Hubert Kennedy Karl Heinrich Ulrichs Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement Peremptory Publications San Francisco 2002 © 2002 by Hubert Kennedy Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement is a Peremtory Publica- tions eBook. It may be freely distributed, but no changes may be made in it. An eBook may be cited the same as a printed book. Comments and suggestions are welcome. Please write to
[email protected]. 2 3 When posterity will one day have included the persecution of Urnings in that sad chapter of other persecutions for religious belief and race—and that this day will come is beyond all doubt—then will the name of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs be constantly remembered as one of the first and noblest of those who have striven with courage and strength in this field to help truth and charity gain their rightful place. Magnus Hirschfeld, Foreword to Forschungen über das Rätsel der mannmännlichen Liebe (1898) Magnus Hirschfeld 4 Contents Preface 6 1. Childhood: 1825–1844 12 2. Student and Jurist: 1844–1854 18 3. Literary and Political Interests: 1855–1862 37 4. Origins of the “Third Sex” Theory: 1862 59 5. Researches on the Riddle of “Man-Manly” Love: 1863–1865 67 6. Political Activity and Prison: 1866–1867 105 7. The Sixth Congress of German Jurists, More “Researches”: 1867–1868 128 8. Public Reaction, The Zastrow Case: 1868–1869 157 9. Efforts for Legal Reform: 1869 177 10. The First Homosexual Magazine: 1870 206 11. Final Efforts for the Urning Cause: 1871–1879 217 12. Last Years in Italy: 1880–1895 249 13.