing inSpanish prisonsWomen have traditionally received different.differentsee here.It‟sIt‟s really Herebedrooms. have theclosed door. we your childbecausedangerous. thedoorsandit‟s sometimes, Andthe close child would they We don‟telectric doorslike Inthe have inother prisons. normalpris Mujeres encarceladas Mujeres their children‘s well n the limited staff todeterminewhetherchildrenn thelimited their neededaand tosee doctor . Lina, atheprison in . woman nursery still lamented, inAranjuez, ated woman in Seville), interviewed by the author, March 25, 2010. 25, March theby author, interviewed Seville), womanin ated ,

when your child gets sick, you want it to bewhen yourto immediately it childgets sick,inahospital you want

they don‟t take them out on time. […] I mean, example, don‟tfor take them tomorrow they outontime. […] , 57 ,

377 – 61. ‘s needs:

They indicated

- being.

380 urns out that the that urns out sick, andtheorder kid still is doesn‟t

In 126

the units, women units, were about their anxious the still helplessness ed access thebenefits ofthis staff, to especially

did not cite concerns.did not similar Rathe improved conditions andgreater access

give less staff men attention than

over

their children thecarechildren their they their children‘stheir as they health, o call anambulance,o and

0. e.

379

resulted in on, you hadtowatch

378

is women‘s to need

problems in , and r, the 376 – 6.

. for

It‟s CEU eTD Collection mitigated. butwomeninthechildren activities, new withalack felt units had these been of problems example for their when children suffocated they felt by constant women proximity the and toother inprison nurseriesWomen spaceautonomy. and 385 384 383 382 381 overall,in prisons any area improvements this in appeared magnfied. the possibility and opinions felt m toexprestheir Although of most we that seen have Referring followingPalma‘s totheopening, months p The mothers were tostaywith the able others,get whichmadethemfeel alongmore busyand reparedcare children. totake oftheir

―Alicia‖ (incarcerated womanin P ―Alicia‖(incarcerated 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated 2010. May9, by author, the interviewed woman in Palma), (incarcerated ―Claudia‖ woman (incarcerated ―Patricia‖ 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed in Palma), woman (incarcerated ―Rocío‖ center andthewomen We‟ve nowtheyinvolved Andofcourse, have running. alot. all it done alot ideas were uswho giving[staff] It was The women also time. you aprison wouldn‟tIt doesn‟t in make sense have isn‟tenough that time. Buthere, there other. Since weotherm each don‟t see the cells[Before] were a reallysmall.just It was module. here. ahouse. Not is Here,this tothewalks, beach […]. you sleep. g Otherwise, you basically sleepthe streetjust here. daylong.You all andthen get You here inthe afternoon, goout morelot people. bigger. Here it‟s thereYou in more. arefewer and You‟re people, Here otherplaces isn‟tbad. Some are,buthe ofthe The women mothering also stated that

384 383

expressed gratitude forexpressed the

bemoaned — in Seville), interviewed by the author, March 22, 2010. 22, March theby author, interviewed Seville), in

to get it running andmake get running it stable. it to alma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010 Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed alma), 381

o out for walks with people with walks totakeo outfor whocomeyou on toget the prisoner‘s

the impossibilities of remaining cal the impossibilities uch, there aren‟t reasons to fight or get or madateachreasons fight to uch, there aren‟t — , saying“this could 127 and simplyliving ore incontrol

involvement was symbolic, getabilityto involved

Alicia

re it isn‟t. Some are a lot smaller with a with smaller re isn‟t.Some it area lot said, said, . Given the extreme lack ofagencyextreme . Given the

— work like this…” We‟ve likework this…” gotten 385 was easier when givenwas easiermore when

Therefore, theinterviewed

m andprovidinggood a in designing the units. theunits. in designing

wo men — both the

appreciated 382

CEU eTD Collection identities ofidentities prisoner, mother and and managingThese inthe relations units. power processes of to come maintaining tothe unit, children contact with family and balancing members, other Interviews withimprisoned women reveal motheringconditions. adverse under ways, totheir needs, tolisten staffable been had 6.2 to the objectiv women concur desire stemming from their children, theneeds community and sometimes oftheir from family members provided considerednurseries, factors the as same thetwocaveats many inprison with of thatthe units d 6.2(1) were strained ofthe because still power unequal dynamics. struggling ofan unfavorable tomake situation. thebest and as volunteersandinstead selfishwomen ofanddependent showdiverseindividuals the balancingand desires, needs, ecisions to come to the units ratherunits ecisions come to children tothe thansend their outside

to For tohave decision sometheir prisonwas women,withthem children in the evident, staffWhile generally women‘s attributed toself interest, inthe presence units thewomen‘s Deciding tothe toCome Units Althoughaffirmed were thattheunits women facilities, preferable toother theUnits within Negotiations mother: somewhat es set forth byescofounders. setforth the red

either

that the external were units that the

better conditionsbetter andthat the

. beliefs that children must be withthei thatchildrenbeliefs be must They

weighed their opt responsibilities complicateresponsibilities the presented by homogenous staff image I n some ways, the units e theunits n some ways,

complex complex

better facilities for facilities better mothering, ions and consideredneeds, their own ions the of needs 128

they hadthe challenges tonegotiate still of

small number small

negotia

Communications betweenCommunications and staff inmates

. r mothers, alackof

tions that theytions undertook ven e

of often units xacerbated problems. xacerbated were complex citing

increased distance alternatives

and inthese . similar reasonssimilar Women Women

in deciding , or a , or s

CEU eTD Collection mothers. while criticizing thewomen equipped Theychildren. toraisecoincided espoused withdiscourses andwho, by staff volunteers, Thesealigned beliefsabandon toideals thatnoone thatmothers never their else and children is 389 388 387 386 staff used their decisions status keep their child them of t reasons conflictedThis admission difficulties prison, ofparentingfrom child‘s

―Alicia‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010 Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated 2010. May9, by author, the womaninterviewed in Palma), ―Adriana‖(incarcerated 2010. 25, March theby author, interviewed Seville), womanin (incarcerated ―Victoria‖ 2010. 8, March by author, the interviewed Real), del in Soto woman (incarcerated ―Marta‖ he incarcerated paradoxes womenwhen facewhethertheir decidingchildren tobring with ; if they ; if es

best interest, though even they w . a daughter […] means I[f But Iwouldhave toserve because preferred sentence my alone, I wouldhavealone been better In me be tonot near them separate by to obligated inBrazil my situation I [decided tohave courseBut of I me. himwith wanted I don‟t know anyone here isme.the world Of course [I tohave decided

and

Alicia chose Aliciato lone some

I‟d prefer go tonot andbeout like alonethantobehere I‟m my now with goingout criminal backgrounds

. [ serve their sentence alone,serve their they sentence are …] …]

ren cases, . ace] Even though things are really good here. […] But Iwould have are reallygood […] Even here. preferred tobe thoughthings , they are, they You

the twice as many

386 have to aboutyourworry daughter. confront

my son mothers chose wasmothers to bringtheir becauseit children theyinthe believed with staff ‘s mothering, arguedfor often children theneed for still tobewith their confirm depicted asdepicted

. I didn‟ I

difficulties the interests child tomeet ofher [in Spain] with me] because me] with I don‟t separate myself kids frommy

result

their selfishness. conceptualizations my daughter

Alicia problems […] . t want him farfrom him t want me atall. The thing is, whenpregnant is, Ientered,The thing Iwasalready

ould have preferred alone ould have tobe selfishly im ed

in them beingmo asin them labeled inept 387 . stated, If he wasn‟t with me, I guess he‟d be with the me,If hewith with I wasn‟t guess he‟d be

129 portrayed as abandoning portrayed

with me]with

proving the I have thesame. abouther…it isn‟t toworry

myself frommy

of womenfor theunits entering . 389 She‟s reallyand little, sheneedsall in

ir own conditions ir own 388

kids

. being with my daughter with being Referencing

their childrentheir . But it‟s reallyBut it‟s hardfor

, which thers, and, assaw, we

. W

omen‘s class

illustrates one the . selfish . Yet if they if Yet I felt s t . ate […] .

CEU eTD Collection According mother tosome mechanisms: opportunities wherecommon inprisonnurseries, modules the children,guilt some spoke offor andconcern their child what underwent 391 390 her familyofnotbeing them: deception and tovisit her able and other in community regions Spain connections of than innormalthelownumber facilities, of often units resulted i benefitted from to provide community and onfieldtrips action The tocope women butalso withtheir notonlyown incarceration had posited old child,thought that prisonrepresented for a children punishment

communityconnections. ―Lina‖ May 2010 9, the author, by interviewed woman Palma), in (incarcerated ―Valentina‖ s had child resulted intheir

Additionally, g Additionally, correctthen thoseyoushould, mothers know? don‟tthe kids like they lets her kidsdoeverything they feel because forthemhaving want guilty to they their children because think it‟s they Imagine able togive yourheneeds sonwhat then, astime can goes dodifferent on,you things he have?‟ In the have beginning when you scare him,it some womenWhile felt was it evident thatbe their childrenshould

that many their notdiscipline children did mothers becauseguilt: of their children (incarcerated woman in Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, May 18, 2010 Mayauthor,18, the by interviewed Aranjuez), woman in (incarcerated

more more

for children . the intricate T

If he he it‟ssobadbeing mothers tothink her have new with

oing to an external unit with their external with children unit an oing commonly to cost women needs things, what am I going to do to be able to buy them for him? amIdotobeable what goingto tobuythem things, needs for

units, units,

decision to s, guilt manifests,

a ―normal‖environment. Although women from Although women from

leave mitigated were guilt, women aware they but still that

which ‘s imprisonment . -

making processes Valentina

afforded possibility family the tovisit more members often ed .

That‟s the first fear. thefirst That‟s already

explained herexplained her initialfearsand coping itself inparenting 130 still . Possibilities for areas

s you a bit becausea bit will future s you you think, „what . bad enough themother mean,if being here…I bad resembled prison . When Carelia . nearby At the beginning,being it‟s fearofnot

considering best interests oftheir the ren

expressed frustration atfrustration havingexpressed left .

e Palma, Seville, and MadridPalma, Seville, 390 n greatern separations Lina, with a nine woman a

would miss that they don‟t want to discipline discipline to theythat don‟t want

childr older s with , and there, and were fewer

en en

a yeara old,and she with them, others

to go todaycare the awareness that their 391 . This was more

could not

from familyfrom be here prox

- But

month in the imity ,

- CEU eTD Collection Begoñachosewith her son,embodying to be confrontedSeville, concerns: similar Iwhom and prisonnurserywhowas interviewed inthe inAranjuez decision toleavebehind family I returnwill family thatwomen tothe point could tovisit not as muchas theyhad believed,but 394 393 392 and larger family and communitycircles, and their theresulting incarceration severingofthese 6.2(2) others wereforced being tochoose withtheir childrenand between beingvisiting within prison nurseries Although theexternal units family members in further isolation. Women‘s f sometimes first

Hays, 2010. May 29, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), womanin ―Begoña‖(incarcerated 2010. 22, March author, the by interviewed Seville), womanin ―Carelia‖(incarcerated . 394

As women‘s roles that insocietycareemotional they labor dictate provide and for children Contact Negotiating with Older Children These negotiati do? going to Madrid m himtoSevilleI wantedtobring tohave with himlonger tohappen. going leave, notsurewhat's andI'm IcameI thoughtif beI'd here,ableto anddecidedMallorca island, is anbeharder because Seville thenitwould tosee my family I can't see them I decided here butmy family [toSeville], isn't tocome here Nevertheless, t The Cultural Contradictions of Motherhood of Contradictions Cultural The amily members also true int . , they still had from, theytocope still friends withseparation and family But noone comes before my son

indicate that thewomenindicate balance

393 he location of he theunits location

ons of . he casewhohad foreign women of I wanted to stay in Madrid, but the tostayinMadrid,but I wanted committee move Ihad said to

were allowed consideringwelfare andchildren thecosts the of

plagued womenSpain many in ofthe withconnections

often not able to visit them visit often notable to

the

women toworrych lessabout their , 9. , the ideal the ideal go outandsee my family intensified

131 . d

If life circumstances go this way, what are what we circumstancesIf life way, gothis

more volunteers factors thanstaffand perceived

of intensive mothering 392

parenting

already ties established , sothe separation potentiall e, butmy connectionsarehere in . difficulties being transferred My Madrid family isin . But I haven't been ableto But Ihaven't

ildren‘s

. for her Essentially, they putting distance -

distance of in Spain wellbeing

. to the unit in to the unit This was . y resulted

Begoña the child .

So I from . . So now So now

than , the . . CEU eTD Collection or ignoringchildren outside, onthe and intended to helppreserve younger children, relationships betweenfamily for boththe imprisonedmothers onthe and members outside their are boththe thesurvivalwomen‘s community for of important for her and welfare Byrne, 1998).‖ 2002;Ross, a long terms of older Ferraro children, and Moe relationships ha 400 399 (Mar withchildren her relationships her strained center ofthe isolation the felt she that regularly, withthem communicate to efforts her despite and, children her see to able be to promises by felt deceived ―Carelia‖ interest in expressed but that rarely they as possible, often them called as 398 397 86. 2003), Control Social and Gender 396 132. 2003), Publishers, Rienner CO: Lynne (Boulder, Thomas Jim and 395 dedicatedallotted phone their time manymaintain contact howtheface negotiated in to ofadversity situation live upto didnot the units to maintain contact older with be children conditions to constraining butfoundthe Yet the incarcerated contradict women‘stestimonies

―Begoña‖ (incarcerated woman in Aranjuez), interviewed by the author, May 29, 2010. May 29, theby author, interviewed Aranjuez), womanin ―Begoña‖(incarcerated 2010. 25, March author, the by interviewed Seville), womanin ―Natalia‖(incarcerated she Sheyears.that says three over not seen had in whomshe Lithuania in two had sons ―Victoria‖ instance, For 2010. January18, by the author, interviewed Yagüe, Concepción in Resistance,‖ and ofSurvival ―Women‘s Stories AngelaMoe, and M. Ferraro J. Kathleen Eriksen, in Elaine M. and Sharp SusanF. - term basis, is one of overwhelmingin themost basis, isone aspects andof term difficult Whencan,come visit they they else. I use ofmy all phone tospeak privileges tomy son Althoughemployed women Concepción Yagüe

399

s been shown to s been shown indicating , ed. Barbara H. Zaitzow and Jim Thomas (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc, Inc, Publishers, LynneRienner CO: (Boulder, Zaitzow H. Thomas Jim and ed.Barbara ,

one insisted 396

that the cofounders recognizedofthat thecofounders theimportance

them.

Connections family with children, including members onthe outside, objective, staff and appear the provoke

to that theprogram oftheextern 397 implying the mothersimplying the a range o their children: Women in Prison: Gender and Social Control Social and Gender Prison: in Women

. Simultaneously, for criticized staff mothers forgetting about And whenthey Icall can‟t, thehouse day. every

a larger loss fora themthanfor larger loss incarcerated men. wrote f

strategies and spoke their differentlychildren, and strategies about , ―Separation children,either, temporarily from on or 132

these many notions; mothers made

chose to reject opportunities available .

I give everyone for himmessages

ed speaking with her (March 25, 2010). 2010). 25, (March withher speaking

to have not recognizedto have thedifficult not . al units For instance,For many women endeavored

, ed. Barbara H. Zaitzow H. ed.Barbara , carceration (Pollock family Women in Prison: Prison: in Women ch 22, 2010). ch22, . . 398

to facilitate

relationships In way, this 400 395

efforts

In . - CEU eTD Collection o nearly impossible oftime ourinterview. women the later their stages of their familyfurlough on members suggested the primary that ways Nevertheless, presented units the external 403 402 401 for her tostay speaking thanintheprison,on thephonemaking costlier inthe was Palmanearly unit it impossible been services these inexpensive lesswilling smaller facilities toprovide to wereBoth and difficult phonecalls mail more with children living there, and execut women had able been to Alicia ldermember childrenfamily or

―Adriana‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. May9, by author, the womaninterviewed in Palma), ―Adriana‖(incarcerated womanin ―Alicia‖(incarcerated GovernmentSpain, Interior, of del Ministerio

praised the center forpraisedcenter recognizing theimportance the family ties of

becauseit‟s takes it time. veryus…but along there fewof are 1.50€. […] so it 0.50€for [theabout phone was with company], five minutes Here center, inthis [phones Besides which visits, of those things. centereverything can, it depending, does onthesen course, of Because he it‟s that hasafamily, hisknowing hedoesn‟tdespite hardif them see sotheythings those thefamilyaren‟t thechild‟s to allow that relationships destroyed meallow to thepeninsula?To in Pal ion. ma‘s external from unit Spain in contact with family, including in contact

When asked whether other women had askedWhen travelledwomen otherwhether . And lettershere take alongtime Here, isvery thechild important

However, the positioning of theexternal onanislandHowever, made of unit the family positioning visits 402 sentences travel see to family

I don‟t think so phone calls constitute and letters essentially were only feasible in the case of women from Spain or Spain essentially inthe case women were feasible from only of

Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed Palma), , women were expectedwomen tomaintaincontact was were through visiting

spent time out spent time . Alicia 401 calls

This appeared

responded: . are] expensive are] Unidades externas de madres de externas Unidades obstacles But I‟m aware — , illustrating a, illustrating discrepancy between theprogram aims

w in the units side, and instance Alicia, for as planning afamily see inBarcelona tripto with with 133

forcontact maintaining successful her twoBrazil: children in They takeThey areally longtime . So theyrelatio trytoprotect family .

In thethere anagreement bigprison, was that

th d an inn

the main waysof keeping incontact

in the othercenters, they wouldn‟t

in some situations: manyin somesituations: women in .

ormal prisons,as companies had to Peninsular Spain to visit Spainvisit to to Peninsular 403

tence and on behavior all tence and andon but

Now here,Now aminutecosts also . . Adriana that claimed — Plans forPlans theunits

onefew ofthe confirmed that few

. I don‟t know if I . nships But the

at the . . So .

CEU eTD Collection deemed―good a inthe mother‖ eyes ofothers 6.2(3) the contact cofoundershad thatenvisioned. the program children contact and familymorew with members because children women upon release andemotionally.children losing speak with 406 405 2010). 25, (March her. remember not would that daughter her feared she Moreover, expensive. w who 404 that thewomen with no continued tobea determiningability programming. factor inwomen‘s advantage totake of G women what they needed help b The structure, reinforce then, familybuy or members even necessaryitems for everyday life: wereavailable acquire exacerbatedwomen poor, financial problems butprison their to th children expectations and according personal desires tosocial ultimately depends access onone‘s

―Adriana‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. May9, by author, the womaninterviewed in Palma), ―Adriana‖(incarcerated 14. Incarceration,‖ And ―Mothering, Crime, Moe, and Ferraro fourher with littlecontact such having about ―heartbroken‖ feeling described ―Joy‖ instance, For e resourcesmoney, support.‖ oftime, and health, social as with her brother and her cousin in Italy. She called her when she could, but calls in Seville were too weretoo Seville in but calls whencould, she her called She in cousin herItaly. and withbrother her as

reakcycles of marginalization

soap bags, dish the outside. […] work hereAnd thenthere isn‟twork Economic considerations are always FinancialBurdensNegotiating Contrary perceptions tostaff money in the units thanin money inthe units . Yet effectively, women‘s hinderedYet situations being financial able effectively, themfrom tomaintain

or visit theiror older visit children often more . Here there are two jobs that pay Here that jobs two there are . As a result, unlesswomena had result, sources outside As of .

other […] You have Forinstance,You my things. acream tobuyalotof child, trash for

— the experiences of

d You need onfurl money togoout

sources of income would not have affordsources incomenot able would been family to of tocall

classism normal prisons , — some . and Yagüe hadthatthecenterand insisted would Yagüe provide There‟s very little work veryThere‟s little .

Although thecofoundersAlthough had theprogram hoped would women spoke ofwomenable theheartbreak spoketo notbeing of important in termsimportant in children ofproviding for and being 404 . . women such aswomen Adriana suggest Ferraro and wro Moe So people wholive here tohave need money from

134 In facilitated theunits conditions in part, better . , as well as over, about regaining concerns custody Due tothe smaller siz

405 . Women oughs, too.

N And inabi

ot only were the ot only were money, theymoney, ere allowed furlough to see their ere furlough allowed their tosee te, ―The ability te, tomother one‘s

had fewer opportunities to e ofthe fewer units, jobs

406 g prison, there‟s more

were that money

incarcerated

unable to visit unable tovisit - year - old daughter daughter old iven

CEU eTD Collection Sunnee prohibitivelyand money: she struggled toobtain expensive, asked touchwith her shewhether in f kept countries of origin may not have seek implyingcountriesfinancial leftbetter their their to families opportunities, intheir that money. dire financial situations members, travelfur on 408 407 were not wanting children,chose toupset their sometotheir mothers tolie children about where they provokingto gettimes, children clashes their torespect to them andlisten challenging for complicatingtheir totheirexplained children situation women, howtheyat and, posited certain thatconflictattributes images with andofcriminals behaviors andinmates their identities 6.2(4) as Sunnee‘s, h relationships acknowledging without role theinstitutions the criticized, butasa consequence policies ofprison prison had but

Bosworth, 2010. May18, the author, by interviewed womanAranjuez), in ―Sunnee‖(incarcerated :

, ―

Althoughwomenchildren, criticizedfor staff totheir for lying this W IdentitiesNegotiating I have here nowork Foreign women could Prison omen in the units facedomen intheunits thesamewomen challenges inprisonnurseriesofbalancing as Engendering Resistance Engendering

only contactfamily her who her maintain because with of boyfriend, aving a partneraving more possibilities work of mother and prisoner

somehow contradicts ofmotherhood.‖ the ideals lough, or even tocommunity transportation or lough, take courses, those inthe most found did not receivedid not slightly as with individuals opportunities the more same

. have I have nomoney

was employed astrategy women their tobetter

it particularlyit toreceive money difficult inprison , 107. , be en

. able to support them if they them if able tosupport need As we have seen, themother‖ theimage have ―good As we demands of Thus, she amily in Thailand, she explained thatcalls Thailand, were she explained amily in . Only my guy, heOnly works. guy, my 135 . was Staff critiqued dependency inwomen‘s

dependent onher boyfriend inways staff

pl ayed inincreasing it 408

Embodying bothro 407 ed

help reason, and because ofreason,

situations. . . When SunneeWhen was T . hey tend Bosworth . was Incases such

les proved les proved also in ed

to CEU eTD Collection living with herwhole truth: sister the ways toprotectchildren their andidentiti maintainintact their staffWhile had interpreted theseevidence storiesasofbad moth Many storieswomensimilar of employed travellingprotect working abroadtheir children. orto 411 410 409 strong for for surveillanceand broader liv women affecting with inthe units, notonlyrelationships their interpreting ofthe thedecisions women. These add challenges were not their families,mothers tovisit women also control toexert struggled overchildren their

―Alicia‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated 2010. Mayauthor,18, the by interviewed Aranjuez), woman in (incarcerated ―Lina‖ woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated their thatcontrad children s . Women were. Women toalways expected Negotiating of identities prisonerroles mother and and for were the challenges all ofthe me, alot butnot myWhenleft herwith mother andmy Ientered I prison, grandmother In t badly. because exactly Iteach badly, herI‟ve ashow behaved thesame Iliedtoherway thanif andI think she‟ssituation, since betterthat she she‟s knows thewhole really intelligent, by little little…andknows that sheunderstandwell things is really open thetruth.Other Forchose women Lina instance, to tell But kidssuffer. our want to difficult. it‟s wheneverIt‟scan thevery travel. she thecountryHe outof working hismothershecomes see is thinksandthat that him to It's good It's a he face of not being around older facearound he ofnot being

child: 410

Goo - minded d becauseshe‟s alot akidwhounderstands .

Now [that I see her more] [thatNow she will Isee her more] conditions they , s icted

ressed bynoracknowledge programming, didstaff themwhen mothers still hadto mothers still fight maintaincontrol: to . o sheknows thesituation o She understands that I can‟t go out, that I‟m that She goout, asapunishment Ican‟t understandshere that

their role astheir role prisoners

interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed put their children first,children smile put their

faced

children and being asprisoner,andchildren inthe inferiorposition common excuse of the mothers in prison. We of the mothers prison. excuse common in don‟t . 409 Women spo Women 136

. . . Some discussed the difficulties discussedSome the ofbeing Now that I‟m that goingoutonNow she furlough, Although allowed some policies ofthe . k Now it‟sNow much better e es asmothers.

older c of having to fulfill aparticularofrole having to told her five her told ering, towomen,theyering, represented . And it‟s fine And it‟s . She sees very things and clearly

despite the hildren butalsotheir dailyhildren

that she can‟t behave shecan‟t that

year

. . And she‟d to listen And She‟s akid, constant - old whowas old . Thank God

but . 411

CEU eTD Collection lives in other prisons,bad as behaviorincompliance theircould or 6.3 thatcommunities resulted in facedWomen conflicting) (sometimes expectations from asfrom prison familywell staff asand 415 414 413 412 stated standards race,ethnicity,and records, criminal themfor uptoimpossible thenpunishing notliving pittinggood themagainst the ofbroaderan extension societallower practices ofsurveilling behavior butalsom differently other from prisoners she did appropriately mothers At thetime ofmy nochild had interviews, from removed been because, extent, tosome because their of

―Alicia‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, May 9, 2010 Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed woman in Palma), ―Alicia‖(incarcerated interv ofPalma), ―Paula‖(Director Juliano, 2010. Mayauthor,18, the by interviewed Aranjuez), woman in (incarcerated ―Lina‖

. , Just asDolores Just Juliano

Motherhood In of abiding by rules, terms and Power and I have tobeokay. doanything to want wouldn‟t to beokay forhim IFor instance,him, can‟t with cry not obeyif sherules started or fights

still expressed fearsstill betaken that their childrenwould . Presunción de inocencia: Riesgo, delito y pecado femenino en pecado y delito Riesgo, inocencia: de Presunción Speaking of this typeSpeakingcontrol ofthis overwomen of poor inthe . 414 obligations

Alicia,instance, for ust prove themselves asust prove mothers. functions as Resistance their children‘s their parentalare and welfare contingent rights up . If I were alone, I‟d be crying all daylong,andI‟be alone,I‟dIf Iall crying were

to their children,in prison once pressure. 412 p mother

osited .

iewed by the author, May 10, 2010. 10, May by author, the iewed

Mothers in prison must notonly must goodMothers inprison demonstrate prisoner a units source control the in of women inthe external had units

. that women commit fewerthat womenemploy commit crimesand other strategies stated definitively that ideal

And with him, I him, Ihave knowAnd with what todo.Ihave tobehappy, . , which theyalready, whichfulfill through class, donottheir Because he‟s older now older Because he‟s . 415

137 This fear illustrates

she believed it appearsit that additionally -

, , 62 class mothers. the external unit in Palma, yet inPalma, unit the external away .

T – 66. his type control of

, U.S., scholar Brigitte Be BrigitteU.S., scholar

one way one and he asks.SoI can‟t

more thanindividuals at stake if they did not behave didnot if they

she could lose lose could she affectchildren‘s their women still obeywomen still d be unhappy

mothers arecontrolled It controls controls can be as seen women, her child if . I on it. . I have rger rger 413

CEU eTD Collection getting to the units, pregnantcome to women judg which re we may seen have prisons The w 25,2010). (March travel mightto able she be so behave to favor her was in that it womenand ofthe staffopinions on contingent was in―Joy,‖S example, family. For see to travel to them even allow 421 420 419 418 417 373. State 416 complied with staff demands, unpunished by thetargets.‖ covert incentive toconfide inan identifyis difficult to project, didnothave formsthis asthewomen these an ofresistance within women toemploy ofresistance program modes toboth ideologyand motheringexpectations. Foucaultargued resistance has that in isinherent

Women recognized that it was in their best interest to behave so that staff would advocate for their early releases or or theirearlyreleases for wouldadvocate that so staff behave to interest best inwas their it that recognized Women Ibid. Foucault, 2010. Mayauthor,9, the by interviewed in Palma), woman (incarcerated ―Rocío‖ Ruddick, of Case State: The Welfare ofthe Limits ―On the Berger, Brigitte

, ed. Joseph R Peden and Fred R. Glahe (San Francisco, CA: Pacific Research Institute for Public Policy, 1986), Policy,1986), Public for Institute Research CA: Pacific Francisco, R.Glahe(San and Fred R Peden ed. Joseph , omen resistance

. In recognizedcases, thewomen many Inface ofthese the think thereway. think that arepeople who pregnant andgreat, I‟ll be abletogothere. doit There arepeople whowould Women‘s children come theand ofexperts, under institutions.‖ agencies, tutelage anyone else,thepowerless of‗friendly theyvictims become and intruders,‘as their they and verbal know interferencesfamily lacking life,of money, thepoorerclasses, intheir status, theprotection ―Whereas strong for ispossible it middle W omen are notonly the under surveillance butal ofstaff Maternal Thinking Maternal The History of Sexuality. Volume I: Introduction I: An Volume Sexuality. of History The ed each parenting other‘s calling attimes skills, bador mothers others in the units in the units

, which, a , which, policing - are implored to behave in ―acceptabare implored tobehave in how, are thus particularly thusto how, are vulnerable

outside researcher ccording Yvon tosociologist

of each otherof isanintegral each aspectofthedynamicscontrolling power the , , 112. expectations and policing expectations 420 sult inanabdication maternalsult of authority.

parti

cipated inclasses, something theyargued personally wouldnever they do . People who think, I “ooh, have along sentence . Nonetheless, their testimonies revealedNonetheless, their testimonies forms of that it was in their best was interest cooperate.that it in to They 138 - all class resist parents to professionalandstate 418 ”

power relationship ,

And they kids have and imprisoned eville, had realized that the ability to take furloughs take ability to that the realized had eville, , 95. , ne M. Luna,ne M. unnoticed ―is and often

stayed Foster Care,‖ in Care,‖ Foster

le‖ ways or lose ways their le‖ or

busy outside interference

so under the gazeso under ofeach other, women findways must tocope . 421 417

s The American Family and the and Family American The . , and we, and expect can the

I don‟t understand it, butI it, I don‟t understand Some evenSome of out went Interviews revealed that 416

parental rights.

capable of . More than More than . I‟ll get : 419

It .

CEU eTD Collection through teaching inner values. programming relies control oncaring the inthe women, units to urging power themtoreform their be released earlier. W attended their 424 2013). 24, (April children‖ models their for role good canbe W confused. priorities their have and selfish they‘reso 423 422 immigrant, theybelieve they didnot marriedwomen, tochange that inorder needed tobe better Even embody though ofmiddl they didnot theidentities prisoners‘ authority and legitimacy women and Despite bad mothers. knew bestmothers, and orwere better rejected thatthey notion were the bad mothe the staffdictate their and identities to orvalues.clear howsomewomen volunteers Thiswas in with the generalexpectations ofthe ad program without presentation ofself.‖ Bosworth, of ―regimes are femininity manifest meant [that] thewomen‘sidentity shape to and inner va Staff membersthem torecognizefor and their dependency hoped selfishness change and to their omen such as Adriana

Bosworth, me. But youand likejust oftheirchildhoods products they‘re ―I know stated, ―Lourdes‖ the instance, volunteer For 2010 May9, by author, the womaninterviewed in Palma), ―Adriana‖(incarcerated way tothe committed tolook Many the mothers of However, participation, within this forms small ofresistanceemerged. have Aswe seen, better. youupon well, know? If youdon‟t itdoesn‟t yougo,they go,fine, matter. Butif you see [The classes ar lues to be selfless mothers. lues tobe selfless classes, including ones that did not interest her: includingclasses, notinterest did ones that Engendering Resistance Engendering Courses such as theones Courses such 422

the women toreprioritizethe women their and children adopt middle

424 e

] Forms of covert resistance existed Forms ofcovertexisted resistance

were quote, unquote Because „voluntary.‟ it‟slooked you […] if gotothem, refused toadopttheidentities uponthemas imposed refused passive, s

aware the systemworkedand ofhow , 103. , staff 423 , many mothers expressedtheir confidenceparenting mothers , many in skills. rehabilitative

Sewingcourses and according themothering school, to refused toterminate discouraged offered intheinneroffered mothering changes promote school attitudes and an institution thatultimatelyattitudes and an institution rs, e have to get them to reprioritize the things in their lives so they so lives thein things their reprioritize get to them to have e n 139 egated theidea volunteers and always thatstaff program. For instance,Adriana why explained program. For she

opting theunderlyingallowing ideology or

e - class, law i n theways som that - chose to chose abiding, white,non relationships with men with relationships

- class parentin

comply topo e women complied work toerase - g values. tentially elfish .

CEU eTD Collection Some ofSome thatthey thewomen noted werepreparedequi better to practices thattheyarguing children tosurvive. what through knew their needed inorder Other womenas such Careliaechoedsentiment andfurthered this thelegitimacy oftheir own complain ofother trying todo.Patricia, mothers for themwhat totell insisted, instance, teachchildren. mo their While thatstaffthey think skills didnot role members models andunderstood certainly to what needed 2010). 8, mothers‖(March ―good the ofone was she because part in as ―lucky,‖ child own her to womenreferred then and the among diversity recognized 427 426 425 their realities.children their own for ways,small found their relationshi they also founda authority children sense lackingIn indealing of withtheir thatwas often inprisons. all ofthe and challenges, negotiations constraints, ofmotheringalone behind identity inthese terms. to manyassociatedattributesgood withofbeingconstructed theideals oftheashe still her mother, spoke describe tothem rarely,shestill but who was had left poorand twochildren behindinColombia. single, She sheadmitted thatshe had the capacity t staff of toimpose didimply it unanimous, but reclaimed a thatsome women sense authorityand ofmaternal rejected theyguardscame and different thanwho wouldneed from volunteers backgrounds. not was This

This comment occurred in the context of discussing other womenas parents other context discussing of in the comment occurred This 2010. 22, March author, the by interviewed Seville), womanin ―Carelia‖(incarcerated 2010. 22, March theby author, interviewed Seville), womanin (incarcerated ―Patricia‖ Hence, some women‘s relationships with their childrenHence, with women‘s somerelationships became sites ofr Interestingly, evengood woman as referred a one Laura, mother toherself inher interview. reality. inhis alot knowto dealwith life, he‟s goingtohave andI‟m him our for prepare goingto our is This four k meII don‟t mysheto raise know needneeds. how what daughter. telling I‟ve anyone had ids before her, and I will teachI will her sheids beforeher, needs what and know. to

426

reality. I wish were it it‟s different, but not. SoI‟mJavi I goingtoteach fight. to

thers were hesitant to criticizethers staff were or tome,they hesitant volunteers did to

heir own ideologies.

ps to offer space their offer ps to ownvalues tolegitimize and prepare d herself asgood ―ad herself mother.‖ 140

p their withthe values children

in the prison nursery. ―Laura‖ nursery. the prison in 427 425

Despite failing toadhere

bars, somewomen esistance. Despite

CEU eTD Collection did not succumbdid not abandoningand to desires. their ownbeliefs to let others dictaterelationships. their partners staff or that relationships appear anddidnot accept thatthey choosing notions were to incapablegood of Rather ofstaff than letting membersaffectcriticisms the them,continued these women their boyfriendmen‘s―very intheprisonhadpositive‖ nearby arelationship her with sonand stated, goodthat themen were themselves children. for and their 2010). 8, (March well‖ mereally treats He not. he‘s But bad. must be meanshe in prison is mypartner that fact think the ―People insisting, criticisms, 428 better environments.highlighted thathad Simultaneously,various to thewomen negotiations themselves, theincreased external offered units conditions for raising improved children. 6.4 ofhowvisions forms with multiple ofsocial exclusion ofwhatnotions motherslike and look howmothering occurs. about living forchildren their and homemakin learning came Yet appeared first. tohaveeven seemed Others differentthose who enthusiastic priorities. adhered ideals their offemininity totraditional childrenalways how speaking and motherhood, of as mothers,whereas appearedobligations others tofindtheir to oppressive children different seemed and Some outlooks, mothering toderivepower priorities, within their ideals. roles

Alicia‖ (incarcerated woman in Palma), interviewed by the author, Mayauthor,9 the by interviewed womaninPalma), Alicia‖(incarcerated

Interviews mothers withincarcerated many revealedconcurred that about withstaff how the Conclusion Ingeneral, that‟sbeingby filled. little, M womenSome y son obviously has his mother, but he‟s always been mother, he‟s apaternal but y alwaysmissing sonobviously hashis women

intervie

member knewmember they what needed.rejected Theyopinionsandrefused the staff

also

experience and interpret mothering.experience and interpret

staff attention, and the possibilities to staff attention,leave and thepossibilities in and stay busytoresult ws revealed thatinprisonformedgroupws revealed with thea women diverse stood upforstood the defending choicesinterms theyof made male partners,

We him. without doit be wouldn‟t ableto

Through actions, small they these retained autonomy and and

tryingto raise a ultimately child insidea prison enrich 141

g arguably skills complicate

For insta

Their They found thefacilities found They , 2010. Marta directly addressed staff addressed Marta directly 2010. , nce, Alicia argued thather Alicia nce, heterogeneous waysheterogeneous of 428

parent

hegemonic . Some . Some .

And little And little

coping

CEU eTD Collection assert values their and ownwithoutsuccumbing beliefs to complicates ofpower notions control andindicate to that covered butevenI ofcovert these types inthe interviews, few resistance that explored have It wayssmall mo toresist. is betweenpower hierarchies exist staff theprisoners. the prison and Concurrently, alsoexternal but units demonstrates notonly problemseither that have the persisted ari or recipients made mothering disconnect easier ofconditions that thanonthe outside.This appeareddisregard notice tonot or whendescribing as and thewomen selfish, incompetent, undertake deciding bothin those incharge.

the difficultiesand ofcommunicating workingwhen strong together such

to come and within the units adailyunits and the within andto comebasis thatstaff vol st likely emerged resistance thatmany other methodsalso butwere not 142

poor women in prison still findw still poor women inprison all of the ideological impositions of of all ofthe impositions ideological sen with the developmentsen ofthe the women foundthe women unteers unteers ays to CEU eTD Collection opportunities for and treatment,sounded jobs, education. it promising Thus, held thattwofeminists good,them into simultaneously wivesand and submissive denying mothers, them of incarcerating gendered for crimes, women p incarceratedboth mother mothers, as Previous literature governmental courses, keeping and problems intouch withfami suchasunits, distance community from difficulties takingadvantage of community members, mothering experienced in facilities toraisechildren their conditions for mothers incarcerated of children small inSpain programs run. would children,accessgreaterpleased enjoyedstaff, to wererole tohave and aindeciding played how mitigatedunits someof the chal facilities, andaccess to thefreedom community, the poverty to conveyeda hope sense of how better high roven for problematic women, - states ranking positions in theSpanishDepartmentof Services in Prison positions ranking and serve the Upon completing this thesis, IUpon completing believe external thesis, mothe this still thatthe TheI interviewsconducted withstaff volunteers, members, II When aboutwas research, my began the potentialof optimistic theexternal mother units

provide for their children. forprovide their C handled imprisoned mothers andyounghandled imprisoned their children.

support, which suggests berectified thattheycould support, which with politicalshifts. needs of this this of needs in many W

. previous priso Staff andwere volunteers dedicated t population estern countriesestern and address even the lackautonomy,agency, of and supportfor lenges they faced in prisonnurseries. they facedlenges worried They lessabout their chi ldren, and communities ldren,communities and - child separation and raisingchild separation innormalchildren had prisons iting additional space,iting and child better more . n nurseries T Conclusion heir work a subjecting them to subjecting them had had 143 ly primarily anabsencemembers, reflect signaled .

Infact, theproblems the in identified many of many ofthe incarcerated ppeared to hold promise forppeared revolutionizing promise tohold

alike the urgent need for new for initiatives the urgent need . T o helping thewomen break outof

. religious trainingtotransform hey thewomen with better provide

Additionally, Spain hada

and mothers incarcerated r unitsimprove the had designed facilities had women claimed the equal - friendly friendly

of of history

to . CEU eTD Collection with their needs and and motheringparticular poornot necessarily womenrehabilitation thatdoes model on ofalign project that recipients ofthose inchargepositions and failedneeds have address tofullyofthe the positioned program b intentions arisen, employing especiallyhow through approach, anthe have intersectional illuminated significance andclass, carenew control, this of system within andstrugglesoptimism Iconveyed, opportunities for future a brighter to women‘s imprisonment the staff acknowledge members issues suchas mothering. and some staff members poverty c have buttheygood hadthat never facilities intentions, created questionedown social or their class and differentials power listening t been barrierslower through class intended caring for tocross based onthe accommodate lower non ultural their power.ofwhat own Theyinstilled classed womenneeded notions tobreak outof - Roma, SpanishwomenRoma, whoacted fromofpowerand aplace establish Nevertheless, as I contemplate the women I have met, the stories INevertheless,II thecontemplate met,thestories women as have have and heard, the Much like previous reformers,thecofounders program of the were middle The . Moreover, much ofthe much rhetoric the units Moreover, surrounding . o theneeds women ofthese T ehind the creation of the maintains pedagogy the external of units he external are units he notsolelya femin assertion - positions class, oftenclass, minority, non

dominant notions of how of dominant notions women mother should that they kn

legitimize their role

the program requires encumbered solidarityefforts

the women inch d

, the wome , the and want ew what the women neededew the what women recognize units , butb

and

ed is based on an ethicsis based onanofcare and oundaries n s

to addressthe inequalities

in the units andin the units reinforce own on expertise their their are to are - that this research this greater offersthat a analysis ofthe arge as experts Spanish women with Spanish 144 gratitude fromIn thewomen. to order

ist projectist rat but execution have by informed been classed the

comply unquestioningly between prisoners and staffbetweenand prisonersmembers . The individuals - . . class women andclass especially women through

to succeed i The theoretical that questions have

s arguably self her a her lower levelslower ofeducation . T that frequentlyco that he units impose hea impose units

. middle These efforts may have ed

maternal behind

under the under premises a program - serving - class feminist - class, educated, these may units ism :

have have volunteers volunteers

. to Although ntribute

based

CEU eTD Collection with family going and members on Money advantage totake of isnecessary trades wom live and should thepowerthe statusquoofparentindividuals whohas todefine how women areexpected to relying and help, onoutside fullysubmit toamiddle that they their help need raise self to more prison nurseries freedom themtoleave, than inthe bypermitting is beco new because units controlunits the women work also opportunities for them courses, and struggle incarcerated women thewomenunits, mother wome not conflict their with children‘s theory, women inthe units than normal whichthe women‘s prisons, maintaining contact andrehabilitation

always public scrutiny under me en, such as courses in homemakingen, suchtolearn than rather as morelucrative courses in skills opportunities . n may More significantly, external thestructure ofthe units A Foucauldian understanding isuseful interpreting ofpowerand in the waysthe discipline Certain programming theexternal in elements units respond donot therealities to ofpoor s d

internalized to get take to furloughs,to ha permission

have reliedhave sometimes the women the women . . Beyond continue class, foreign women This typecontrol ofhow merely is p extension of an

change t

- . confront on communityto care networkswhiletheyforchildrenwork their ed class ideology theychildren mother inwhich without put their first, Security devices traditionally inplaceprisons

were alone, and none spoke of sharing the responsibilities among ofsharingalone, and spoke theresponsibilities none other reject by valued authority not figures conducts the are

in much ofthe West heir plans.These lifeand values

. ed allowed to work in thecommunity, toworkallowed in might have

This under the gaze ofstaff theunder and other

furlough more difficulties instayingmore family difficulties intouch with - esteem, parent prop to . was As theare units they small, present fewer jobopportunities

mselves offer less employmentmselves men‘s offerless prisons than certain aspectsofthepr

essentially impossible, as,essentially outside impossible, unlike prisonwhere — im which isconsideredwhich aspect an important of pact 145 d